UPPSC Staff Nurse Official Paper (Held On: 03 Oct, 2021) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Only 2.

Key Points

• PM-KUSUM scheme aims to remove farmers' dependence on diesel and kerosene and link pump sets to solar energy. This scheme focuses on solar energy only.
• By 2022, the PM-KUSUM project aims to add 25,750 MW of solar power.
• Farmers would be able to sell more electricity to the grid through solar power plants put up on their barren lands under the KUSUM program, which would offer them additional cash.
• This initiative will get a total investment of Rs. 34,422 crores from the central government.
• Farmers, cooperative organizations, farmers-cooperative groupings, and panchayats can apply for solar pumps under the initiative.
• The entire cost of implementing the initiative is so low that it has no financial impact on the farmers.
• The MNRE's State Nodal Agencies will work with their respective States/UTs, Discoms, and farmers to execute the KUSUM plan.
• For the next 25 years, the initiative seeks to give farmers and rural landowners a steady and consistent income.
• The barren or uncultivated area will be put to good use.
• Solar panels are set at a height that does not interfere with farming on cultivated ground.

The correct answer is Javelin's throw.

Key Points

• Neeraj Chopra, a javelin thrower, became only the second Indian to win an Olympic gold medal.
• At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, he earned a gold medal in the Javelin Throw event.
• He became India's seventh medalist and first gold medalist in the Olympics, joining shooter Abhinav Bindra (2008 Beijing Games) as an individual gold medalist.
• India won 1 Gold, 2 Silver, and 4 Bronze medals.

Additional Information

• This is the only time when the Olympics were postponed.
• In Tokyo Olympics 2020, India finished 48^th in the medal tally, which is the highest position in over four decades.

Mistake Points

• It is statement-based question.
• The names of weedicides are given in the first set of statements.
• The combinations of these statements are given as the actual options for answering the question.

Key Points

• Weeds refer to any plant that grows along with other plants in places where they are not wanted, especially in crop fields.
• They are required to be removed because they use up the available water and nutrients from the soil and the crops do not get enough.
• These plants are removed by the process of manual weeding or use of weedicides.
• Weedicides are chemical substances that are used to kill a specific targeted weed without harming the actual crop.
• Weedicides are widely used in agricultural practices to remove weeds.
• Disadvantages of weedicides:
• Destroy the microbes in the soil.
• Reduces soil fertility.
• Harmful to humans through inhalation or contact.
• Cause water pollution when dissolved in agricultural run-offs.

Important Points

• Atrazine -
• It is used to prevent against broad-leaf and grassy weeds in crops like maize.
• Pure atrazine is a white-coloured powder.
• Its usage is restricted by governments because of its adverse effect of water pollution.
• Paraquat -
• It is also known as methyl viologen.
• It is a highly toxic chemical that is available in liquid form.
• It is widely used in the US but with restrictions.
• Butachlor -
• It is used for pre-emergent control of broadleaf and grassy weeds in rice and barley fields.
• It is extensively used in India in the form of granules.
• Alachlor -
• It is also a pre-emergence weedicide used for maize, soybean, etc.
• It is available in many different formulations.

The correct answer is 3, 1, 4, 2.

Key Points

• The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre occurred on 13 April 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab.
• When British forces opened fire on a huge gathering of unarmed Indians in an open field known as the Jallianwala Bagh.
• The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on 5 March 1931, between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India at the time.
• The Indian National Congress (INC) has decided to attend the Round Table Meeting.
• The INC decided to put an end to the civil disobedience campaign, repeal all regulations restricting Congress's functions, drop all prosecutions save those involving serious offences, free individuals detained for participating in the civil disobedience movement, and repeal the salt tax.
• At a meeting of the All-India Congress Committee in Mumbai on 8 August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi issued a clarion call to remove British rule and started the Quit India Movement.
• The demand was to abolish British rule in India with immediate effect in order to obtain Indian participation in the fight against fascism during World War II, and there was also a desire to construct a provisional administration when the Britishers left.
• The Cabinet Mission was a high-powered mission sent to India by the Atlee government in February 1946. 
• Three British cabinet members served on the mission:
• Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander.
• The Cabinet Mission's goal was to talk about the handover of authority from the British to the Indians.

The correct answer is IV, I, II, III.

Key Points

• The Constituent Assembly of India met for the first time on 9 December 1946.
• It served as India's first Parliament after independence, and its main task was to establish a Constitution for the country.
• The Constituent Assembly established a Drafting Committee on 29 August 1947.
• ​Under the chairmanship of Dr B.R. Ambedkar, to draft a constitution for India.
• Dr B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly.
• The first president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachidanand Sinha.
• Dr Rajendra Prasad was afterwards elected as the President of the Constituent Assembly.
• On 26^th November 1949, the Constituent Assembly passed the draft Constitution of India.
• The Indian Constitution was executed on 26 January 1950.​

The correct answer is b.

Key Points

• According to the 2011 census:
• The sex ratio in Uttar Pradesh is 912, or for every 1000 males.
• ​That is lower than the national average of 940.
• Maharashtra's sex ratio is 929, or 929 females for every 1000 males
• That is lower than the national average of 940.
• Bihar has a population of 10.41 million people, up from 8.30 million in 2001.
• Bihar's total population is 104,099,452, with male and female populations of 54,278,157 and 49,821,295 respectively.
• The sex ratio is 918.
• The sex ratio in West Bengal is 950.
• Hence option 'b' is incorrect regarding the census data.

Given:

\(\left(x^4 + \frac {1}{x^4}\right) = 119\)

Formula Use:

(a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

⇒ a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 - 2ab

(a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab

⇒ a2 + b2 = (a - b)2 + 2ab

(a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3

Calculation:

Here,

a = x² and b = \(1 \over {x^2}\)

We know, 

(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab

⇒ (x2 + \(1 \over {x^2}\))2 = (x2)²+ (\(1 \over {x^2}\))² + 2

⇒ (x2 + \(1 \over {x^2}\))2 = x⁴ + \(1 \over {x^4}\) + 2

⇒ (x2 + \(1 \over {x^2}\))2 = 119 + 2

⇒ (x2 + \(1 \over {x^2}\))2 = 121

⇒ (x2 + \(1 \over {x^2}\)) = \(\sqrt121\)

⇒ (x2 + \(1 \over {x^2}\)) = 11      ----(1)

Now, 

take a = x and b = \(1 \over {x}\)

We know,

a2 + b2 = (a - b)2 + 2ab

⇒ (x2)+ (\(1 \over {x^2}\)) = (x - \(1 \over {x}\))2 + 2

From the equation (1),

⇒ 11 = (x - \(1 \over {x}\))2 + 2

⇒ 11 - 2 = (x - \(1 \over {x}\))2 

⇒ (x - \(1 \over {x}\))2 = 9

⇒ (x - \(1 \over {x}\)) = \(\sqrt9\)

⇒ (x - \(1 \over {x}\)) = 3      ----(2)

Now,

We know, 

(a - b)³ = a³ - 3a²b + 3ab² - b³

Here, a = x and b = \(1 \over {x}\)

⇒ (x - \(1 \over {x}\))³ =  x3 - 3x2\(1 \over {x}\) + 3x\(1 \over {x^2}\) - (\(1 \over {x}\))3

⇒ (x - \(1 \over {x}\))3 = x3 - 3x + \(3 \over {x}\) - \(1 \over {x^3}\)

⇒ (x - \(1 \over {x}\))3 = x3 - \(1 \over {x^3}\) - 3 (x - \(1 \over {x}\))

From equation (2), we get, 

⇒ 3³ = x3 - \(1 \over {x^3}\) - (3 × 3)

⇒ 27 =  x3 - \(1 \over {x^3}\) - 9

⇒ x3 - \(1 \over {x^3}\) = 27 + 9

⇒ x3 - \(1 \over {x^3}\) = 36

Hence, the correct answer is 36.

The correct answer is Australia.

Key Points 

• The Kimberleys is a plateau region in Northern Western Australia.
• That stretches south to the Fitzroy River and east to the Ord River, spreading from the mountainous northwest Indian Ocean coast.
• The plateau covers around 162,000 square miles.
• It is the northernmost of Western Australia's nine regions.

Additional Information

• The Indian Ocean borders it on the west, the Timor Sea on the north, the Great Sandy and Tanami deserts in the Pilbara area on the south, and the Northern Territory on the east.
• The Kimberley comprises northern Australia's old, steep-sided mountain ranges, cut through with sandstone and limestone gorges and high ridges, from which most of the soil has been taken by the harsh monsoonal environment.
• Beyond the Dampier Peninsula, the southern end of the Kimberley is flatter, with dry tropical grassland that is utilized for cattle grazing.
• Soils in areas of the Kimberley, such as the Ord and Fitzroy River basins in the south, are reasonably useable cracking clays, although lateritic Orthents are found elsewhere.

Explanation:

The souring of Milk: The sour odour and taste of sour milk and also of yoghurt is caused by the presence of lactic acid, not nitric acid.

• Growth of lactic acid-producing organisms such as Lactococcus lactis, due to poor refrigeration, especially when temperatures exceed 70°F (21°C).

Hence, souring of milk - Nitric acid is incorrectly matched.

Key Points

Acetic Acid: Vinegar is an acidic liquid produced through the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria. 

• Vinegar is a solution typically consisting of 4–7% acetic acid and 93–96% water, though types with higher acetic acid content are available for agricultural or cleaning purposes.
• Vinegar is an antimicrobial agent and may have a positive impact on heart health, weight loss, and cholesterol.
• Its chemical formula is CH₃COOH.

Calcium phosphate: Calcium phosphate is fundamental to the formation of bone and teeth.

• It is essential for achieving optimal peak bone mass in the first 2–3 decades of life and for the maintenance of bone in later life.
• The chemical substance present in bones and teeth is Calcium Phosphate or Ca₃(PO₄)₂.

Hydrochloric acid: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is the main component of gastric juice and is secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa in the fundus and corpus.

• It creates the ideal conditions for the protein-digesting enzymes to work.
• The potent hydrochloric acid kills bacteria, protecting your body from harmful microbes which can enter our body in food.

The correct answer is Henry Vivian Derozio.

Key Points

• Henry Vivian Derozio, a young Anglo-Indian, led and inspired the Young Bengal Movement.
• During the late 1820s and 1830s, a radical movement emerged among Bengali intellectuals.
• The "Young Bengal Movement" was a tendency that was more contemporary than Raja Ram Mohan Roy's worldview.
• Henry Louis Vivian Derozio was assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata, a radical thinker and one of the first Indian educators to disseminate Western learning and science among the young men of Bengal.
• He constantly encouraged them to think freely, to question, and not to accept anything blindly.
• His teachings inspired the development of the spirit of liberty, equality, and freedom.
• His activities brought about the intellectual revolution in Bengal.

Additional Information

• Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian reformer who was a founder of the Brahmo Sabha.
• Which was the forerunner of the Brahmo Samaj, a social-religious reform movement in India.
• Sir David Hare is a playwright, screenwriter, and theatre and film director from the United Kingdom.
• Alexander Duff was a Christian missionary in India who was instrumental in the growth of higher education.

The correct answer is Gorakhpur - Govind Sahab Mela.

• Govind Sahab Dham, situated on the border of Ambedkar Nagar and Azamgarh, is the centre of faith.
• Every year there is a one-month fair and It is believed that every pearl is completed by Baba on the day of Govind Dashami.
• Here is the reason that devotees reach this day not only from the country but also from abroad to the devotee Baba’s philosophy.

Key Points

Important Points

• Bateshwar Nath is named after Lord Shiva who falls in the ancient shrines of India.
• Bateshwar is located at a distance of 70 km from Agra (Uttar Pradesh) on the banks of the Yamuna River.
• The Bateshwar site is known for 101 Shiva temples situated on the banks of the Yamuna and Shorepur.
• The famous Bateshwar fair is held at Bateshwar, the spiritual and cultural centre of the state.
• The Nauchandi Mela is held at Nauchandi Ground in Meerut.
• The fair stretches for about a month and is organized by the Municipal Corporation of Meerut.
• It generally starts from the second Sunday after Holi.

The correct answer is 20^th May 2020.

Key Points

• On March 20, 2020, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath unveiled the 'UP Start-up Fund,' which would be maintained by the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI).
• The fund was established as part of the 2017 U.P. Information Technology and Start-up Policy.
• The fund will be organised as a Fund of Funds.
• The fund would not engage directly in start-ups under this model; instead, it will invest in Alternative Investment Funds certified by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
• SIDBI will operate as the fund manager, and it will be properly managed.
• The state now has 18 incubators and over 1,800 start-ups in operation.
• In the start-up rankings of several states, the Centre named Uttar Pradesh as an "Inspiring Leader" in 2018.
• The key agency for the development of the start-up ecosystem is UP Electronics Corporation.

The correct answer is A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2.

Key Points

• Iron and steel industry:
• ​Pittsburgh is an important steel and iron city in the United States of America.
• The processing of iron began in Pittsburgh in mid 19^th century.
• The  Pittsburgh district is the capital of the world of iron and steel.
• Comprising only a little more than Allegheny country, this district produces annually more than one-fourth of the nation's steel.
• Shipbuilding industry:
• Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels.
• Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history.
• Leningrad is an important Shipbuilding region.
• Cotton textile:​
• Manchester is an industrially developed region in the U.K. and is particularly developed in cotton industries.
• The climate condition of Manchester is temperate and is suitable for spinning fine thread.
• The water of the river Mersey that flows through Manchester is good for dying cotton thread.
• Cigar Industry:
• Havana makes the world's most famous cigars.
• **Also, the largest factory of cigars is located in Havana.**​

Additional Information

The correct answer is National Sugarcane Institute - Meerut.

Key Points

• The National Sugar Institute (NSI), which was founded in 1936 and is part of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution's Department of Food and Public Distribution, conducts research, training, and consulting services for the sugar and related industries.
• It is based in Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, and offers technical education and training in sugar chemistry, sugar technology, sugar engineering, and related subjects.
• In topics linked to sugar and related sectors, the institute assists the federal and state governments.
• In 1963, the Institute moved from the HBTI Kanpur campus to its own location in Kalyanpur, Kanpur, and it is presently Asia's sole sugar institute.

Additional Information

• Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute is a national institute under the administrative jurisdiction of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, is charged with conducting basic, strategic, and adaptive research on fodder crop and grassland development, production, and usage.
• It is located in the Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh.
• Located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, the Indian Institute of Pulses Research is a government institute.
• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) created it in 1983 to conduct fundamental strategic and applied research on important pulse crops located in New Delhi.
• The Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research is an autonomous institute of higher learning run by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, under the auspices of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
• Its mission is to conduct advanced research in sugar cane agriculture.
• The Institute is in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh on Raibareli Road.

The correct answer is Mahoba.

Key Points

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched 'Ujjwala 2.0' (Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana-PMUY) by handing over LPG connections at Mahoba district of Uttar Pradesh on 10 August 2021.
• Along with a deposit-free LPG connection, Ujjwala 2.0 would provide the first refill and hotplate free of cost to the beneficiaries.
• Ujjwala 2.0 would help achieve the Prime Minister's vision of universal access to LPG.​
• India has 28.74 crore LPG consumers as of 1 January 2021, with the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.
• During Ujjwala 1.0 launched in 2016, a target was set to provide LPG connections to 5 crore women members of BPL households.
• Subsequently, the scheme was expanded in April 2018 to include women beneficiaries from seven more categories (SC/ST, PMAY, AAY, Most backward classes, tea garden, forest dwellers, Islands).
• Also, the target was revised to 8 Crore LPG connections.
• This target was achieved in August 2019, seven months ahead of the target date.

The correct answer is Mediterranean region.

Key Points

• Viticulture:
• The cultivation and harvesting of grapes are called viticulture.
• The best quality wines in the world with distinctive flavours are produced from this region such as Port wine is famous in Portugal, Sherry in Southern Spain, etc.
• Horticulture
• The branch of plant agriculture deals with garden crops, generally fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.
• Sericulture:
• ​Commercial rearing of silkworms for the production of silk.
• These are specialities of the Mediterranian region.

Key Points

• Amla is the Indian name for Indian gooseberry or myrobalan.
• It is a tree with small round berries of bright yellow-green colour.
• It is also known as the 'Doctor of Home' because it has several health benefits:
• It is rich in antioxidants.
• It contains high concentrations of vitamin C that helps in healing.
• It contains flavonols that are linked with memory improvement.
• It contains soluble fibres that helps in controlling blood sugar.
• It helps in better digestion and bowel movements.
• It is also rich in vitamin A that gives healthier eyes.
• It has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties.
• As the berries are rich in fibre and low in sugar, they make healthy snacks.

Additional Information

• Pipal - It is the sacred fig tree that is native to the Indian subcontinent, where is has religious and ayurvedic significance.
• Neem - It is also a highly valued tree which has several anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and immune-boosting properties that can be extracted from various parts of the tree.
• Banana - It is a widely cultivated plant for its fruits, flowers, leaves as well as stems.

The correct answer is Lucknow.

Key Points

• Uttar Pradesh mango festival was organized by UP Tourism department and Food Processing department at Indira Gandhi Pratishthan, in Lucknow.
• The festival was inaugurated by Sri Yogi Aditynath.
• Different government institutions, NGOs, farmers from different states participated in festival and demonstrated their different mango varieties and mango products.
• Division wise (Lucknow Division, Faizabad Division, Aligarh Division, Meerut Division, Chitrkoot Dham Division, Basti Division, Bareilly Division, Azamgarh Division etc.) mango varieties of Uttar Pradesh were also demonstrated by concerned department.
• Varieties like Ambika, Arunika, Tommy Atkins, Sensation, Hushnara, Pusa Arunima and many other varieties got attention of the people due to their attractive colour and appearance.
• The main purpose of this event was to make people familiar about different mango varieties.

The correct answer is 1835.

Key Points

• The English Education Act was enacted by the Council of India in 1835 to give effect to a decision made by William Bentinck, Governor-General of British India.
• In 1835 to reallocate monies that the East India Company was mandated by British Parliament to spend on education and literature in India.
• The British government selected English as the medium of instruction for schools and universities in the same year.
• Traditional Muslim and Hindu education, as well as the publishing of literature in India's then-traditional languages of learning (Sanskrit and Persian), had previously been restricted in support of traditional Muslim and Hindu education; now, they must support establishments that teach a Western curriculum with English as the language of instruction.
• Macaulay recommended that the East India Company stop producing Arabic and Sanskrit literature immediately and that the company stop promoting traditional education outside of the Sanskrit College in Benares and the Mahometan College in Delhi.

Important Points

• India does not have a national language.

Given:

Arc length (AC) = 3π

Radius of a circle (r) = Side of a square (s)

Formula Use:

1. Arc Length (AC) = 2πr × \(θ\over360\)

Where,

'r' be the radius of the circle.

'θ' be the angle measured in degrees.

2. The perimeter of a Square (P)= 4 × s

Where,

'P' be the perimeter of a Square.

's' be the side of a square.

Calculation:

The given figure is:

We know,

Arc Length (AC) = 2πr × \(θ\over360\)

Since the angle between the sides of a square is 90°.

Therefore, θ = 90° 

⇒ 3π = 2πr × \(90\over360\)

⇒ 3 = 2r × 0.25

⇒ 3 = 0.5r

⇒ r = 6 units

Therefore, the radius of the circle (r) is 6 units.

Here, 

Radius of a circle (r) = Side of a square (s) = 6 units

Now,

The perimeter of a Square (P) = 4 × s

⇒ P = 4 × 6

⇒ P = 24 units

Therefore, The perimeter of a Square (P) is 24 units.

Hence, the correct answer is 24.

Concept:

• Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come closer enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons).
• A hydrogen bomb is an immensely powerful bomb whose destructive power comes from the rapid release of energy during the nuclear fusion of isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium), using an atom bomb as a trigger.
• Sun is the best example of nuclear fusion in which smaller nuclei of atoms fused at very high temperature and pressure into a larger nucleus.

\(\frac{2}{1}H+\frac{2}{1}H \xrightarrow{at\ high \Delta T}{} \frac{4}{2}He\)

Explanation::

Sun's energy

• The sun is a huge mass of hydrogen gas.
• The temperature of the sun is extremely high.
• Nuclear fusion reaction takes place on Sun.
• In the sun the small deuterium atoms an isotope of hydrogen atoms collide and fuse together to form a bigger atom of helium.
• Each time when an atom of helium is formed, a large amount of energy is released.

The correct answer is Iran.

Key Points

• On August 5, 2021, Ebrahim Raisi was sworn in as the next president of Iran.
• In June, he received 62 per cent of the vote in the Iranian presidential election of 2021.
• Raisi follows Hassan Rouhani and will serve a four-year tenure. Since March 2019, he has also served as Iran's Chief Justice.
• Deputy Chief Justice (2004–2014), Attorney General (2014–2016), and Chief Justice (2019–2021) are among the roles Raisi has held in Iran's legal system. In the 1980s and 1990s, he served as Tehran's Prosecutor and Deputy Prosecutor.
• From 2016 until 2019, he was the Custodian and Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi, a bonyad.
• He is a member of the South Khorasan Province Assembly of Experts, having been elected for the first time in the 2006 election.
• Tehran is the capital of Iran.

The correct answer is 74 (1).

Key Points

• According to Article 74(1) of the Constitution, there shall be a Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister, to assist and advise the President, who shall carry out his or her duties in accordance with the advice.
• The true executive power is consequently delegated to the Council of Ministers, which is headed by the Prime Minister.
• Article 74(2) of the Indian Constitution states that "The question whether any and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the President shall not be inquired into in any court".

Additional Information

• The Indian President is the nation's president and is also known as the country's first citizen.
• He is a member of the Union Executive, whose provisions are dealt with in Article 52-78, which includes articles relating to the President (Article 52-62).
• He is India's first citizen and a symbol of the country's oneness, unity, and integrity. Along with the Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and Attorney-General of India, he is a member of the Union Executive.

Given:

3(x - y) = 27

3(x + y) = 243

Calculation:

We have,

3(x - y) = 27

⇒ 3x - 3y =27

⇒ 3x = 27 + 3y      ----(1)

3(x + y) = 243

⇒ 3x + 3y = 243      ----(2)

From equation (1),

Put the value 3x = 27 + 3y in equation (2), we get,

⇒  27 + 3y + 3y = 243

⇒ 6y = 243 - 27

⇒ 6y = 216

⇒ y = 36

Put the value y = 36 in equation (1), we get,

⇒ 3x = 27 + (3 × 36)

⇒ 3x = 27 + 108

⇒ 3x = 135

⇒ x = 135 / 3

⇒ x = 45

Therefore, the value of x is 45.

Hence, the correct answer is 45.

Alternate Method

Given:

3(x - y) = 27

3(x + y) = 243

Calculation:

We have,

3(x - y) = 27

⇒ x - y = 9     ----(1)

3(x + y) = 243

⇒ x + y = 81     ----(2)

Subtract the equation (2) from equation (1),

(x + y) - (x - y) = 81 - 9

⇒ x + y - x + y = 72

⇒ 2y = 72

⇒ y = 36

Put the value y = 36 in equation (1), we get,

⇒ x + y = 81 

⇒ x + 36 = 81

⇒ x = 81 - 36 = 45

Therefore, the value of x is 45.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key Points

• According to Article 317 of the Indian Constitution, the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission may only be removed from office by order of the President for misbehaviour after the Supreme Court, upon the President's referral, has reported that the Chairman or such other member, as the case may be, ought on any such ground to be removed.
• The Chairman or any other member of the Commission in respect of whom a reference has been made to the Supreme Court may be suspended from office by the President in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, and by the Governor in the case of a State Commission, until the President has passed orders on receipt of the Supreme Court's report on such reference.
• If the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission is or becomes involved in any contract or agreement entered into by or on behalf of the Government of India or a State, or participates in any way in the profit or any benefit or emolument arising therefrom other than as a member and in common with the other members of an incorporated company, he shall be deemed guilty for the purposes of clause (1).

Additional Information

• The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is made up of 10 members and a chairperson.
• The Union Public Service Commission (Members) Regulations, 1969 control the chairman and members of the Commission's terms and conditions of service.

The correct answer is 2017.

Key Points

• The Uttar Pradesh government announced the foundation of Krishak Samridhi Aayog in 2017 for the benefit of the state's farmers.
• Yogi Adityanath, the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, will lead the body.
• Aside from the Chief Minister, Agriculture Minister, and members and employees of the NITI Aayog, a number of other persons were nominated.
• This panel included several farmer representatives as well.
• The goal of this commission's founding was to quadruple farmers' income by the year 2022.

Additional Information

• Yogi Adityanath is the current Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
• Anandiben Patel is the current Governor of Uttar Pradesh.
• Durga Shankar Mishra is the current Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh.

The correct answer is b.

Key Points

• Amir Khusrau was a Sufi musician, poet, and philosopher from the Indian subcontinent, better known as Ab'ul Hasan Yamn ud-Dn Khusrau (1253-1325). In cultural history, he was a legendary person.
• He was a spiritual pupil of Delhi's Nizamuddin Auliya and a mystic. He mostly wrote poetry in Persian, although he also wrote in Hindavi.
• He is credited with creating the hliq Brr, a poem vocabulary including Arabic, Persian, and Hindavi words. Khusrau is frequently referred to as "India's Parrot" (Tuti-e-Hind).  He also wrote the book Khazain-ul-Futuh.

Additional Information

• The Fatwa-i-Jahandari is a book written by Zia-ud-din Barani which contains the political ideals to be persued by a Muslim ruler in order to earn a religious merit and gratitude of his subjects.
• Abdul Malik Isami was an Indian historian and court poet who lived in the 14^th century. Under the patronage of Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate, he wrote in Persian. Futuh-us-Salatin (c. 1350), a lyrical narrative of the Muslim conquest of India, is his most famous work.
• Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi (nisba of Sirhind) was an Indian historian who produced the Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi, a Persian language chronicle of the Delhi Sultanate, in the 15^th century.

The correct answer is Fish Production.

Key Points

• The implementation of a comprehensive program to boost the output of fish and marine goods is known as the Blue Revolution.
• The Blue Revolution was implemented to: increase overall fish production in a responsible and sustainable manner for economic prosperity; modernise fisheries with a special focus on new technologies; ensure food and nutritional security; generate employment and export earnings; and ensure inclusive development and empower fishermen and aquaculture farmers.
• During India's seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-1990), the Central Government supported the Fish Farmers Development Agency, which began the Blue Revolution (FFDA). The Brackish Water Fish Farms Development Agency was established as a result to promote aquaculture.
• Aquaculture has improved as a result of the Blue Revolution's adoption of new techniques for fish breeding, marketing, and export. Shrimp output had increased dramatically as a result of the Blue Revolution initiative. Shrimp farming has flourished in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Additional Information

• The green revolution was to boost agriculture production in India.
• In 1986-87, the Yellow Revolution was undertaken to expand the production of edible oil, particularly mustard and sesame seeds, in order to attain self-sufficiency.

The correct answer is III, I, II, IV.

Key Points

• The Budget 2021 was presented by Nirmala Sitharaman, Union Finance Minister.
• The Budget laid importance on six pillars:

1. Health and Wellbeing
2. Physical & Financial Capital, and Infrastructure
3. Inclusive Development for Aspirational India
4. Reinvigorating Human Capital
5. Innovation and R&D
6. Minimum Government and Maximum Governance.

• One-fourth of the budget goes to interest payment.
• In 2021-22, the interest payments are estimated to be 15% higher than 2019-20.
• As a result, the interest payment was estimated at 45% of revenue receipts in 2021-22, up from 36% in 2019-20.
• The Defence sector continued to receive a major (14%) share of the Centre's budgetary expenditure to ministries.
• The Defence Ministry received Rs 4,78,195.62 crore in allocation for the financial year 2021-22.
• It is the highest allocation in the budget.
• It was an increase of 18.75% over 2020-21 and 30.62% over 2019-20.
• This is the highest ever increase in the last 15 years.

The correct answer is b.

Key Points

• India won 7 medals at Tokyo Olympics 2020, which includes 1 Gold, 2 Silver, and 4 Bronze medals.
• Neeraj Chopra won a Gold medal in the Javelin Throw event.
• Ravi Kumar Dahiya won a Silver medal in Men's Wrestling 57KG category.
• Mirabai Chanu won a Silver medal in the Women's Wrestling 49 KG category.
• P.V. Sindhu won a Bronze medal in Women's Singles Badminton.
• Lovlina Borgohain won a Bronze medal in the Women's Welterweight Boxing category.
• Indian Men's Hockey team won the Bronze medal.
• Bajrang Punia won a Bronze medal in Men's Wrestling 65 KG category.

Additional Information

• This is the only time when Olympics were postponed.

बाद में जोड़ा गया अंश' - इस वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द है-प्रक्षिप्त ।

Key Pointsप्रक्षिप्त

• प्रक्षिप्त विशेषण  है।
• प्रक्षिप्त-बाद में या पीछे से जोड़ा, अलग से, ऊपर से या बाहर से लाकर बढ़ाया या मिलाया हुआ।
• आगे की ओर बढ़ा या निकला हुआ।
• उदाहरण : तुकाराम की गाथा में कुछ रचनाएँ प्रक्षिप्त हैं।

संक्षिप्त

• संक्षिप्त विशेषण हैं।
• समानार्थी शब्द - सारिक,थोड़ा, अल्प, कम।
• उदाहरण:  "यूएसए" "यूनाइटेड स्टेट्स ऑफ अमेरिका" का संक्षिप्त रूप है।

उत्क्षिप्त

• उत्क्षिप्त मतलब ऊपर उछाला हुआ।
• दूर फेंका हुआ।

क्षिप्त

• समानार्थी शब्द -क्षिप्त, मूढ, विक्षिप्त, एकाग्र और निरुद्ध ।
• संज्ञा पुलिंग।
• उदाहरण: क्षिप्त खिलुने देख हठीले बाल के, रख दे माँ ज्यों उन्हें सँभाल सँभाल के ।

वह बालक सुन्दर है। इस वाक्य में 'सुन्दर' शब्द 'विधेय विशेषण​' है ।

• विधेय विशेषण

ये वह विशेषण होते है जो अपने विशेष्य के आगे/बाद जुड़ते है। उदाहरण – यह घर बड़ा है।

• इस वाक्य में विशेषण बड़ा शब्द है और यह घर की विशेषता बता रहा है।

Key Points

विशेष्य और विशेषण की परिभाषा

• संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताने वाले शब्द को विशेषण कहा जाता हैं। जबकि विशेषण जिस संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताता है उन्हें  विशेष्य कहते हैं।
• विशेष्य या तो संज्ञा रूप में होता है या क्रिया रूप में  होता है।
• जब यह संज्ञा रूप में होता है तो इसे संज्ञा विशेषण कहते हैं।
• जब ये क्रिया रूप में होता है तब इसे क्रिया विशेषण कहते हैं।

विशेष्य और विशेषण के उदाहरण

Additional Information

विधेय विशेषण

• जो विशेषण विशेष्य और क्रिया के बीच आये, वहाँ विधेय-विशेषण होता हैं।
• जैसे- मेरा कुत्ता लाल हैं।, मेरा लड़का आलसी है।
• इन वाक्यों में लाल और आलसी ऐसे विशेषण हैं
• जो क्रमशः कुत्ता (संज्ञा) और है (क्रिया) तथा लड़का (संज्ञा) और है (क्रिया) के बीच आये हैं।

प्रविशेषण

• विशेषण की विशेषता बताने वाले शब्दों को प्रविशेषण कहा जाता है।
• वह शब्द जो विशेषण की भी विशेषता बताएं उन्हें प्रविशेषण कहते हैं।
• ये आम  बहुत खट्टा है।
• इसमें विशेषण यानी " खट्टा" की भी विशेषता बताई जा रही है कि  खट्टा नहीं बल्कि "बहुत"  खट्टा है। इस वाक्य में "बहुत" शब्द प्रविशेषण है।

उद्देश्य विशेषण

• विशेष्य से पहले जो विशेषण लगते हैं उन्हें उद्देश्य विशेषण कहते हैं।
• जैसे :- सुंदर लडकी , अच्छा लड़का , काला घोडा आदि।

''पिशुन'' पक्षी का पर्यायवाची शब्द नहीं है। 

Key Points

'पिशुन'

• यह पक्षी का पर्याय नहीं है।
• इसका पर्याय कौवा होता है।

Additional Information

पक्षी

• समानार्थी शब्द  -पंक्षी, विहग, चिड़िया, पक्षपाती, खेचर, पंखवाला, तरफ़दार, खग, नभचर, पाखी, नभचर, वायु, खेचर, हवा, गंधर्व, बादल, देवता, नीड़क, घोंसला, परंदा, चिड़िया, नीड़ज, चिड़िया, पखेरू, पतंगी, पतंगी, चिड़िया
• पक्षी का बहुवचन -पक्षीवृंद
• एकवचन शब्द का वाक्य प्रयोग – एक अकेला पक्षी पिंजड़े में उदास है।

Important Points

'निषिध्द' शब्द का विलोम है- विहित

Key Points

निषिद्ध

• जिसका निषेध किया गया हो ; मना किया हुआ ; वर्जित  ;अस्वीकृत किया हुआ
• निषिद्ध का विलोम विहित, आदिष्ट
• निषिद्ध पर्यायवाची-अव्यक्तव्य  ,आसिद्ध ,  आसेध ,निषिद्ध ,  निषेध , निषेधित , पाबंदी , पाबन्दी , प्रतिबंध ,  प्रतिबंधित ,प्रतिबन्ध

प्रतिषेध

• प्रतिषेध संज्ञा है।
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग
• समानार्थी शब्द - मनाही , पाबंदी , निषेध , रोक , प्रतिबंध
• उदाहरण - प्रतिषेध आपका भी न सुनूँगा रण में ।

विहित

• विहित विशेषण है
• विलोम शब्द - अविहित
• परिभाषा - नियमानुसार उचित या ठीक,उचित, मुनासिब,विधि के अनुरूप होनेवाला।
• विहित पर्यायवाची -क्रमबद्ध । स्थिर किया हुआ । निर्धारित । नियोजित
• विहित विलोम-निषिद्ध

सिध्द

• सिध्द विशेषण है।
• सिद्ध का अर्थ-पूरा किया हुआ।,प्राप्त, लब्ध।

Additional Information

मयंद तत्सम शब्द है 

Key Pointsमयंद

• राम की सेना का एक वानर
• मयंद के पर्यायवाची :-सम्पाति, संपाती,मृगाधिप, द्विरदाशन ,मृगारि ,मृगाधिराज
• संज्ञा पुलिंग

सकल

• सकल संज्ञा  है
• सकल का अर्थ-समस्त, कुल।
• नखत
• नक्षत्र का तद्भव रूप नखत है।

देश पराधीनता की दासता में जकड़ा हुआ था ,शुद्ध वाक्य है। 

Key Points

• यहाँ उपस्थित सब लोग अपनी राय दे।
• शुद्ध वाक्य-यहाँ  उपस्थित लोग अपनी राय दें।
• बीस-दस रुपये से मेरा काम नहीं चलेगा।
• शुद्ध वाक्य-दस-बीस रुपये से मेरा काम नहीं चलेगा।
• यह सुनकर मेरे होश उड़ गये।
• शुद्ध वाक्य-यह सुनकर मेरे तो होश ही उड़ गये।

'अज्ञ - अनभिज्ञ' अशुद्ध युग्म है।

Key Pointsअज्ञ

• अज्ञ का विलोम विज्ञ है।
• अज्ञ विशेषण है।
• विलोम शब्द - ज्ञात।
• समानार्थी शब्द - अनजान , अज्ञात , अपरिचित।

अनभिज्ञ

• अनभिज्ञ विशेषण है।
• अनभिज्ञ का विलोम  भिज्ञ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - अनुभवहीन , अनुभवहीन , अनुभवहीन , अनुभवहीन , कच्चा।
• अनभिज्ञ-जिसमें अनुभव की कमी हो या जिसे किसी बात की जानकारी न हो।
• विलोम शब्द - अनुभवी

कृत्रिम

• कृत्रिम विशेषण है।
• समानार्थी शब्द - दिखावटी , दिखावटी , दिखाऊ , दिखाऊ , बनावटी।
• कृत्रिम-मतलब नकली/जो भी मानव के द्वारा नकली बनाया जाए जैसे नकली पैर।

प्रकृत

• प्रकृत विशेषण है।
• विलोम शब्द - अप्राकृतिक।
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - सुनामी एक प्राकृतिक घटना है।

ह्रास

• ह्रास संज्ञा है।
• ह्रास एक तरह की क्रिया है।
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग।
• समानार्थी शब्द - क्षय , अवक्षय , अपचय।
• ह्रास -मतलब  जो धीरे धीरे काम हो।

'कान्तार' शब्द का पर्यायवाची है-जंगल

Key Points

Additional Information

कपर्दिका' का तद्भव रूप है-कौड़ी 

Key Pointsकौड़ी 

• कौड़ी संज्ञा है
• समानार्थी शब्द - कौड़ी , काकिणी , काकनी , श्वेता , पणस्थि

कपड़ा

• कपड़ा शब्द का तत्सम रूप कर्पट है।
• समानार्थी शब्द - पोशाक , वस्त्र , परिधान , पहनावा
• बहुवचन - कपड़े

कपाट

• कपाट का तद्भव शब्द किवाड़ है।
• समानार्थी शब्द - पल्ला , किवाड़ , पट , किवाड़ा
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग

Additional Information

इनमें से 'सरल' शब्द का विलोम विरल नहीं है

Key Points

• विरल का अर्थ होता है कम घनत्व वाला।
• विरल का विलोम अविरल है
• विरल का पर्यायवाची शब्द-दुर्लभ, कठिन, दुष्प्राप्य।

वक्र

• वक्र संज्ञा है
• वक्र का अर्थ-तिरछा।
• वक्र का विलोम- ऋजु ,सीधा, तना हुआ
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग
• समानार्थी शब्द - ईर्ष्यापूर्ण , द्वेषपूर्ण , साविद्वेष , सासूय , विद्वेशपूर्ण

​कुटिल

• कुटिल विशेषण है
• समानार्थी शब्द - अनार्जव , वंक,कपटपूर्ण , छलपूर्ण , कपटमय , छलमय , छद्मपूर्ण
• विलोम शब्द - कपटहीन , छद्महीन

वह स्त्री जो सूर्य भी न देख सके'-असूर्यम्पश्या

Key Points

• असूर्यम्पश्या' शब्द में 'अ' उपसर्ग का योग है।
• असूर्यम्पश्या  विशेषण है।

Additional Information

'हँसना' शब्द का विशेषण रूप है-हँसोड़।

• मोहन हँसोड़ बालक है, अत: यहाँ विशेषण हँसोड़ है।

Key Pointsहँसी

• समानार्थी शब्द - हास्य।
• विलोम शब्द - रुलाई।
• गणनीयता - अगणनीय।
• हँसी एक तरह की  शारीरिक क्रिया  है।
• हँसी में भाववाचक संज्ञा   है।
• लिंग - स्त्रीलिंग।

हँसना

• हँसना में सरल क्रिया  है।
• प्रत्यय - ना।
• मूल शब्द - हँस।
• विलोम शब्द - रोना।

पर्वत के ऊपर की समतल भूमि' -अधित्यका।

Key Pointsअधित्यका

• समानार्थी शब्द - प्रस्थ।
• लिंग - स्त्रीलिंग।
• अधित्यका का विलोम -उपत्यका।
• उपसर्ग अधि है और मूल शब्द त्यका है।
• अगर हम लोग अधित्यका से मूल शब्द अलग करेंगें तो त्यका शब्द आएगा।

उपत्यका

• उपत्यका-पहाड़ के नीचे की भूमि या मैदान जहाँ तरी रहती है।
• ​समानार्थी शब्द - तराई , तलहटी , दामन , वारी।
• उपत्यका का विलोम शब्द-अधित्यका।

उच्चरित' शब्द का विशेष्य रूप है-उच्चारण।

Key Points

• उच्चारण
• उच्चारण एक तरह का ब्दों के बोलने का ढंग  है।
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग।
• समानार्थी शब्द - उच्चार , उच्चरण , उचार , उचारन।
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - राम  का उच्चारण एकदम साफ है ।

Additional Information

​सहस्र वर्तनी का शुद्ध शब्द है।

• हज़ार
• अत्यधिक।

Key Points

• दैदीप्यमान का शुद्ध वर्तनी देदीप्यमान है।
• बाल्मीकि  का शुद्ध वर्तनी वाल्मीकि है।
• अनाधिकार का शुद्ध वर्तनी अनधिकार है

Important Points

• शब्द में वर्तनी की अशुद्धि है।
• शब्द में उपसर्ग की अशुद्धि: (सही उपसर्ग का प्रयोग न होने के कारण) हुई है।

Additional Information

महाश्वेता- 'सरस्वती' का पर्यायवाची शब्द है ।

Key Points

Additional Information

पलंग  तद्भव शब्द है।

• पलंग शब्द का तत्सम रूप पर्यंक है।

Key Points

• शुक का तद्भव रूप सुआ है।
• वार्ता  का तद्भव शब्द बात है।
• वानर का तद्भव शब्द बन्दर है।

Additional Information

• नियम 1. तत्सम शब्दों के पीछे ‘क्ष‘ वर्ण का प्रयोग होता है और तद्भव शब्दों के पीछे ‘ख‘ या ‘छ‘ शब्द का प्रयोग होता है।
• जैसे – क्षीर = खीर
• नियम 2. तत्सम शब्दों में ‘र‘ की मात्रा का प्रयोग होता है।
• जैसे –आम्र = आम
• नियम 3. तत्सम शब्दों में ‘ऋ’ की मात्रा का उपयोग होता है।
• नियम 4.तत्सम शब्दों में ‘श्र’ का प्रयोग होता है और तद्भव शब्दों में ‘स‘ का प्रयोग हो जाता है।
• जैसे – अश्रु = आँसू
• नियम 5.तत्सम शब्दों में ‘व‘ का प्रयोग होता है और तद्भव शब्दों में ‘ब’ का प्रयोग होता है।
• जैसे – वाणी=बानी
• नियम 6.तत्सम शब्दों में ‘ष’ वर्ण का प्रयोग होता है।
• जैसे – कृषक = किसान
• नियम 7.तत्सम शब्दों में ‘श’ का प्रयोग होता है और तद्भव शब्दों में ‘स’ का प्रयोग हो जाता है। ​
• जैसे- आशीष=असीस

अनुगृहित अशुद्ध वर्तनीवाला शब्द है।

Key Points

• अनुगृहीत शुद्ध वर्तनी है।
• अनुगृहीत का अर्थ-उपकृत, एहसानमंद, कृतज्ञ।
• संस्कृत व्याकरण के नियमानुसार कुछ शब्दों में 'ईत' प्रत्यय जोड़ने पर ने शब्द बनने पर 'र' का परिवर्तन 'ऋ' में हो जाता है।
• अनुग्रह से 'अनुगृहीत'  शब्द बना है।

Additional Information

• अशुद्ध शब्द – शुद्ध शब्द
• इश्वर – ईश्वर
• इसाई – ईसाई
• इस्कूल – स्कूल
• ईच्छा – इच्छा
• ईमारत – इमारत
• ईसलिए – इसलिए
• उंगली – ऊँगली
• उंतीस – उनतीस
• उज्वल – उज्ज्वल
• उदघाटन – उद्घाटन

पहचान शब्द का तत्सम रूप प्रत्यभिज्ञान है। 

Key Pointsअभिज्ञान

• अभिज्ञान संज्ञा है।
• समानार्थी शब्द - पहचान , अभिज्ञा , पहिचान,याद करना , पहचानना , जानना , पहचान , निशानी , मुद्रा की छाप , मुहर ।
• अभिज्ञान एक तरह की क्रिया  है।
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग
• अभिज्ञान में कौनसा उपसर्ग है?
• अभिज्ञान में 'अभि' उपसर्ग है।

परिखा

• परिखा संज्ञा है।
• समानार्थी शब्द - खाई , परिखात
• परिखा- एक तरह का गड्ढा , मानव कृति

Additional Information

• नियम १- श्र का प्रयोग ज़्यादातर तत्सम (संस्कृत क शब्दों ) में होता है
• जैसे क्षत्रिय , नक्षत्र ,शिक्षक ,लक्षय।
• नियम २-प्राय तत्सम में  व वर्ण और तद्भव में ब वर्ण हो जाता है।
• नियम ३- प्राय जिन तत्सम शब्दों में श होता है।  उनके तद्भव शब्दों में  स हो जाता है।
• तत्सम शब्दों में ‘ष’ वर्ण का प्रयोग होता है।
• तत्सम शब्दों में ‘श’ का प्रयोग होता है और तद्भव शब्दों में ‘स’ का प्रयोग हो जाता है।

'चिरन्तन' का सही विलोम शब्द है-नश्वर ।

Key Pointsचिरन्तन

• चिरन्तन' का अर्थ-प्राचीन; पुराना। जो बहुत दिनों से चला आ रहा हो।
• चिरंतन के पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं - पुरातन, प्राचीन, पुराना, परंपरानिष्ठ, सनातन।
• चिरन्तन का विलोम शब्द – नश्वर, मरणशील, क्षणभंगुर।
• चिरंतन विशेषण है।

नश्वर

• नश्वर विशेषण है।
• समानार्थी शब्द - अशाश्वत , अशाश्वत , क्षणजीवी।
• विलोम शब्द - अनश्वर।
• नश्वर का अर्थ- जिसकी किसी दिन नाश होने को हो। जो सदा बना न रह सकता हो।

अचेतन

• अचेतन का अर्थ अज्ञानी।
• समानार्थी शब्द - बेजान , निर्जीव , अजीव।
• विलोम शब्द - जीवित , सजीव , जीवित।

Explanation:-

• Thiamine is otherwise known as Vitamine B_1.
• Thiamine is essential for proper nerve functioning by myelin sheath maintenance and it functions as a catalyst in the energy-making process called decarboxylation of amino acids and ketoacids.
• Thiamine is rich in whole grains, legumes, some meat, and fish.
• A severe and Chronic deficiency of Vitamine B₁ or Thiamine Cause a condition called Beriberi.

Additional Information

• There are mainly two types of Beri Beri.
• Dry Beri Beri and wet Beri Beri.
• Wet Beri Beri affects the Cardiovascular system and dry Beri Beri affects the Nervous system.
• Dry Beri Beri is characterized by wasting and wasting and paralysis as a result of peripheral nerve damage( Also called endemic neuritis) and produces other neurological signs.
• Wet Beri Beri is characterized by tachycardia, increased Jugular Venous pressure, edema, dyspnea, vasodilation leading to heart failure, and dilated cardiomyopathy.

Treatment:

• 200mg thiamine IV or Oral three times daily until symptoms resolve, at which time the patient should transition to 10 mg/day oral thiamine until expected recovery is complete.
• Another option in acute crisis is 50mg administered intramuscularly for 2-4 days, followed by oral maintenance therapy.

Explanation:-

Pertussis

• The 100 days cough is a highly contagious bacterial upper respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella Pertussis.
• It is commonly known as whooping cough.
• Bordetella Pertussis is a gram-negative, aerobic and encapsulated cocco-bacilli.
• The disease Pertussis was primarily described by a French physician Guillaume de Baillou after the epidemic in 1578 and the pathogen is isolated by Jules Bordet and Octave Gengau in 1906.
• Pertussis is an airborne disease, that spreads through droplets from an infected person.
• The average incubation period is about 7-14 days.
• After inhalation, the bacteria primarily adhere to the ciliary epithelium of the nasopharynx and produces toxins.
• Tracheal cytotoxin destroys the ciliated epithelial cells and inhibits mucociliary function.
• The pertussis toxin (PTx) causes disturbances in the cellular signaling mechanism by affecting the ATP-cAMP pathways resulting in immune suppression.
• The classical symptoms include Paroxysmal cough (sudden recurrence and intensification of symptoms), inspiratory whoop, fainting, or vomiting after coughing.

Additional InformationComplications:

• Pneumonia
• Hypoxic encephalopathy
• Otitis Media
• Tubercular Activation
• Epistaxis
• Seizure
• Cerebral Hemorrhage

Vaccine:

• A weak vaccine was developed by a Pediatrician Leila Denmark in 1932
• American scientists Grace E, Loney G, and Pearl K developed a whole-cell DPT vaccine.
• The multi-component acellular pertussis vaccine is more effective and recommended by the WHO.

Treatment:

• Focused antibiotic therapy with Erythromycin, Clarithromycin or Azithromycin.

Explanation

Inevitable abortion

• It describes a live intrauterine pregnancy with an open cervical os (Cervical dilatation), which uniformly results in miscarriage when this occurs in the first trimester.
• Retained products of conception causing continuous bleeding
• High risk for having chromosomal abnormalities.

Tetanic contraction of the uterus

• The tetanic contraction of the uterus is the single uterine contraction lasting greater than 2 minutes or a contraction frequency of five or more in 10 minutes.
• It may result in fetal heart rate abnormalities, uterine rupture, or placental abruption.

Erythroblastosis foetalis

• The Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), also known as alloimmune HDFN is caused by the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) of the neonate or fetus by maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies.
• The process of formation of maternal antibodies in response to a fetal antigen is called isoimmunization
• The etiology theories state that ABO incompatibility generally occurs in a group O mother with a group A or B baby, but ABO incompatibility causes less severe hemolytic disease of the newborn than does Rh(D) incompatibility.

Oxytocin

• It is a neuropeptide produced by the hypothalamus and  released to the posterior pituitary
• Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction.
• Intravenous oxytocin is used to induce labor and it replaces ergometrine to control postpartum hemorrhage by increasing the uterine tone.
• The possible risks are Subarachnoid hemorrhages,  Increased blood pressure, Cardiac arrhythmias, and Anaphylaxis.

Explanation:-

• Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory states that children undergo 5 stages of psychosexual development in which they get satisfaction from different parts of the body.
• These stages involve different actions that involve a few erogenous zones (areas) that can be any part of the body that is involved in the process of pleasure.
• According to him, completing one stage and successfully passing to another stage develop a healthy personality of a child as an adult. However, failure to complete one stage or being stuck to one stage will lead to impersonality as an adult.

The five stages of psychosexual development are:

1. Oral stage (0 to 1-year-old): - A child gets pleasure from oral activities such as the breast sucking of a mother. Completion of oral satisfaction will lead to developing a sense of trust whereas unsatisfaction or over satisfaction may lead to the oral fixation which is an addiction to smoking or nail-biting once a child becomes an adult.
2. Anal stage (2 to 3 years old): - A child gets gratification from the ability to control bowel and bladder movements. In this stage, a child learns toilet training that allows a child to control his or her elimination. Early and harsh toilet training turns a child into obsessive, punctual, and sometimes stubborn to their possessions whereas liberal toilet training can make a child messy, disorganized, and rebellious as an adult.
3. Phallic stage (3 to 6 years): - A child starts understanding the opposite sex and develops an attraction toward their opposite-sex parents. A boy child is more attached to his mother which is known as the OEDIPUS CONFLICT and a girl child is attached to her father called Electra conflict. Failure to this stage may lead to a weak sexual identity.
4. Latency stage (6 years to puberty): - In this stage, sexual desires are usually suppressed. Children are mostly involved with same-sex friends, learning new skills, and engaging in playing activities.
5. Genital stage (puberty onwards): - It is the last stage where, an individual sexual desire starts towards an opposite-sex friend, not like a phallic stage. The erogenous zone is the genitals.

Explanation:

Hallucination:

• Hallucination is defined as the perception of things in the absence of an external stimulus that is having the qualities of real perception.
• Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality.

Types of Hallucination:

• Visual Hallucination
• Auditory Hallucination
• Command Hallucination
• Olfactory Hallucination
• Tactile Hallucination
• Gustatory Hallucination

Causes / Etiology: 

• Schizophrenia
• Parkinsonism
• Alzheimer's disease
• Lewy body dementia
• Migraine
• Brain tumours
• Charles Bonnet syndrome
• Epilepsy

Neuroanatomy:

• Hallucinations are associated with structural and functional abnormalities of the primary and secondary sensory cortices.
• Reduced grey matter in the regions of the Superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus including the Brocas area
• Acute hallucinations can be associated with hyperactivity of these areas along with the hippocampus and parahippocampus.

Treatment:

• Treatment of the underlying etiology.
• Treatment with antipsychotics.

Explanation:-

• APGAR SCORE is an assessment tool used to assess the overall health status of a newborn baby after birth and after 5 minutes of birth.
• A low Apgar score determines any significant problem with the baby which needs immediate attention and action.

1. The Apgar score consists of 5 features and each feature is assessed by the pediatrician and they need to give a score from 0 to 2.

The 5 features of the Apgar score are: -

1. ACTIVITY/MUSCLE TONE

0 score: - floppy tone

1 score: - arm and legs flexed with little movement

2 score: - active/spontaneous movement

1. PULSE/HEART RATE

0 score: - absent (no pulse)

1 score: - less than 100 beats per minute

2 score: - greater than 100 beats per minute

1. GRIMACE (RESPONSE TO STIMULATION)

0 score: - absent

1 score: - facial movement with stimulation

2 score: - prompt response to stimulation

1. APPEARANCE (color of the skin)

0 score: - blue, bluish-grey, or pale all over

1 score: - body pink but extremities blue

2 score: - pink all over

1. RESPIRATION/ BREATHING

0 score: - absent

1 score: - irregular, weak crying

2 score: -good, strong cry

• A total of 7 to 10 score is the reassuring score.
• Total 4 to 6 score is moderately abnormal.
• Total 0 to 3 score is concerning.

Explanation:-

Raynaud's Diseases

• Spasm of small arteries causes a reduction in the blood flow to the fingers and toes.
• Commonly in fingers, rarely affect toes and ears.

Additional Information

• It represented as the affected part turs white and then to blue due to ischemia.
• Whenever the blood flow returns the parts will turn to normal pink color.
• Causes:
• Jobs involving Vibration (Driller, String hammer)
• Connective tissue disorders.
• Idiopathic.
• Drugs.
• Atherosclerotic diseases.

Important Points

• The main pathophysiology is the activation of the sympathetic nervous system causing extreme vasoconstriction.

Miner's Nystagmus

• An occupational disease of the nervous system.
• Mainly seen in coal miners.
• Deficient light is the chief etiological factor.

Additional Information

• Other causes like a type of work and refractory problems also contribute.
• The disease does not cause any permanent damages to any system.
• It can be prevented by increasing the light in the workplace.

Caisson's Disease

• Also known as Divers disease or Decompression disease.
• It is caused by dissolved gases emerging from blood as bubbles inside the body tissue during decompression.

Additional Information

• Causes
• Ascend from underwater diving.
• Emerging from a caisson.
• Decompression from saturation.
• Flying in an unpressurized aircraft.
• Extravehicular activity from a spacecraft.
• Signs and Symptoms
• Local joint pain.
• Limb symptoms.
• Dizziness.
• Paralysis.
• Shortness of breath.
• Extreme fatigue.
• Collapse.

This image shows the pressurized mechanism of an underwater caisson.

• Treatment includes decompression chambers and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

​

Excessive Sound

• Noise has physical and psychological health effects.
• WHO says that notice is one of the worst stressors in the environment.

Additional Information Hazards of Noice

• Hering impairment.
• Lack of concentration and irritability.
• Tinnitus.
• Hypertension.
• Ischemic heart disease.
• Sleep disturbances.
• Changes in the immune system.

Sound levels

Concept-

Child development takes place in two directions, one is from the head-to-foot direction and the second is from near to distant  (center of the body to the peripheral).

• Cephalocaudal development refers to the growth and development which starts from the head to the toe.
• Proximodistal development starts from the center or core of the body and slowly progresses outwards to the edges.

Key Points  Cephalocaudal Development

• During this direction, the child first gains control over neck muscle for the head control.
• After that, the child achieves control over the shoulder muscle for rollover.
• Then the muscle control of the torso allows them to sit.
• In this development, the growth of the head is much greater than the body.

This image shows that the growth and development begin from the head and end at the feet and toes.

Proximodistal Development

• It starts from the core or center of the body towards the edges.
• It can be explained in a way that the fetal spinal cord develop first before the outside fingers

This image shows the progressive development from the spinal cord and inner organs to the fingers and toes. 

Hence, it could be concluded that both 1 and 2 are correct.

Explanation:-

Medical termination of pregnancy act given for the termination of certain pregnancies by registered medical practitioners. The MTP act was passed in 1971 in India. MTP is a legalized method to terminate an unwanted or unintentional pregnancy before its full term. There are certain conditions involved in abortion that are:-

• The duration of the pregnancy should not be beyond 20 weeks,
• When the continuation of the pregnancy will harm the mother physically or mentally,
• When the newborn is at risk or can suffer from severe mental or physical problems or can be handicapped,
• For a minor girl, guardians or parents should give written consent for MTP.
• Unwanted pregnancies due to unsafe sex or rapes or failure of the contraceptive can be terminated.
• Termination of the pregnancy can be conducted in a government hospital or a place approved for this act by the government.

Explanation:-

• Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) are also known as medicine-induced movement disorders usually caused by antipsychotic drugs.
• These movements are the side effects of the antipsychotic drugs that make it difficult for an individual to perform their basic daily activities.

EPS includes:-

1. AKATHISIA: - a person may experience restlessness, tense, and unable to control his or her physical movement. The uncontrol movements include rocking on feet or rubbing the face, tapping a finger, and crossing or uncrossing the legs.
2. DYSTONIA: - It is the involuntary muscles contraction. It includes eye blinking, tongue protruding, head twisting, and neck twist and extension. an individual can suffer choking or breathing difficulty when the muscles of the throat get affected.
3. PARKINSONISM: - Symptoms are the same as Parkinson’s disease. The symptoms consist of tremors, slower movement, difficulty in speaking, facial stiffness, rigid muscles, excessive salivation, and a change in gait.
4. TARDIVE DYSKINESIA: - It is manifested by involuntary facial movements such as tongue-twisting, lip-smacking, chewing motions, cheek puffing, blinking eyes, and grimacing.

Concept:-

• The antihemorrhagic vitamin is Vitamin K.
• The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation.
• It is an essential factor in blood clotting (as it synthesis some proteins needed for coagulation), which means it helps wounds heal properly.
• Vitamin K is found in the following foods: Green leafy vegetables, such as kale, spinach, turnip greens, collards, Swiss chard, mustard greens, parsley, romaine, and green leaf lettuce.
• Vegetables such as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage. Fish, liver, meat, eggs, and cereals.

Concept:-

• RTPCR stands for a Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction. The concept of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used for the specific enzymatic amplification of DNA. In simple words, to replicate DNA. RTPCR is a varied concept of PCR.
• RTPCR is used for pathogen detection.

Mistake Points RTPCR is confused between real-time PCR and reverse-transcriptase PCR.

Explanation:

• Real-time polymerase reaction is a tool to investigate gene expression. It is also known as Q-PCR. It uses processes such as electrophoresis and densitometry.
• Reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction uses RNA for amplification to detect pathogens.

Additional Information

• RT-PCR is a frequently used term in COVID-19 testing that stands for real-time reverse Polymerase Reaction. The test is used to detect SARS-CoV. The specimen includes oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs.

Explanation:

• Idiot, Imbecile, and Moron are the term used in Psychiatry to represent people with **Intellectual disabilities.**​
• This classification is given by an American psychiatrist Henry H Goddard.​

Additional Information Idiot

• The IQ range is expected to have 0-25.
• Very profound intellectual disability.
• The person cannot protect himself from physical danger.
• This term is now replaced with profound mental retardation.

Imbecile

• IQ range is 25-49
• Moderate to severe intellectual disability.
• These people may think to possess some criminal traits.
• The Latin meaning of the word Imbecile is weak-minded.
• These types of people can be easily manipulated.
• Mental age is 2 years or less.

Moron

• IQ level is 50-69
• Denotes people with mild intellectual disability.
• The Greek meaning of the word is Dull.
• Mental age in adulthood is between 7 to 10.

Concept:-

• The uterine cavity has three layers:
• Parametrium: It is a serious layer that covers the organ.
• Myometrium: It consists of smooth muscle fibers. It has three layers of muscle fibers attached to connective tissues in different directions of outer longitudinal, interlacing, and circular.
• Endometrium: The innermost layer is the mucus lining. It is directly attached to muscles.
• Explanation:
• The endometrium has lamina propria and surface epithelium.
• Lamina propria stromal cells, endometrial glands, vessels, and nerves.
• The surface epithelium has columnar cells.
• Endometrium turns into decidua during pregnancy.
• Myometrium has three layers: an external longitudinal smooth muscular layer, a middle crossing muscular layer, and an internal circular muscular layer.
• Middle from crisscrossing muscle fibers act as living ligatures during involution of the uterus and prevent blood loss.

Explanation:-

• Hemophilia is an inherited genetic disorder that impairs coagulation.
• There are mainly two types of hemophilia.
• Hemophilia A results from a deficiency of clotting factor 8 and Hemophilia B results from the deficiency of clotting factor 10.
• Factor 8 is known as an anti-hemophilic factor and factor 10 is known as the eponym Stuart–Prower factor.

Genetics:

Management:

• Recombinant clotting factors ( Example: Porcine factor VIII)
• Desmopressin
• Tranexamic acid
• Epsilon aminocaproic acid
• Prevention from injuries and bleeding
• Symptomatic management and blood transfusion

Complications:

• Deep internal bleeding
• Hemarthrosis
• Intracranial hemorrhages

Explanation:-

• Androgen is the anabolic steroid responsible for the embryonic development of male sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics at puberty (Male sex hormone).
• Oestrogen is the female sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics.

Additional Information Androgen

• Androgen primarily is a male sex hormone but females also have androgen at a lower limit.
• Androgen is primarily produced in the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries.
• There are several types of androgen-like DHEA, A4, A5, and DHT.
• Functions of androgen are :
• Testes formation
• Male pubertal development
• Spermatogenesis
• Fat deposition
• Muscle mass development
• Neurogenesis

Oestrogen

• Primary female sexual hormones but seen in men minimally.
• Estrogen level is the peak for women of their reproductive age.
• The primary production site of estrogen is the ovary and placenta at the time of pregnancy.
• Functions of estrogen include:
• Stimulate endometrial growth
• Breast development
• Increased uterine growth
• Increases vaginal lubrication
• Coagulatory function
• Anabolic function
• Ovulation
• Regulate sexual drive and sexual behavior

Medical Use of Androgen

• Hypogonadism
• Cancer of prostate treated by removing androgen source

Medical Use of Oestrogen

• Contraception
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Feminizing hormone therapy

Concept:-

• Wash the wound with soap and warm water.
• Gently press a clean cloth over the wound to stop the flow of blood.
• Apply an antibacterial ointment to the wound. Cover with a sterile bandage.
• Rabies is caused by a dog bite.
• Rabies is an infectious viral disease, caused 99% by domestic dogs.

Key Points

• The disease is almost always fatal following the onset of clinical symptoms.
• Rabies can affect both domestic and wild animals.
• It is spread to people through bites or scratches, usually via saliva.
• Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease.
• Vaccinating dogs is the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people.
• Initial symptoms of rabies include a fever with pain and unusual or unexplained tingling, pricking, or burning sensation at the wound site.
• As the virus spreads to the central nervous system, progressive and fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord develops.

Explanation:-

• Housing standards vary from country to country.

Additional Information Site

• Elevated from surroundings.
• Away from mosquito breeding sites.
• Dry and safe soil for the foundation.

Floor

• Should be Pucca.
• Dampproof and smooth.
• The plinth height should be 2-3 feet.

Walls

• Strong and weather-resistant.
• Not easily damaged.

Roof

• Should not be less than 10 feet.
• Low heat transmittance.

Rooms

• Should not be less than 2.
• The number should be increased as per the number of members.

 Windows

• Must have at least 2 windows in each living room and one should open into an open space.

Explanation-

Note -> 

• Stroke volume -> The amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in one contraction.
• Cardiac output -> The amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in one minute.
• The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in the aorta in one beat is called stroke volume.
• Stroke volume = EDV - ESV 
• EDV (End diastolic volume) = 120 ml
• ESV (End systolic volume) = 50 ml
• Stroke volume = 120 - 50 = 70
• During diastole, ventricles fill and normally increase the volume of each ventricle to about 120 milliliters. This volume is known as the end-diastolic volume.
• The remaining volume in each ventricle is about 50 milliliters. This is called end-systolic volume.
• Ventricles empty during systole, the volume decreased by about 70 milliliters is called stroke volume.

Thereby stroke volume in a healthy adult man is 70 ml.

Additional Information

• Cardiac output
• It is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.
• Its value is about 5 litres/minute.
• Ejection fraction
• The fraction of the end-diastolic volume which is ejected out is called the ejection fraction.
• It is mostly 7/12.
• EF = SV/EDV
• Heartbeat
• Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart are called heartbeat.
• The Adult human heartbeat is 72 per minute.
• Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the flowing blood on the elastic walls of arteries.
• Normal Blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg.

Explanation:

• Parkland formula is useful to estimate the fluid replacement requirement for critical burn patients.
• Also known as the Baxter formula.
• It is developed by Dr. Charles R Baxter.

Additional Information

 Anatomy and Physiology

• Severe burns will cause activation of complement system and systemic immune reaction.
• This will cause the release of vasoactive mediators.
• These mediators increase local and systemic capillary permeability.
• It leads to rapid displacement of fluid, electrolytes, and plasma to the interstitial space causing large fluid shift.

Indications

• Deep partial or full-thickness burns.
• Burns more than 20% TBSA in adults and 10% in children and elderly.

Contra Indication

• No relative contraindications

Important Points

• Need at least two large-bore IV access.
• IV access should be preferably through intact skin.
• IV access should be sutured and secured to avoid displacement

Explanation:

• The sudden and rapid growth of the world population.

Additional Information

• According to 2015 May 15 data, India reported 127 million.
• China is on top and India is in 2^nd Position in population.
• It is expected to count 9 billion world population in 2045.

Causes of Population Explosion

• Decreased death rate.
• Increased birth rate.
• Universal access to good health care facilities.
• Early marriage.
• Migration.
• Illiteracy.

Effects of Population Explosion

• Over usage of natural resources.
• High food demand.
• High waste generation.
• Increased demand for medical facilities.
• Unemployment.
• Increased crime rate.
• Poverty.
• Energy crisis.
• Child abuse and child labour.

Explanation:

• Anaphylaxis is described as an acute systemic reaction with symptoms of an immediate-type allergic reaction that can involve the whole organism and is potentially life-threatening.
• It typically causes localized symptoms to organ system symptoms.

Additional Information Causes

• Insect bite
• Medications
• Venom
• Latex
• Hormonal changes
• Latex and contrast agents

Risk Factors

• Asthma
• Eczema
• Allergic arthritis

Signs and Symptoms

• Itching
• Flushing
• Swelling
• Shortness of breath
• Wheeze
• Stridor
• Tachycardia
• Hypotension
• Shock

Management

Adrenaline:

• The most important drug in the acute therapy of anaphylaxis is adrenaline (epinephrine).
• Through the activation of α- and β-adrenergic receptors, adrenaline functionally antagonizes all of the important pathomechanisms of anaphylaxis by vasoconstriction, reduction of vascular permeability, bronchodilatation, edema reduction, and positive inotropy in the heart.
• Administered intravenously, it shows the fastest onset of action of all anaphylaxis drugs.

Concept:-

• Water treatment is the process of removing all the impurities from the water, including
• physical process
• biological process
• chemical process

Steps for water purification

Screening

• ​​The first step in Water Purification includes removing the large floating, suspended particles from the water source.
• Removal of debris, leaves, papers, and visual impurities from the water source.
• Coarse screens and steel bars are used for this step.

 Aeration

• After screening, the water is aerated by supplying through the air, it takes in oxygen from the air. This process mainly helps to expel the gases from the water like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the oxygen. Once in their insoluble forms, these substances can be removed by filtration.
• In cases the water has some other impurities then chlorination can be used for the removal of undesirable substances from the water.

Coagulation and flocculation

• After aeration, coagulation occurs which mainly includes removing fine particles (less than 1 µm in size) that are mixed in the water.
• A chemical known as Coagulant is added to the water and it helps to neutralize the negative electrical charge of the fine particles.
• After neutralization, the fine particles come together, and form ‘flocs’.

Sedimentation

• After flocs are formed, they need to be settled out and the process is known as sedimentation when the flocs are settled down to the base of the tank.

Filtration

• Filtration is the process when the solid particles are separated from the liquid through the filters.

Chlorination

• In this process when the microorganisms are removed from the water by adding chemical disinfectant also known as the chlorination process.

 Supplementary treatment

• Also known as fluoridation treatment, when fluoride is added to the water.

Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is used to remove a large majority of contaminants from water by pushing the water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane.

• It is a process where you demineralize or deionize water by pushing it under pressure through a semi-permeable Reverse Osmosis Membrane.

Explanation:

• International Council Of Nurses (ICN) is a federation including more than 130 national nursing associations and organizations.

 Additional Information

• It was founded in 1899.
• ICN was the first international organization for health care professionals.
• Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland

Goals

• Bring nurses organizations together in a worldwide body.
• Advance the socio-economic status of nurses of the nurses and profession of nursing worldwide.
• Influence global and domestic health policy.

Membership

• ICN membership is limited to a single nursing organization in a country.
• Usually, that is the national nursing organization.

Conferences and Projects

• Congress in every 2 Years
• ICN sponsors International Nurses day.
• Official Journal: International Nursing Review.

• Let's look at the meanings of the given word and marked option:
• A woman who has more than one husband at one time That’s polyandry.​
• Monogamy- The practice or condition of being married to only one person at a time.
• Polygamy- The condition or practice of having more than one spouse at one time.
• Let's look at the meanings of the other given options: 
• Homogamy- marriage between people who are similar to each other, especially in their sociocultural backgrounds.
• Juvenile - youthful or childish.
• Endogamy- The custom of marrying within a particular social or cultural group in accordance with custom or law.
• Hence from the given meanings, we find that Monogamy and Polygamy are antonyms.

 ​​​​

• We should learn the words in a bunch if we want to enhance our vocabulary skills, learning through root words serves that very purpose.
• There are some other words with the suffix 'gamy-' which indicates 'marriage/union' are given below:
• Allogamy- cross-fertilization in flowering plants.
• Misogamy- hatred of marriage.
• Autogamy- fertilization of a flower by its own pollen.
• Heterogamy- marriage between people who are different from each other, especially in their sociocultural backgrounds.

Explanation:

• Midshaft Humerus fracture occurs due to a direct blow to the upper arm.
• Midshaft Humerus fracture accounts for 3% of all fractures.

Additional Information Causes

• Falls.
• Road traffic accidents.

Attachments

• Anterior
• Brachial artery and vein.
• Biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis.
• Musculo cutaneous, medial, and ulnar nerve.
• Posterior
• Radial nerve.
• Triceps.

Radial Nerve Injury

• The most clinical pearl associated with midshaft Humerus fracture is Radial nerve injury.
• The incidence rate is 18%.
• In closed fractures, there will be incomplete radial nerve injury
• The radial nerve originates from the brachial plexus.

The correct option is (3)

Concept:-

Address Book:- An address book or a name and address book (NAB) is a book or a database utilized for putting away sections called contacts.

Each contact section, for the most part, comprises a couple of standard fields (for instance: first name, last name, organization name, address, phone number, email address, fax number, cell phone number).

Key Points

• The convenient place to store contact information for quick retrieval in an e-mail is an Address book.
• Address books allow easy access to the user's friends, family, business associates.
• And others by maintaining their email and other contact details on their computer.
• Another name of an address book in the computer is the phonebook.

Additional InformationAddress Box:- The address box is a pane in the browser window of internet explorer that holds the current document's URL. You can type a URL in this box and press enter to access a web page. See also the location field.

Message Box:- It is a special type of Visual basic window in which you can display a message, an optional icon, a title bar caption, and command buttons in a message box.

Message Book:- A message book is a book that contains messages. It does not provide a scope to modify or change the messages.

Explanation:

• World Health Organisation (WHO) is a non-government autonomous organization of the United Nations founder for international community health.
• The main aim of the WHO states that “the attainment of the highest possible health level by all people”.
• The main headquarter of the WHO is in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The principal organs of the WHO are the World Health Assembly, the Executive Board, and the secretariat, supervised by a director in charge.
• The governing body is not the principal organ of the WHO.

Additional Information1.World Health Assembly is the legislative and administrative organ of WHO. Member of assembly conducts an annual meeting at the headquarter to appoint director-general for next five years.

2.The assembly only elects and appoints 34 members from the medical field to the executive board for the next three years. The major responsibility of the executive board is to implement the plan and policy organized by the assembly. Moreover, provide suggestions wherever needed to change or modify policies.

3.The secretariats consist of the technical and administrative responsibility of the WHO. It is also headed by the director-general.

Explanation:

• DMPA is an injectable contraceptive known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate.
• It is a hormonal medication of progestin type.

Additional Information Mechanism of Action

• It acts as an agonist of the progesterone, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors.
• It has a negligible affinity to estrogen receptors.
• Suppresses hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes.
• Mild glucocorticoid activity.

Usage

• Birth control.
• Menopausal hormone therapy.
• Endometriosis
• Abnormal uterine bleeding.
• Abnormal sexuality in men.

Route and Method of Administration

• It should be started at any time and further injections can be given 12 weeks(3 months) intervals.
• Routes
• Intra Muscular.
• Sub Cutaneous.

Contra-Indications

• Cardiovascular risk.
• DVT or Pulmonary embolism.
• Migraine.
• Unexplained Vaginal Bleeding.
• Breast cancer.
• Liver disease.

Side effects

• Menstrual changes.
• Drowsiness.
• Birth defects if taken during pregnancy.
• Mood changes.
• Vitamine B12 deficiency.
• Long-term use can cause a reduction in bone density and blood clot formation.

Important Points

• DMPA does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
• DMPA increases the risk of HIV/AIDS.
• Once taken, its action cannot be stopped immediately.

The correct option is (2)

Concept:-

Deleted e-mails are usually stored for a defined time at the trash folder. If you delete an e-mail from your inbox, it will initially be put into the trash folder. In most email programs and web interfaces, deleting a message doesn't actually delete it. Instead, the message is moved to a special folder, typically called "trash" or deleted items".

Additional InformationDrafts:- Drafts represent unsent messages with the DRAFT system label applied. The message contained within the draft cannot be edited once created, but it can be replaced. When the draft is sent, the draft is automatically deleted and a new message with an updated ID is created with the SENT system label.

Inbox:- An inbox is a repository in an email application that accepts incoming messages. On the other hand, only non-archived incoming emails are in the Gmail inbox.

Sent mail:- Gmail also creates a sent message folder for all outgoing mail. To view your sent messages, click "Sent Mail" in the left-hand menu.

Explanation:-

• According to the psychologist, Learning is a relatively permanent alteration in behaviour as an outcome of the experience.
• It is typically based on an individual, how they face and respond to any situation in the surroundings and learn from the process.
• Psychologist believes that all behaviours are the outcome of learning in society.

Throughout time, an individual learns by involving in various activities which help them to acquire knowledge and skills from their experience that alter their behaviour or change their way of reaction.

Additional Information 1. Maturation is known as a process where people reach a stage where they learn to cope up and react in an emotionally acceptable manner.

2. Motivation is an urge to particular desires, needs, or goals and acts in a way to accomplish all desires that will satisfy an individual.

3. Observation is simply a way of observing human behaviour to collect data for research or scientific analysis.

Explanation

• Spinal anaesthesia is a type of neuraxial regional anaesthesia.
• Spinal anaesthesia involves the injection of a local anaesthetic or opioid into the subarachnoid space.
• It is done using a spinal needle.
• It is safe, easy, and effective when compared to general and other forms of anaesthesia.

Additional Information Anatomy

• In the type of spinal anaesthesia, the needle is placed past the dura mater in the subarachnoid and between the lumbar vertebrae.
• Typically the spinal cord ends (Conus Medullaris) at the L₁-L₂ level the needle should be inserted below this level at L₃-L₄ to avoid injury to the spinal cord.

Positioning

• Sitting
• Lateral decubitus
• Prone

Indications

• Orthopaedic surgeries of hip, lower limbs, joint replacement, and arthroscopy
• Vascular surgery of lower limbs
• Endovascular aneurysm repair
• Hernia repair
• Hemorrhoidectomy
• Nephrectomy and cystectomy
• TURP
• Hysterectomy and LSCS
• Analgesia

Contra-Indications

• Aortic stenosis
• Increased intracranial pressure
• Space occupying lesions of the brain
• Anatomical defects of the spine
• Hypovolemia

Complications

• Hypotension
• Bradycardia
• Transient neurological symptoms
• Nerve injury (Radiculopathy, Cauda equina syndrome)
• Cardiac arrest
• Spinal Epidural Hematoma
• Infection (Meningitis)
• Epidural abscess

Drugs Used

• Bupivacaine
• Lidocaine
• Ropivacaine
• Procaine

• Rh incompatibility occurs when a pregnant woman has Rh-negative blood and the fetus has Rh-positive blood.
• Rh incompatibility can result in the destruction of the fetus's red blood cells, sometimes causing anaemia that can be severe.
• The fetus is checked periodically for evidence of anaemia.
• Sickle cell anaemia is one of a group of disorders known as sickle cell disease.
• Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited red blood cell disorder in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body.
• Normally, the flexible, round red blood cells move easily through blood vessels.

Explanation

• Halitosis is a health problem characterized by bad-smelling breath.
• Halitosis is commonly caused by sulfur-producing bacteria that are seen in the tongue and throat.
• The number of bacterial species, found in the oral cavity is about 500, and most of them are capable to produce odorous compounds which can cause halitosis.

Additional Information Causes

• Poor oral Hygiene
• Dental diseases like periodontitis
• Tobacco
• Acid and bile reflux
• Postnasal discharge
• Kidney failure, various carcinomas, metabolic dysfunctions, and biochemical disorders

​Mechanism

• The bacteria cause break down proteins and release odorous volatile sulfur compounds.

​

​Components

• Volatile Sulfur Compounds​
• Volatile aromatic compounds
• Organic acid
• Short and medium-chain fatty acids
• Volatile aliphatic compounds
• Aldehydes, ketones, and alcohol
• Bacteria
• Actinomyces
• Lactobacillus
• Campylobacter
• Porphyromonas
• Prevotella

Diagnosis

• Organoleptic measurement
• Gas chromatography
• Sulfide monitoring
• Chemical sensors
• BANA test
• Quantifying beta-galactosidase activity
• Salivary incubation test
• Ammonia monitoring
• Ninhydrin method