UPPSC AE Electrical 29 May 2022 Official Paper II (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is 1 and 3.

Key Points

• The exclusive powers of the Lok Sabha are to introduce the Money Bill and to pass a motion of no confidence against the Council of Ministers.
• Hence Statement three is correct.
• The powers of the Lok Sabha include:
• The House of People (the Lok Sabha) and the Council of States (the Rajya sabha) together can make amendments to the Constitution.
• Ordinary bills can be passed only if both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha approve the same.
• If Rajya Sabha first sends a bill back and LS approves it again, a joint meeting of both the houses needs to be called, in case there is no resolution within six months.
• A money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. 
• Hence the first statement is true.
• A Money Bill or a Financial Bill containing any of the provisions calculated to make a Bill a Money Bill, however, cannot be referred to a Joint Committee of the Houses.
• Money Bill can not be introduced in Rajya Sabha. It can only be introduced in Lok Sabha with the prior recommendation of the President for introduction in Lok Sabha.
• If any question arises about whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker thereon is final.
• The Rajya Sabha has no power to reject or amend a Money Bill but Rajya sabha gives suggestions up to the Lok Sabha on whether accept it or not.
• A no-confidence motion is a parliamentary motion that is moved in the Lok Sabha against the entire council of ministers, stating that they are no longer deemed fit to hold positions of responsibility due to their inadequacy in some respect or their failure to carry out their obligations.
• No prior reason needs to be stated for its adoption in the Lok Sabha.
• A motion of "No Confidence Motion" against the Government can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha under rule 198.

Additional Information

• The Impeachment of the President of

India:

• ​Article 61 of the constitution provides for the Impeachment of the President of India.
• The charges of impeachment can be initiated in either house of the Parliament. Hence statement 4 is not correct.
• The charges need to be signed by 1/4^th of the members of the House and a 14- day notice should be given to the President.
• Powers and Functions of the President:
• The powers enjoyed and the functions performed by the President can be studied under the following heads:
• Executive powers.
• Legislative powers.
• Financial powers.
• Judicial powers.
• Diplomatic powers.
• Military powers.
• Emergency powers(Hence, emergency powers come under The President of India so Statement 2 is incorrect).

The correct answer is the South China Sea​.

Key Points

• The South China Sea is situated between the Philippines and Vietnam.
• The South China Sea, which lies between China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam, is of great economic importance globally.
• Shipping: Nearly one-third of the world’s shipping passes through its lanes, and the waters house numerous important fisheries.

Additional Information

• The South China Sea:
• It is one of the busiest sea routes in the world.
• The South China Sea dispute is an overlapping territorial dispute involving countries like Vietnam, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines.
• In this decade-long dispute, China claims sovereignty over more than 80 per cent of the territory while Vietnam claims the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands.
• The Philippines affirms its sovereignty over the Spratly archipelago and the Scarborough Shoal, while the countries like Brunei and Malaysia have asserted their ownership over the southern region of the ocean and some of the Spratly Islands.

The correct answer is 10^th Schedule.

Key Points

• 10^th Schedule of the Constitution of India deals with the provision for Anti Defection Act.
• The Tenth Schedule was inserted into the Constitution in 1985 by the 52^nd Amendment Act.
• It deals with the Anti defection law i.e, provisions as to disqualification on the ground of defection.
• Decision on questions as to disqualification on the ground of detection:-
• If any question arises as to whether a member of a House has become subject to disqualification under this Schedule, the question shall be referred for the decision of the Chairman or, as the case may be, the

Speaker of such House and his decision shall be final.

• Provided that where the question which has arisen is as to whether the Chairman or the Speaker of a House has become subject to such disqualification, the question shall be referred for the decision of a such member of the House as the House may elect on this behalf and his decision shall be final.

Additional Information

• 9^th Schedule:
• It became a part of the Constitution in the First Constitutional Amendment Act, of 1951.
• It contains a list of central and state laws which cannot be challenged in courts.
• Currently, 284 such laws are shielded from judicial review.
• It was created by the new Article 31B which shields specific laws or enactments.
• Article 31A was brought in to protect laws related to agrarian reform and for abolishing the Zamindari system.
• Eleventh Schedule-
• Provisions that specify the powers,

authority, and responsibilities of

Panchayats.

• It has 29 subjects.
• Twelfth Schedule-
• Provisions that specify the powers,

authority, and responsibilities of

Municipalities.

• It has 18 subjects.

The correct answer is Only 1.

Key Points

• With reference to the Vikramshila University, the following statement that Vikramshila was one of the most important centers of learning in India during the Pala period is correct.
• Vikramashila was founded by the Pala emperor Dharmapala (783 to 820 AD) in

response to a supposed decline in the quality of scholarship at Nalanda.

• Vikramashila was one of the two most crucial centers of learning in India during the Pala Empire, along with Nalanda.
• Its location is now situated at the site of Antichak village, Bhagalpur district in Bihar.
• It was abraded by the forces of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji around 1193.​

Additional Information

• Vikramshila is an ancient site located 40 km away from the Bhagalpur city of Bihar.
• The small town is famous for housing Vikramshila University, which was built under the guidance of Dharmapala, a Pala King of the 8^th century AD.
• Situated on top of the hills along the banks of the river Ganges, the university became a learning center of Tantric Buddhism.
• Over the years, Vikramshila became one of the most popular Buddhist destinations in India and a major tourist spot in Bihar.

The correct answer is Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Key Points

• Atmanirbhar Bharat was the theme of the 40^th Indian International Trade Fair held in November 2021.
• The India International Trade Fair (IITF) 2021 was inaugurated by the Minister of Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal on14 November 2021 in New Delhi.
• The Fair focuses on the theme "Aatmanirbhar Bharat".
• Bihar is the Partner State, while Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand are the Focus

States.

• Overseas participation is from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, UAE, Tunisia, and Turkey.

Additional Information

• The 40^th edition of IITF, a magnum of the India Trade Promotion Organization(ITPO), represents India in totality as an ideal destination for numerous business and investment opportunities.
• Participation in JUTE Manufactures Development Council, Small and Medium

Enterprises, Handlooms, Handicrafts, Coir Board, Small Scale Industries, Khadi & Village Industries, Cottage Industries, etc., will display the achievements of traditional sectors in order to reinforce their local strength and global appeal.

The correct answer is 2only.

Key Points

• The National Ayurveda Day was observed on 2 November this year. Hence the first statement is wrong.
• It is celebrated on Dhanvantari Jayanti to create awareness about the health benefits of Ayurveda and to promote the Ayurvedic lifestyle.
• Lord Dhanvantari is believed to be the god of Ayurvedic medicine.
• The theme for 2021 is Ayurveda for Poshan. Hence the second statement is true.
• The day focuses on the strengths of Ayurveda and its unique treatment principles.

Additional Information

• Ayurveda:
• It is the traditional Hindu system of medicine (incorporated in Atharva Veda, the last of the four Vedas), which is based on the idea of balance in bodily systems and uses diet, herbal treatment, and yogic breathing.

The correct answer is Matsya.

Key Points

• Matsya Purana has the five characteristics of Puranas.
• The Matsya Purana is the oldest and better preserved in the Puranic genre of Sanskrit literature in Hinduism.
• It is one of the eighteen major Puranas (Mahapurana).
• The text is a Vaishnavism text named after the half-human and half-fish avatar of Vishnu.
• The text has been called by the 19^th-century Sanskrit scholar Horace Hayman Wilson, "although a Shaivism (Shiva-related) work, it is not exclusively so"; the text has also been referred to as one that simultaneously praises various Hindu gods and goddesses.
• The Matsya Purana has 291 chapters, except the Tamil language version, written in Grantha script, which has 172 chapters.

Additional Information

• Puranas are Hindu religious texts which sometimes have historical references. Among

scholars, there is no unanimity over the number of Puranas as well as on their date and period.

• It is widely accepted that there are eighteen major Puranas.
• Among these, the Vayu Purana is very important from a historical point of view. Matsya, Vishnu, and Bhavishya Puranas also contain some historical genealogy.

The correct answer is the 97^th Constitutional Amendment.

Key Points

• 97^th Constitutional Amendment 'Part IX B' was added to the Indian Constitution.
• It made the right to form cooperative societies a fundamental right (Article 19).
• It included a new Directive Principle of State Policy on the promotion of cooperative societies (Article 43-B)
• It added a new Part IX-B in the constitution which is entitled as “The Co-operative societies”

(Articles 243-ZH to 243-ZT).

Additional Information

• The 97^th Constitutional Amendment:
• This Act of 2011 gave constitutional status and protection to cooperative societies.
• In this context, it made the following three changes in the Constitution:
• It made the right to form cooperative societies a fundamental right (Article 19).
• It included a new Directive Principle of State Policy on the promotion of cooperative societies (Article 43-B).
• It added a new Part IX-B in the Constitution which is entitled "The Cooperative Societies" (Articles 243-ZH to 243-ZT).
• 93^rd Amendment:
• This amendment was done in 2006.
• In this, reservation of seats has been arranged for admission of citizens of scheduled castes and tribes and other backward classes in educational institutions.
• 73^rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992:
• It added Article 243 to Article 2430 and a new part Part IX to the constitution of India.
• Salient features of this Act:
• Gram Sabha (Article 243A):
• A body of all persons registered in the electoral roll of that Panchayat.
• Three-Tier System (Article 243B):

Panchayat at the village, intermediate, and district levels.

• The election of members and chairpersons is given under Article 243B.
• Reservation of seats for SC/ST is provided at all three levels under Article 243D.
• The duration of Panchayats is given under Article 243C, it is constituted for five years.
• Grounds of disqualification are given under Article 243F.
• Powers, authorities, and responsibilities are given in Article 243G and enlisted in the 11^th schedule of the constitution.
• State Election Commission (243K) for superintendence, control, and direction of the election in Panchayats.

The correct answer is Madhya Pradesh.

Key Points

• Madhya Pradesh is the only state in India that produces diamonds.
• Panna in Madhya Pradesh is famous for diamond mining in India.
• Panna is famous by the name of 'The City of Diamonds'.
• Since 2021, only a 77.72-carat diamond has been discovered in Panna, Madhya Pradesh.
• For almost 3000 years, India was the world's only supplier of diamonds until diamond resources were discovered in Brazil and South Africa.
• Madhya Pradesh is the second-largest Indian state by area.
• Until 2000, when the southeastern Chhattisgarh region was declared a distinct state, Madhya Pradesh was India's largest by area.
• Madhya Pradesh is rich in mineral resources and contains India's greatest diamond and copper reserves.
• More than a third of Madhya Pradesh's land is covered with forest.

Additional Information

• Diamond:
• Diamond has been the most valuable gem for more than 2,000 years.
• Diamond occurs in two types of deposits primarily in igneous rocks of basic or ultrabasic composition and in alluvial deposits derived from the primary sources.
• The high reflective Index of Dimond gives it exciting brilliance when cut as a faceted stone.
• Flawless stones of good color are considered in the gem trade while off-color, flawed, and defective stones chips, small grains, and dust are used in industry.
• Diamond is the hardest mineral in the world and so, the industrial variety of diamonds are used in grinding, drilling, cutting, and polishing tools.
• About Odisha:
• Capital: Bhubaneswar.
• CM: Mohan Charan Majhi
• Governor: Raghubar Das

The correct answer is 61^st.

Key Points

• In India, the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 years by the 61^st of the following Constitutional Amendment.
• By Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988 Constitutional Amendment Act, the voting age of Indian citizens has been reduced from 21 years to 18 years.
• The 61^st Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988, lowered the voting age of elections to the Lok Sabha and to the Legislative Assemblies of States from 21 years to 18 years.

Additional Information

• This was done by amending Article 326 of the Constitution, which concerns elections to the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies.
• The Indian constitution adopts the Universal adult franchise as a basis of elections to the Lok Sabha and State legislative assemblies.
• Every citizen who is or above 18 years of age has a right to vote without any discrimination of caste, race, religion, sex, literacy, etc.
• The voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 by the Parliament in the year 1989 by the 61^st Constitutional Amendment Act of 1988.

The correct answer is Fluorides.

Key Points

• Knock-Knee syndrome results due to pollution of Fluorides.
• Knock-knee is an angular deformity at the knee in which the knees angle in and touch each other when the legs are straightened.
• Knock-knee is the common name of Genu valgum.
• A person suffering from Knock-Knee syndrome is unable to touch his/her feet each other while both legs are straightened simultaneously.
• Fluoride pollution is responsible for Knock-knee syndrome.

The correct answer is 1 and 3.

Key Points

• Baltic Republics do NOT include Denmark and Finland.
• Baltic countries are the 3 states i.e. Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia that are located in the northeastern region of Europe.
• They are called the Baltic Nations because they border the Baltic Sea.
• All three countries are members of the European Union, NATO, and the Eurozone.

The correct answer is Tavernier.

Key Points

• Tavernier the French traveler called Kashi as 'Athens of India'.
• Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605-1689) was a renowned 17^th-century French gem merchant and traveler.
• Tavernier, a private individual and merchant traveling at his own expense, covered, by his own account, 60,000 leagues in making six voyages to Persia and India between the years 1630 and 1668.
• Tavernier is best known for his 1666 discovery or purchase of the 116- carat Tavernier Blue diamond.
• He elaborately discussed the diamonds and diamond mines of India.

Additional Information

• Jean De Thevenot (1626):
• One of the first French travelers graphically describes the cultivation of indigo and the extent of its cultivation in his book Remonstrantie.
• Frenchman, Francois Bernier (1656-58):
• His book Travels in the Mughal Empire mentioned the life of the peasantry, their poor conditions, towns, industries, life in the countryside, the urban culture, and, above all, the major manufacturers of India.

The correct answer is Garuda App.

Key Points

• Garuda App is introduced by the Election Commission of India in October 2021 for digital mapping of all polling stations.
• The Election Commission of India has introduced the Garuda app for digital mapping of all polling stations by adding latitude and longitude by the booth level officers (BLO).
• The app would help in minimizing the paperwork and the BLOS would be able to add voters' names, deletion of names, or modification of addresses in the electoral roll.
• This app was initially launched in Punjab.

The correct answer is A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1.

Key Points

• In 2019 the environmental ministry identified Ghoghala beach for the famous blue flag certification.
• The other beached which were selected are
• Shivrajpur beach in Gujarat,
• Kasarkod in Karnataka,
• Rushikonda in Andhra Pradesh,
• Golden in Odisha, and
• Radhanagar in Andaman and Nicobar.
• Hence it is the correct match for beaches.
• Beach, marina, or sustainable boating tourism operators can get blue flag certification. These all work at the eco-level.
• The Denmark-based non-profit foundation for environmental education provides this certification.

Additional Information

• There are some environmental, educational, and safety-related criteria that should be met by the applicants.
• The beaches and marinas in FEE member countries are awarded annually.
• In France in 1985, the blue flag programme was started.
• In 2001, it was started in Europe.
• In its July 2019 notification, the Environment Ministry identified the following beaches in India for Blue Flag certification: Shivrajpur (Devbhumi Dwarka, Gujarat), Bhogave (Sindhudurg, Maharashtra), Ghoghla (Diu, Daman, and Diu), Miramar (Panjim, Goa), Kasarkod (Karwar, Karnataka), Padubidri (Udupi, Karnataka), Kappad (Kozhikode, Kerala), Eden (Puducherry), Mahabalipuram (Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu), Rushikonda (Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh), Golden (Puri, Odisha), and Radhanagar (Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar).

The correct answer is A - (II), B - (IV), C - (I), and D - (III).

Key Points

• Indian Penal Code:
• The objective of this Act is to provide a general penal code for India.
• It was enacted on 6 October 1860.
• It contains 511 section which derives all the criminal offense in detail.
• It is an official criminal code of the Republic of India.
• It covers all the aspects of criminal law.
• The Code of Civil Procedure is a pre-independence enactment.
• The Act was first enacted in the year 1859 as Act No.8 of 1859.
• The Code was thereafter, amended several times in the years, 1860, 1861, 1878, 1879, and 1882.
• Introduction of the Code of Criminal Procedure. 
• Civil Procedure Code was enacted in 1862.
• Under Section 1 of the Police Act 1861, the word 'police' was first defined. 
• The word police shall include all persons who shall be enrolled under this Act.

The correct answer is Joule and Calorie.

Key Points

• Joule and Calorie represent units of the same physical quantity of energy.
• The ability to do work is called energy.
• Calorie and Joule both are units of energy.
• Joule is a derived unit of energy or amount of heat in the International System of Units and Calorie is a unit of energy.
• 1 Calorie = 4.184 Joules, which is approximately equal to 4.2 Joules.

The correct answer is Article 141.

Key Points

• Article 141 makes provision that "the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all the Courts within the territory of India".
• It states that the 'Law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all courts within the territory of India'.
• In interpreting Article 141 of the Constitution of India, the Supreme Court in the case Bengal Immunity Co. V State of Bihar laid down that there is nothing in the Constitution of India which stops or prevents the Supreme Court from digressing from its previous decision if it is convinced of its error and its toxic effect on the general interest of the public.
• Articles 141, and 142 have been included in the basic structure doctrine along with Article 32 and Article 136.

Additional Information

• Article 143:
• Power of President to consult Supreme Court.
• If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court

upon it, he may refer the question to that Court for consideration and the Court may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.

• The President may, notwithstanding anything in the proviso to article 131, refer a dispute of the kind mentioned in the said proviso to the Supreme Court for opinion and the Supreme Court shall, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.
• Article 140 :
• It consists of the Ancillary powers of the Supreme Court.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key Points

• Sultan Ghari was the first Islamic Mausoleum built in 1231 AD for Prince Nasiru'd- Din Mahmud, eldest son of Iltumish, in the "funerary landscape of Delhi" in the Nangal Dewat Forest, Near Nangal Dewat Vasant Kunj. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The first true Islamic arch made its appearance in the tomb of Balban built around 1287-88. Hence the second statement is correct.
• It has historical importance in the development of Indo-Islamic architecture.
• It is located at the archaeological park in Mehrauli.

The correct answer is Chhattisgarh.

Key Points

• Chitrakoot or Chitrakote Waterfall is located on the Indravati river in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.
• It's a natural waterfall.
• Height-29 meters.
• During the rainy days, the water in the fall is reddish.
• Also called Niagara of India due to its similar shape to horse feet.

The correct answer is Union Finance Minister.

Key Points

• Union Finance Minister is the Chairperson of the GST Council.
• GST Council:
• It is a constitutional body under Article 279A.
• It makes recommendations to the Union and State Government on issues related to Goods and Service Tax and was introduced by the Constitution (One Hundred and First

Amendment) Act, 2016.

• The GST Council is chaired by the Union Finance Minister and other members are the Union State Minister of Revenue or Finance and Ministers in charge of Finance or Taxation of all the States.
• It is considered a federal body where both the center and the states get due representation.
• Every decision of the Goods and Services Tax Council shall be taken at a meeting by a majority of not less than three-fourths of the weighted votes of the members present and voting, in accordance with the following

principles, namely:

• The vote of the Central Government shall have a weightage of one-third of the total votes cast, and
• The votes of all the State Governments taken together shall have a weightage of two-thirds of the total votes cast, in that meeting.

Additional Information

• Goods and Services Tax:
• It is an indirect tax used in India on the supply of goods and services.
• It is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold for domestic consumption.
• It was launched in India on 1 July 2017 as a comprehensive indirect tax for the entire country.
• It is a comprehensive, multistage, destination-based tax comprehensive

because it has subsumed almost all the indirect taxes except a few state taxes.

• It is paid by the consumers and is remitted to the government by the businesses selling the goods and services.
• It is of three types:
• CGST to be levied by the Centre,
• SGST to be levied by the States and
• IGST is a tax levied on all Inter-State supplies of goods and/or services.
• All these taxes are levied at rates mutually agreed upon by the Centre and the States.
• The GST Council headed by the Union Finance Minister is the governing and key decision-making body for GST.

The correct answer is 71.

Key Points

• India is ranked at 71^st position in the Global Food Security (GFS) Index 2021 of 113 countries.
• It lags behind Pakistan and Sri Lanka in terms of food affordability.
• Ireland, Australia, the UK, Finland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Canada, Japan, France, and the US shared the top rank with an overall GFS score in the range of 77.8 and 80 points on the index.
• The GFS Index was designed and constructed by London-based Economist Impact and is sponsored by Corteva Agriscience.

Additional Information

• The GFS Index :
• It measures the underlying drivers of food security in 113 countries, based on the factors of affordability, availability, quality and safety, and natural resources and resilience.
• It considers 58 unique food security indicators including income and economic inequality calling attention to systemic gaps and actions needed to accelerate progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of Zero Hunger by 2030.

The correct answer is Etawah district in U.P. at the bank of river Yamuna.

Key Points

• In the battle of Chandawar (1194 CE) King Jaichand was defeated by Muhammad Gori. The present geographical location of Chandawar is Etawah district in U.P. at the bank of river Yamuna.
• King Jai Chand was defeated by Muhammad Ghori in the Battle of Chandawar.
• The Battle of Chandwar took place between 1193 and 1194 CE.
• Prithviraj Chauhan was the king of the Chauhan dynasty, who reigns between 1178 to 1192 CE.
• Bhima II was a member of the Chaulukya or Solanki dynasty, reigning between 1178 to 1240 CE.
• Kumarpala was an Indian king from the Chaulukya or Solanki dynasty of Gujarat reigning between 1143 to 1172 CE.

The correct answer is A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2.

Key Points

• Formic acid:
• The acid present in an ant sting is Formic acid.
• Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid.
• Molecular formula: HCOOH
• It is quite fatal for those ants as after stinging, their stinger is lost and they forcibly release formic acid from their poison gland.
• Oxalic acid:
• It is an organic compound found in many plants. These include leafy greens, vegetables, fruits, cocoa, nuts, and seeds.
• Lactic acid:
• It is a natural organic acid, found in milk and other food products such as meat and beer.
• It is used in the food industry as a preservative, flavor enhancer, and acid adjustment.
• Acetic acid:
• It is present in all types of vinegar.
• The chemical formula for acetic acid is CH₃COOH.
• The Percentage of acetic acid (CH3COOH) present in vinegar is between 4 - 5% in weight.
• Vinegar is a liquid consisting of acetic acid water and other trace chemicals.
• Acetic acid is produced by the formation of ethanol and bacteria.

The correct answer is M.A Ansari - Kanpur Conspiracy Case.

Key Points

• M.A. Ansari was NOT associated with the Kanpur Conspiracy Case of 1924.
• Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case 1924:
• In this case, newly emerged communists of India were trailed by the British for conspiring against the Government.
• Some newly turned communists named M N Roy, Muzaffar Ahamed, SA Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Nalini Gupta, Singaravelu Chettiar, and Ghulam Hussain were caught by the Government.
• They were trialed for conspiring against the Government.
• In this case, MN Roy was charged in absentia, so he was not arrested.
• Ghulam Hussain turned into a British informer and was pardoned.
• Rest all people were arrested and sent to jail for 4 years. Hence statement 1 is wrong.

Additional Information

• The Central Assembly Bomb Case (1929):
• It was filed against Batukeshwar Dutt.
• Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt on 8^th April 1929, threw bombs at the Central Legislative Assembly, Delhi.
• They started raising slogans of 'Inquilab Zindabad' from the visitor's gallery at the central assembly hall.
• Their main motive was to make the deaf hear, rather than to injure people.
• Both of them were members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. Hence option 2 is correct.
• Kakori Train Conspiracy:
• It was a political robbery and the incident that took place in the small town of Karori which was only 16 km away from Lucknow on 9 August

• Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) under the leadership of Ram Prasad Bismil and supported by Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sachindra Bakshi, Keshab Chakravarty, Manmathnath Gupta, Murari Lal Gupta (Murari Lal Khanna), Mukundi Lal (Mukundi Lal Gupta) and Banwari Lal.
• Ram Prasad Bismil, Thakur Roshan Singh, Rajendra Nath Lahiri, and Ashfaqullah Khan were given a death sentence and the rest were given Kala Pani (Port Blair Cellular Jail). Hence option 3 is correct.
• ​Chittagong Armoury Raid:
• The Chittagong armory raid took place on 18 April 1930 and was an attempt at raiding the armory of police and auxiliary forces, led by freedom fighter Surya Sen. Hence option 4 is correct.
• The volunteers he gathered were part of a revolutionary group of nationalists who believed in using force to fight the British.
• The original plan was to capture two armories in Chittagong, subsequently destroying the telegraph and telephone office.
• The group would then take hostages from the European Club, as most of its members were involved in the colonial government in some form.
• Amongst these volunteers were two incredible women: Pritilata Waddedar and Kalpana Datta.

R firing circuit:

• It includes one fixed resistor, variable resistor, diode, SCR(Silicon Controlled Rectifier), Load resistor.
• Simple resistor, diode combinations trigger and control SCRs over the full 180 electrical degree range, performing well at commercial temperatures.
• These types of circuits operate most satisfactorily when SCRs have fairly strong gate sensitivities.

Calculation:

• ​Here, R₂ is the limiting resistor and by varying the limiting resistor we can adjust the anode current.
• As the positive voltage is applied, the SCR is forward biased and doesn’t conduct until its gate current is more than minimum gate current of the SCR.

​Therefore; 

Maximum source voltage = 100V

Anode current = 2A

Diode(D) forward biased and SCR not conducted.

So, Limiting resistor(R) = \(\frac{100}{2} = 50Ω\).

Concept:

In a three-phase induction motor;

• The stator is stationary, and the rotor is a rotating part.
• Both the stator field and rotor field rotate with synchronous speed
• The rotor rotates with a speed less than synchronous speed
• The relative speed between the rotor field and a stator is synchronous speed
• The relative speed between the rotor field and stator field is zero
• The relative speed between stator filed and stator is synchronous speed
• The speed of rotor field flux is synchronous speed (N_s ) and the speed of the stator is zero as the stator doesn't rotate.
• The speed of rotor field flux with respect to the stator:      N_s - 0 = 0.

Calculation:

Given;

Poles = 4 ; Frequency = 50Hz ; Rotor speed(N_r) = 1440rpm

Synchronous speed(N_s) = \(\frac{120f}{p} = \frac{120\times50}{4} = 1500rpm\)

1. Slip = \(\frac{N_s - N_r}{N_s} = \frac{1500-1440}{1500} = 0.04\)
2. Speed of rotor field (N_s) w.r.t rotor (N_r) = \(N_s- N_r = 1500-1440 = 60rpm\).
3. Speed of rotor field (Ns) w.r.t Stator field (N_s) = \(N_s -N_s = 0\).
4. Speed of rotor(N_r) w.r.t Stator field(N_s) = \(N_r - N_s = 1440-1500 = -60rpm\) ; here negative sign signifies that rotor will be lagging behind stator field by 60rpm.
5. Speed of rotor field(Ns) w.r.t stator = \(N_s - 0 = 1500-0 = 1500rpm\).

Important Points

Methods of Arc Extinction in Circuit Breaker:

There are two methods of extinguishing the arc in circuit breakers

• High resistance method.
• Low resistance or current zero method.

High Resistance Method:

In this method, arc resistance is made to increase with time so that current is reduced to a value insufficient to maintain the arc. The resistance of the arc may be increased by:

• Lengthening the arc: The resistance of the arc is directly proportional to its length. The length of the arc can be increased by increasing the gap between contacts.
• Cooling the arc: Cooling helps in medium between the contacts. This increases the arc may be obtained by a gas resistance.
• Splitting the arc: ​The resistance of the arc can be increased by splitting the arc into a number of smaller arcs in series.
• Reducing X-section of the arc:  If the area of X-section of the arc is reduced, the voltage necessary to maintain the arc is increased. In other words, the resistance of the arc path is increased.

Low Resistance or Current zero Method:

• This method is employed for arc extinction in AC Circuits only.
• In this method, arc resistance is kept low until current zero where the arc extinguishes naturally and is prevented from restriking in spite of the rising voltage across the contacts.

Concept:

The reflection coefficient gives the percentage of incident voltage reflected from the load.

Mathematically,

Reflection Coefficient\(= \frac{{\left( {{Z_L} - {Z_o}} \right)}}{{({Z_L} + {Z_o})}}\)

Where ZL is the load impedance and Zo is the characteristic impedance.

Application of Concept:

For open-circuit transmission line

ZL = infinite

Reflection Coefficient\( = \frac{{\left( {1 - \frac{{{Z_o}}}{{{Z_L}}}} \right)}}{{\left( {1 + \frac{{{Z_o}}}{{{Z_L}}}} \right)}}\)

As ZL → ∞

Reflection coefficient = 1

The correct answer is option 2.

Concept:

The given data is,

The capacity of the RAM needed = 16K

Capacity of the chips available = 1K

Explanation:

No. of address lines = 16K/1K=16

Hence we can use 4 x 16 decoder for this. But we were only given 2 x 4 decoders.

So 4 decoders are required in inner level as from one 2×4 decoder we have only 4 output lines whereas we need 16 output lines. Now to point to these 4 decoders, another 2x4 decoder is required in the outer level.

Hence no. of 2x4 decoders to realize the above implementation of RAM=1+4=5

Hence the correct answer is 5.

Concept:

• Active Low Pass Filter uses an op-amp for amplification and gain control.
• The simplest form of a low pass active filter is to connect an inverting or non-inverting amplifier.
• Applications of Active Low Pass Filters are in audio amplifiers, equalizers or speaker systems to direct the lower frequency bass signals to the larger bass speakers or to reduce any high frequency noise or “hiss” type distortion.
• When used like this in audio applications the active low pass filter is sometimes called a “Bass Boost” filter.

Calculation:

Given;

\(f_c = \frac{1}{2\pi R_2C}\) ; where \(f_c\) = cut-off corner frequency

Therefore; \(R_2 = \frac{1}{2\pi f_c C}\)

Putting on the respective values, we get:

\(R_2 = \frac{1}{2\pi \times5\times10^3\times10\times10^-9}\)

R₂ = 3.10 kΩ

Note: It is important to understand the formula for cut-off frequency and remember it for once. It

saves a lot of time without the analysis to conclude that:

\(\omega_c = \frac{1}{R_2C}\)

Single Phase AC Voltage Controller:

• The ac voltage controller is a static power electronic circuit that converts fixed ac to variable ac.
• It accomplishes this task without a change in frequency.
• It finds application in heating, lighting circuits, speed control of ac machines, fan regulators, etc, similar to the applications of an autotransformer.
• The circuit of the ac voltage controller is based on either thyristors, TRIACs, SCRs, or IGBTs.

Calculation:

​Given;

Load rms voltage = \(V_{load}(rms) = 200V\)

Source rms Voltage = \(V_{source}(rms) = 250V \)

Therefore;

Input Power factor = \(\frac{V_{load}}{V_{source}} = \frac{200}{250} = 0.8\)

Rotor Fed Induction Motor:

• In an inverted or rotor-fed induction motor, the rotor has 3-phase windings and being fed with the 3-phase balanced supply from the AC mains.
• The rotor windings of the inverted induction motor must be in star configuration.

In an induction motor,

• The stator is stationary and the stator field or magnetic field rotates with synchronous speed(N_S).
• The rotor field rotates with synchronous speed and the rotor rotates at a speed less than the synchronous speed.

Current Source Inverter:

• The current source inverter is also known as current fed inverter which converts the input dc into ac and its output can be three-phase or single phase.
• In CSI, the input voltage is kept invariable and the amplitude of output voltage does not show dependency on load.

Features of Current Source Inverter:

• It has Inherent four-quadrant operation capability due to inverter-converter combination.
• It suffers from stability and operating problem at high frequency and light loads causing voltage spikes.
• It requires simple commutation circuit i.e only capacitors thus providing fast dynamic response.

Explanation:

• Whether a bond is weak or strong depends on the extent of linkage or interaction among the molecules or atoms.

The types of interactions are:

• Electrostatic: They are interactions between charged molecules.
• Induction: These types of interactions arise when there is induction of dipole in the molecule.
• Dispersion: These are also called London forces or Van der Waals forces and exist mostly in covalent molecules.
• Hydrogen bonds: Hydrogen bonds are the dipole-dipole interactions that occur when a Hydrogen is bonded to a very electronegative atom like oxygen, Nitrogen. It is not a covalent bond.
• So, the Hydrogen bond is just an interaction between the Hydrogen and an electronegative element where there is no electron exchange leading to weak bonding between molecules.
• Hence, the bond strength order is:

Covalent bond > ionic bond > hydrogen bond >Van der Waals forces.

Hence, the weakest among the bonds is the Hydrogen bond.

Induction Generator:

• An induction generator  is a type of alternating current (AC) electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce electric power.
• Induction generator is not a self-excited machine. Therefore, when running as a generator, the machine takes reactive power from the AC power line and supplies active power back into the line.
• Reactive power is needed for producing rotating magnetic field. The active power supplied back in the line is proportional to slip above the synchronous speed.

Applications of induction generators:

Induction generators produce useful power even at varying rotor speeds. Hence, they are suitable in wind turbines.

Advantages:

Induction or asynchronous generators  are more rugged and require no commutator and brush arrangement (as it is needed in case of synchronous generators).

Concept:

When a transmission line is loaded with impedance it is represented as follows:

Here; Transmission line impedance is surge impedance ZS .

Load impedance is Z_L .

Short circuited is line is considered when Z_L  = 0.

Therefore;

Coefficient of reflection is given by the expression:

\(V_{reflection} = \frac{Z_L - Z_S}{Z_L+Z_S} = \frac{0-Z_S}{0+Z_S} = -1\).

Similarly,

Coefficient of refraction is given by the expression:

\(V_{refraction} = \frac{2Z_L}{Z_L+Z_S} = \frac{0}{0+Z_S} = 0\)

Arc Voltage: 

• As soon as the Breaker contacts open, an arc is formed between the contacts of the Circuit Breaker.
• The voltage which appears across the contacts of the Breaker during this arcing period is called the Arc Voltage.
• Its value is low but when the value of arc current reaches to zero, arc voltage will shoot up to its peak value which in turn will try to main the arc across the contacts.

Restriking Voltage: 

• As the arcing current crosses zero, a high frequency transient voltage appears across the contacts of the Circuit Breaker.
• This Transient voltage is known as Restriking Voltage.
• Therefore, for arc extinction ;                                              Rate of Rise of Restriking Voltage < Rate of Rise of Dielectric Strength of Medium.

Recovery Voltage:

• Recovery Voltage is the normal frequency RMS voltage that appears across the contacts of the Circuit Breaker after final arc extinction.
• It is equal to the system voltage.

DRAM:

• In a DRAM, a capacitor to store a bit of data is used along with a MOSFET (transfer device) which acts as a switch.
• It requires only one transistor to store one-bit data whereas SRAM requires 6 transistors.
• The information is stored in a capacitor.
• Both read and write operations cannot be performed simultaneously.
• To store one bit of data, DRAM needs one transistor and one capacitor.
• Since the capacitor stores the data in the form of charge.
• To keep the charge stored for a long duration, the capacitor needs to constantly be refreshed. So DRAM is slower and used for main memory.

The priority of interrupts in the decreasing order:

TRAP > RST 7.5 > RST 6.5 > RST 5.5

Hence, The highest priority interrupt in 8085 is TRAP

Single-phase full wave rectifier:

The load current is a continuous conduction ripple free, hence it is a constant DC current.

The freewheeling diode will conduct when the output voltage is negative. The freewheeling diode clips the negative output voltage.

Case 1: α < ωt < π:

T₁ and T₂ conducts.

V_O = V_S

Case 2:  π < ωt < π+α :

FD conducts.

VO = 0

Case 3: π+α < ωt < 2π:

T₃ and T₄ conducts.

VO = -V_S

Case 2:  2π < ωt < 2π+α :

FD conducts.

VO = 0

\(I_{FD(avg)} = I_{o}({α \over \pi})\)

The average output current is given by:

\(I_o={V_m\over \pi R}(cosα +1)\)

Calculation:

Given, V_m = 230√2

R = 15.53Ω 

α = 60° = \({\pi \over 3}\)

\(I_o={230\sqrt{2}\over 15.53\pi }(cos60 +1)\)

I_o = 10A

\(I_{FD(avg)} = 10({\pi \over 3\times \pi})\)

\(I_{FD(avg)} = 3.33A\)

Concept:

The relationship between torque and current in a 3ϕ induction motor is given by:

\({T_{st} \over T_{fl}}=({I_{st}\over I_{fl}})^2\times S_{fl}\)

where,

T_st = Starting torque

T_fl = Full load torque

I_st = Starting current

I_fl = Full load current 

S_fl = Full load slip

Calculation:

Given, Tst = Tfl 

Sfl = 4% = 0.04

\({T_{fl} \over T_{fl}}=({I_{st}\over I_{fl}})^2\times 0.04\)

\(1=({I_{st}\over I_{fl}})^2\times 0.04\)

\(25=({I_{st}\over I_{fl}})^2\)

Ist = 5Ifl

Effect of source inductance on 1ϕ full controlled rectifier:

For 1ϕ full wave converter, the average reduction in dc output voltage due to source inductance is:

\(Δ V_o = {V_m\over \pi}({cosα -cos(α+μ)})\)

\(Δ V_o = 4fL_sI_o\)

where, Δ V_o =  Average reduction in dc output voltage

V_m = Maximum value of source voltage

α = Firing angle

μ = Overlap angle

L_S = Source inductance

• If f ↑ , L_s ↑, I_o ↑, without changing the V_m and α, then μ also increases.
• If V_m ↑ , without changing f, L_s, I_o, and α, then μ decreases.

Hence, option 4 is correct.

Two-phase linear ac servomotor:

• A type of servomotor that uses AC electrical input in order to produce mechanical output in the form of precise angular velocity is known as an AC servo motor.
• AC servomotors are basically two-phase induction motors with certain exceptions in designing features.
• The rotor is designed to have high resistance and low inertia.
• The stator of a two-phase AC servomotor consists of two distributed windings that are displaced from each other by 90° electrical.
• One winding is known as the reference phase and is supplied from a constant voltage source.
• The other winding is known as the control phase and is supplied with a variable voltage of the same frequency as the reference phase voltage, but is displaced by 90° electrical.
• The control phase is normally supplied from a servo amplifier. The speed and the torque developed in the motor are controlled by the phase difference between the control phase voltage and the reference phase voltage.
• The direction of the rotation of the rotor can be altered by changing the phase difference from leading to lagging or vice-versa, between the control phase voltage and the reference phase voltage.

Transfer mode in DMA 8237:

1.) Memory to memory transfer mode:

• In this transfer mode, the transfer of a block of data from one set of memory addresses to another takes place.
• It is used to transfer ten words (32-bit) of data from one memory location to another without any CPU load.

​2.) Single Transfer mode:

• In Single Transfer mode, the device is programmed to make one transfer only. The word count will be decremented or incremented and the corresponding address will also be decremented or incremented following each transfer.
• When the word count rolls over'' from zero to FFFFH, a Terminal Count (TC) will cause an auto initialize if the channel has been programmed to do so.

3.) Block Transfer mode:

• In Block Transfer mode the device is activated to continue making transfers during the service until an external End of Process (EOP) is encountered.
• Again, an Auto initialization will occur at the end of the service if the channel has been programmed for it.

4.) Demand Transfer mode:

• In Demand Transfer mode the device is programmed to continue making transfers until an external EOP is encountered.
• Thus transfers may continue until the I/O device has exhausted its data capacity.

5.) Cascade mode:

• This mode is used when the data is to be transferred on more than one device at a single time.

Explanation:

• A circular waveguide is a tubular, circular conductor. A plane wave propagating through circular waveguide results in transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) mode.
• Transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) waves are propagated in circular waveguides in almost the same manner as in rectangular waveguides.
• A plane wave propagating through circular waveguide results in TE and TM modes and one of these modes will be present depending upon the wave launcher.
• The field configuration in the circular waveguide closely follows a sine wave pattern.
• In a circular waveguide, TE11 mode has the lowest cut-off frequency and is, therefore, the dominant mode. Hence option (2) is the correct answer.
• If D is the diameter of the waveguide, then λc = 1.706 D for TE11 mode

1. The dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide is TE10, and in a circular waveguide is TE11

2. Cut-off frequency equation for circular waveguide given below is defined as:

\({f_c} = \frac{{1.8412.c}}{{2\pi a}}\)

a = Radius of the inner circular cross-section

c = Speed of light

3. The cutoff frequency for the dominant mode in the rectangular waveguide is given as:

\(f_c=\frac{c}{2a}\)

Where a = length of rectangular waveguide.

Multiquadrant Operation of Electric Drives:

A quadrant diagram is drawn by plotting the speed-torque characteristics of the load/motor for all four quadrant operations.

There are basically two modes of operation:

(i) Motoring Mode: The electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy and supports the motion.

(ii) Braking mode: The mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy and the motor works as a generator and opposes the motion. The fig. below shows the torque and speed coordinates for both forward and reverse motions.

We know that motor can provide motoring and braking operation for both forward and reverse directions.

The power is given as Power = Speed × Torque.

Now, if the power developed is positive then the operation is motoring. If the power developed is negative, the operation is braking.

Quadrant I - Forward Motoring:

In this region, the power and torque are both positive, so the power developed is positive and the machine works as a motor supplying mechanical energy.

Quadrant II - Forward Braking:

In this region, the speed is positive, but torque is negative, so power developed is negative and the machine works under braking opposing the motion.

Quadrant III - Reverse Motoring:

In this region, the speed is negative and the torque is also negative, so power developed is positive and so the machine works under reverse motoring mode.

Quadrant IV - Reverse Braking:

In this region, the torque is positive and the speed is negative, so the power developed is negative, so the machine works as a braking mode in the reverse direction.

Four-Quadrant Operation of the Hoist:

The hoist consists of a rope wound on a drum coupled to the motor shaft. There are two ends of the rope, on one end, there is a cage and on the other end there is a counter weight. The counter-weight is higher than the weight of the empty cage and lower than the weight of the fully-loaded cage. When there is an upward motion of the cage, then it represents the forward direction of the motor.

In quadrant I and IV, load torque shows the speed-torque characteristics of the loaded hoist. The torque is a difference of torque due to loaded hoist and counter-weight.

In quadrant lI and III, load torque shows the speed-torque characteristics of the empty hoist. The torque is a difference of torque due to counter-weight and empty hoist.

The operation in all four quadrants can be explained as follows: 

Quadrant 1- Forward Motoring:

The cage moves upward, so the speed of the motor is positive in the counter-clockwise direction. This condition is obtained if the motor has positive torque in counter-clockwise direction equal to the magnitude of load torque T_L1

Quadrant II - Forward Braking:

In this region, the empty cage is moved up. The motor Should produce a braking torque equal to T_L2 in the clockwise direction to limit the speed to a safe limit.

Quadrant III - Reverse motoring:

In this region, the empty cage is moved down. The motor should produce torque in a clockwise direction because an empty cage has a lesser weight than a counter-weight.

Quadrant IV - Reverse Braking:

In this region, the loaded cage is moved down. The motor should produce a positive torque T equal to T_L2 in an anticlockwise direction to limit the cage cag in safe value.  As the weight of the loaded cage is higher than counter-weight, so it is able to overcome due to gravity itself.

Silicon Unilateral Switch(SUS):

• A SUS is a four-layer, three junction device with two electrodes (cathode and anode).
• It has a forward current rating of 200 mA and a voltage rating of 30 V.
• A SUS is used for synchronization, lock-out, or forced switching purposes. For this, a pulse signal may be applied to the gate terminal of the SUS.
• Since the device will turn on for a fixed anode gate voltage. The device can also be used as a relaxation oscillator. The output pulses are used for triggering SCRs.

Additional Information DIAC:

• When diodes connected in anti-parallel form a DIAC.
• The DIAC is an electronics component that is widely used to assist the triggering of a TRIAC when used in AC switches and as a result, they are often found in light dimmers such as those used in domestic lighting.

TRIAC:

• A DIAC with a GATE terminal is known as TRIAC.
• The Triac is the most commonly used semiconductor device for switching and power control of AC systems as the triac can be switched “ON” by either a positive or negative gate pulse, regardless of the polarity of the AC supply at that time

• The transient voltage that appears across the circuit breaker contacts at the instant of arc extinction is called restriking voltage.
• It is measured in peak value.
• Restriking voltage is the transient voltage appearing across the breaker contacts immediately after the opening of breaker contacts. It is also called Transient Recovery Voltage

Note:

Recovery Voltage:

The RMS voltage that appears across the circuit breaker contacts after final arc interruption (when breaker opens) is called “recovery voltage”

Restriking Voltage:

It may be defined as the voltages that appears across the breaking contact at the instant of arc extinction

Active Recovery Voltage:

It may be defined as the instantaneous recovery voltage at the instant of arc extinction

Arc Voltage:

It may be defined as the voltages that appears across the contact during the arcing period, when the current flow is maintained in the form of an arc. It assumes low value except for the point at which the voltage rises rapidly to a peak value and current reaches to zero.

• ANI F0H is used to clear the lower four bits of the accumulator in 8085.
• ANI 0FH is used to clear the upper four bits of the accumulator in 8085.
• XRI F0H is used to complement the upper four bits of the accumulator in 8085.
• XRI 0FH is used to complement the lower four bits of the accumulator in 8085.

Concept:

• The main characteristic of crystalline solids is a regular and repeating pattern of constituent particles.
• If the three-dimensional arrangement of constituent particles in a crystal is represented diagrammatically, in which each particle is depicted as a point, the arrangement is called a crystal lattice.
• Thus, a regular three-dimensional arrangement of points in space is called a crystal lattice.
• The unit cell is the smallest portion of a crystal lattice which, when repeated in different directions, generates the entire lattice.
• In BCC (body-centered cubic) crystal, the arrangement will be as follows

In the crystal structure, atomic packing factor (APF) or packing efficiency or packing fraction is the volume of atoms in a unit cell divided by the volume of the unit cell. It is a dimensionless quantity and always less than unity

No of atoms in b.c.c unit cell = 2

For BCC \(a = \frac{{4r}}{{\sqrt 3 }}\) where a is the side of the cube and r is the atomic radius.

Now APF will be 

\(APF = \frac{{{N_{atoms}}{V_{atom}}}}{{{V_{crystal}}}} = \frac{{2\left( {\frac{4}{3}} \right)\pi {r^3}}}{{{{\left( {a } \right)}^3}}}= \frac{{2\left( {\frac{4}{3}} \right)\pi {r^3}}}{{{{\left( {\frac{{4r}}{{\sqrt 3 }}} \right)}^3}}}\)

\(APF = \frac {\sqrt {3} \pi}{8}\)

Additional Information 

Newton Raphson Method:

\(x_{k+1} =x_{k} -{f (x_{k})\over f '(x_{k}) }\)

Let initial guess x_o = 2.25

f(2.25) = (2.25)³ – 3×2.25 – 5 = –0.3594

f '(2.25) = 3 × (2.25)² – 3 = 12.1875

Therefore, 1^st iteration:

\(x_{1} =x_{0} -{f (x_{0})\over f '(x_{0}) }\)

\(x_{1} =2.25 -{(-0.3594)\over 12.1875 }\)  ⇒ \(x_{1} =2.2794\)

2^nd iteration:

\(x_{2} =x_{1} -{f (x_{1})\over f '(x_{1}) }\)

\(x_{2} =2.2794 -{(2.2794)^3-(3\times2.2794)-5\over (3\times (2.2794)^2) -3 }\) ⇒ \(x_{2} =2.279\)

Equivalent circuit of 3ϕ induction motor:

The developed torque is given by:

\(T_d = {P_d \over \omega_s}\)

\(T_d = {3I_2^2 \over \omega_s}{R_2\over s}\)

\(T_d = {3\over \omega_s}({E_2\over \sqrt{(X_2)^2+({R_2 \over s})^2}})^2{R_2\over s}\)

\(T_d = {3 \over \omega_s}{E_2^2\over {(X_2)^2+({R_2 \over s})^2}}{R_2\over s}\)

The maximum torque is given by:

\(T_{max} = {3 \over2 \omega_s}{E_2^2\over X_2}\)

The effect of adding external resistance in the rotor circuit is:

• Increase starting torque
• Reduce starting current
• Improve pf at starting
• Maximum torque is independent from external resistance

Detent Torque:

• Detent torque is defined as the maximum amount of torque that the motor produces when it is not energized.
• In such cases, no current is flowing through the winding.

Additional Information Holding Torque:

• Holding torque is a measurement of how much rotating force is required to force a stationary stepper motor shaft out of position.
• Holding torque is the product of a motor’s torque constant and the current applied to the stator windings.

Explanation: 

In distance relays, certain relays do not underreach on arcing faults because they are designed to be immune to such disturbances. Specifically:

• Reactance relays (Option 2): These relays measure only the reactance and are unaffected by fault resistance, including arcing faults.
• Quadrilateral relays (Option 4): These relays have enhanced reach due to their design, handling faults with resistance effectively.

Transmission line protection:

1.) Impedance Relay:

• An impedance relay is a voltage restrained overcurrent relay.
• The relay measures impedance up to the point of fault and gives a tripping command if this impedance is less than the relay setting Z.
• These relays are used for the medium transmission lines.

2.) Reactance Relay:

• A reactance relay is an overcurrent relay with directional limitation.
• These relays are used for the protection of short transmission lines.
• The directional element is arranged to develop maximum negative torque when its current lag behinds its voltage by 90°.
• Reactance relay is not affected by fault arc resistance, hence no underreach is possible in reactance relay.

3.) MHO Relay:

• A mho relay is a voltage-controlled directional relay.
• These relays are used for long-distance transmission line.
• MHO relays are least affected by the voltage surges.

4.) Quadrilateral relays:

• The positive torque region is the region covered by all the four lines i.e. quadrilateral ABCD. If the impedance seen by the relay is inside the operating region, then relay trips.
• Amongst all types of distance relays available today, the quadrilateral relay is one that has the least area on the R-X plane and is not affected by the arc resistance.

Flags in 8085 microprocessor:

There are 5 flags used in 8085 during the arithmetic and logical operations.

1.) Sign flag:

• When any arithmetic operation is performed between two numbers, if the MSB of their result is 1, then this flag is set otherwise reset.

​2.) Carry flag:

• If the arithmetic operation results in a carry, then this flag is set otherwise reset.

​3.) Auxiliary flag:

• During an arithmetic operation, if the carry is generated at the bit D₃ and passed to bit D₄, then this flag is set or otherwise reset.​

​4.) Zero flag:

• If the result of any arithmetic operation is zero, then this flag is set or otherwise reset.

​5.) Parity flag:

• If the result of any arithmetic operation has an even number of 1's, then this flag is set otherwise reset.

Concept:

The iterative formula for Euler's method is:

x_n+1 = x_n + h

y_n+1 = yn + hf (x_n , y_n)

Calculation:

Given, \(\frac{dy}{dx} = f(x,y)=2x\)

y(0) = 0,

i.e. x_o = 0...........(i)

y_o = 0

1^st iteration:

x1 = x_o + h

x1 = 0 + h

x1 = h...........(ii)

y1 = y_o + hf (x_o , y_o)

y₁ = 0 + h (0) 

y1 = h (0) = 0

y1 = x1 x_o (from equations (i) and (ii))

2^nd iteration:

x₂ = x₁ + h

x2 = h + h = 2h.........(iii)

y₂ = y₁ + hf (x₁ , y₁)

y2 = 0 + h (2h)

y2 = x₁ x₂ (from equations (ii) and (iii))

y₂ = x₂ x₁ 

Similarly, for the n^th iteration:

yn = xn xn − 1

Concept:

Travelling wave tube:

1. A TWT is an electronic amplifier which is used to amplify radio frequency (RF) in the microwave range.
2. It is a belong to a category of linear beam tube such as klystron.
3. In case of TWT, the microwave circuit is non-resonant and wave propagates with the same speed as the electron in the beam.

Explanation:

A helix in TWT plays an important role as a delay line, slowing down the RF signals travelling at a speed of light near the same speed along the tube as the electron beam.

→ Due to slow down the RF filed interaction increase and the attenuator is placed along the RF circuit to prevent the reflected wave from travelling back to the cathode.

Option (a) correct

More information:

Concept: 

Important Axioms and De Morgan's laws of Boolean Algebra:

1. Double inversion \(\overline{\overline A} = A\)
2. A . A = A
3. A . \(\overline A \)  = 0
4. A + 1 = 1
5. A + A = A
6. A + \(\overline A \)  = 1

De Morgan's laws:

Law 1: \(\overline {{\bf{A}} + {\bf{B}}} = \overline{A};.\overline B\)

Law 2: \(\overline {{\bf{A}};.{\bf{B}}} = \overline A +\overline B\)

Calculation:

Let the given function be Y

Y = AB + AC

Now expanding by using the important properties of boolean algebra:

Y = AB(C + C̅) + AC(B + B̅)

Y = ABC + ABC̅ + ACB + ACB̅ 

As  ABC + ACB = ABC 

Y = ABC + ABC̅ + ACB̅ 

Y can also be written as:

Y = ABC + ABC' + AB'C

Hence option (4) is the correct answer.

Important Points

Step-down chopper:

Case 1: When the switch is ON

The diode is reverse biased.

V_O = V_S

Case 2: When the switch is OFF

The diode is reverse biased.

VO = 0

The r.m.s. value of output voltage is given by:

\(V_o=({\sqrt{T_{on}\over T}})V_s\)

The duty cycle (α) is:

∵ \(α={\sqrt{T_{on}\over T}}\)

V_o = \(\sqrt{\alpha}V_s\)

Superconductivity: It is the state of the material in which its resistance becomes zero as well as it behaves as perfect diamagnetic when its temperature is reduced below transition temperature Tc and the magnetic field is less than the critical magnetic field Hc.

Superconductors ripple magnetic field, hence they are creating regions free from magnetic field. 

The current density of the superconductor depends on critical magnetic field strength and temperature.

Superconductors are divided into two types based on magnetic properties:

1. Type-I or Ideal or soft superconductor

2. Type-I or Hard superconductor.

Type-I Superconductor:

A superconducting state is completely diamagnetic up to a certain critical magnetic field (Hc). Above Hc, the superconducting state changes it’s behavior and undergoes to normal state abruptly.

This is explained with the help of the following curve:

Type-II Superconductor:

• It loses their superconductivity gradually because they are made-up by a combination of Hard metal and alloys that show different magnetization behavior.
• It shows superconductivity up to a lower critical magnetic field Hc1 and beyond this, the magnetization changes gradually and reaches zero at upper critical magnetic field Hc2 and due to this, it is useful in the preparation of high-field electromagnets.

Important Points:

Characteristics of superconductors in comparison to a normal metal is as shown:

Concept:

The forward slip (S) in a 1ϕ induction motor is given by:

\(S = {N_S-N_r \over N_S}\)

When rotation of the rotor reverses, the slip produced is known as ip (S_b).

\(S_b = {N_S-(-N_r) \over N_S}\)

\(S_b = {2N_S-(N_S-N_r) \over N_S}\)

\(S_b=2-S\)

Concept:

The relationship between the torque and the slip in an induction motor is given by:

\( {T_{st} \over T_{max}}={2S_{max}\over S^2_{max}+1}\)

Calculation:

Given, T_st = 100% T_fl

T_max = 200% of T_fl

\( {T_{fl} \over 2T_{fl}}={2S_{max}\over S^2_{max}+1}\)

S²_max - 4S_max + 1 = 0

S_max = 3.73 and 0.268

Slip cannot be greater than 1.

Hence, Smax = 0.268

Concept:

The solution of a second-order linear differential homogenous equation is:

Case 1: When roots are real and distinct

y = c1e^m₁x + c2e^m₂x

Case 2: When roots are real and repeated

y = (c1 + c2x) e^mx

Case 3: When roots are complex (a+ib)

y = e^ax [ C₁ cos(bx) + C₂ sin (bx) ]

Calculation:

Given; \(\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}−6 \frac{dy}{dx}+9y =0\)

Let m =\({d\over dx}\)

m²y - 6my + 9y = 0

(m2 - 6m + 9)y = 0

m2 - 6m + 9 = 0

m = 3,3

The roots are real and repeated.

So, the solution is given by:

y = (c1 + c2x) e3x

Superconductors:

A superconductor is a material that achieves superconductivity, which is a state of matter that has no electrical resistance and does not allow magnetic fields to penetrate.

Properties of superconductors:

1. When the sample of a superconducting material is cooled below its critical temperature/transition temperature, its resistance reduces suddenly to zero.
2. The Curie temperature or Curie point is the temperature above which certain superconductors lose their permanent magnetic properties and become paramagnetic in nature.
3. A superconductor, when it is cooled below the critical temperature expels the magnetic field and doesn’t allow the magnetic field to penetrate inside it. This phenomenon in superconductors is called the Meissner effect.

• The Crossed Field Amplifier (CFA) is a broadband microwave amplifier that can also be used as an oscillator.
• It is a microwave tube amplifier that uses an axial magnetic field and radial electric field
• Its operation is similar in operation to the magnetron and can provide relatively large amounts of power with high efficiency.

Travelling Wave Tube:

• A specialized vacuum tube that is used in electronics to amplify radio frequency (RF) signals in the microwave range.
• The TWT belongs to a category of "linear beam" tubes, such as the klystron, in which the radio wave is amplified by absorbing power from a beam of electrons as it passes down the tube.
• A major advantage of the TWT over some other microwave tubes is its ability to amplify a wide range of frequencies i.e. a large bandwidth.
• The bandwidth of the helix TWT can be as high as two octaves, while the cavity versions have bandwidths of 10% - 20%.
• Operating frequencies range from 300 MHz to 50 GHz.
• The power gain of the tube is on the order of 40 to 70 decibels, and output power ranges from a few watts to megawatts.

Dual converters:

• A dual Converter is a circuit made by the combination of two bridge converters connected in anti-parallel form.

• One of them works as Rectifier(Converts AC to DC) and the other bridge works as Inverter(converts DC into AC).

• The converter which is operating as a rectifier has a firing angle (α₁) < 90°

• The converter which is operating as an inverter has a firing angle (α₂) = 180° - α₁

• The dual converter provides all four quadrant operations.

• The dual converter works in two modes- circulating and non-circulating type.

• When the converter switches its mode from rectifier to inverter, a small circulating current flows.

• The circulating current does exist in both the converter circuits, but it is avoided by using a reactor in a non-circulating type and by operating only one circuit at a time in the case of the circulating type.

MHO Relay:

• The relay which is selected for long transmission lines should be less affected by power swings.
• Hence, an MHO relay is preferred.
• This relay measures a component of admittance |Y| ∠θ. But it's characteristic when plotted on the impedance diagram is a circle passing through the origin.
• It is also known as the angle impedance relay.

Reactance Relay:

• Reactance relay is suitable for the protection of short transmission lines because its operation is independent of arc resistance.
• Reactance relay is normally preferred for protection against earth faults. Because ground resistance can be so variable, a ground distance relay must be practically unaffected by large variations in fault resistance.
• For very short line sections, the reactance type is preferred for the reason that more of the line can be protected at high speed. This is because the reactance relay is practically unaffected by arc resistance which may be large compared with the line impedance.

Impedance Relay:

• Impedance relay is suitable for the protection of medium transmission lines.
• In impedance relay, there is one voltage element fed from a potential transformer and a current element fed from the current transformer of the system.
• The working principle of distance relay depends upon the ratio of system voltage and current.
• As the impedance of a transmission line is directly proportional to its length, the impedance will be less if the fault occurs near the relay, thus, fault current is maximum at this condition.

Concept:

The time required to execute an instruction is:

T = n × T_clk

 where, n = No.of T states

∵ \(T_{clk} = {1 \over f_{clk}}\)

\(T = {n \over f_{clk}}\)

Calculation:

Given, T = 1.4 μs

f_clk = 5 MHz

\(1.4\times 10^{-6} = {n \over 5\times 10^6}\)

n = 7

The number of T-states needed for executing the instruction is 7.

Concept:

• The performance of the single-phase induction motor is analyzed by the two theories. One is known as the Double Revolving Field Theory and the other is Cross Field Theory.
• Both the theories are similar and explain the reason for the production of torque when the rotor is rotating.

Double revolving field theory:

• According to the double-revolving field theory of a single-phase induction motor, a stationary pulsating magnetic field can be resolved into two rotating magnetic fields i.e. forward and backward magnetic fields.

• Both the magnetic fields are of equal magnitude but rotating in opposite directions with slips of 's' and '2-s' respectively.

Cross field theory:

• According to cross-field theory, the stator flux can be resolved into two components that are mutually perpendicular.
• One acts along the axis of the stator winding and the other acts perpendicular to it.
• Due to the phase difference between the two fluxes, rotating net torque is produced.

Concept:

The radiation resistance of a circular loop is given by:

\(R_r =\eta \times{8\over 3}\pi^3\times (N{A\over λ^2})^2\) 

where, R_r = Radiation resistance

N = No. of turns

A = Area of loop

λ = Wavelength

∵ Rr α (N)²

\( {R_{r1} \over R_{r2}} = ({N_1\over N_2})^2\)

Calculation:

For N=1, R_r1 = 0.01Ω 

For N=5, Rr2 is given by:

\( {0.01 \over R_{r2}} = ({1\over 2})^2\)

R r2 = 0.25 Ω

Concept:

The output for a 2 input OR gate is:

Y = A + B

The output for a 2 input AND gate is:

Y = A ⋅ B

where, Y = Output

A = B = Input

Calculation:

1 and 2 are OR gates whereas 3 is AND gate.

Y = (A + B) ⋅ (A + C)

• MOSFET conducts when the gate to source voltage (V_GS) is applied at the input gate terminal.
• IGBT conducts when the gate to emitter voltage (VGE) is applied at the input gate terminal.
• Since both the devices start conducting due to applied voltage at the gate terminal, hence MOSFET and IGBT are voltage-controlled devices.

​

• TRIAC conducts when a signal pulse is applied at the gate terminal.
• Power transistors conduct when base current flows through the base terminal.
• Hence, TRIAC and power transistors are the current-controlled devices.

Concept:

In the FCC unit cell effective number of atoms = 8 corner atoms x (1/8) (each atom is shared by 8-unit cells) + 6 face cantered atoms x (1/2) (each shared by two-unit cells) = 4

Slip systems: The combination of a slip plane and its direction of slip is known as slip system.

Each pattern of atomic arrangements results in different number of slip systems.

• For BCC crystal structure: 48
• For FCC crystal structure: 12
• For Hexagonal close packed structure: 3

The rapid increase of dielectric strength of the medium near current zero can be achieved by:

1.) Lengthening of the gap: The dielectric strength of the medium is proportional to the length of the gap between contacts. Therefore, by opening the contacts rapidly, the higher dielectric strength of the medium can be achieved.

2.) High pressure: If the pressure in the vicinity of the arc is increased, the density of the particles constituting the discharge also increases. The increased density of particles causes a higher rate of deionization and consequently, the dielectric strength of the medium between contacts is increased.

3.) Cooling: Natural combination of ionized particles takes place more rapidly if they are allowed to cool. Therefore, the dielectric strength of the medium between the contacts can be increased by cooling the arc.

4.) Blast effect: If the ionized particles between the contacts are swept away and replaced by UN ionized particles, the dielectric strength of the medium can be increased considerably. This may be

achieved by a gas blast directed along the discharge or by forcing oil into the contact space.

Concept:

The rotor circuit model referred to as the primary side is:

The slip at maximum torque is given by:

\(s_m = {R'_2 \over \sqrt{R^2_{th}+(X_{th}+X'_2)^2}}\)

R^'₂ = Rotor resistance referred to the primary side

X^'₂ = Rotor reactance referred to the primary side

R_th = Thevenin resistance

X_th = Thevenin reactance

Calculation:

Given, Rs = R_th = 1Ω

R'r = R^'₂ = 1Ω

Xs = Xth = 2Ω

X'r = X'2 = 2Ω

\(s_m = {{1}\over \sqrt{(1)^2+(2+2)^2}}\)

s_m = 0.24

Confusion Points Approximation: Sometimes for getting a feel (rough answer) of the operational characteristic, it is convenient to assume the stator impedance to be negligible which leads to,

R_th=0, X_th=0

then, S_mT=\(\frac{R_2}{X_2}\)

Unless and until approximate answer is asked in Question clearly (OR) if other than R₂ & X₂ parameters are not given then we can use the above approximate formula, otherwise standard formula should be used and this should be given the top most priority.

Concept:

Speed of stepper motor \( = \frac{{β f}}{{360}}\)

Step angle in a stepper motor is given by

\({\rm{\beta }} = \frac{{360}}{{{\rm{m}}{{\rm{P}}_{\rm{r}}}}} \)

\(β = \frac{{\left( {{P_s} - {P_r}} \right)}}{{{P_s}{P_r}}} \times 360\)

Where,

Ps is the number of stator poles

Pr is the number of rotor poles

f is stepping rate

m is number of stack

Calculation:

Given-

m = 3, Pr = 20

Now step angle can be calculated as

\({\rm{\beta }} = \frac{{360}}{{{\rm{m}}{{\rm{P}}_{\rm{r}}}}} = \frac{{360}}{{3{\rm{x}}20}} = {6^\circ}\)

Concept:

The modulation index for frequency modulation is given by:

\(β = {Δ f \over f_m}\)

where β = Modulation index

Δ f = Frequency deviation'

f_m = Modulating frequency

Calculation:

When f_m is halfed, then

\(β_2 = {Δ f \over {{f_m}\over 2}}\)

\(β_2 = 2{Δ f \over f_m}\)

\(β_2 = 2\beta_1\)

The modulation index becomes doubled.

1ϕ full wave bridge rectifier:

Case 1: For +ve half cycle

T1 and T2 conduct.

VO = V_S

i_S = i_o

Case 2: For -ve half cycle

T3 and T4 conduct.

VO = -VS

iS = -i_o

The r.m.s. value of source current is given by:

\(I_{s(rms)} = I_o {\sqrt{\pi+\alpha - \alpha \over \pi}}\)

\(I_{s(rms)} = I_o \)

Concept:

Consider an algebraic equation f(x) = 0

If x = a is one of the roots of the given equation, then:

f(a) = 0

Calculation:

Given, x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0

Let x = -1 be one of the roots of the given equation.

f(-1) = (-1)³ + (-1)² + (-1) + 1 

f(-1) = 0

x + 1 = 0 is one of the roots.

The other roots are given by:

x² + 1 = 0

x2 = -1 

x = ± j

So, the roots are -1, +j, -j

Distance relay:

• A distance relay is a type of protection relay most often used for transmission line protection.
• Distance relays measure the impedance from the source side to the fault location and operates if the fault impedance is less than the relay setting.

Under frequency relay:

• The relay which operates based on the frequency and produces a tripping signal when the magnitude of frequency drops below a predetermined value is known as under frequency relay.
• These relays are used for the protection of alternators.

Differential relay:

• The differential relay is one that operates when there is a difference between two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value.
• In the differential relay scheme circuit, there are two currents come from two parts of an electrical power circuit.
• These relays are used for the bus bar protection.

​Buchholz relay:

• The Buchholz relay purpose is to give the protection to a transformer from the different faults happening in the transformer like the Short circuit, inter-turn, core, incipient, etc.

​Hence, option 3 is correct answer.

Concept:

The developed torque in a 3ϕ induction motor is:

\(T_d= ϕ_{res}\space \timesϕ_r\times sin\delta\)

where, ϕ_res = Resultant MMF

ϕ_r = Rotor MMF

• At full load condition of induction motor, the electromagnetic field developed between the stator and the rotor and developed a torque to rotate the magnetic field is known as electromagnetic torque.
• If the rotor of an induction motor is assumed to be purely resistive, then the angle between the resultant flux density wave and rotor MMF wave is 90°.
• Therefore, the electromagnetic torque in the motor is optimum with a load angle of 90°.

MODEM:

• Modem stands for Modulator-demodulator.
• It converts the analog signals from the transmission wires into digital signals which can be read by the computer devices (modulation).
• Then conversion of digital signal into analog and extracting out the useful information (demodulation) takes place.

​

Important Points

Multiplexers:

• A multiplexer is a combinational circuit.
• A multiplexer is Many to one data selector.
• A multiplexer selects one of the many data available at its input depending on the bits on the select line.
• For 2n inputs, there are n select lines that determine, which input is to be connected to the output.

Gateway: A gateway is networking hardware used in telecommunications for telecommunications networks that allows data to flow from one discrete network to another.

Serial Port: An asynchronous port on the computer used to connect a serial device to the computer and capable of transmitting one bit at a time.

Concept:

De Morgan’s law states that:

\(\overline {\left( {{A_1};.;{A_2} \ldots ;{A_n}} \right)} ; = \left( {\overline {{A_1}} ; + ;\overline {{A_2}} ; + ; \ldots ; + ;\overline {{A_n}} } \right);\)

\(\overline {\left( {{A_1}; + ;{A_2}; + ; \ldots ; + ;{A_n}} \right)} ; = \left( {\overline {{A_1}} ;.;\overline {{A_2}} ;.;..;\overline {{A_n}} } \right)\)

Analysis:

\(\begin{array}{l} y = AB + CD\ = \overline {\overline {AB + CD} } \ = \overline {\overline {AB} .\overline {CD} } \end{array}\)

Only 3 NAND gates are required

Concept:

Formulas for the Coefficients of reflection and refraction are as follows

\({v_{refraction}} = \frac{{2{Z_L}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_C}}}\)   

 \({v_{reflection}} = \frac{{{Z_L} - {Z_C}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_C}}}\)

\({i_{refraction}} = \frac{{2{Z_C}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_C}}}\)   

 \({i_{reflection}} = \frac{{{Z_C} - {Z_L}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_C}}} = - {v_{reflection}}\)​

Where, ZL = Load impedance, ZC = Characteristic or Surge impedance of the line.

These coefficients values for open circuit, short circuit, and flat lines are given as

Application:

As per given,

Z_L = Load impedance =  Z_cable = 50 Ω 

Z_c = surge impedance of Line = 400 Ω 

The magnitude of voltage surge transmitted (refracted) through the cable (V^'') is given by

\({v_{refraction}}=\frac{V^{''}}{V}=( \frac{{2{Z_L}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_C}}})\)

Where, V = incident Voltage

\(V^{''}=V( \frac{{2{Z_L}}}{{{Z_L} + {Z_C}}})\)

\({V^{''}} = V \times \left( {\frac{{2{z_2}}}{{{z_1} + {z_2}}}} \right) = 100 \times \left( {\frac{{2 \times 50}}{{400 + 50}}} \right)\)

= 22.22 KV

Concept:

Power Stage in Induction Motor:

The power stages diagram is an important tool for power flow analysis in any machine.

For an induction motor, the power stages diagram is given below

Calculation:

P_in = √3 VI cos ϕ

P_in = √3 × 400 × 50 × 0.8

= 27.71 kW

P (air gap) = P_in - stator copper loss - stator core loss

P (air gap) = 27.71 - 1.5 - 1.2

P = 25.01 kW

Concept:

The generalized AM expression is represented as:

s(t) = Ac [1 + μa mn (t)] cos ωc t

The total transmitted power for an AM system is given by:

\({P_t} = {P_c}\left( {1 + \frac{{{μ^2}}}{2}} \right)\)

Pc = Carrier Power

μ = Modulation Index

The above expression can be expanded to get:

\({P_t} = {P_c} + P_c\frac{{{μ^2}}}{2}\)

The total power is the sum of the carrier power and the sideband power, i.e.

\({P_s} = P_c\frac{{{μ^2}}}{2}\)

The power in a single sideband will be:

\({P_s} = \frac{1}{2}\times P_c\frac{{{μ^2}}}{2}\)

With \(P_c=\frac{A^2}{2}\), the above can be written as:

\({P_s} = \frac{1}{2}\times \frac{A_c^2}{2}\frac{{{μ^2}}}{2}\)

\({P_s} = \frac{{{A_c^2μ^2}}}{8}\)   ---(1)

Analysis:

When μ = 0, the transmitted power will be:

\({P_t} = {P_c}\left( {1 + \frac{{{0^2}}}{2}} \right)=P_c\)

When μ = 1, the transmitted power will be:

\({P_t} = {P_c}\left( {1 + \frac{{{1^2}}}{2}} \right)=\frac{3}{2}P_c\)

The % increase in the modulated signal power is given by:

\(=\rm \frac{{\frac{3}{2}{P_C} - {P_C}}}{{{P_C}}} \times 100%\)

\(\rm = \frac{{\frac{1}{2}{P_C}}}{{{P_C}}} \times 100 = 50%\)

A half adder circuit is basically made up of an a AND gate with XOR gate as shown below.

• A half adder is also known as XOR gate because XOR is applied to both inputs to produce the sum
• Half adder can add only two bits (A and B) and has nothing to do with the carry
• If the input to a half adder has a carry, then it will neglect it and adds only the A and B bits
• That means the binary addition process is not complete and that's why it is called a half adder

Sum (S) = A⊕B, Carry = A.B

Concept:

Latching current: 

It is the minimum amount of anode to cathode current required to turn ON the SCR.

After turning ON the SCR, it is replaced by a short-circuited path.

Calculation:

The voltage across the inductor is given by:

\(V_L = L{di_L \over dt}\)

\(100 = 0.1({ 4\times 10^{-3}\over t})\)

t = 4 μs