UP TGT Home Science 2010 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

Concept:

Flower Arrangement:

• In flower vases, flowers, greenery, and other plants are placed so that they create a pleasing aesthetic with a pleasing texture and colour scheme.
• Flowers can be strategically arranged to provide colour, life, and beauty to a home.
• An individual's personality can be expressed through flower arrangement.
• It conveys one's appreciation of beauty.
• By establishing institutions for the instruction of this skill, the Japanese have fostered the practice of floral arrangement.

Explanation:

Ikebana:

• Japan is where flower arrangement became a skill.
• One of the most well-known designs in both Japan and the rest of the world is ikebana, or the Japanese art of arranging flowers.
• This arrangement emphasises the line arrangement.
• Once everything is put together, the arrangement gives off a natural image and resembles a blossoming tree.
• This design likewise emphasises the use of foliage.
• This floral design has an oriental feel to it.
• For different rites and holidays, Japanese culture uses distinctive floral decorations.

Moribana:

• A few examples of Japanese flower arrangements are Moribana, Nageire, Shaka, Pikka, and Ukibana.
• The Japanese word "piled flowers" is "moribana."
• Moribana employs one or more clusters of arrangements in kenzan, a vessel with several sharp points into which flowers are put, to simulate how aquatic plants grow and how animals move around in actual ponds.

​Thus, Ikebana and Moribana are Japanese flower decorations.

Additional InformationSome other common flower arrangement types are:

• Mass arrangement
• Line arrangement
• Combination of mass and line arrangement
• Floating arrangement
• Miniature arrangement
• Dry flower arrangement

Fertilization:

• Fertilization is a complex multi-step process is a complex multi-step process that is complete in 24 hours.
• The sperm from a male meets an ovum from a female and forms a zygote; this is the point at which pregnancy begins and leads to a 280-day journey for a female.

Key Points

Oviduct:

• The oviduct or fallopian tube is the anatomical region where every new life begins in mammalian species.
• After a long journey, the spermatozoa meet the oocyte in the specific site of the oviduct named ampulla, and fertilization takes place.

Thus, fertilization takes place in the oviduct.

Additional InformationUtero:

• Utero is a combining form used like a prefix representing the word uterus.
• It is also known as the womb, where offspring are conceived and gestated in mammals.

The egg gland :

• One of a pair of female glands in which the eggs form and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are made.
• These hormones play an important role in female traits, such as breast development, body shape, and body hair.

The vaginal tract :

• The female reproductive tract is located within the pelvis.
• It is made up of the vulva, the vagina, the cervix, the uterus, the fallopian tubes and the ovaries.
• These organs are supported in the pelvis by ligaments.

Explanation:

Communication:

• The act of communication is the transfer of information from one place, person, or group to another.
• Communication is the act of two or more individuals communicating ideas, sentiments, and information.
• Every communication at the very least has a sender, a message, and a recipient.
• The sender must encode the message (the data being communicated) into a format appropriate for the communication channel.
• The message must then be decoded by the intended recipient(s) in order for them to understand its significance.

Thus, the exchange of ideas, feelings and knowledge between two or more persons is called communication.

Additional Information Mass Communication:

• Mass communication is the process of creating, transmitting, receiving, and analysing messages for wide audiences through spoken and written media (or communications).
• It is a vast field that considers both the methods used to make a communication and the target audience.

Types of Communication:

Spinal cord:

• The spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system.
• It is a long pipe-like structure arising from the medulla oblongata, part of the brain consisting of a collection of nerve fibres.
• It is running through the vertebral column of the backbone.

 Key Points

• In total, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, grouped regionally by spinal region.
• More specifically, there are eight cervical nerve pairs (C1-C8), twelve thoracic nerve pairs (T1-T12), five lumbar nerve pairs (L1-L5),
• A single coccygeal nerve pair.

Thus, 31 pairs of nerves come out of the vertebral cord.

Concept:

CNS (central neural system):

• The brain is the body's central information processing organ, and acts as the ‘command and control system’.
• It controls voluntary movements, the balance of the body, and the functioning of vital involuntary organs.

Explanation:

Reflex action:

• The entire process of response to peripheral nerve stimulation occurs involuntarily.
• Without conscious effort or thought and requires the involvement of a part of the central nervous system is called a reflex action.
• The reflex pathway comprises at least one afferent neuron (receptor) and one efferent neuron appropriately arranged in a series.
• The afferent neuron receives signals from a sensory organ and transmits the impulse via a dorsal nerve root into the CNS.
• The efferent neuron then carries signals from CNS to the effector.

Thus, the nerve cells are the control centre of reflex action.

Additional InformationCerebrum:

• The cerebrum forms the major part of the human brain.
• A deep cleft divides the cerebrum longitudinally into two halves, which are termed the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Cerebellum:

• It is a part of the hindbrain.
• Cerebellum has a very convoluted surface in order to provide additional space for many more neurons.

Vertebral cord:

• The vertebral column is formed by 26 serially arranged units called vertebrae and is dorsally placed.
• The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head and serves as the point of attachment for the ribs and musculature of the back.

The correct answer is centrifugation.

Key Points

Concept:

Washing machine:

• An appliance used in the home to wash laundry is a washing machine.
• In contrast to dry cleaning or ultrasonic cleaners, the term is typically used to describe equipment that uses water.

Explanation:

Centrifugation:

• The process of centrifugation involves using centrifugal force to separate two liquids that are mixed together.
• During this process, the mixture's denser component migrates away from the axis while its lighter component migrates in the opposite direction.
• The sedimentation principle is used in the operation of a centrifuge.
• In the washing machine, the clothes are pushed in a circle by the centrifugal force that exists between them and the interior of the drum.
• The water from the clothes was forced straight through the drum holes by this force.
• The water is not subject to centrifugal force, but the clothes are.

Thus, the washing machine's working principle is centrifugation.

Additional InformationDialysis:

• Dialysis is a procedure used to remove waste from the blood when kidneys stop working properly.
• It is an artificial blood filtering process that eliminates nitrogenous waste products from the blood that could contaminate the system.

Reverse osmosis:

• Reverse osmosis is a method of water purification that eliminates ions, molecules, and larger particles from drinking water.
• Desalination of seawater is the practical application of reverse osmosis.

Diffusion:

• The movement of molecules along a concentration gradient from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is known as diffusion.
• Examples: When a tea bag is submerged in hot water, the tea will diffuse into the liquid and alter its colour.

Concept:

Eye:

• The adult human eyeball is nearly a spherical structure.
• The wall of the eyeball is composed of three layers.
• ​Sclera- the external layer
• cornea- the anterior portion of the sclera
• choroid- The middle layer.

Cornea:

• It is the clear, transparent, anterior portion of the external coat of the eyeball.
• The rays of light enter this layer.
• The cornea accounts for two-thirds of the total optical power of the eye.

Explanation:

Eye donation:

• Eye donation is the act of donating one's eyes after passing away.
• Donated eyes only help people who are corneally blind.
• Corneal blindness is the loss of vision brought on by damage to the cornea.
• The tissue that covers the front of the eye.
• Regardless of age, sex, or blood type, anyone can donate their eyes.

Thus, the cornea part of the donor's eye is used in eye donation.

Additional InformationIris:

• It is the coloured membrane behind the cornea and at the point of the lens with an aperture of a variable size called the pupil.
• It has circular and long muscle fibre.
• Iris is attached to the ciliary body.

Lens:

• It is a transparent, biconvex structure situated between the iris and vitreous humour.
• Its function is to focus the luminous rays.
• These rays form a perfect image on the retina.

Retina:

• It is a transparent layer forming the inner coat of the eye, it supports the choroid layer.
• The rays of light, on entering the eyeball, converge and form an image on the fovea, the posterior part of the eye on the retina.

Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.

Key Points

Thyroxine:

• The thyroid gland is composed of two lobes which are located on either side of the trachea.
• The thyroid gland is composed of follicles and stromal tissues.
• Each thyroid follicle is composed of follicular cells, enclosing a cavity.
• These follicular cells synthesise two hormones,  thyroxine(T4) and triiodothyronine.
• Iodine is essential for the normal rate of thyroxine hormone synthesis in the thyroid.
• The deficiency of iodine in our diet results in hypothyroidism.

Thus, the thyroxine hormones contain iodine.

 Additional Information

• Testosterone helps** in the development, maturation and functions of the male accessory sex organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra etc.**
• Insulin is a peptide hormone, which plays a major role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
• Adrenaline is rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind and during an emergency.

Explanation:

Darts:

• Darts are folds in the cloth that are stitched in to accommodate ease and give shape to a garment, particularly for a woman's bust.
• They are widely employed in various types of clothes to create an original shape or to customize the garment to the wearer's shape
• They are a method for forming clothing by bending straight fabric toward the body.
• Darts are made by pressing down a tip that has been stitched to a long, thin pinch to one side.

Thus, to give shape to the bulges/slopes and lines in the human body, the dart is used in the dress. 

Additional InformationHamming:

• Finishing a garment with a hem is a sewing technique.
• It is used to change the component's length in clothing, such as at the end of a sleeve or the bottom, and to stop the fabric from unravelling.

Piping:

• Piping is a style of finishing or embellishment used in sewing that denotes the edges of a garment or other textile object by forming a "pipe" out of a strip of folded cloth and inserting it into a seam.
• It's common practice to cut the cloth strip on the bias.
• It can be made from the same cloth or a different fabric.

Concept:

Management Process:

• Home management is the process of properly managing household tasks while keeping the home and property.
• Effective planning is necessary for managing a home, and it depends on numerous managerial procedures.
• Making the proper selections is crucial for effective home management.
• The effectiveness of home management depends on proper supervision and the application of the appropriate operating methodology.
• The objectives may differ from one family to the next depending on the resources that are available.
• Four different steps make up home management: planning, organizing, controlling and evaluation.

Explanation:

Fourth:

• Evaluation is the last stage of the home management process.
• This stage aids in assessing success and enables you to understand what has been accomplished as a result of careful planning and task management.
• One of the most important aspects in house management is evaluation because it involves reviewing the entire process to determine the success and failure of the plan.
• It is simpler for you to evaluate the process if you have clear objectives.

Thus, the stage of evaluation in the management process is fourth.

Additional InformationPlanning:

• The first and most crucial step in the management process is planning.
• It entails making choices regarding family activities, and resources, shifting family needs, and outlining the course of action to be taken to achieve the goal.
• It also involves solving problems, setting priorities, and allocating duties to each family member.

Organizing:

• The second part of the management process, which is completed immediately before the plan is put into action, is organizing and gathering resources.
• It entails segmenting and categorizing tasks before distributing them to each person.

Controlling:

• The third and hardest part of managing is keeping control of the work activities.
• It is involved with bringing about planned outcomes or carrying out actions as intended.
• Monitoring performance carefully is another aspect of control.

Concept:

Refregatrator:

• The term "fridge" refers to a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic, or chemical) that transfers heat from the interior to the exterior to cool the interior to below room temperature.

Explanation:

Regulator:

• Temperature regulators don't require supply lines or auxiliary equipment because the medium being controlled provides their actuating power.
• Self-operated regulators offer this as their main advantage.
• They have high operational reliability while maintaining low costs.

An automatic voltage regulator (AVR):

• AVR is a device that regulates voltage fluctuations (both high and low voltage) to keep the voltage supplied to the refrigerator at the desired level.

Thus, the** regulator parts control the temperature of the refrigerator.**

Additional InformationMotor:

• In a household refrigerator, the motor uses is a single-phase induction motor.
• It is sometimes called the compressor that acts as a pump.

Freezer:

• This freezer is present in the top or bottom compartment of the household refrigerator.

Chill tray:

• This tray is present on the underside of the fridge for catching condensation.
• This condensation that produces from the normal operating cycle of the fridge interior portion.

The second law of thermodynamics:

• The Second Law of Thermodynamics gives a fundamental limitation to the efficiency of a heat engine and the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator.
• In simple terms, it says that the efficiency of a heat engine can never be unity.
• For a refrigerator, the Second Law says that the co-efficient of performance can never be infinite.

Explanation:

World Health Organization: 

• The Constitution of the World Health Organization, which came into force on April 7, 1948, defines "health" as a total state of physical, mental, and social well-being.
• The authors of the Constitution added to that definition that a person must not have any diseases in order to be considered healthy ("and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity").
• This is because they were aware of the tendency to view health as a state dependent on the presence or absence of diseases.

Thus, "health is not merely the freedom from disease, illness or infirmity, but complete physical, mental and social well-being." is said by World Health Organization.

Additional InformationMental Health:

• All components of our emotional, psychological, and social health are included in our mental health.
• It has an impact on our emotions, ideas, and behaviours.
• Additionally, it influences how we think properly, deal with stress, and interact with people.
• Every period of life is vital for mental health.

Physical Health:

• Physical health is characterized as the state of your body, taking into account everything from the absence of illness to your degree of fitness.
• For total well-being, physical health is essential, and it can be impacted by: lifestyle includes eating habits and physical activity level.

Explanation:

Triangular Bandages:

• Typically, a meter square of cotton or calico that has been cut in half diagonally is used to make triangular bandages.
• In addition to being used as a sling, the bandage can also be used to immobilize broken bones and soft tissue injuries.
• The square piece of linen which measures around 36 to 40 inches from the middle to the hypotenuse is cut to make a triangular bandage.

Thus, It is very important to keep the triangular bandages at home for first aid and galpatis. It is made by cutting a wide square piece of linen from the middle to the hypotenuse, which measures 36 to 40 inches. 

Additional Information 

Types of triangular bandages:

Sling: 

• As a sling to hold an upper-body injury in the open form.

Narrow-fold bandage:

• For immobilising a lower leg or as a narrow-fold bandage with the broad-fold bandage folded in half to prevent heavy bleeding. as an upper body sling with a collar and cuffs.

Broad-fold bandage:

• To immobilise a lower-body injury, use a broad-fold bandage with the apex twice folded down to the base.

Pad:

• When the ends of the narrow fold bandage have been folded three times into the centre, as cushioning or for usage on a serious wound.

Concept:

Child Psychology: 

• Commonly known as child development or child psychology, the study of children's psychological processes focuses on how and why these processes differ from those of adults.
• It also studies how children grow from conception through puberty, and how and why they vary from one kid to another.
• The subject is occasionally explored in the developmental psychology subcategory, along with youth, adulthood, and ageing.

Explanation:

Crow and Crow:

• He defined child psychology as 'child psychology is a scientific study of the individual from his prenatal beginnings through the early stage of his adolescent development.'

Thus, "child psychology is the scientific study that studies the development of the individual from the beginning of gestation to the early stages of adolescence" is said by Crow and Crow.

Additional InformationWe must take into account three main contexts while analysing child psychology.

Cultural Background:

• The values, traditions, and behaviours that a kid is raised with have an impact on how they develop throughout the course of their lives.
• Children's relationships with their parents, educators, and daycare practices may all be influenced by culture.

Social Situation:

• Children's relationships with peers and adults have an impact on their thinking, learning, and development.
• Schools, family, and peer groups are all important social context elements.

Socioeconomic Situation:

• The growth of children can also be greatly influenced by social class.
• Socioeconomic status is determined by a variety of variables, such as a person's level of education, income, employment, and place of residence.

Concept:

Food:

• ​Any substance consumed as food serves as an organism's source of nutrition.
• The major nutrients in our food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.

Explanation:

Cooking method-steaming:

• This is a convenient and healthy choice.
• Steamed food is flavorful, wholesome, and simple to digest.
• These foods are beneficial, especially for older people, sick people, and people with weak digestion.
• Steamed food can be served to young children.
• This method ensures that food retains a significant portion of its nutritional value even after a brief exposure to heat and little water.

Thus, the steam method of food cooked is nutritious and digestible.

Additional Information

Roast method:

• Roasting is a dry-heat cooking technique.
• Where hot air is used to cover the food and cook it at least 150 °C (300 °F) in an open flame, oven, or other heat sources.
• Through the caramelization and Maillard browning of the food's surface, roasting can improve the flavour.

Frying method:

• Hot oil or fat bath is used to fry food.
• Which is cooked at a temperature between 350 and 375 °F.
• Food is either fully or partially submerged in the fat, depending on the type of frying.
• Until it has turned golden brown with a crisp exterior and moist interior.

Concept:

Textiles:

• Textiles are a part of India’s history- its past, present, and future.
• Indian hand-crafted textiles are unique today for their variety and beauty.
• The fibres commonly used in the textile are cotton, silk and wool.

Explanation:

Thus, 

Phulkari-Punjab - Correct 

Murri-Lucknow - Correct 

Kasuti-Karnataka - Correct 

Kantha - Haryana - Incorrect

Additional Information

Other places clothes:

Explanation:

Polygamous marriages:

• Having many spouses is a practice known as polygamy.
• According to sociologists, polygyny is the practice of a man having numerous wives at the same time.
• The act of a woman being married to multiple men at once is known as polyandry.
• A group marriage also referred to as a conjoint marriage, is a type of union in which three or more people have sexual, emotional, romantic, or other close relationships over the course of a short or long period of time
• It includes sharing of some or all of the expenses associated with living, childcare, housing and other household chores.
• It is seen as a form of polygamy.

Thus, polygamous marriages, polygamous marriages, group marriages and unregulated marriages are all types of polygamous marriages. 

Additional InformationMonogamous marriage:

• Monogamy is a relationship that involves just one partner at a time as opposed to several.
• Although it's typically both, a monogamous relationship can be either sexual or emotional.
• Monogamy is common in contemporary partnerships.

Experimental Marriage:

• In order to determine whether a man and woman can settle down permanently in married ties, they may be permitted to live as husband and wife for a certain period of time.
• This strategy would reduce the likelihood of divorce in the future.

Concept:

Natural fibre:

• Natural fibres are obtained from plants or animals.
• Like cotton, wool, silk, etc.

Explanation:

Wool:

• The wool comes from sheep, goats, yak and some other animals.
• These wool-yielding animals bear hair on their body.
• The fur on the body of this animal is used as wool.
• Alpha keratins, fibrous proteins, make up about 91 per cent of the composition of wool.
• Alpha keratins' building blocks are amino acids.
• Wool is primarily made of 49 to 50%carbon,  23 to 24%  oxygen, 7 per cent hydrogen, 16 per cent nitrogen, and 4 per cent sulphur as a biological product.

Thus, wool has a ratio of 49 to 50% carbon, 23 to 24% oxygen, 16% nitrogen, 7% hydrogen and 4% sulphur.

Additional InformationCotton:​

• Cotton fibres are obtained from plants.
• A seed-hair fibre primarily made of cellulose is cotton.
• Cellulose is a cotton's chemical name.
• About 87 to 90 per cent of the cotton fibres are made of cellulose.

Silk:

• Silk fibres come from cocoons of the silk moth.
• Silk fibres are animal fibres.
• The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture.

Linen:

• Linen is a natural fibre.
• It collects from the flax plant stem.

Concept:

Black colour:

• The absolute darkest colour is black. In its purest form, it has no shades and is the result of total darkness or total absorption of light.

Explanation:

Sorrow:

• Black can connote neutrality, professionalism, opulence and simplicity.
• It is strong, brash, and frequently employed to imply mystique.
• Black can also signify grief in some contexts and cultures.
• Black is a hue associated with death, grief, and sadness in western nations.

Thus, the black colour is a symbol of sorrow. 

Additional Information

White:

• It is a colour that symbolises purity.
• We use white metaphorically in antithesis to black because it represents everything that is good and decent.
• White is a colour associated with knowledge and understanding because it represents assurance, illumination, and insight.

Concept:

Woollen Clothes:

• Animal hair, including that of sheep, camels, goats, and other animals, is used to make wool, a form of fabric.
• To make wool, producers collect and spin animal hair into yarn.
• Following that, this yarn is woven into fabrics.
• Wool is renowned for its strength and capacity to hold heat.

Explanation:

By dry-cleaning method: 

• Any cleaning procedure for garments and textiles that uses solvent instead of water is known as dry cleaning.
• Wool clothing is infamous for having a severe shrinkage reaction to warm or hot water.
• Even cold water can harm the fabric.
• Wool clothing can last for many years if dry cleaned since it stops these molecular alterations.

Thus, the most suitable way to wash woollen clothes is dry cleaning.

Concept:

Pulse rate:

• The pulse rate is a measure of overall heart rate or the frequency of heartbeats per minute.
• The arteries dilate and constrict in response to the heart's pushing of blood through them.

Explanation:

Babies pulse rate:

• Compared to adults, babies' normal physiologic heart rates range from 120 to 150 beats per minute.
• It takes place to both support their growth and offset increased heat loss to the environment.
• In general, heart rate drops as body size rises.
• As a child gets older, their heart rate slows.

Thus, babies have a 120-150 pulse rate per minute.

Additional InformationAdults pulse rate:

• Adults typically have a resting heart rate between 60 and 100 beats per minute.
• A lower resting heart rate typically indicates improved cardiovascular fitness and more effective heart function.

Abnormal pulse rate:

• A fluttering sensation in the chest area, a skipped heartbeat, or a heartbeat that is beating too quickly (above 100 bpm) or slowly (below 60 bpm) are all examples of abnormal heart rhythms.

Concept:

Primary Health Center:

• Primary Health Centers, also known as public health centers, are state-owned health provisions in India's rural and urban areas.
• In essence, these are single-physician clinics with rooms for simple operations.

Explanation:

Bhor Committee: 

• The Health Survey & Development Committee was established in 1943, and Sir Joseph Bhore was named as its chairman.
• At all levels, it placed a strong focus on the integration of curative and preventive medicine.
• It provided detailed suggestions for reworking India's healthcare system.
• Significant modifications to medical education, including a three-month course in social and preventive medicine to train social physicians.

Important Points

The 1946 study included some significant suggestions, including:

• Integration of all administrative levels' preventative and curative services.
• Short-term and long-term plans for the development of Primary Health Centers:
• Short term measures: 
• For a community of 40,000 people, a primary health centre is advised.
• Each PHC needed to be staffed with a total of fifteen additional class IV workers, including, four public health nurses, two physicians, four midwives, one nurse, two sanitary inspectors, four trained doulas, two health assistants, and two pharmacists.
• Another idea was to organize and administer PHC's operations with the help of a secondary health center.
• Long term measures:
• Establishing secondary units with 650-bed hospitals, once more regionalized around district hospitals with 2500 beds, and primary health units with 75-bed hospitals for every 10,000–20,000 people.

Thus, Bhor Committee first introduced the concept of primary health center.

Concept:

Adulterated food:

• A food product is said to be adulterated legally if it doesn't comply with the rules.
• One type of adulteration is the addition of a different substance to a food item in order to increase its quantity, whether it is consumed raw or cooked.
• This reduces the food item's actual quality.

Explanation:

Mustard oil:

• It is an edible oil extracted from mustard seeds.

Argemone oil:

• The seeds of argemone are used to make argemone oil.
• In order to increase their quantity, it is combined with mustered oil.
• Children who consume this oil develop health problems.
• In people, the argemone oil in tainted mustard oil contributes to oxidative stress and red blood cell death.
• Argemone oil contamination is a significant risk to human health and needs to be monitored by the proper regulatory procedures.

Thus, the substance which is adulterated in mustard oil is argemone oil.

Additional InformationSesame oil:

• This is an edible oil extracted from sesame seeds.

Peanut oil:

• Peanut oil extract from peanut.
• It is edible oil and is also used in medicine.

Soya bean oil:

• Vegetable oil made from soybean seeds is known as soybean oil.
• It is the second most popular vegetable oil and one of the most widely used cooking oils.

Concept:

Intelligence:

• It is the capacity to:
• Learn from experience: Knowledge acquisition, retention, and application are crucial aspects of intelligence.
• Recognize the issues using knowledge.
• Resolve issues: people must put what they have learned to work in order to come up with answers to issues.

Explanation:

Alfred Binet:

• Alfred Binet was the first psychologist to formally define intelligence.
• The uni or one-factor theory is his concept of intelligence.
• According to this theory, intelligence is made up of a single, interconnected set of abilities that may be used to address every issue that arises in a person's life.
• Additionally, Binet developed a test of intelligence.
• However, when psychologists looked through the test's data, they discovered some discrepancies.

Thus, the exponent of the 'One Element Theory' of intelligence is Alfred Binet.

Additional InformationSpearman:

• The two-factor theory of intelligence is advocated by Spearman.
• He asserts that there are two different types of components that make up the structure of intellect:
• The "G" factor, or the general factor.
• The "S" factor, or the specific factor.

Bukhingham:

• According to Bukhingham, intelligence is the 'the ability to learn'.

Terman:

• Lewis Terman made a significant contribution to the early development of educational psychology, and his intelligence test has since developed into one of the most popular psychological tests in use today.
• He thought that brilliant children should be fostered with support and direction.

Concept:

Protein:

• Proteins are the most abundant biomolecules of the living system.
• All proteins are polymers of α-amino acids.
• Chief sources of proteins are milk, cheese, pulses, peanuts, fish, meat, etc.
• They occur in every part of the body and form the fundamental basis of the structure and functions of life.

Explanation:

Milk:

• A nutrient-rich liquid food called milk is created by mammals' mammary glands.
• Before they can digest solid food, it serves as a young mammal's main source of nutrition.

Casein:

• Milk contains a protein called casein that gives milk its whitish colour.
• 80 per cent or so of the protein in cow's milk is considered casein.
• The body receives all the amino acids required for muscle growth from casein protein.
• Compared to other proteins, casein protein digests more slowly.

Thus, casein is found in milk.

Additional Information

Concept:

Engel's Law:

• A German statistician named Ernst Engel first proposed Engel's Law in 1857.

Explanation:

The percentage of expenditure on food decreases in quantity:

• According to Engel's Law, which came in the 19^th century, when household income rises, a smaller portion of that money is spent on food.
• This is due to the fact that a family can only eat so much food in a week or a month.
• Savings and expenditure on luxuries increase when food consumption declines.
• Lower-income households spend more of their available funds on food than higher or middle-income households do.
• This is because the expenses of food both at home and away from home rise.

Thus, according to Engel, as income increases, the percentage of expenditure on food decreases in quantity.

Concept:

Home Science:

• Home science is interested in the well-being of everyone who lives within a home, as well as the home itself.
• Home Science is a specialised area, and it gets its information from courses in both science and art.
• Consequently, it is an interdisciplinary field that prepares young students for two of their most essential life goals: taking care of their home and family and preparing for a job or vocation.

Explanation:

Domestic Economics:

• In India, home science education has a recent history, between 1920 and 1940, during British rule.
• Some schools and universities started teaching home science, often known as domestic science, home craft, or domestic economics.
• The first secondary school to offer home science instruction was the Princely State of Baroda.
• At Delhi's Lady Irwin College, home science history for colleges and universities was founded in 1932.
• Two of Chennai's most renowned and modern home science institutions are The Women's Christian College and Queen Mary's College, both of which first appeared on the Indian horizon in 1942.

Thus, in the beginning, Home Science was called domestic economics.

Primary teeth:

• The development of primary teeth begins while the baby is in the womb.
• At about 5 weeks gestation, the first buds of primary teeth appear in the baby's jaws.
• At birth, the baby has a full set of 20 primary teeth (10 in the upper jaw, 10 in the lower jaw) hidden under the gums.
• Primary teeth are also known as baby teeth, milk teeth or deciduous teeth.

Key Points

• While teething can begin as early as 3 months, most likely you'll see the first tooth start pushing through your baby's gum line when your little one is between 4 and 7 months old.
• The first teeth to appear usually are the two bottom front teeth, also known as the central incisors.

Thus, the teeth that erupt for the first time at the age of 6 to 7 months are called the central incisors.

Additional Information

The names of the different types of teeth are:

Incisors: 

• The front teeth are located in the upper and lower jaws.
• Each incisor has a thin cutting edge.
• The upper and lower incisors come together like a pair of scissors to cut the food.

Canines:

• The pointy teeth on both sides of the incisors in the upper and lower jaws are used to tear food.

Premolars:

• Which have flat surfaces to crush food.

Molars:

• These are larger than premolars towards the back of the mouth, with broad, flat surfaces that grind food.

Concept:

Rayon:

• The first manmade textile fibre , rayon, is created from purified and regenerated cellulose that comes from plant sources.
• It is an easy-to-use, affordable fibre that is well suited for a variety of applications.
• Several types of rayon can mimic the appearance and feel of other natural fibres including cotton, linen, and silk.
• This fabric comes in a variety of forms, including viscose, modal, and lyocell.

Explanation:

Cotton and bamboo:

• Rayon is a substance with a natural basis that is created from the cellulose found in cotton or wood pulp.
• Rayon is created by combining cellulose, which is derived from wood pulp often manufactured from spruce, pine or hemlock trees, with cotton linters, which are leftover fibres after the ginning of cotton seed.
• The most popular and adaptable type of rayon is viscose.
• It can be used to create fabrics of various weights and textures by blending it with synthetic or natural fibres.
• Additionally, it is an affordable, cosy, and absorbent cloth.

Thus, cotton and bamboo are used as raw materials in the manufacture of rayon.

Concept:

Good Health:

• Being active and free from physical or mental illness defines one's state of being in good health.

Explanation:

Both A and B:

Environmental cleanliness:

• People's quality of life can be improved by having access to clean air and water, sanitary conditions, green spaces, and safe workplaces.
• This leads to healthier lifestyles, safety from certain diseases, lower mortality and morbidity rates, increased productivity, improved mental health etc.

Physical hygiene:

• One benefits from practicing good personal hygiene in the following ways:
• It shields you from illnesses or infections that might impair your immune system.
• It stops you from infecting your family members and the people you connect with on a daily basis.
• Over time, it helps maintain the pH levels of your skin, giving it a healthy glow.

Thus, essential for good health are both A and B.

Key PointsSwine flu:

• Flu (influenza) viruses are divided into four broad categories: influenza A, B, C or D.
• Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that causes regular outbreaks in pigs.
• In humans, swine flu spreads by b H1N1 virus.
• H1N1 is a flu virus.
• When it was first detected in 2009, it was called “swine flu”.
• The H1N1 virus is currently a seasonal flu virus found in humans.
• Although it also circulates in pigs, one cannot get it by eating properly handled and cooked pork or pork products.
• In 2009, H1N1 was spreading fast around the world, so the World Health Organization called it a pandemic.
• Swine flu is contagious, and it spreads in the same way as seasonal flu.
• When people who have it cough or sneeze, they spray tiny drops of the virus into the air.
• If a person comes in contact with these drops or touches a surface that an infected person has recently touched, **the person can catch H1N1 swine flu.**​

​Thus, we could conclude that the swine flu spreads by b H1N1

Concept:

Vitamin:

• Vitamins are organic substances that we require in adequate quantities for good health.
• Our body, cannot synthesise them.
• Therefore, we need to consume natural sources such as fruits and vegetables.
• Vitamins are divided into two groups fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble vitamins (Vitamins of B group and Vitamin C).

Explanation:

Thus, carotene is found in vitamin A.

Additional InformationOther vitamins:

Concept:

Amylase:

• Amylase is a digestive enzyme.
• These are mainly two types of salivary and pancreatic amylase.
• Amylase digests the starch and converts it into maltose.

Explanation:

Ptyalin:

• It is a type of amylase found in human saliva.
• Ptyalin is also known as salivary amylase.
• The salivary glands secrete the most important amylolytic enzyme in the mouth (buccal cavity).
• Ptyalin's main job is to catalyze the conversion of starch to maltose and dextrin.
• The chloride ions found in saliva activate ptyalin.

Thus, amylase is also known as ptyalin.

Additional Information

Enzyme:

• Enzymes are proteins.
• Enzymes are biocatalysts and they catalyse the biochemical reactions both in vivo as well as in vitro.
• They are highly specific to their substrate and have great catalytic power.
• It enhances the rate of reaction tremendously without being changed.
• The catalytic reaction performed by enzymes occurs at a particular site on the enzyme.
• This site is called the active site and represents only a small part of the total size of the enzyme.
• Examples: Lipase, Maltase, trypsin, amylase etc.

Isoenzyme:

• Many enzymes are present in multiple forms in the same species, tissue or even in the same cell.
• These enzymes are called isoenzymes or isozymes.
• Isoenzymes catalyse the same reaction but have different amino acid compositions, hence, possess different physicochemical properties.
• For example, a glycolytic enzyme, hexokinase exists in four isozyme forms in various tissues.

Lysozyme:

• lysozyme is present naturally in bodily fluids like saliva, milk, and tears.
• It has the power to fight and eliminate bacteria that attempt to enter our bodies.

Concept:

Albumin:

• The liver makes a protein called albumin.
• It is a typical blood component that the kidney filters.

Explanation:

Egg:

• The egg's structural elements are the shell and shell membranes (10%), albumen or white (60%) which includes the thick albumen, outer thin albumen, inner thin albumen, and chalazae and the yolk (30%).
• The main source of protein in egg whites is albumin.
• A phosphorylated glycoprotein is egg albumin.

Thus, in eggs albumin is found

Additional InformationHair:

• Keratin is a hard protein that makes up hair.
• Each hair is anchored to the skin by a hair follicle.
• The hair bulb serves as the hair follicle's foundation.

Wheat:

• Wheat is the second most important cereal crop in India after rice.
• A significant source of starch and energy is wheat.
• Wheat offers significant amounts of a number of nutrients that are necessary for health or advantageous to it.
• That includes protein, vitamins like B vitamins, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals.

Blood:

• Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements.
• Plasma is a straw-coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly 55 per cent of the blood.
• 90-92 per cent of plasma is water and proteins contribute 6-8 per cent of it.
• Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins are the major proteins.

Concept:

Liver:

• The liver is the largest gland of the body weighing about 1.2 to 1.5 kg in an adult human.
• It is situated in the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm and has two lobes.
• The hepatic lobules are the structural and functional units of the liver containing hepatic cells arranged in the form of cords

Explanation:

Bile:

• The bile secreted by the hepatic cells passes through the hepatic ducts.
• It is stored and concentrated in a thin muscular sac called the gall bladder.
• The gal bladder and the hepatic duct from the liver form the common bile duct.
• Bile helps in the emulsification of fats, which means, breaking down the fats into very small micelles.
• Bile also activates lipases.
• Fats are broken down by lipases with the help of bile into di-and monoglycerides.
• Fats→Diglycerides→Monoglycerides.

Thus, bile is necessary for fat digestion.

Additional InformationCarbohydrate digestion:

• Carbohydrates in the chyme are hydrolysed by pancreatic amylase into disaccharides.
• Polysaccharides (starch) → Disaccharides(Amylase enzyme).

Protein digestion:

• Pepsin converts protein into protease and peptones.
• In the stomach protein digestion mainly takes place.

Concept:

SGPT:

• To determine the amount of Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) in the bloodstream, a test known as the Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase test, or SGPT test, is carried out.

Explanation:

Liver:

• Alanine Transaminase, an enzyme produced in the liver, is measured in this blood test (ALT).
• When tissues are harmed, it enters the blood.
• Another name for this enzyme is serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT).
• The SGPT test evaluates and quantifies liver damage.
• Additionally, it assesses how cholesterol-lowering drugs impact the liver.
• A more effective treatment strategy may be possible if liver disease is identified in its early stages.

Thus, SGPT is related to the liver.

Concept:

Solar cooker:

• A solar cooker is an appliance that uses the energy of the sun's rays to cook food.

Explanation:

The absorption capacity increases:

• Food is cooked in a solar cooker by absorbing heat from the sun.
• A good heat absorber is a black colour.
• Therefore, if the solar cooker is painted black, it may collect more heat energy while simultaneously keeping the heat from escaping to the outside.
• The effectiveness of a solar cooker can be increased by trapping more heat inside its dark surfaces, which are efficient radiation absorbers.
• The heat within the cooker subsequently increases quickly.
• The cooking will go more smoothly as a result.

Thus, due to the black colour in the compartments of the solar cooker, the absorption capacity is increased.

Concept:

Work/ Task Simplification:

• Work is simplified when it is done in a straightforward and uncomplicated manner.
• The fundamental tenets of work simplification are to complete as much work as possible in a given amount of time and energy or to spend the least amount of time and energy possible while maintaining the same standard or quality of work.

Gross and Crandall's division of Work Simplification:

• The five categories of modifications were consolidated by Gross and Crandall into three categories that are universally acknowledged.
• These are:

1. Changes in Hand and Body Motions
2. Changes in works and storage space and equipment
3. Changes in the product.

Explanation:

Changes in arm and body movements:

• If attention is paid to the motions performed by the hands and body, time and energy can be readily saved.
• For this, the following methods can be applied:
• Minimising pointless movements:
• Unwanted motions can be minimised by employing appropriate approaches.
• For instance, dishes should be rinsed in a drainer and allowed to dry without wiping with a cloth.
• Enhancing the sequence of work:
• The order of the tasks can be enhanced by decreasing steps by using the pathway chart.
• If the flow of work is enhanced, less movement may be needed to complete a given task.
• Developing professional skill:
• The elimination of several time- and energy-consuming motions from a day's labour is made possible by the development of ability in the performance of homemaking duties.
• The homemaker is more productive when the task is completed in a fluid rhythm.
• Optimal Position:
• Consideration should be given to posture habits when standing, sitting, bending, etc. in order to prevent strain and develop a proper body position when working.
• Maintaining good posture while working saves energy.
• Backaches, increased fatigue, tension, and decreased efficiency can all be brought on by poor posture.

Thus, Gross and Crandall divided the task simplification into three classes of transformation, the first of which is changes in arm and body movements. 

Additional Information

Change in Production:

• The ability to simplify the work through adjustments to the product depends on the resources at hand and the family's standard of cleanliness.
• The majority of households have specific expectations about housekeeping.
• There are some family beliefs and customs that cannot be altered.
• However, the housewife should convince the family to abandon the outdated norm and accept fresh ideas.

Work collection and equipment changes:

• This includes moving or altering kitchen appliances.
• Kitchen work surfaces should be carefully measured for height.
• The platform should be at a reasonable height for the gas burner.

Explanation:

Finishing:

• Creping is a finish that can be done on textiles.
• One approach, which is not permanent, involves passing the cloth between heated rollers with indentations while it is steaming up to create wavy and puckered patches.
• The more permanent caustic soda procedure involves rolling a caustic soda paste into the cloth in a pattern or using a resist paste to cover parts that should not be puckered before submerging the entire piece in caustic soda.
• Untreated areas pucker while treated areas shrank.
• When a pattern is applied in stripes, the result is referred to as plissé; when it is done all over, the result is blister crepe.

Thus, creping is finishing. 

Additional InformationKnitting:

• It is the practice of connecting or tying a number of loops created by a single continuous thread using long needles.
• When enough loops have been created, a flat piece of material known as a textile is the result.
• Each loop or knot links to another one.

Concept:

Vitamin:

• Vitamins are organic substances that we require in adequate quantities for good health.
• Our body, cannot synthesise them.
• Therefore, we need to consume natural sources such as fruits and vegetables.
• Vitamins are divided into two groups fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble vitamins (Vitamins of B group and Vitamin C).

Explanation:

Thus, deficiency of Vitamin 'A' in the diet causes diseases like night blindness, keratomalacia and xerophthalmia. So all of these options are correct.

Additional InformationOther vitamins:

Concept:

Gestational development:

• The time between conception and delivery is known as the gestational period.
• The baby develops and grows during this time inside the mother's womb.
• The term Gestational age is most frequently used to describe how far along a pregnancy is.
• Gestation takes place in three main stages-
• germinal stage
• embryonic period
• ​fetal period.

Explanation:

Childhood stage:

• The childhood stage, which is defined as the period from after birth to age five, is one of the most important phases of development and learning.
• Childhood is the time between infancy and adolescence in the human lifespan.
• In many different ways, a child's first five years of life are crucial to their health, happiness, and overall course of their lives.

Thus, the childhood stage is the medical age from birth.

Additional InformationGerminal stage:

• When sperm and egg cells combine in one of the two fallopian tubes, the germinal stage begins.
• A fertilised egg is referred to as a zygote.

Embryonic stage or period:

• It is the second stage of development during Gestational development.
• The embryonic period lasts from the third to the eighth week.
• Human embryonic development, also known as human embryogenesis, is the process by which a human embryo develops and forms.

Fetal period:

• The fetal period lasts from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth.

Concept:

Placenta:

• The chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigitated with each other and jointly form a structural and functional unit between the developing embryo and the eternal body called the placenta.

Explanation:

Womb:

• The shape of the uterus is like an inverted pear.
• In this place, the fetus develops and grows.
• It is supported by ligaments attached to the pelvic wall.
• The uterus opens into the vagina through a narrow cervix, the cervix is called the cervical canal.
• The wall of the uterus has three layers of tissue external layer known as perimetrium, the middle layer myometrium, inner layer endometrium.
• The placenta facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo in the womb.
• It also removes carbon dioxide and excretory products produced by the embryo.

Thus, food and oxygen are supplied by the placenta in the womb.

Additional Information

Post birth:

• The postpartum period starts as soon as the mother gives birth because her body, including her hormone levels and uterus size, is no longer pregnant.
• For the first six weeks after childbirth, the terms puerperium, puerperal period, or immediate postpartum period are frequently used.

Infancy:

• Infancy is the time frame starting at birth and lasting until the end of the 12^th month of life.

Haemophilia:

• Haemophilia is a rare disorder in which the blood doesn't clot in a typical way because it doesn't have enough blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors).
• Haemophilia is an inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.
• This results in people bleeding for a longer time after an injury, easy bruising, and an increased risk of bleeding inside joints or the brain.

​Thus, haemophilia is a disease of genetic.

Additional InformationHormonal disturbances:

• Hormonal imbalances occur when there is too much or too little of a hormone in the bloodstream.
• Because of their essential role in the body, even slight hormonal imbalances can cause side effects throughout the body.

Inferiority complex :

• The American Psychological Association (APA) defines an inferiority complex as “a basic feeling of inadequacy and insecurity, deriving from actual or imagined physical or psychological deficiency."
• At its core, it is a feeling used to denote a strong sense of being less than.

Fungal infections:

• Fungal infections that are not life-threatening, such as skin, nail, or vaginal yeast infections, are common.
• Some infections can be more serious.
• Lung infections like valley fever or histoplasmosis can happen in people who live in or visit certain areas.

Concept:

• Edward Jenner introduced vaccination in 1796 using cowpox to protect against smallpox.
• Vaccines are inactivated or weakened pathogens or their products that function as antigens or foreign agents.

Key Points

 Three main types of vaccines are available :

• Killed organisms as vaccines : Examples: typhoid, cholera, pertussis whooping cough), rabies and poliomyelitis.
• Live attenuated (weakened) organisms as vaccines; Examples**: BCG, rubella, measles, and polio**.
• Toxoid vaccines : Examples: Diptheria and tetanus

**Explanation:**​

BCG vaccine:

• It stands for Bacillo Calmette Guerin.
• Calmette and Guerin were the scientists who contributed to the development of the tuberculosis vaccine.
• Tuberculosis is caused by the Bacillus.
• It is given right after birth.

Measles vaccine:

• Measles is a viral infection.
• ​Live attenuated (weakened) organisms are given as measles vaccines.
• The vaccine is given 9-12 months after birth.

MSR vaccine:

• ​It is given for measles, mumps, and rubella.
• It is given 12-18 months after birth.

Thus, the BCG vaccine is given right after birth.

​

AIDS: 

• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and disease.
• HIV is caused by a virus.
• It can spread through sexual contact, illicit injection drug use or sharing needles, contact with infected blood, or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.
• HIV destroys CD4 T cells — white blood cells that play a large role in helping your body fight disease.

Key PointsVirus:

• Viruses are non-cellular organisms that are characterised by having an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell.
• When they enter the living cell they take over the machinery of the host cell and start replicating themselves and killing the host.

Thus, AIDS is the cause of the virus.

Additional InformationAmoeba :

• Amoeba is a unicellular organism that has the ability to change its shape.
• They are usually found in water bodies such as ponds, lakes and slow-moving rivers.
• Sometimes, these unicellular organisms can also make their way inside the human body and cause various illnesses.

Molds:

• Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant or animal matter.
• They can be found indoors and outdoors and are part of our natural environment.
• They play an important role in the environment by breaking down and digesting organic material.

​​Bacteria :

• Bacteria are small single-celled organisms.
• Bacteria are found almost everywhere on Earth and are vital to the planet's ecosystems.
• Some species can live under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure.
• The human body is full of bacteria, and in fact, is estimated to contain more bacterial cells than human cells.

Concept:

• Minerals are essential for the normal growth and maintenance of the body.​
• Minerals are present in all body tissues and fluids.
• They are inorganic elements, occurring in the form of their salts e.g. calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus,

iron, fluoride, etc.

• They do not supply energy to our body but are essential for protection against diseases and also have a role in body functions.

Explanation:

Functions of some minerals in our body are:

Sodium:

• It is required to regulate the heartbeat.
• It is required for the balance of electrolytes in the body.
• Sources of sodium in our food are common salt, fruits, etc.
• Deficiency leads to low blood pressure.

Potassium:

• Along with sodium, it is required in the maintenance of normal water balance in the body.
• It is also involved in nerve impulse conduction.
• Sources of potassium are meat, poultry, fish, etc.

Sulfur:

• Sulfur aids in the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, and oils.

Iron:

• Iron is involved in the formation of hemoglobin.
• Hemoglobin is the main oxygen carrier in our blood.
• Sources of iron are green leafy vegetables like spinach.
• Deficiency leads to anemia

Thus, sodium is necessary to regulate the heartbeat.

Muscle fatigue:

• Muscle fatigue is a symptom that makes it harder to move as normal.
• Some people experience a dull aching in their muscles.
• They may also feel constantly tired and lack the energy to perform everyday tasks.
• Exercise is a common cause of muscle fatigue.

Key Points

• Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy using glucose and oxygen, called respiration.
• Myoglobin is a pigment found in muscles and it is responsible for binding oxygen and providing it during respiration.
• Energy is produced in form of ATP.
• This is required for muscle contraction.
• If oxygen is not supplied in the proper amount ATP is produced by anaerobic respiration.
• In anaerobic respiration, glucose is oxidized and lactic acid is also made.
• During prolonged physical work, this acid is produced more and it accumulates in muscles because of this tiredness feel, called muscle fatigue.
• In muscle fibres due to less oxygen supply, lactic acid is produced because of anaerobic respiration.
• Also due to the less amount of glycogen in muscles, less glucose is provided for respiration.
• This causes muscle fatigue.

Thus, muscle fatigue after prolonged strenuous physical work causes of accumulation of lactic acid.

Additional Information

Glucose depletion:

• Glucose depletion is known to regulate gene expression via pathways that lead to the derepression of genes at the transcriptional level.
• We have investigated the effect of glucose depletion on protein synthesis.

Rupture of muscle fibres:

• Torn muscles can occur any time your muscle becomes strained or overstretched.
• This can happen as a result of exhaustion and fatigue, improper use, or overuse.
• While any muscle can be affected, torn muscles most often occur in the lower back, neck, shoulder and hamstring.

Lack of oxygen supply:

• When your blood oxygen falls below a certain level, you might experience shortness of breath, headache, confusion or restlessness.
• Common causes of hypoxemia include Anemia.

Concept:

Cloth requirement:

• The amount of fabric you need varies on your height, weight, build, and fit.
• For instance, you might need twice as much fabric for a long-flared dress as you would for a slim-fit suit.

Explanation:

Twice the length + Arm length: 

• Your body's broadest area should be covered by the width of a single layer of fabric, with a few inches left on the sides.
• The widest region of the body is typically the hip, but in some individuals, the chest may be wider.
• If you obtain single width out of a fabric that is 35′′ wide, you will need twice as much fabric to make your kurta, plus arm length and extra for seam allowance and stitching.
• You might require additional cloth to meet certain fashion or style standards.

Thus, while making Kurta we should take twice the length + arm length cloth for sewing.

Concept:

Calendering:

• Fabric is compressed during the calendering process.
• It is done by being passed between two or more rollers under controlled time, temperature, and pressure in order to change the handling, surface texture, and look of the fabric.

Explanation: 

To bring shine:

• A process used to enhance a fabric's appearance is called calendering.
• Calendering is a finishing technique used to give textiles a glossy appearance or to smooth, coat, or thin a material.
• Calendering is used to create the watered impression on fabrics like moire, as well as on cambric and some varieties of sateen.

Thus, calendering is done on clothes to bring shine.

Additional Information Various types do calendering include:

1. Swizzing calendar
2. Compaction calender
3. Chasing calender
4. Friction calender
5. Embossing calender
6. Schreiner calender

Concept:

Human Knowledge:

• To accomplish our goals, it is crucial to be aware of certain things.

Attitudes:

• These are beliefs or attitudes a person holds toward something that could either help or hinder him in reaching his objectives.
• A person may be more successful in reaching their goals if they have an optimistic outlook, as opposed to if they have a negative outlook.

Explanation:

Human means: 

• These are the skills and traits that make up an individual.
• Only the owner of these items is able to utilise them.
• They need to be developed or made available despite having a significant potential to help us achieve our goals.
• These include attitudes, abilities, skills, knowledge, and energy.

Thus, human knowledge and attitudes are called human means. 

Additional Information

Inhuman or non-human means:

• Families have access to these resources and tools in order to accomplish their goals.
• These can be touched and are easier to recognize.
• Anyone can use these.
• Money, property, community facilities, and material goods are included in this type of resource.

Vitamins:

• The term “vitamin” is used to describe certain organic compounds that are needed by the body but that cannot be manufactured by the body.
• They mainly serve as catalysts for certain reactions in the body.
• The amounts of vitamins required are very small, perhaps hundredths of grams.
• Vitamins are mainly obtained from our foods.

Key Points

• Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble (lipid soluble) or water-soluble.
• Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble.
• Vitamin C and B are water-soluble.

Thus, Vitamin 'B' is a water-soluble vitamin.

Important Points

Concept:

• Finishes improve the appearance of the fabric.
• Dyeing and the printing process help to make the fabric beautiful.
• There are various types of dyeing and printing techniques:
• Tie and dye
• Batik
• Block printing
• Screen printing
• Roller printing
• Stencil printing

Explanation:

• Block printing is practised all over Western and Central India.
• In Block printing, a wooden block that has a design engraved on it is pressed into a dye paste pad and then pressed on the fabric.
• An adhesive paste, a wooden block, and a dye are the requirements for block printing.
• Block-print designs and colours have the special stamp of the places from where they originate.
• There are also numerous block-printing techniques —

direct, resist batik, discharge, khari chhaap .

Thus, Adhesive paste is required in block printing.

Additional InformationSome examples of block printing from different parts of India are:

Digestive system:

• The human digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and associated digestive glands.
• The human alimentary canal (aliment: nourish) is a continuous muscular digestive tube that runs through the body.
• It is open at two ends with the openings: the mouth at the anterior end and the anus at the posterior end.
• It digests the food, breaks it down into smaller substances, and absorbs the digested food.

The alimentary canal has the following parts:

• Mouth and associated organs (teeth, tongue).
• Pharynx (or throat): A cavity at the back of the mouth. It is a common passage for inhaled air and swallowing food.
• Oesophagus: A narrow tube arising from the pharynx, continuing through the thorax and ending in the stomach.
• Stomach: An elastic bag with highly muscular walls, located below the diaphragm.

 Key PointsSmall intestine :

• It is the longest part of the alimentary canal.
• It is a tube about 7 meters long and about 2.5 cm wide.
• Much coiled and folded, it is contained in the abdomen.
• Its three subdivisions are:
• Duodenum: Short upper part, next to the stomach.
• Jejunum: Slightly longer part, about 2 meters long.
• Ileum: Longest, about 4 meters long, coiled and twisted

Important PointsFunction of the small intestine:

• In the small intestine, the food which is partially digested in the stomach, and called chyme is acted upon by three main digestive juices.
• (i) Bile juice from the liver
• (ii) Pancreatic juice from the pancreas.
• (iii) Intestinal juice secreted from special cells in the intestinal epithelium at the base of intestinal villi.
• The bile juice and pancreatic juice are poured into the duodenum by their respective ducts which join together to form  a common hepato pancreatic duct.
• The intestinal juice directly mixes with the food

Thus, the small intestine organ does most of the digestion that takes place in the human body.

Additional Information

Large Intestine :

• About 1.5 meters long.
• It has three parts:
• Caecum: Small blind pouch at the junction of the small and large intestine. A narrow worm-shaped tube (vermiform appendix) projects from the caecum.
• Colon: A little over 1 meter long, it has three parts termed ascending, transverse and descending limbs of the colon.
• Rectum: Last part, about 15 cm. long. It has two parts, the rectum proper and the anal canal.

The stomach: 

• The stomach is a J-shaped organ that digests food.
• It produces enzymes (substances that create chemical reactions) and acids (digestive juices).
• This mix of enzymes and digestive juices breaks down food so it can pass to your small intestine.
• Your stomach is part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

 Pancreas:

• The pancreas is a reddish brown gland located in the bend of the duodenum.
• Its digestive secretion (pancreatic juice) is poured into the duodenum by the pancreatic duct.

Concept:

Physical Development:

• It involves improving motor control and spatial awareness as well as overall body and brain development.
• The ability of youngsters to walk, run, and comprehend their surroundings are all included in this control, which is used in a wide range of everyday functioning skills.
• Two principles of physical development are:
• Cephalocaudle principle
• Proximo-distal principle

Explanation:

Head to toe:

• Also known as cephalocaudle principle of development.
• This idea states that the child takes control of the head, arms, and then legs in that order.
• Within the first two months following birth, infants learn to control their head and facial motions.
• They eventually get the ability to raise themselves with the aid of their arms.
• Infants begin to develop leg control between 6 and 12 months of age, at which point they may be able to crawl, stand, or walk.
• Leg coordination always comes after arm coordination.

Thus, physical development is head to toe in the course of head-downward development.

Additional Information

 Proximo-distal principle:

• This indicates that the spinal cord develops before to the body's external structures.
• The child's hands and feet grow before his or her fingers and toes, whereas the child's arms develop first.
• The muscles in your fingers and toes, which are needed for fine motor dexterity, are the last to develop as you grow physically.

Concept:

• Minerals are essential for the normal growth and maintenance of the body.​
• Minerals are present in all body tissues and fluids.
• They are inorganic elements, occurring in the form of their salts e.g. calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus,

iron, fluoride, etc.

• They do not supply energy to our body but are essential for protection against diseases and also have a role in body functions.

Explanation:

• The fluoride-rich source includes sea fish, cheese, tea, and jowar.
• The safe limit of fluorine is about 1PPM in water.
• Excess fluoride causes Fluorosis.
• Fluorosis could be prevented by providing and consumption of fluoride-free water.
• Further, supplementation of Vitamin C and usage of toothpaste containing a regulated level of Fluoride could prevent Fluorosis.
• Symptoms of fluorosis are chronic intestinal upset, gastroenteritis, loss of weight, osteosclerosis, stratification, and discolouration of teeth.

Thus, the disease caused by excess fluoride is fluorosis.

Additional InformationMalnutrition:

• The condition resulting from a lack of nutrients in the diet is called malnutrition.
• Malnutrition affects the health of children adversely as it results in physical and mental retardation.
• It refers to both undernutrition and overnutrition.

Lathyrism:

• It is a neurotoxic disorder marked by paralysis of the limbs.
• This is caused mainly by eating legumes of some species belonging to the genus Lathyrus.

Anaemia:

• Anaemia means a low level of haemoglobin in the blood.
• Anaemia is caused due to deficiency of iron.
• Anaemia can also be caused when there is a lack of folic acid and vitamin Bl₁₂ in the diet.

Concept:

• Temperature is a measure of the hotness of a body.
• It is measured in, ºF, ºC, or K, with the help of a device called a thermometer.
• SI unit of temperature is Kelvin.
• Three scales used for measuring temperature are the celsius scale, Fahrenheit scale, and Kelvin scale.
• In the celsius scale, the lower fixed point (ice point) is marked as 0, and the upper fixed point(steam point) is marked as 100.
• The intervening space is divided into 100 equal parts.
• In the Fahrenheit scale, the lower fixed point is marked as 32, and the upper fixed point is 212.
• The intervening space is divided into 180 equal parts.

Explanation:

• The relation between celsius and Fahrenheit scales of temperature is given by:

​\(x = {-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}\)

​

• Using this relation, it is found that at -40^oC, reading on both scales is the same.

​Thus, the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales give the same reading at -40^oC.

Diabetes mellitus:

• Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia from several causes.
• It is the most prominent disease related to the failure of blood sugar regulation.
• Intake of alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar and later tends to cause levels to fall.

Key Points

• Diabetes mellitus is one of the endocrine diseases.
• It is caused due to inadequate secretion of the hormone insulin from the pancreas.
• Insulin regulates the level of sugar in our bodies.
• Lack of insulin causes an increase in sugar in our body leading to the condition called diabetes mellitus.

Thus, diabetes mellitus is caused by reduced secretion of insulin.

Additional Information

Over-secretion of insulin:

• Hyperinsulinemia means the amount of insulin in your blood is higher than what's considered normal.
• It isn't diabetes. But hyperinsulinemia is often associated with type 2 diabetes.
• Insulin is a hormone that's normally produced by your pancreas, which helps regulate blood sugar.

Failure of liver function:

• Acute liver failure is loss of liver function that occurs rapidly in days or weeks usually in a person who has no preexisting liver disease.
• It's most commonly caused by a hepatitis virus or drugs, such as acetaminophen.
• Acute liver failure is c than chronic liver failure, which develops more slowly.

Concept:

In a person's life important aspects are:

• Basic Necessities - food, clothing and shelter.
• Love and belongingness.
• Aim (professional level).
• Financial support.
• Time to reach goals.

Explanation:

• Price: the amount of money you you pay to buy something.
• Goals: the aim that one wants to achieve.
• Levels: the steps or different stages of life.
• At different levels of life, we have different goals and according to that goals we need to pay the price.

Important Points

• For example, a person aspires to become an interior designer so she is graduating in that field and also doing a part-time job to support her expenses throughout her graduation.

In this example, 

• Goal: would be to become an interior designer.
• Price: she would be paying to graduate.
• Level: during her graduation.
• So to support her goal of becoming an interior designer, at that level of graduating she is doing a part-time job to support the price of her expenses.

Thus, price, goals, and levels are closely related to each other in a person's life.

Concept:

Yoke:

• A yoke is a structured pattern piece that goes around the neck, shoulders, or hips to support the looser elements of the garment, such a gathered skirt or the body of a shirt.
• Yokes are typically used in clothing patterns.
• A yoke can be found on shirts and blouses, but it can also be found on dresses, coats, skirts, and even pants.

Explanation:

All of the above:

• Two separate pieces of fabric are sewed to the front and back of the garment, respectively, to form an inner and an outer yoke.
• The garment is finished cleanly and has a pleasing appearance on the inside as well because of the two yoke pieces, which conceal all the rough edges.
• It typically has gathers or pleats to add volume, and it is widely used for shaping.
• It's an amazing design feature that may be used to add some unique embellishments to a plain piece of apparel.
• The backing of the shirt is held over the body by a yoke.
• It is essentially the component of the garment that functions as a hanger and gives the back of the shirt its sharp lines.
• A poorly produced yoke can cause the cloth to gather in the middle of the back, giving the appearance that the back is pinched and frequently detracting from the dress shirt's overall appearance.
• They are typically double-layered so that the shape has the proper fabric weight to drape over the body.
• It also prevents stretching of the fabric.

Thus, all of the above are the main purpose of putting yoke in clothes.

Concept:

Management Process:

• ​Home management is the process of properly managing household tasks while keeping the home and property.
• Effective planning is necessary for managing a home, and it depends on numerous managerial procedures.
• Making the proper selections is crucial for effective home management.
• The effectiveness of home management depends on proper supervision and the application of the appropriate operating methodology.
• The objectives may differ from one family to the next depending on the resources that are available.
• Four different steps make up home management: planning, organizing, controlling and evaluation.

Explanation:

Planning:

• The first and most crucial element in the management process is planning.
• It is necessary to decide on family activities, resources, and evolving family needs.
• It is also necessary to plan the approach that will be used to accomplish the goal.
• It also involves managing conflicts, setting priorities, and delegating tasks to each family member.

Thus, the none of these is the first step of management process. 

Additional InformationOrganizing:

• The second part of the management process, which is completed immediately before the plan is put into action, is organizing and gathering resources.
• It entails segmenting and categorizing tasks before distributing them to each person.

Control:

• The third and hardest part of managing is keeping control of the work activities.
• It is involved with bringing about planned outcomes or carrying out actions as intended.
• Monitoring performance carefully is another aspect of controlling.

Evaluation:

• Evaluation is the last stage of the home management process.
• This stage aids in assessing success and enables you to understand what has been accomplished as a result of careful planning and task management.
• One of the most important aspects in house management is evaluation because it involves reviewing the entire process to determine the success  and failure of the plan.
• It is simpler for you to evaluate the process if you have clear objectives.

Concept:

Architect:

• For brand-new construction projects, renovations, and redevelopments, architects draft plans.
• They create buildings that are practical, secure, sustainable, and visually beautiful by utilising their expert construction knowledge and advanced drafting abilities.
• The skill of planning structures with both aesthetics and functionality in mind is known as architectural design.

Explanation:

Geometrical Design:

• In addition to creating intricate architectural plans, architects utilise geometry to analyse and divide space
• Geometrical principles are used by engineers and builders to design safe constructions.
• Geometry is used by designers to create visually pleasant interior environments, together with colour and scale.
• Geometry must always be used in design.
• In a geometric design, the cross sectional elements, horizontal curvature, sight distance consideration, gradients, and intersections are the features that are typically taken into account.

Thus, a building map made by an architect is called:geometrical design.

Additional InformationStructural Design:

• Structural design is the methodical assessment of a structure's stiffness, strength, and stability.
• Creating a structure that can bear all applied loads without failing for the period of that structure's designated life is the basic objective of structural analysis and design.

Creative Design:

• Unique, useful, and memorable designs are part of the creative design.
• It entails going beyond the level to make it special and different.

Concept:

• Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.
• The pituitary, pineal**, thyroid,** adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus, and gonads (testis in males and ovary in females) are the organised **endocrine organs in our body.**​

Explanation:

• The thyroid is a bilobed structure situated in the front region of the neck
• It secretes two hormones—thyroxine and calcitonin.
• Thyroxine regulates basal metabolism i.e. the rate of cellular oxidation resulting in heat production.
• It Controls growth and development, ossification of the bones, body temperature, mental development, etc
• Oversecretion of thyroxine leads to an increase in BMR.
• This produces exophthalmic goiter.
• This condition causes a marked increase in the metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath and the eyes protrude out together with goitre in the neck.

Thus, when thyroxine is over-secreted by the thyroid gland BMR increases.

Concept:

• The diseases which occur due to the deficiency of one or more nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals) in our diet are called deficiency diseases.
• Vitamins are organic substances that we require in adequate quantities for good health.
• Based on solubility Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble (lipid soluble) or water-soluble.
• Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble.
• Vitamin C and B are water-soluble.
• Eight of the water-soluble vitamins are known as the vitamin B-complex group.
• Nicotinic acid, or vitamin B₃, is involved in energy production, normal enzyme function, digestion, promoting normal appetite, and healthy skin, and nerves.

Explanation:

• The deficiency of nicotinic acid/ Vitamin B₃ leads to pellagra.
• Symptoms include cramps, nausea, mental confusion, and skin problems.
• It can lead to dementia.
• Pellagra can be treated by including sources of vitamin B₃ such as fish, poultry, meat, peanuts, and whole and enriched grain products in our diet.

Thus, the disease caused by deficiency of nicotinic acid is pellagra.

Additional Information

Other deficiency diseases are:

Beri-beri:

• Beriberi is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin B1.
• Those suffering from beriberi may not feel hungry and have a sore mouth.

Scurvy:

• Scurvy is caused by an absence or lack of vitamin C.
• It results in the swelling and bleeding of gums and slow healing of wounds.

Concept:

• Proteins are the most abundant biomolecules of the living system
• Proteins are polypeptides.
• They are linear chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
• There are many types of proteins based on their structure and composition.
• Examples are histone,albumin, gluten, caesin etc.

Explanation:

• Wheat is the second most important cereal crop.
• It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
• Foods made from wheat have the highest amounts of gluten.

Key Points

Gluten

• It is a protein found in cereals like wheat, barley, rye, etc.
• It acts like a binder and aids in holding food together.
• Gluten helps foods maintain their shape eg bread, pizza, etc

Thus, gluten is found in wheat.

Additional InformationOther proteins found in the living system are:

Histone:

• Histones are rich in the basic amino acid residues lysines and arginines.
• Histones are organised to form a unit of eight molecules called as histone octamer.
• The negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamer.

Albumin:

• Albumin is a globular protein.
• It is a serum protein made by the liver.

Concept:

• Animals such as hens, frogs, lizards, and butterflies that lay eggs are called oviparous animals.
• The new individuals which are born or hatched from the eggs continue to grow till they become adults.
• In organisms, where an egg develops directly into adults, it is called direct development eg hen.
• While in others, an intermediate growth stage is observed. Such a development is called indirect development eg frog.
• The transformation of the larva into an adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis.

Explanation:

​The development stages from egg to worm in the correct order are as follows:

Egg:

• After fertilization, the zygote divides repeatedly and travels down the oviduct.
• As it travels down, many protective layers are formed around it.
• After the hard shell is formed around the developing embryo, oviparous animals finally lay the egg.

Larva:

• The larva emerges from the egg.
• The body of the larva is covered by a thin cuticle.

Pupa:

• The pupa is the stage right before the development of the worm.
• Pupae of moths usually have an additional outer covering, called a cocoon, built by the larva (called a caterpillar) just before it enters the pupa stage.

Worm:

• The final developed organism.
• Its morphology and anatomy are significantly different from the pupa.

Thus, the correct developmental stage from egg to the worm is Egg-Larva-Pupa-Worm.

Key Points

Osteoporosis:

• Osteoporosis is a condition that degrades the bones, causing them to turn brittle as a result of a loss of bone tissue and a low bone mass.
• Consequently, the person turns exceedingly susceptible to fractures.
• Such fractures are known as fragility fractures.
• Osteoporosis is more likely to occur in people who have low calcium intake.
• A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of osteoporosis.
• Low calcium intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an increased risk of fractures.
• Vitamin D deficiency can be an important risk factor for osteoporosis.
• Bone mineral density (BMD), which measures the quantity of the calcified bone, at present is the gold standard technique for the diagnosis of osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Thus, osteoporosis is a disease caused by the deficiency of Vitamin D.

Additional Information 

Concept:

• The diseases which occur due to the deficiency of one or more nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals) in our diet are called deficiency diseases.
• Iron is a mineral found in the blood as a part of the red pigment hemoglobin.
• Iron is found in the body in smaller quantities, hence is known as microminerals.

Explanation:

• Deficiency of iron results in a reduction of red blood cells.
• This reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
• This causes anemia.
• Anemia can also be caused when there is a lack of folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ in the diet.
• A person suffering from Anaemia becomes pale, tires easily, loses appetite and loses weight.
• This disease can be cured by eating foodstuff rich in iron and vitamin B₁₂, e.g. eggs, meat, liver, milk, green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, and fruits like apple, banana, and guava.

Thus, Anemia is caused due to deficiency of iron, folic acid, and vitamins.

Additional Information

Other deficiency diseases are;

Beri-beri:

• Beriberi is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin B₁.
• Those suffering from beriberi may not feel hungry and have a sore mouth.

Scurvy:

• Scurvy is caused by an absence or lack of vitamin C.
• It results in the swelling and bleeding of gums and slow healing of wounds.

Pellagra:

• It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin B₃.
• Symptoms are dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.

Key Points

• The average body temperature is 98.4 F (37 ºC**).**
• But normal body temperature can range between 97 ºF (36.1 ºC**) and 99** ºF (37.2 ºC**) or more.**
• Your body temperature can vary depending on how active you are or the time of day.

Thus, the temperature of the body is 98.4ºC**.**

Additional InformationBody the temperature of some of the animals are listed below:

Concept:

Decision making:

• The act of choosing a belief or a course of action from among a variety of potential alternative possibilities is referred to as decision-making.
• It could be irrational or rational.

Explanation:

Personal Decision:

• A personal decision is one that an individual chooses for themselves, usually on a matter that only they can address.
• It is a personal choice, such as one on schooling.
• Individual choices are made more swiftly.
• An individual bases their decisions on the values, objectives, norms, and duties they uphold within the pertinent framework.

Thus, the decision taken by one member of the family, which affects only the decision maker, is personal decision.

Additional InformationMoral Decision:

• Making moral decisions involves coming up with a justifiable response to a moral dilemma.
• A moral choice is one that is made in a way that ensures one's behaviour complies with their moral principles.

Organizational Decision:

• The process through which one or more organisational units decide on behalf of the organisation is known as organisational decision making.
• An individual, such as a manager, or the entire organisational membership can serve as the decision-making unit.

Emergency Decision:

• Emergency decision making is a helpful tactic for dealing with emergency situations since it significantly reduces the losses caused by emergency events.

Key Points

Vinegar:

• Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid.
• Vinegar typically contains 5-20% acetic acid by volume.
• Vinegar is mainly used to add flavour, as an acidic cooking ingredient, or in pickles.
• It is also used as a household cleaner.

Thus, vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid.

Additional InformationSome other naturally occurring organic acids and their sources are:

Concept:

Garment:

• A garment is an article of clothing made from fabric or other textile materials.

Explanation:

Bias Tape:

• Long fabric strips are simply combined and pressed so that the raw edges meet in the center to create bias tape.
• Bias tape is useful since it is flexible and stretchable.
• This tape has stretch because the fabric strips used to make it were cut on the bias or diagonal of the fabric.
• Depending on the project you are cutting the bias tape strips for, they can be different widths and lengths.
• The two primary types of bias tape are single-fold and double-fold.
• Long fabric strips are simply combined and pressed so that the raw edges meet in the centre to create bias tape.
• Bias tape is useful since it is flexible and stretchable.
• Bias tape is used to create piping, finish raw edges, bind seams, and for ornamental purposes
• .It is frequently used as a simple strap or tie for casual bags or apparel, as well as around the borders of blankets, tablecloths, and bibs in place of facings.

Thus, bias tape is used to fold the cut edges in the garment.

Concept:

Human fetal:

• A fetus is an unborn child that develops from an animal embryo.
• The fetal stage of development occurs after embryonic development.
• Fetal development in humans begins in the ninth week after conception and continues until birth.

Human heart:

• The entire heart is made of cardiac muscles.
• The valves in the heart allow the flow of blood only in one direction.
• The heart normally beats 70-75 times in a minute.

Explanation: 

Embryo's heart:

• Growth is rapid in the sixth week of pregnancy.
• The neural tube along your baby's back is closing just four weeks after conception.
• The neural tube is where the baby's brain and spinal cord will develop.
• In the fourth week of foetal development, the heart and other organs begin to form in the mesoderm, the middle layer of cells and start beating.
• However, a heartbeat can be better assessed between 6 1/2 and 7 weeks after gestation.

Thus, In the fourth week of its development, the human fetal heart starts beating.

Additional Information

The first week of development:

• The fertilised oocyte divides to form a blastocyst before implantation into the uterine wall during the first week of human development.

Third week of fetus development:

• The third week is focused on developing left and right-handedness, the craniocaudal axis, and converting the bilaminar disc into a trilaminar embryo.

7^th week of fetus development:

• By 7 weeks, the embryo is about 10mm long from head to toe.
• This is referred to as the crown-rump length.
• Because the brain is growing rapidly, the head is growing faster than the rest of the body.
• The embryo has a prominent forehead, and the eyes and ears are still developing.