UP TGT Home Science 2009 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

Concept:

Savings:

• Savings are funds that a family sets away for emergencies.
• The expenditure must be less than the revenue in order to guarantee some financial savings.

Explanation:

To secure the future:

• A portion of a family's income is set aside for future needs.
• Savings can be used at any time in the future for a variety of things, including family necessities or emergencies, children's weddings or higher education, old age security, medical emergencies, or the purchase of commodities.
• One must budget their expenses if they want to stay within their means.
• Spending sensibly to ensure that all of your needs are covered is what is meant by "managing income."
• You will need to create a "spending plan" for this.
• A spending strategy is a deliberate way to spend money.
• It is dependent on a family's overall income.
• It enables the family to budget their spending and to set aside money for unforeseen expenses and future requirements.

Thus, the objective of saving by the housewife is to secure the future.

Important Points To make a spending plan:

• Be sure to account for all of your resources, including income and housing.
• List all the needs (goods and services) that the family members will have throughout that time.
• Arrange these needs according to priority.
• Spend money while keeping in mind your overall revenue. This will facilitate efficient use of financial and other resources.
• The spending plan should be balanced. This will also enable some financial savings.

Key Points

Pyorrhea:

• Pyorrhea, also known as periodontitis, is a multifactorial disease affecting oral gum.
• It is an inflammation caused by bacteria, which can affect causing halitosis (bad smell of the mouth), gingival recession, destruction of the supporting bone of the tooth and, in the worst case.
• It causes even the loss of the tooth.
• Pyorrhea is an oral condition occurring due to plaque buildup along gum lines.
• Plaque is a sticky inflexible film, laden with bacteria that keep emitting acids and toxins harmful to the teeth, gums as well as bones in the mouth.

Thus, pyorrhea disease occurs in the teeth.

Additional Information

Ears: 

• Common diseases of the ear include complete loss of hearing, earache, ear infection, ear wax, fluid from the ear, glued ear.

Eyes:

• Common diseases of the eyes include blindness and low vision.
• Age-related eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
• Other common eye disorders include amblyopia and strabismus.

Nose:

• Chronic sinusitis can be caused by an infection, growths in the sinuses (nasal polyps) or swelling of the lining of your sinuses.
• Signs and symptoms may include a blocked or stuffy (congested) nose that causes difficulty breathing through your nose, and pain and swelling around your eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead.

Concept:

Plastic:

• Plastic is a synthetic polymer fibre.
• Different elements, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and chlorine, make up plastic.
• It is lightweight, durable, and flexible.

Explanation:

Plastic cleaning process:

• Most plastic items can be cleaned with warm water, mild soap, and surf.
• After cleaning the item with soapy water and a sponge or cloth, rinse it off and pat it dry with a towel.
• One should  Wear latex or rubber gloves at all times while cleaning to prevent damage to the plastic from hot water.

Thus, plastic items should be cleaned with surf and soap.

Additional InformationLime for cleaning purposes:

• Cleaning, fungus, and smell reduction are all made easy with limes and lime juice.
• Lime juice also has a higher acidity than other citrus fruits, which makes it useful for cleaning.

Ashes for cleaning purposes:

• Wood ashes can be used as a mild abrasive to polish tarnished metals and clean grimy glass.
• It can even remove adhesives and sticky residue when combined with a small amount of water to form a paste.

Concept:

Natural ventilation:

• The air movement between the interior and exterior of the area is known as natural ventilation.
• The warm, soiled air inside one area is then forced out into the fresh air.

Explanation:

Transport Currents:

• A mode of transport is the total flow of any kind of object through a specific space.
• Energy is transferred from a larger region to a smaller one as a result of the differences in temperatures between different regions of the same material.
• Up until complete equilibrium is reached, convection continues.
• Streams of matter that move from one place to another are created when this process is caused by heat transfer.
• Transport current is an example of natural ventilation.

Thus, transport Currents come under natural ventilation.

Additional InformationAir condition:

• A system called air conditioning is used to lower indoor temperatures by removing moisture and heat from the space.

Exhaust Fan:

• An exhaust fan is a type of fan that is used to ventilate out moisture, unwelcome odours, smoke, particulates, and other air contaminants in order to regulate the environment inside a building.
• A heating and cooling system may also include exhaust fans.

Concept:

Gas:

• A substance or matter that is in a state where it can freely expand to fill a container and has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.

Explanation:

Nitrogen gas:

• The chemical symbol for nitrogen gas is N₂.
• About 78 per cent of the atmosphere's volume is made up of nitrogen gas.
• It is a non-metallic, colourless, odourless restless gas.
• Function:
• ​It is used in food preservation.
• It is used to reduce the flammability of oxygen.
• Nitrogen gas is used in the stainless steel manufacturing industry.

Thus, the main function of nitrogen gas is to reduce the flammability of oxygen.

Additional InformationOther gas uses in daily life:

Concept:

• A family is a group of people living together.
• They can be related by marriage, birth, blood, or adoption.
• They make up a single household.
• They interact and intercommunicate depending on their social roles (mother, father, brother, etc.)
• They also create a common living culture.
• The economy is an essential aspect of home management.
• A clear and sound economy is essential for peaceful and happy family life.
• The home economy is the control over the income and expenditure of the family.
• This is done to derive the maximum satisfaction of the family members.

Explanation:

Saving:

• The efficient economy of a family depends on judicious savings.
• The budgeting is done such that the expenditure is always less than the income.
• In this kind of family wealth management, stress is given to savings.
• This savings would take care of any future needs or situations.
• It is crucial to consider individual family members' needs.
• So, cutting down on necessary expenditure would break the harmony of the house.
• It would lead to unnecessary problems and dissatisfaction among the members.
• The requirements of the family need to be taken care of.
• This should be done within the budget.

Thus, the efficient economy of a family depends upon prudent savings.

Concept:

Garbage:

• Garbage is the term for domestic waste or junk that is produced on a daily basis.
• Food scraps, vegetable peels, fruit peels, waste paper, glass items, undesired plastic items, metal items, rags, old wooden items etc. are all examples of garbage.

Explanation:

In a dustbin:

• Garbage should be thrown in covered bins because if it is scattered around, it would produce many forms of pollution and infections.
• It should be covered to keep pests and insects out and to mask odours.
• Leakage and smells are controlled by specialized can liners.
• The garbage collected in the dustbin should be given to the garbage collector.
• A waste collector, also known as a garbageman or garbage collector, is a worker for a public or private organisation who is responsible for gathering and disposing of recyclables and municipal solid waste (refuse).
• The waste is collected from homes, businesses, industries, and other collection locations for further processing and waste disposal.

Thus, all the garbage in the house should be collected in a dustbin.

Explanation:

Vacuum cleaner:

• An apparatus that generates suction to remove dirt from surfaces including floors, couches, drapes, and other things is known as a vacuum cleaner or just a vacuum.
• It is often powered by electricity.
• The dirt is collected using either a dust bag or a cyclone for later disposal.
• Vacuum cleaners come in a wide range of models and sizes and are used in both households and workplaces.
• They are mostly used to clean dirt and dust from carpets, velvet furniture, hardwood floors, other types of floors, laminate floors, and upholstery.
• They are also employed to clean staircases and automobiles.

Thus, in modern times, the best tool for cleaning curtains, carpets, floors, etc. is a vacuum cleaner.

Additional InformationBroom:

• A broom is a cleaning implement with a cylindrical handle, called a broomstick, and stiff fibers that run roughly parallel to the handle
• It is a brush variation with a long handle.
• It is frequently utilized along with a dustpan.

Brush:

• A brush is a common object that has bristles, hairs, wire, or other filaments.
• In general, filaments are connected to a handle or block in either a perpendicular or parallel alignment depending on how the brush will be held during the procedure.

Concept:

• To maintain hygiene and sanitation, proper cleaning of utensils is essential.
• It helps prevent illness.
• Maintains the beauty and look of the utensil and the kitchen.
• It also extends the life of the utensil.

Explanation:

Copper:

• On exposure to air, copper oxidises to form a black coating.
• This is called copper oxide.
• It also reacts with carbon dioxide and moisture to form a green coating.
• This is called copper carbonate.
• The citric acid in lemons helps dissolve these alkaline layers.
• Once these are dissolved and cleaned, the copper returns to its characteristic lustre.

Thus, copper utensils are cleaned with lemon and salt.

Vitamins:

• Vitamins are organic substances that we require in adequate quantities for good health.
• Our body, however, cannot synthesise them.
• Therefore, we need to consume natural sources such as fruits and vegetables.
• Vitamins are divided into two groups–fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, and K)and water-soluble vitamins (Vitamins of B group and VitaminC).
• Each vitamin has a specific function and its deficiency leads to a particular deficiency disease'

Key Points 

Vitamin D:

• Vitamin D is the sunshine vitamin that has been produced on this earth for more than 500 million years.
• During exposure to sunlight 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin absorbs UV B radiation.
• It is converted to pre-vitamin D3 which in turn isomerizes into vitamin D3.

Thus, vitamin D is obtained from the rays of the sun.

Additional Information 

Concept:

Insect:

• Insects are any group of tiny, frequently wingless creatures.
• They are arthropods.
• They have six jointed legs and a head, thorax, and abdomen make up their body.
• Examples are flies, silverfish, bees,clip moth etc.

Explanation:

Clip moths:

• Pests called clothes moths or clip moths can ruin the fabric and other materials.
• They only consume animal fibres, particularly wool, leather, silk, fur, and felt.
• These substances contain keratin, a fibrous protein that can be consumed by the clothes moth larvae, which resemble worms.

Thus, that insect Who bites clothes is Clipmoth.

Additional InformationSilver fish:

• They can damage property indoors by chewing through clothing, upholstered furniture, and paper products like books and wallpaper.
• The name "silverfish" refers to the silvery or metallic brown colour of their scales.

Concept:

• The proper care and maintenance of fabrics, washing, removal of stains etc., is essential.
• For this, the knowledge of fabric, detergent and remover is necessary.
• Most detergents and soaps are made of base or alkali.
• Every fabric needs special care, and the chemicals used react differently.
• Bases are chemical compounds which react with acids t for salt and water.
• The soluble bases are called alkali.

Explanation:

Cotton

• These are natural fibres.
• They are very strong and durable.
• These are resistant to base.
• Can be washed using strong detergents.

Thus, cotton is not damaged by a base.

Additional InformationSilk

• It can be easily damaged by alkali.
• Very mild detergents should be used for washing.

Tericot

• It is a woven fabric made of synthetic or natural fibre.
• It has a unique weave.
• One side is smooth, and the other has texture.

Concept:

Water:

• A major part of all living organisms is made up of water.
• The human body has about 65% and some plants have as much as 95% water.
• It is a crucial compound for the survival of all life forms.
• It is a solvent of great importance.

Explanation:

Hard water:

• Being a good solvent, when water flows on the surface of the earth, it dissolves many salts.
• The presence of calcium and magnesium salts in the form of hydrogen carbonate, chloride and sulphate in water makes water ‘hard’.
• Hard water does give less lather or less foam with soap.
• Hard water forms scum/precipitate with soap.
• Soap containing sodium stearate (C₁₇H₃₅COONa) reacts with hard water to precipitate out Ca/Mg-stearate.
• It is, therefore, unsuitable for laundry.
• It is harmful to boilers as well, because of the deposition of salts in the form of scale.

Thus, foam rises less in water is a characteristic of hard water.

Additional InformationSoft water:

• Water free from soluble salts of calcium and magnesium is called Soft water.
• It gives lather with soap easily.

Concept:

Water purification:

• The process of purifying water involves taking out unwanted chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids, and gases.
• The objective is to create water that is suitable for a variety of uses.

Explanation:

Water purification by boiling:

• A very easy way to disinfect water at home is to boil it.
• The majority of pathogenic organisms, particularly viruses and bacteria cause waterborne diseases.
• Microbes like bacteria and viruses are killed when water is heated to a high temperature of 100°C.
• The water must boil for at least 20 minutes in order to be most effective.

Thus, the best way to purify water at home is by boiling.

Additional InformationPurification by bleaching:

• Bleaching powder dissolves and reacts with water to produce hypochlorite ions and hydrochloric acid.
• By severing the chemical bonds between the molecules of pathogens like bacteria and viruses, chlorine is able to kill them.

Chlorination: 

• Chlorination is the process of disinfecting and eradicating germs from drinking water by adding chlorine to it.

Concept:

Water:

• Water is a chemical that has no flavour, no odour, and almost no colour.
• Which makes up the majority of the hydrosphere on Earth and all known living things' fluids.
• All known forms of life depend on it.

Explanation:

Biological impurities of water (bacteria):

• Living organisms are what cause biological impurities in water.
• These are mainly suspended impurities.
• Algae, protozoa, pathogens, bacteria, viruses**, microbes, parasites, and their cysts** (eggs) in contaminated water are examples of these.
• The latter is simply known as germs and are microorganisms that have an alarming rate of reproduction.

Thus, water has bacterial impurities.

Additional Information

Dissolved impurities:

• Minerals and salts are among the impurities that have dissolved.
• These minerals are harmful to organisms and not necessary.
• In addition to gases, dissolved impurities can also be organic and inorganic salts.

Concept:

• The responsibility of the employed and a homemaker have changed over time.
• Normally, homemakers spend most of their time in the kitchen.
• Therefore, it would be beneficial if steps, energy, time, and money could be saved.
• Labour-saving devices are being used increasingly in households.
• Labour-saving devices are tools and appliances that aid in saving time and energy for the homemaker.
• These are both electrical and non-electrical.
• These tools and appliances have become a part of the house due to the comfort provided.

Explanation:

Mixer grinder

• Also called a mixer is a kitchen appliance.
• It does the work of blender, mixer, grinder and juicer in one appliance.
• The time and energy spent on pestle and mortar are saved.
• This appliance runs on electricity.
• The job done by the mixer grinder is far quicker and superior.
• A variety of menus can be made quickly using the mixer grinder.

Thus, a mixer grinder is the most labour-saving device.

Additional Information

Geyser 

• Geysers are very popular in modern houses and kitchens.
• They are fixed on the wall for ergonomics.
• It is used to heat water for bathing and washing purpose.
• The water heats up inside the geyser using electricity.
• The water flows through the pipes directly from the main line.
• The time and energy of putting water to heat the fire are saved.

Vacuum cleaner

• These are home care appliances.
• It helps in maintaining high standards of cleanliness and sanitation.
• It helps remove dirt from walls, ceilings and furniture.
• Helps remove embedded dirt from rugs and carpets.
• The contraptions help blow off the dust from windows and spray water to clean doors and windows.
• It helps to clean thoroughly and quickly, saving energy and time.

Almirah

• It is not a labour-saving device.
• It is a tool used for the maintenance of the home.
• It is a free-standing cupboard or wardrobe.
• It can be made of metal or wood.
• It is usually used to store and organise clothes.
• It can also store other essential household or personal items.

Vitamins:

• The term “vitamin” is used to describe certain organic compounds that are needed by the body but that cannot be manufactured by the body.
• They mainly serve as catalysts for certain reactions in the body.
• The amounts of vitamins required are very small, perhaps hundredths of grams.
• Vitamins are mainly obtained from our foods.

 

Key Points

• Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble (lipid soluble) or water-soluble.
• Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble.
• Vitamin C and B are water-soluble.

Thus, vitamin A and vitamin E are fat-soluble vitamins.

Additional Information 

Concept:

Sugars:

• Sugars are soluble carbohydrates.
• They are sweet-tasting, many of which are used in food.
• There are mainly two types of sugar, i.e simple sugars, and compound sugar.
• Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides, includes glucose, fructose, and galactose.
• Compound sugars, also called disaccharides or double sugars, are molecules composed of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond. Common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

Explanation:

Glucose:

• Glucose belongs to a class of aldoses. It contains 6 carbon atoms.
• Glucose is a carbohydrate belonging to the class of monosaccharides.
• Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6.
• It can exist in a ring form as well as chain form.
• The ring form of glucose is known as the pyranose form.

Confusion Points

• Although fructose, glucose and lactose all are monosaccharides, however, glucose has the simplest structure in comparison to others.
• Although their molecular formula is the same, they have different structures making them slightly complex in comparison to glucose.
• Therefore, glucose is the simplest of all sugar.

Additional Information

Fructose: 

• Fructose belongs to a class of ketoses. It contains 6 carbon atoms.
• The chemical formula of fructose is  C6H12O6.
• It is naturally occurring sugar.
• Basically, fructose is a ‘monosaccharide’, which means the simplest form of sugar, i.e. it can’t be broken down into more basic sugar units.

Lactose

• Lactose is a type of sugar, naturally found in milk and dairy products.
• More commonly known as milk sugar.
• Lactose is a large sugar molecule that is made up of two smaller sugar molecules, glucose, and galactose.
• The structure of Lactose is:

​

Galactose:

• Galactose is a monosaccharide and has the same chemical formula as glucose, i.e., C6H12O6.
• It is similar to glucose in its structure, differing only in the position of one hydroxyl group.
• This difference, however, gives galactose different chemical and biochemical properties to glucose, thereby making it not a simple sugar in comparison to glucose.

Concept:

• India is an agriculturally important country.
• Two-thirds of the population is involved in farming.
• The plants grown for profit and sustenance are called crops.
• Animals and humans can consume these to sustain life.
• Mature and fully grown crops are cut for further processing.
• This process is called harvesting.
• It is done manually using a sickle.
• Nowadays, machines are used to harvest crops.
• Rice is a Kharif crop harvested in November.

Explanation:

Rice

• Rice is a major food crop of India.
• It is also the staple diet of this country.
• It should be bought during harvest for a better price.
• It is a product that can be stored for an extended period.
• It does not need much processing.

Thus, the rice must be purchased every year during harvest.

Additional Information Flour

• Flour is usually the ground form of wheat kernels.
• The wheat must undergo various processing before it is ready for use.
• Flour from wheat cannot be made at home.
• It would not be economically feasible.

Ghee

• Is a milk product.
• Produced from the processing of milk fat.
• This is not a product that can be harvested.

Potato

• It is a vegetable.
• They are usually grown all year long.
• They cannot be stored at home for an extended period.

Immunity:

• When a host is exposed to antigens, which may be in the form of living or dead microbes or other proteins, antibodies are produced in the host body.
• This type of immunity is called active immunity.
• Active immunity is slow and takes time to give its full effective response.
• Injecting the microbes deliberately during immunisation or infectious organisms gaining access into the body during natural infection induces active immunity.
• When ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents, it is called passive immunity.

 Key Points

• Theoverall ability of the host to fight the disease-causing organisms, conferred by the immune system is called immunity.
• Immunity is of two types: (i) Innate immunity and (ii) Acquired immunity.
• Innate immunity is a non-specific type of defence, that is present at the time of birth
• The immunity which develops during a lifetime by exposure to suitable foreign agents like microorganisms is called acquired immunity.
• Acquired immunity is pathogen-specific and is characterized by memory.

Thus, the ability of the body to fight diseases is called immunity.

Additional InformationDisinfection :

• Disinfectants can be split into two broad groups, oxidizing and non-oxidizing.
• Oxidizing disinfectants include halogens, chlorine, iodine, bromine, and chlorine dioxide.
• Oxygen-releasing materials such as peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

​Infection :

• The invasion and growth of germs in the body is called infection.
• The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms.
• Infections can begin anywhere in the body and may spread all through it.
• An infection can cause fever and other health problems, depending on where it occurs in the body.

Children who deal with language disorders problems go through trouble understanding the language and face problems in communication and pronounce words in the wrong way and stammer while talking and reading.

Key Points

• A child who is facing language disorder may face problems in expressing themselves and they may not what others say.
• Language disorders are of two types:  receptive and expressive.
• In receptive language disorder, they face trouble in understanding what they hear and read.
• With expressive language disorder, they face difficulty in conveying their speech like they pronounce wrong words, stammering while reading or speaking anything, writing, etc to others.

Hence it is concluded that speaking slowly is a language defect found in children.

Emotions play an important role in every person’s life in their day-to-day situations. It is a way of acting toward the situations. 

• Child emotions may only for a few minutes and end all of a sudden.
• Children of the same age may react in different ways according to the situations they go through.
• According to age emotions modifies. Emotions may become strong and weak according to the situations they go through.

Key Points

Characteristics of Child emotions:-

• Child emotions are brief.
• The intensity of emotions.
• Child emotions are transitory in nature.
• Emotions of children appear frequently.
• The quickness of emotions.
• A frequent manifestation of emotions.
• The emotional response of a child is different.

Hence, it is concluded that the permanent nature of emotions is not the characteristic of a child's emotions but the intensity of emotions, quickness of emotions, and frequent manifestation of emotions are characteristic of emotions.

Child development involves a process by which a child grows over a period of time. It involves the study of how a child grows, changes, and becomes stable from conception to the child becoming fully adult. It is a journey of total dependence to become totally independent.

• It involves physical, intellectual, emotional, cognitive as well as social development. It is also influenced by environmental factors and the learning capacity of children.

Key Points

Stages of child development:-

1. Infancy/ babies (0-2 years): They learn new abilities very fast in the first year of their life. At three to six months they control his head and bring his hand together. At six to nine months infants sit without support. At the time nine and twelve-month babies pick up objects, crawl, and even stand without the support of anyone.
2. Toddlers/ Pre-schoolers (2-5 years): Child refines their motor skills. It is the stage of rapid physical and intellectual development. They discover their independent nature and ability to say No.
3. School-age children (6-12 years): Where pre-schoolers and toddlers need supervision and guidance here school-going children become more intelligent.
4. Adolescents (13-18 years): It is the time to define one’s self and contemplate their future. During this age kids need their parents more than ever.

Hence, it is concluded that child development does not include old age but it involves infancy, childhood, and adolescents.

Additional Information Principles of child development:-

• It involves a change in their physical, mental, motor, and behavioral skills.
• Proceeds from General to Specific.
• All types of development in children are correlated or interrelated.
• It is a continuous process.
• It occurs at a different rate for every individual.
• It proceeds step by step and we can say that stage to stage.

Education is a process by which children acquire knowledge, and experience in a systematic manner. It is a process to train people by which they develop knowledge, abilities, skills, mental powers, reasoning qualities, and creativity skills and helps to develop a sound attitude in the people.

Key Points

• The word extension means to extend new ideas, skills, and practices.
• Extension education is defined as a process that expands beyond the limits through which formal education is easily confined.
• An important objective of extension education is to raise the standard of living in rural areas by giving them good advice on to utilize natural resources properly.
• Provide knowledge to farmers by which they use their farmland effectively which helps to increase their income.
• Provide their facilities with a better standard of living.
• Open new opportunities for rural people and Provide practical knowledge on a grassroots level.

Thus, it is concluded that extension education is a practical teaching method but others are not.

Concept:

• Home decoration is a creative art to transform one’s home.
• It helps make the home beautiful, comfortable and safe.
• It is a fundamental and cultural need of the house’s occupants.

Explanation:

Decorate in less space expense and time:

• While decorating the house, the space and size of the house should be kept in mind.
• The house should not be filled with oversized and space-occupying items.
• There is no need for expensive items.
• The house can be decorated with available items.
• They need to be artistically arranged to make them beautiful.
• The expenditure on home décor should not affect savings and must be done depending on the income.
• The décor should help in locating the desired item quickly.
• Thereby saving time and energy.

Thus, home décor is decorating in less space, expense and time.

Concept:

• The ratio is the comparison of two quantities through division.
• The symbol “:” is used to refer to a ratio.
• Ratios can also be treated as fractions.
• The golden ratio in home decoration refers to the proportion of the room, height, width, length, etc.
• It is used to make things look pleasing.
• it also helps make a comfortable living area.

Explanation:

Stella Sundarraj

• Sundarraj has said some of the following words regarding home décor:
• “Interior decoration is a creative art that can transform an ordinary house…… It is the basic and cultural needs of the house’s occupants.”
• "Beauty is that element or quality, which pleases the senses and gives a higher feeling to the soul."
• “It is the quality which makes one house different from another. It reflects the personality of the members residing in the house.”

Thus, it is the statement of S Sundarraj.

Additional InformationA.H. Rutt

• A.H. Rutt said the following regarding beauty.
• “Beauty is that combination of qualities which are pleasing to the connoisseur's eye or ear.”

Concept:

• First aid is the first assistance or care provided to an injured or ill individual in an emergency till formal and appropriate help arrives.
• One of the injuries treated during first aid is cuts and bleeding wounds.
• When the wound is deep with profuse bleeding, pressure is applied.

Explanation:

Why apply pressure

• Pressure should be applied to the wound to stop bleeding.
• It is also applied to stop heat and fluid loss.
• It is also applied in case of snake bite to stop the venom from spreading.
• The pressure is applied irrespective of who it is.
• It is done to save a life.
• The pressure applied should be according to the site and kind of injury.
• The pressure can be applied to the major artery to lessen the blood flow to that region and reduce blood loss.

Thus, it is not necessary to think about why to apply pressure.

Concept:

Natural fibre:

• Natural fibres made of cellulose or plant matter can be obtained from almost every part of the plant such as the root, stem or shoot, leaf, fruit and bark from many tree species.
• Natural fibre can also obtain from animals like silk, wool etc.

Explanation:

Cotton:

• Cotton plants are usually grown in places having black soil and a warm climate.
• Cotton is usually picked by hand.
• Fibres are then separated from the seeds by combing.
• Cotton is known as the king of cloth.

Thus, cotton is called the king of clothes.

Additional InformationLinen:

• It is a natural fibre collected from a flex plant.
• The linen is durable, absorbent, and quick to dry.
• linen is comfortable to wear and is used for clothing.

Silk:

• Silk fibres are animal fibres.
• Silkworms spin the ‘silk fibres’.
• The silk yarn is obtained from the cocoon of the silk moth.
• The silk fibre from the cocoon of the moth is soft, lustrous and elastic and can be dyed in beautiful colours.

Jute:

• Jute fibre is obtained from the stem of the jute plant.
• It is cultivated during the rainy season.
• The fibres are woven into hessian cloth, carpets, area rugs, chair covers, and linoleum backing.

Concept:

• Garment making is a process that includes the knowledge and skills of measuring, cutting, marking and stitching.
• These are done using appropriate tools.
• The cutting tool is usually selected based on the fabric type.
• The quality of the cutting tool is essential.
• The quality of the metal used should be considered.
• The blade's strength, hardness, and weight are all critical factors.

Explanation:

• These are the primary tool for cutting fabric.
• Scissors have sharp, pointed and slender blades.
• They are used for cutting different materials.
• These scissors are mostly 15-20 cm in length.
• These have round handles for both blades.
• Fabric-cutting scissors should not be used for cutting heavy material
• This may reduce the sharpness of the blades.

Thus, the length of scissors to cut cloth should be approx. 15-20 cm.

The word statistics has been derived from the Latin word ‘status’ or Italian ‘Statista’ meaning statesman. The word ‘Statista’ was used to keep the records of census or data.

It is used in our daily lives.

Key Points The features of statistics:

• Statistics are aggregate of facts: Single or unrelated items are not considered statistics. So statistics consists of a compilation of facts.
• Statistics are affected by a multiplicity of causes: In statistics, the collected information is greatly influenced by a number of factors and forces working together.
• Statistics are numerical facts: Only numerical data or tabulation constitute statistics.
• Statistics are enumerated or estimated with a reasonable standard of accuracy: While enumerating or estimating data, a reasonable degree of accuracy must be achieved.
• Statistics are collected in a systematic manner: Data should be collected by proper planning by utilizing tool/s developed by trained personnel. So statistics consists of the classification of facts and data.
• Statistics are collected for a predetermined purpose: It is necessary to define the objective of inquiry, before collecting the statistics. The objective of the inquiry must be specific and well defined.

Hence, we conclude that statistics consists of the compilation, classification as well as tabulation of data.

Vitamin:

• Vitamins are organic substances that we require in adequate quantities for good health.
• Our body, cannot synthesise them.
• Therefore, we need to consume natural sources such as fruits and vegetables.
• Vitamins are divided into two groups fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble vitamins (**Vitamins of B group and Vitamin C).**​

Key PointsVitamin B Complex:

Thus, water-soluble vitamin B.

Additional Information

Other vitamins:

Hormone:

• A hormone is a chemical that acts as a messenger transmitting a signal from one cell to another.
• When it binds to another cell which is the target of the message.
• The hormone can alter several aspects of cell function, including cell growth, metabolism, or other function.

Key PointsThyroxine:

• Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.
• Thyroid hormones re-regulated by TSH made by the thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary gland are primarily responsible for the regulation of metabolism.

Thus, thyroxine hormone is secreted from the thyroid gland.

Additional InformationParathyroid glands:

• These glands are located behind the thyroid at the bottom of your neck, are about the size of a grain of rice.
• The parathyroid hormone produced by the thyroid glands helps maintain the right balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning.

Liver :

• Liver function tests are a group of tests done to assess the functional capacity of the liver as well as any cellular damage to the liver cells.

Stomach  :

• The stomach is a J-shaped organ that digests food.
• It produces enzymes (substances that create chemical reactions) and acids (digestive juices).
• This mix of enzymes and digestive juices breaks down food so it can pass to your small intestine.
• The stomach is part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Explanation:

UNICEF:

• UNICEF's complete form is the United Nations International Children's, Emergency Fund.
• It was established in 1946, in New York, USA.
• Over 190 countries and territories are served by UNICEF.
• Function:
• It works for the rights of children all over the world.
• It works to provide disaster and conflict protection, equal rights, safe housing, healthcare, nutrition, and education.
• Vaccinations, clean water and sanitation, HIV prevention in pregnant women and children, shielding kids from violence and abuse, early childhood development, adolescent health, etc are some other areas where UNICEF works.

Thus, the United Nations has been formed to protect children and mothers from diseases and their welfare. 

Additional InformationCARE:

• It was founded in 1945.
• It is one of the biggest and most established humanitarian aid organisations dedicated to eradicating poverty worldwide.

Red Cross Society:

• It was founded in1863, in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement were established to safeguard human life and health, uphold respect for all people, and prevent and lessen human suffering.
• It has about 97 million volunteers, members, and staff members worldwide.

Other important organizations:

Environment:

• The environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living elements.
• Their effects influence human life.
• While all living or biotic elements are animals, plants, forests, fishes, and birds.
• Non-living or abiotic elements include water, land, sunlight, rocks, and air.

Key PointsMajor environmental problems and risks:

• Although the relative importance or urgency of different environmental hazards may vary from country to country and context to context, the following are globally recognized as the main ones: 
• Resource depletion
• Using up non-renewable natural resources is one of the most serious environmental problems.
• The depletion and destruction of water and land are probably even more rapid.
• The rapid decline in groundwater levels is an acute problem all over India, especially in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

Thus, the problem of environmental pollution is the problem of the whole world.

Key Points

Progesterone:

• This hormone is made by the ovaries and by the placenta during pregnancy.
• It stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining for the implantation of a fertilized egg.
• For pregnancy confirmation, the urine sample is tested for the presence of progesterone.

​Thie sure sign of pregnancy is hormones in urine.

Important PointsVomiting, abdominal enlargement and increased blood pressure may be the result of other underlying issues as well and they do not confirm pregnancy.

Additional Information

Many hormone levels are affected in the body during pregnancy. Several hormones play major roles during pregnancy. These are:

Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG): 

• This hormone is only made during pregnancy.
• It is made almost exclusively in the placenta.
• HCG hormone levels found in the mother's blood and urine rise a lot during the first trimester.
• They may play a part in nausea and vomiting often linked to pregnancy.

Human placental lactogen (hPL):

• This hormone is also known as human chorionic somatomammotropin.
• It is made by the placenta.
• It gives nutrition to the fetus.
• It also stimulates milk glands in the breasts for breastfeeding.

Estrogen:

• This group of hormones helps develop female sexual traits.
• It is normally formed in the ovaries.
• It is also made by the placenta during pregnancy to help maintain a healthy pregnancy.

Concept:

Delivery or childbirth:

• Childbirth is also referred to as labour and delivery.
• It is the termination of pregnancy in which one or more babies leave the mother's body vaginally or through a Caesarean section**.**

Explanation:

Not to do after delivery:

• Don't drink any cold water after delivery is one such piece of advice given to new mothers.
• The doctor's bizarre advice is based on the theory that cold water slows postpartum recovery.
• Especially if the mother underwent a c-section.
• Cold water is thought to slow internal healing as well as the healing of stitches.

Thus, a woman after delivery is should not drink cold water.

Additional InformationThings one should do after childbirth:

• The best thing to do after childbirth is to stay regular.
• Take plenty of rest because delivering a baby is hard work.

Key Points

Colostrum: 

• Colostrum is a supplement made from a yellowish milky fluid that's released from the mothers during the initial days of lactation.
• It provides passive immunity.
• It is an antibody-rich fluid.
• It also provides several important growth hormones and other compounds such as lactoferrin for newborns.

Important Points

Benefits of mother's milk:  

• Breast milk is the best food for babies in the first year of life.
• It helps them grow healthy and strong.
• It protects them from infections and illness.
• For example, breast milk has hormones and the right amount of protein, sugar, fat and most vitamins to help your baby grow and develop.
• Breast milk helps keep your baby healthy.
• It supplies all the necessary nutrients in the proper proportions.
• It protects against allergies, sickness, and obesity.
• It protects against diseases, like diabetes and cancer.
• It protects against infections, like ear infections.

Thus, the newborn baby's first food is the mother's milk.

Concept:

• Demography studies the trends and processes associated with a population including:
• changes in population size;
• patterns of births, deaths, and migration;
• and the structure and composition of the population, such as the relative proportions of women, men and different age groups.
• The period from birth to six years is time for rapid development.
• In this stage, the absence of experience and deprivation can be detrimental to growth.
• **Care and stimulation are critical during early childhood or the first three years.**​

Key Points

• Child mortality refers to the total number of child deaths under the age of five years per 1000 live births.
• Infant mortality is the death of young children under the

age of one year.

• This death toll is measured by the infant mortality rate (IMR),

i.e the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births.

​Explanation:

• Child mortality is closely linked to poverty.
• Advances in infant and child survival have occurred more slowly in poor countries and for the poorest people in wealthier countries.
• Due to poverty, there is lack of care for pregnant mothers which becomes detrimental for child.
• More children mean the distribution of resources among children.
• For poor families, it then becomes difficult to sustain the needs of children.
• Thus, more children can be a factor of child death.
• Nutritional deficiency is one of the main causes of child deaths.
• Malnutrition and diarrhoeal diseases contribute to these deaths, among children under five years of age.

Thus, causes of child death are more children, inattention of pregnant women and nutritional deficiency.

Family planning is one of the effective ways to improve the present and future generations. It helps to reduce rapid population growth. 

Key Points

Benefits of family planning:-

• Reduce the risk to women’s health.
• Reduce poverty and hunger.
• Empowering women
• Increase in employment.
• Improving the living standards of people.
• Promote social and economic development.
• Helps to improve maternal health.

Hence, it is concluded that family benefits included an increase in employment, reduction in poverty as well as helps to improve living standards.

Concept:

• According to Pension, “Need is an effective desire for the fulfilment of particular things which manifests as effort or sacrifice required to obtain them.”
• According to Smith and Patterson, “Need is that desire to have something which man is capable of fulfilling and is ready to spend for it.”
• Every individual has different needs.
• In this modern world, the ever-growing need has made life complex.

Explanation:

Resource

• They are the assets that can be used to fulfil the needs of an individual or the family.
• It helps achieve goals or meet the demands placed on the family due to specific events.
• They are any possession in hand which can be used.
• These can be material resources like money, assets, etc.
• These can be non-material resources like knowledge, skill, ability, etc.
• These can have economic value like house, land, etc.
• These can have non-economic value like public facilities, human power, etc.

Thus, a resource is necessary to fulfil the need.

Additional Information

Qualification

• It is a particular skill set or experience, or knowledge.
• It helps the individual do a particular job or activity.

Meals

• Meals are one of the basic needs of the family.
• A balanced diet rich in nutrients is the first basic need of the family.
• Each member should get a sufficient quantity of food.

The digestive system:

• The alimentary canal is a long continuous tube constituted made by the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.
• The glandular organs, salivary glands, liver and pancreas and the alimentary canal form the digestive system
• The process of digestion requires enzymes present in the digestive juices secreted by the organs of digestive system.
• They convert complex substances into simpler ones.
• The digestion of proteins results in the end products of amino acids, carbohydrates into glucose, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol is completed in the small intestine.

Thus, after the digestion of protein, it is converted into amino acids.

Additional Information

Pepsin:

• The gastric glands present in its walls secrete gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes like pepsinogen.
• HCl activates pepsinogen into pepsin and kills bacteria.
• Proteins are broken into smaller fragments called peptones by the enzyme pepsin.

Lactose :

• Lactose is a sugar that is naturally found in milk and milk products, like cheese or ice cream.
• In lactose intolerance, digestive symptoms are caused by lactose malabsorption.
• Lactose malabsorption is a condition in which your small intestine cannot digest, or break down, all the lactose you eat or drink.

Concept:

• Kitchen is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparations.
• It is a significant service space of the house.
• It supports bodily sustenance for family members.
• The comfort, health and happiness of family members depend on the activities carried out in the kitchen.
• Kitchen should not be suffocating but well laid out for efficiency and ease.

Explanation:

U shaped

• It is an ideal shape for kitchen arrangements.
• The cooking and preparation area is on either side.
• The cleaning area is in the middle.
• The shape makes it a hassle-free work area.
• It creates an ergonomic work triangle.
• The appliances are placed in a triangular layout for ease of movement.
• It provides ample countertop and cabinet space for appliances and utensils.
• It gives an ample amount of worktop and storage space.
• It provides efficient workflow with the shortest distance around the kitchen.

Thus, U shaped plan is the ideal kitchen.

Additional Information

L shaped plan 

• The L-shaped kitchen is impressive.
• It is the most popular kitchen layout.
• It provides ample storage space and easy movement and accessibility.
• A centre island doubles up as a breakfast table and preparation area.
• It is a good family kitchen as it can accommodate a table and chairs.
• It uses two adjacent walls, thereby giving ease of access.
• The preparation area separates the sink, stove and fridge.

Concept

Housewives:

• A married woman who manages her household, especially as her principal occupation.
• The term stay-at-home mom is also used.
• The person views their central role as caring for children.
• the term "housekeeper" has come to describe hired cleaning help.

Explanation:

Qualities of Housewives:

• Caring and compassionate
• Sensitive of the little things
• Spends quality time with her husband and children.
• Puts her family first
• A good problem-solver
• Source of love and affection
• Optimistic
• Take care of cleanliness, orderliness, and beauty in the house
• Strong and resilient
• Disciplined
• Creates a balanced diet
• Provide a balanced budget
• Multitasker

Thus, a good housewife creates a balanced budget, always remembers the needs of all family members, and takes care of house cleanliness.

Concept:

• Nutrients are organic or inorganic substances that help in our survival and in maintaining proper health.
• A nutrient supplies energy to the body, builds and

repairs body tissues, and regulates the body's metabolism.

• The major nutrients in our food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
• In addition, food contains dietary fibres and water which are also needed by our body.

Key Points

Carbohydrates:

• Carbohydrates are one of the most abundant classes of

biomolecules in nature and are found widely distributed in all life

forms.

• Chemically, they are aldehyde and ketone derivatives

of the polyhydric alcohols.

• The major role of carbohydrates in living organisms is to function as a primary energy source.​

​Explanation:

• Complete biological oxidation of one gram of carbohydrate yields about 4 calories of energy.
• So, for 1 calorie of energy, 0.25 g carbohydrate will be required.
• Therefore for 10 calories of energy, 2.5g of carbohydrate will be required.

Thus, humans get 10 calories of energy from two and a half grams of carbohydrates.

Concept:

• Physical growth is measured by increasing height and weight at regular intervals.
• The human life span can be divided into the following stages:

Explanation:

• The height of a newborn child ranges from 47 cm to 52 cm.
• The weight can range from 2.4 kg to 3.2 kg.
• A newborn’s head is very large in proportion to the body and the skull is enormous relative to the face.
• The weight of the baby's brain at birth is 350 g.
• A newborn’s head is unsteady at the beginning.
• By the age of three months, an infant tries to lift the head and turn it from one side to the other while lying on the stomach.

Thus, the weight of the baby's brain at birth is 350 g.

Concept:

• Microbes especially yeasts have been used from time immemorial for the production of beverages like wine, beer, whisky, brandy or rum.
• Depending on the type of raw material used for fermentation and the type of processing (with or without distillation) different types of alcoholic drinks are obtained.
• Wine and beer are produced without distillation.
• Whereas whisky, brandy, and rum are produced by distillation of the fermented broth.

Explanation:

• Beer making may have begun as early as between 6000

and 5000 B.C. using cereal grains such as sorghum, corn,

rice, millet, and wheat.

• It has 3% of alcohol in it.

Thus, 3% alcohol is present in beer.

Additional Information

• The wine consists of 11.6% alcohol in it.
• Brandy contains 35-60% of the alcohol by its volume.
• Vodka has 40% alcohol in it.
• In India, the permissible blood alcohol content (BAC) is set at 0.03% per 100ml of blood.

Concept:

• A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together to achieve a particular function forms a tissue.
• The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are epithelial tissues.
• The skin, the lining of the mouth, the lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules are all made of epithelial

tissue.​

Key Points

• Skin is the largest organ of the body.
• It forms the outer covering of the body.
• Like all epithelial tissues, they act as a barrier and protect inner organs.

​Explanation;

• The thickness of the skin varies from location to location in the human body.
• In humans, the skin under the eyes in the face is the thinnest.
• It measures around 0⋅5mm thickness
• The skin on the palms and the soles is the thickest skin of the body.
• They measure about 4mm in thickness.

Thus, the skin is thinnest on the face.

Concept:

• Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements.
• 90-92 per cent of plasma is water and proteins contribute 6-8

per cent of it.

• Fibrinogen, globulins, and albumins are the major proteins found in plasma.
• Formed elements are erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes.

Explanation:

• Globulins primarily are involved in the defence mechanisms of the body.
• Antibodies are a type of globulins, called immunoglobulins.
• Antibodies are proteins produced in response to antigens.
• They provide immunity against diseases in the body.

Thus, globulins are essential for the body because Antibodies are found in them to protect the body from many diseases.

Additional Information

• Fibrinogens are needed for clotting or coagulation of blood.
• Albumins help in osmotic balance.

Concept:

• The process of breakdown of food in the cell with the

release of energy is called cellular respiration.

• Cellular respiration takes place in the cells of all organisms.
• The first step in respiration is breathing.
• The process of exchange of O₂ from the atmosphere with CO₂ produced by the cells is called breathing.

Key Points

• The taking of air rich in oxygen into the body is called

inhalation.

• Giving out of air rich in carbon dioxide is known as exhalation.
• It is a continuous process that goes on all the time and throughout the life of an organism.

Explanation:

The mechanism of breathing is as described below:

• ​​Normally we take in air through our nostrils.
• When we inhale air, it passes through our nostrils into

the nasal cavity from where it reaches the windpipe and lungs.

• Breathing involves the movement of the diaphragm and the rib cage.
• During inhalation, ribs move up and outwards and the diaphragm moves down.
• This movement increases space in our chest cavity and air rushes into the lungs. The lungs get filled with air.
• The nose has internal hairs and mucus **that filter out the air.**​

Thus, we should always breathe through the nose.

Additional Information

• During exhalation, ribs move down and inwards, while the diaphragm moves up to its former position.
• This reduces the size of the chest cavity and the air is pushed out of the lungs.

Key Points

Brain:

• The brain is the central information processing organ of our body, and acts as the ‘command and control system’.
• It controls the voluntary movements, the balance of the body, functioning of vital involuntary organs (e.g., lungs, heart, kidneys, etc.), thermoregulation, hunger and thirst, circadian (24-hour) rhythms of our body, and activities of several endocrine glands and human behaviour.
• It is also the site for processing vision, hearing, speech, memory, intelligence, emotions and thoughts.
• The human brain is well protected by the skull.
• Inside the skull, the brain is covered by cranial meninges consisting of an outer layer called dura mater, a very thin middle layer called arachnoid and an inner layer (which is in contact with the brain tissue) called pia mater.
• The brain can be divided into three major parts: (i) forebrain, (ii) midbrain, and (iii) hindbrain.

​Thus, parts of the brain are the forebrain,  midbrain, and hindbrain.

Additional Information 

Forebrain :

• The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus.
• The cerebrum forms the major part of the human brain.
• A deep cleft divides the cerebrum longitudinally into two halves, which are termed the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
• The hemispheres are connected by a tract of nerve fibres called the corpus callosum.

Midbrain:

• The midbrain is located between the thalamus/hypothalamus of the forebrain and the pons of the hindbrain.
• A canal called the cerebral aqueduct passes through the midbrain.
• The dorsal portion of the midbrain consists mainly of four round swellings (lobes) called corpora quadrigemina.

Hindbrain:

• The hindbrain comprises the pons, cerebellum and medulla (also called the medulla oblongata).
• Pons consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of the brain.
• Cerebellum has a very convoluted surface in order to provide additional space for many more neurons.
• The medulla of the brain is connected to the spinal cord.

Concept:

Tradition:

• The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way.
• A belief or custom handed down from one generation to another.

Explanation:

Characteristics of the traditional Indian family:

Universal:

• The family system is found in all societies.
• Family bonds and types of the family differ from one society to another. E.g.: In India, the family bonds are very strong.

Identity:

• It is a common practice for families to have a “nomenclature”. Every family is identified with a particular name.

Agency for Socialization:

• Socialization is a learning process that makes an individual an acceptable member of society.
• It is often remarked that “home” is the first school and the mother is the first teacher.
• A child learns norms from his family members such as cleanliness eating habits etc.

Cherishment of values:

• An individual acquires values from his family.
• Values can be defined as beliefs strongly held by individuals.
• Family teaches, certain values like respect for elders, helping the youngsters, Love, and affection for each other, etc.

Moulding the personality:

• Family plays a major role in Moulding the personality of an individual.
• Personality is reflected in the behaviour of individuals. E.g.: Over pampering of children may make them stubborn and egoistic.
• The relationship of the members of a family are socially sanctioned and are traditional.
• Living together with various members of a family is also one of its characteristics.

Values:

• Living peacefully and respecting each other's rights.
• Never compromise on integrity for prosperity.
• Maintain strong bonds with family members as well as relatives.
• Being hospitable to everyone who comes to your home, irrespective of his caste, creed, financial position, or status.
• Treating guests as God i.e. 'Atithi Devo Bhava'.
• Remembering and bowing to God first thing in the morning.
• Indulging in yoga and meditation.
• Always taking the advice of elders in case of any important decision.

Important Points Joint Family:  

• ​A family which lives together with all family members up to the second generation like grandparents, parents, uncle, aunts and their children is called a joint family.
• The most aged man is the head of the family.
• Such a type of family arrangement is especially common in India.
• The joint family is an extension of the nuclear family (parents and dependent children)
• The size of the joint family is large, consisting of an older man and his wife, his sons and unmarried daughters, his sons’ wives and children, and so forth.
• All the family members love each other and motivate for any work.
• Due to elders in the family, children learn discipline at an early age.
• These types of families are usually found in village areas where big families stay together.

Patrilocal Family:

• A patriarchal family is a type of family in which all authority belongs to the paternal side.
• In this family, the eldest male or the father is the head of the family.
• He exercises his authority over the members of the family.
• He presides over the religious rites of the household; he is the guardian of the family goods.
• A patrilocal residence is structured by a rule that a man remains in his father's house after reaching maturity and brings his wife to live with his family after marriage.
• Daughters, conversely, move out of their natal household when they marry.

Thus, all of the above is the characteristics of a traditional Indian family.

A psychological state is that state where the child's cognitive, mental, intellectual, emotional, and social capabilities develop.

• Child development involves a process by which a child grows over a period of time. It involves the study of how a child grows, changes, and becomes stable from conception to the child becoming fully adult. It is a journey of total dependence to become totally independent.

Key Points

Adolescence (12 to 18 years):

• In this stage, children go through a transition to adulthood in which there is a rapid change in the brain and body of a child at different rates.
• In this stage, there is the onset of normal puberty and it ends when it goes to the adult stage and their behaviors are accepted. In other words, children develop in all aspects including cognitive, intellectual, emotional, physical, etc.
• Their emotional dependence on their parents and values and ethics may develop. **Hence, this stage is termed a psychological stage for the child.**​

Additional Information

Co-curricular activities are those activities that include many activities, and programs as well as learning from their experiences.

Key Points

• These activities are performed to enhance the skills of the students.
• These activities are performed individually or in groups
• It helps to develop the overall personality of a student.

Importance of co-curricular activities:-

• Helps to improve communication skills.
• Helps to enhance their skills.
• Improve their time management skills.
• Helps them to motivate toward their goals.
• Helps to develop creativity.
• Develop problem-solving skills.
• Leadership qualities develop.

Hence, it is concluded that preventing the curiosity of children about sexual organs engages their interest in music, art, dance, or any creative work.

Intelligence is defined as the ability of that person to think about the situations and how they manage to cope with problems, they get the experience to learn from the problems they face, and they got the ability to adapt to new situations.

• It is important because it makes a great impact on the behaviors of humans.

Key Points 

Factors that affect the development of intelligence are:-   

• Heredity and the environment.
• Race and nationality of the person.
• Social and economic conditions.
• Varies from person to person.
• Cultural aspects.
• Health and the physical development of a person.

Hence, it is concluded that religious beliefs are not the factor that affects intelligence.

Additional Information

Characteristics of intelligence:-

• Helps the person to differentiate between right and wrong.
• Enables the person to learn from past experiences.
• It is a process that develops throughout the life of the person.
• Helps to improve learning.
• Plays a major role in an individual’s life.

Child marriage means the marriage of young ones who are below 18 years of age.

• It has been implemented in our country for a very long time.
• It ruins the freedom of children completely like they may not be **able to complete their education, affect their wellbeing, restrict them from playing, and due to their early marriage they cannot explore their skills and capabilities.**​

Key PointsFollowing are the ways to end the child marriage:

• Educating girls and their families as well as why child marriage is not good.
• Promotion and dissemination of education.
• Empowering girls.
• Providing girls and their family income opportunities.
• Be able to take the right decisions.
• Dowry ban law should be imposed
• Promise not to be a part of child marriage and never promote it.

Hence, it is concluded that all of the given statements are correct.

 Important PointsVarious reasons for early marriage like poverty, gender inequality, illiteracy, social pressure, and sometimes the safety of girls. It leads to domestic violence, sexual abuse, etc.

Key Points

Family Budget:

• According to Bigelow, “Budget is a tool whose value lies chiefly in the process of thinking through goals, estimating costs and making choices among alternative uses of money.”
• A family budget is a plan for a household's incoming and outgoing money over a certain period, such as a month or year.
• The standard of living of people is reflected in their family budgets.
• A family budget is a statement that shows how family income is spent on various items.
• Example: expenditure on necessaries, comforts, luxuries, and other cultural wants.

Important Points

Importance of Family Budget:

• The study of family budgets is of very great use from an economic point of view.
• Many economic Organizations devote special attention to the study of the family budget.
• The economic and statistical organization in India makes a special study of family budgets of different classes in the State.
• A budget helps you figure out long-term goals and work toward them.
• It Helps You Prepare for Emergencies.
• Budgeting facilitates adjusting irregular income to regular expenditure.
• It helps to live within one’s own in.
• By budget we can identify the unnecessary and extravagant expenditures.
• A budget determines how a family can use all its resources.
• They get information about public income.
• They get information about the ability of the public to pay taxes.
• The government gets information about the imposition of direct or indirect taxes.
• It serves as a financial guide for the family.
• Since all the members of the family work together on the planning of a budget, it induces a sense of cooperation among them.

Thus, economists get information about public income, and direct and indirect taxes to create a family budget.

Respiratory system:

• The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe.
• It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels.
• The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system.
• These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.

Key Points

Diaphragm:

• The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the chest (thoracic) cavity from the abdomen.
• The diaphragm is the main muscle of respiration.
• Contraction of the diaphragm muscle expands the lungs during inspiration when one is breathing air in.
• We rely heavily on the diaphragm for our respiratory function so when the diaphragm is impaired.
• It can compromise our breathing.
• The nerve that controls the diaphragm is the phrenic nerve, which originates at vertebral levels C3-C5.

Thus, the diaphragm is the muscle between the lungs and abdomen.

Additional Information

Diaphragm contraceptive:

• Adding spermicide to your diaphragm before you put it in your vagina makes it much more effective.
• Spermicide has chemicals that stop sperm from moving so they can't get to an egg.
• The diaphragm keeps the spermicide in place, near your cervix.

Concept:

Bestowal Wealth:

• The act of giving something as an honour or a gift.
• Father's blessing represented a bestowal of consent upon daughter marriage.

Explanation:

Women wealth:

• The concept of Streedhan refers to the right of (hindu) women about the Wealth that belongs only to them by Law.
• The word ‘’Streedhan’ has been derived from the Sanskrit words ‘Stri’ meaning a woman and the word ‘dhan’ means property.
• Therefore by combining these two words, we get ‘property of woman’ and her ‘Streedhan’.
• These two words imply that property over which a woman has absolute ownership.
• The wealth includes both movable and immovable assets.
• There is no upper cap to stridhan.
• If a woman gifts property to her husband during and after marriage, those are not part of Streedhan.

Thus, a women wealth (streedhan) is called as Saudayik.

Additional InformationPurush-Dhan (Man-wealth)

• The concept of Purush-Dhan refers to the right of men to wealth.

Putra-Dhan (Son-wealth)

• The concept of Putra-Dhan refers to the right of a son getting from the Parents.
• Example: Property, Ancestral home etc.

Concept:

Malnutrition:

• Malnutrition is a serious condition that happens when your diet does not contain the right amount of nutrients.
• It means "poor nutrition" and can refer to undernutrition – not getting enough nutrients.

Key Points

Types of malnutrition include:

Undernutrition:

• This type of malnutrition results from not getting enough protein, calories, or micronutrients.
• It leads to low weight-for-height (wasting), height-for-age (stunting) and weight-for-age (underweight).

Overnutrition:

• Overconsumption of certain nutrients, such as protein, calories, or fat, can also lead to malnutrition.
• This usually results in overweight or obesity.
• Undernourished people often have deficiencies in vitamins and minerals, especially iron, zinc, vitamin A and iodine.

Important Points

Reason for Malnutrition:

• Poor quality of diet
• Poor maternal health
• Socioeconomic status
• War and conflict

​Undernutrition can cause:

• Weight loss
• Loss of fat and muscle mass
• Hollow cheeks and sunken eyes
• A swollen stomach
• Dry hair and skin
• Delayed wound healing
• Fatigue
• Difficulty concentrating
• Irritability
• Depression and anxiety
• Kwashiorkor, a severe protein deficiency, causes fluid retention and a protruding abdomen.
• The condition marasmus, which results from severe calorie deficiency, leads to wasting and significant fat and muscle loss.

Thus, a close relationship between malnutrition and anxiety.

Additional Information

Happiness:

• Happiness, in psychology, a state of emotional well-being that a person experiences either in a narrow sense.
• Happiness, in the context of mental or emotional states, is positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.

Beauty:

• The quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit.
• The quality that provides pleasure to the senses or to the mind by behavior or attitude.

Calcium:

• Calcium is a mineral most often associated with healthy bones and teeth.
• It also plays an important role in blood clotting, helping muscles contract, and regulating normal heart rhythms and nerve functions.
• About 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bones.
• The remaining 1% is found in blood, muscle, and other tissues.

Key PointsOsteomalacia:

• Osteomalacia is softening of the bones.
• It most often occurs because of a problem with vitamin D, which helps your body absorb calcium.
• Your body needs calcium to maintain the strength and hardness of your bones.

Rickets:

• Rickets is a skeletal disorder that’s caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate.
• These nutrients are important for the development of strong, healthy bones.
• People with rickets may have weak and soft bones, stunted growth, and, in severe cases, skeletal deformities.
• Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium and phosphate from your intestines.
• You can get vitamin D from various food products, including milk, eggs, and fish.
• Your body also produces the vitamin when you’re exposed to sunlight.

​Hence, calcium is given in excess quantity in osteomalacia and rickets diseases.

Additional Information

Scurvy:

• Scurvy is a disease that’s caused by a deficiency in vitamin C , which is rare in the developed world.
• It doesn’t happen overnight, generally setting in after a few months of low vitamin C intake.
• The threat of scurvy speaks to the importance of vitamin C in the body
• Vitamin C is a key antioxidant that plays many necessary roles, including immune system support, iron absorption, and collagen production.
• Scurvy is known for being the disease of pirates and sailors.

Beri-Beri:

• A disease in which the body doesn't have enough vitamin B1 (thiamin).
• Beriberi is usually caused by poor diet or alcoholism.
• Symptoms include loss of appetite, weakness, pain in the limbs, shortness of breath and swollen feet or legs.
• Treatments include B1 supplements and eating more B1-rich foods, such as wholegrain cereals, beans and beef.

Key Points

• Newborns have resting heart rates around 100 to 150 beats per minute, way higher than that of adults.
• In fact, a newborn’s resting heart rate is in the ballpark of the target heart rate for an adult doing a heavy workout.
• That babies grow so dramatically.
• They burn food in every cell of their bodies to fuel that growth.
• The process requires not only an abundance of milk but also oxygen, and it produces large amounts of carbon dioxide as waste.
• Babies’ hearts work overtime to keep supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide to fuel their amazing growth.
• It may be much slower when an infant sleeps.

Thus, the newborn baby's pulse rate per minute is 150.

Important Points Newborn baby temperature:

• During the newborn period, infants and young children generally have higher body temperatures than do older children and adults.
• This is because of their higher metabolic rates and surface area to body weight ratio.
• Therefore, it could be considered normal for your baby to have a peak temperature during the day of 99.8 F without it being considered a fever.

Concept:

Energy:

• Energy is the ability to do work.
• A fundamental entity of nature that is transferred between parts of a system in the production of physical change within the system and is usually regarded as the capacity for doing work.

Explanation:

Physical Work:

• Physical work is all tasks that require physical strength or stamina to accomplish the task and more physical works are sports.
• Construction workers spend their day outside, in the hot sun, shovelling, hammering, painting, etc., and do lots of hard, manual labour.
• They are exhausted when they get home, so exhausted, that it's tiring to get off the couch to go get something to eat.
• Their body aches, they're tired, and they just want to crawl into bed and go to sleep.

Mental Work: 

• Mental work is the work done with nothing but the brain.
• Financial analysts spend most of their day at a desk.
• They run report after report, analyzing all different aspects of a company.
• They rack their brains all day to finish their work for the day.
• When they leave work, they may have headaches, they're tired, and they are so mentally burnt out they can hardly perform simple math.

Thus, a person doing mental work requires less of energy than a person doing physical work.

Concept:

• A balanced diet should take care of the energy and nutrient requirements of the body and these should be provided by a mix of food items.
• The energy requirement of an individual has to provide for the energy required for the various activities as well as the growth and repair of wear and tear of the body.
• Hence the energy requirement is dependent on the sex, built as well as the lifestyle of individuals.

Explanation:

• A pregnant and lactating mother requires additional energy over and above her normal requirements.
• There is also an increased need for protein, calcium, and iron.
• Inadequate intake of nutrients causes harm to the fetus and the child.
• Good nutrition during pregnancy promotes the healthy weight

of the newborn.

• A pregnant woman needs 3500 calories.

Thus, a pregnant woman needs 3500 calories.

Additional InformationThe average daily requirements of our body for different age groups are given below.

Concept:

• The disease is a state of discomfort in which the normal functioning of the body is affected.
• The disease may be defined as a disorder in the physical,

physiological, psychological, or social state of a person caused due to **nutritional deficiency, physiological disorder, genetic disorder, pathogen, or any other reason.**​

Key Points

• The diseases may be classified into two broad categories 
• A. Congenital disease: The disease which is present from birth (e.g. hole in the heart in infants).
• They are caused by some genetic abnormality or metabolic disorder or malfunctioning of an organ.
• B. Acquired disease: The disease which may occur after birth during one’s lifetime.
• Acquired diseases may generally be classified into :
• Infectious diseases: The diseases which can be transmitted from a diseased person to a healthy person e.g. measles.
• Degenerative disease: The diseases caused by the malfunction of some vital organs of the body e.g. heart failure.

Explanation:

• Communicable diseases are caused by an infection which spreads through the medium of touch, sharing towels, handkerchiefs, etc. of the patient.
• Influenza, polio, typhoid, measles, mumps, chickenpox, tuberculosis (T.B.), sexually transmitted infections, and AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) are some communicable diseases.
• Communicable diseases are caused by very tiny organisms called germs and parasites.
• Germs are present everywhere around us and they can spread through four modes:

(i) Food and water

(ii) Air

(iii) Contact

(iv) Insects

​Thus, infectious diseases spread through the air, water, and living organisms.

Explanation:

• We all observe that when individuals fall ill or are injured, they are taken to hospitals or doctors for treatment.
• But it takes time to reach them, during which if some initial care is taken, it helps the treatment of such individuals and in many cases saves their lives.
• We also observe that some of minor illnesses or injuries are cured by taking such initial care.
• However, this care cannot be taken unless we are aware and trained in first-aid.

Key PointsFirst aid:

• First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury.
• It is usually performed by a non-expert person on a sick or injured person.
• Until appropriate medical treatment can be accessed in a hospital or by going to a doctor.
• Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care after the first aid intervention.
• It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.

Thus, first aid is a medicine given to the patient before the arrival of the doctor.

Important PointsImportance of first aid:

• The main objective of first aid is not to cure, but to ensure safety until the patient or affected person accesses specialised treatment.
• It is the initial assistance or care of a suddenly sick or injured person.
• It is the care administered by a person as soon as possible after an illness or accident.
• It is this prompt care and attention prior to the arrival of the ambulance that sometimes creates the difference between life and death, or between a full or partial recovery.

The major objectives of first aid are:

• To ensure that the victim reaches the place of specialised treatment safely and life is not lost in-between.
• To prevent further harm that is the injury that has taken place does not deteriorate further.
• To prevent the danger of further injury.
• To promote recovery, that is necessary intervening care is taken in a way that promotes recovery and relieves the victim of pain and uneasiness.

Concept:

• Fibers are the basic building blocks of fabrics.
• The properties of fiber contribute to the properties of the final fabric.
• Fibers are selected for fabric production on the basis of the following properties:
• length and appearance of the fiber
• moisture absorption
• heat conductivity
• strength

Explanation:

​Cotton fabric:

• Cotton fiber is the smallest of all textile fibers.
• They are white, cream, or light brown in color and fine and strong.
• These are absorbent, porous, and cool and allow the body heat to go out.
• Hence, fabrics made out of it are used as summer wear as cotton wrinkles very easily.
• Cotton fabric has the highest ability to absorb sweat.

​Thus, cotton fabric has the highest ability to absorb sweat.

Additional Information

Nylon fabric:

• Nylon is a synthetic fiber.
• These fibers catch fire easily and can stick to the

body, they should not be worn while working in the kitchen and near a flame.

• They have good strength and are easy to wash and dry quickly.

Silk fabric:

• Silk is a natural, protein filament produced by silkworms.
• Fabrics made from silk are soft, fine, smooth, lustrous, warm, and stronger than wool.
• It is called ‘Queen of the Fibres’ and is used for formal wear.

​Terrycot Fabric:

• Terrycot fabric is a blended fabric made of terylene and cotton.
• Terylene is a popular form of polyester.

Concept:

Food Preservation:

• The method of food preservation guards against microbiological contamination, food illness, and food spoiling.
• Several traditional methods of food preservation include cooling, freezing, fermenting, sun-drying, etc.
• Modern food preservation techniques were created as a result of the development of technology.
• For preservation, chemicals and other organic materials were employed.

Explanation:

Radiation:

• By reducing or eradicating insects and microbes, food irradiation—the application of ionising radiation to food—improves food safety and increases the shelf life of goods.
• Irradiation can make food safer for consumers, much like pasteurising milk and preserving fruits and vegetables.
• Three types of radiation are permitted for usage on food.
• Radiation-active versions of the elements cobalt (cobalt 60) and caesium release gamma rays (Cesium 137) which is frequently used to sterilise home, medical, and dental items.
• By reflecting a high-energy electron stream off a target substance—typically one of the heavy metals—and into food, X-rays are created.
• Similar to X-rays, an electron beam (or e-beam) is a stream of highly energetic electrons that are launched into food by an electron accelerator.

Thus, the radiation method is more scientific for preserving foods.

Additional InformationChemical method:

• There are three different chemical methods for preserving food: salting, sugaring, and smoking.
• By removing moisture from the food and preventing bacterial growth, salting helps preserve food.

Physical method:

• Dehydration, freezing, refrigeration, modified atmosphere packing, controlled atmosphere storage, vacuum packaging, UV radiation, various forms of heat treatment, ionising radiation, and high hydrostatic pressure are examples of physical methods of food preservation.

​Concept:

Oral cavity:

• The mouth leads to the buccal cavity or oral cavity.
• The oral cavity has a number of teeth and a muscular tongue.
• Each tooth is embedded in a socket of the jaw bone.
• This type of attachment is called thecodont.
• The majority of mammals including human beings form two sets of teeth during their life.

Explanation:

Milk teeth:

• A set of temporary milk or deciduous teeth is replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth.
• The first set of teeth grows during infancy and they fall off at the age between six to eight years.
• These are termed milk teeth.
• These are 20 in number.
• For milk teeth, the dental formula is I 2/2, C 1/1, and M 2/2( I-Incisor, C- Canine, M-Molar).

Thus, 20 are there in the primary set of teeth (milk teeth).

Additional Information Permanent teeth:

• An adult human has 32 permanent teeth which are of four different types (Heterodont dentition), namely, incisors (I), canine (C), premolars (PM) and molars (M).
• The arrangement of teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaw in the order I, C, PM, and M is represented by a dental formula that in humans is 2123/2123.
• The hard chewing surface of the teeth, made up of enamel, helps in the mastication of food.

Concept:

Fibers:

• Fibers are substances that can be spun into yarn and woven, knitted, or glued together to form a fabric.
• They are of two types: natural and synthetic.
• Natural fibres are those that come from animal, vegetable or plant, or mineral sources and are found in nature.
• Synthetic fibres are created artificially, not naturally. made from a variety of raw materials.

Explanation:

Cotton:

• The cotton plant, a shrub that is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries, produces cotton fibre.
• It is a soft staple fibre, in the form of a boll surrounding its seeds.
• The fiber is most frequently spun into yarn or thread and used to create a soft, breathable textile.
• The natural fiber fabric that is currently used the most in garments.
• Cellulose makes up the majority of the fibers in cotton.
• The primary determinant of cotton quality is the length of these fibers.
• The quality of the cotton often increases with the length of the staple.
• Cotton is naturally robust and becomes much more resilient when wet.
• It is susceptible to mildew, although a mildew-resistant coating can be used.
• Because it is an absorbent fiber, it can adapt in response to shifting humidity levels.
• Cotton may shrink when washed, but this can be minimized by a finishing technique called sanforizing.

Thus, cotton is obtained from natural sources.

Additional InformationNylon:

• A family of synthetic polymers comprised of polyamides is referred to as nylon.
• Nylon is a thermoplastic that resembles silk and may be shaped into threads, films, or other objects.
• Petroleum is frequently used in its production.
• Nylon polymers can be combined with a wide range of additives to provide several unique property alterations.
• For various applications, nylon can be produced and woven, from delicate sheers to robust upholstery.
• It is a fiber that is extremely durable and stable that is frequently combined with other fibers to increase durability for upholstery applications.
• Mildew normally has no negative effects on the fiber.
• Long-term UV exposure will damage nylon and degrade the yarn.

Polyester:

• It is a synthetic textile commonly made from petroleum.
• With excellent drape and handle, polyester fibres can be made and woven for a variety of applications, from delicate sheers to robust upholstery.
• In general, durability, abrasion resistance, and UV light resistance are excellent.
• As a non-absorbent fibre, it moves very little when it's humid. not impacted by mildew or acidic pollution.
• It is a sturdy and reliable fibre.
• Highly effective recovery and wrinkle resistance.

Sterility:

• Sterility is the inability to produce a biological child, while infertility is the inability to conceive after a certain period.
• The risk of infertility increases as our age.
• Overall, one-third of infertility cases are caused by male reproductive issues, one-third by female reproductive issues, and one-third by both male and female reproductive issues or by unknown factors

Key Points

Sterility in Men:

• Abnormal sperm production or function due to undescended testicles, genetic defects, health problems such as diabetes, or infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, mumps or HIV.
• Enlarged veins in the testes (varicocele) also can affect the quality of sperm.
• Men with fertility problems may have a low sperm count or low testosterone.

Sterility in women:

• Infertility is a condition where you cannot get pregnant after one year of trying to conceive.
• In women, cause of infertility can include endometriosis, uterine fibroids and thyroid disease.

Thus, either male or female may be responsible for sterility.

Concept:

• Anemia is defined as a reduction in circulating hemoglobin mass below the critical level.
• The total iron requirement is 1000mg while the average requirement is 4 to 6 mg/day.

Causes of anemia:

• Physiological: Hemodilution
• Nutritional: Iron deficiency; vitamin B 12 deficiency.
• Hemorrhagic: acute or chronic
• Hemolytic: congenital or acquired
• Aplastic anemia

Symptoms of anemia:

• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Dyspnea Palpitations.
• While the signs include pale nails, skin, and tongue.

Key PointsMeasure to prevent anemia in a pregnant mother:

• Routine screening for anemia
• Oral iron therapy
• National Nutritional Program suggests 60 mg of elemental iron and 500mcg of folic acid daily.
• Nutritious and balanced diet

​Thus, eating enough nutritious and balanced diet is the best way to avoid anaemia during pregnancy.

Concept:

Dental health during pregnancy:

• Oral health is directly impacted by the things we eat.
• Some women may be more susceptible to gum diseases like gingivitis as a result of pregnancy hormones.
• Pregnant women who have poor oral health during their pregnancy may experience dental erosions, a low birth weight infant, pre-eclampsia, loose teeth, and mouth dryness.
• Pregnancy hormone changes have a direct impact on gum issues and indirectly on tooth decay.
• Having more snacks when pregnant increases the risk of developing tooth decay, especially if the snacks are high in sugar or carbohydrates.
• Maintaining a regular oral hygiene practice is one of the best ways to keep teeth healthy while pregnant.
• However, nutrition may also play a big part in protecting dental health and giving the unborn child the nutrients they need.

Explanation:

Oranges:

• Oranges are rich in iron, folic acid, zinc and vitamin C.
• Orange eating during pregnancy can improve your immune system, aid in the development of the baby's brain, and improve the tone of your skin.
• Because it aids the fetus's brain development, orange eating is strongly encouraged throughout the first trimester of pregnancy.
• Oranges contain a great amount of vitamin C.
• This potent vitamin can enhance collagen production, which is necessary for healthy gums, and assist strengthen blood vessels.

Thus, oranges should be used during pregnancy for dental health.

Concept:

Delivery:

• When a pregnancy ends with one or more infants being delivered vaginally or via Caesarean section, it is referred to as childbirth or labour and delivery.
• Vaginal delivery is the most popular type of childbirth.
• It involves four stages of labour:
• The cervix shrinking and opening during the first stage.
• The baby's descent and birth during the second.
• The placenta being delivered during the third.
• The mother and child recovering during the fourth stage, known as the postpartum.

Explanation:

Likely delivery:

• Vaginal, natural, instrumental, or caesarean deliveries are all possible.
• The natural delivery method excludes any invasive interventions or treatments.
• This type of delivery is taken into account if the woman remains devoted throughout the procedure.
• An instrumental delivery occurs when tools like forceps or a ventouse suction cup are used to help deliver the baby.
• Because of specific difficulties that could harm the woman or the infant if the birth proceeds vaginally, a caesarean section is occasionally chosen over a vaginal one.

Thus, likely delivery is not a type of delivery. 

Additional Information

Concept:

Womb:

• It is the hollow, oblong organ in a woman's pelvic region.
• In the womb, a fetus develops and grows.
• Womb also goes by the term of uterus.

Explanation:

Waxy, greasy substance:

• During the third trimester of pregnancy, the skin of the fetus is covered in a vernix caseosa biofilm.
• It is a white, greasy, creamy, naturally occurring substance.
• The vernix covering is left on the neonatal skin after birth.
• It shields the infant's skin and aids in extrauterine adaption during the first postnatal week.
• It is made up of lipid-matrix-encased corneocytes that contain water.
• The vernix's engagement is in a number of overlapping birth-related processes, including innate immunity, temperature regulation, and barrier against water loss.
• Vernix appears to play a number of important roles when the fetus transitions from intrauterine to extrauterine life.
• It protects the baby's skin, lubricates the birth canal and has antimicrobial properties.

Thus, waxy greasy substance remains on the body of the baby in the womb.

Important PointsAmniotic fluid:

• The amniotic fluid protects the fetus from external injury, sharp movements, blows, bumps, or any pressure on the mother's abdomen by acting as a cushion.
• In addition, amniotic fluid regulates the womb's temperature to stop the fetus from losing heat.

Placenta:

• The placenta acts as a defence against internal dangers like germs, medications, and poisons found in the mother's bloodstream.

Mucous plug:

• The mucous plug shields the unborn child from external pathogens like viruses and germs.

Concept:

• Food nourishes our body and maintains our health.
• It gives us energy that is required for every action of ours including our participation in games and sports.
• The various food items that we consume constitute our diet.
• Diet may be defined as the total amount of different variety of food items consumed by a person during a day.

Key Points

• Nutrients are the chemical substances present in food and are responsible for nourishing the body.
• The major nutrients in our food are named carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.
• In addition, food contains dietary fibers and water which are also needed by our body.

Explanation:

• In early childhood, solids cannot be digested.
• Small children are hence given the following form of solid food.
• Mashed vegetables 
• These are rich sources of vitamins and minerals.
• They are the protective food.
• some of them also contain proteins and carbohydrates.
• Mashed fruits:
• ​They are another source of vitamins and minerals.
• Some of them also contain carbohydrates.
• Boiled Egg
• ​Boiled egg is an excellent source of protein.
• Proteins are required for growth and development of the body.
• Apart from these solid foods, water is also an essential component of diet of young children.

​Thus, water is not a solid supplement food.

Concept:

• A woman carries the unfertilized eggs in her body and the man carries the sperm.
• During intercourse, the sperm and egg unite, that is fertilization happens and the woman is said to be pregnant.
• As soon as fertilization takes place, pregnancy begins.
• Conception is the process of fertilization leading to pregnancy.

Explanation:

• The fetus remains in the mother's womb for about nine months.
• Special care is required for pregnant women to ensure the proper growth and development of the baby.
• A pregnant woman should visit a doctor at least once a month for the first 8 months of pregnancy and once a week during the last month.
• She may need to consult her doctor more frequently in the first trimester because of the various problems she faces.

Thus, every pregnant woman should get tested once a month in the health center for the first seven months.

Additional InformationBesides, a pregnant woman must focus on the following things during her pregnancy:

• Nutrition
• Weight
• Medicines
• Clothes
• Exercise