UGC NET Paper 2: Sociology 11 Nov 2020 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Religiosity.

 Key Points

• Religiosity is the factor that is negatively correlated with modernization.
• As societies become more modernized, they tend to become more secular and less reliant on traditional religious values and beliefs.
• This shift away from religiosity can be seen as a marker of modernization, and as such, it is negatively correlated with it.
• On the other hand, achievement motivation, cosmopolitanism, and individualism are positively correlated with modernization.
• Achievement motivation is the drive to succeed and accomplish goals, which is often seen as a key component of modernity.
• Cosmopolitanism refers to a global outlook and the embrace of diverse cultures and perspectives, which is also associated with modernization.
• Individualism emphasizes personal autonomy and independence, which is a hallmark of modern societies.

The correct answer is Bihar. 

Key Points

• The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the first Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi in India and is considered a historically important revolt in the Indian Independence Movement.
• It was a farmer's uprising that took place in the Champaran district of Bihar, India, during the British colonial period.
• The farmers in the region revolted against the British power against the imposed indigo cultivation between 1914 and 1916.
• The farmers of Champaran, a village in Bihar, were forced to grow indigo by the European planters instead of the food crops which were necessary for their survival.
• The European planters were destroying the productivity of the land which was the main reason for the protest.

Additional Information

• The Paika Rebellion of 1804, and 1817 emerged as the first anti-colonial agitation in Odisha. Moreover, the amalgamation movement of Sambalpur in 1860 fostered a sense of Odia nationalist spirit along with anti-colonial agitation.
• Madhya Pradesh: In the history of the Indian freedom movement region of Madhya Pradesh played a significant role. The first stirrings against British supremacy were seen in the Central Provinces when the East India Company secured its foothold in the kingdom of Nagpur.
• Uttar Pradesh: The Kakori case of Uttar Pradesh is one of the most talked about when it comes to the Indian Independence Movement.

Thus, the Champaran Satyagraha movement was initiated in Bihar.

The correct answer is R.K. Merton. 

Key Points

• The term "serendipity" has been used in sociological research by various scholars and researchers.
• One prominent sociologist who has used the concept of serendipity in his work is Robert K. Merton.
• In his book "The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations," Merton discusses the concept of serendipity as an important factor in scientific discovery.
• According to Merton, serendipity refers to the unexpected discovery of something valuable or significant while in pursuit of something else.
• He argues that serendipitous discoveries often occur as a result of the creative tension between established scientific norms and the pursuit of new ideas and research directions.

Additional Information

• Johan Vincent Galtung is a Norwegian sociologist who is the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies. He was the main founder of the Peace Research Institute Oslo in 1959 and served as its first director until 1970**. He also established the Journal of Peace Research in 1964.**
• Karl Popper: The Falsification Principle, proposed by Karl Popper, is a way of demarcating science from non-science**. It suggests that for a theory to be considered scientific, it must be able to be tested and conceivably proven false.**
• Claire Selltiz was an American social psychologist who is credited with laying out three principles of causality: correlation, precedence, and non-spuriousness, in the 1959 introductory research methods textbook Research methods in social relations of which she was the lead author.

Thus, R.K. Merton used the term 'Serendipity' in sociological research.

The correct answer is Khasis. 

Key Points

• The practice of teknonymy (naming children after their mother) is relatively rare, there are some cultures where it is traditionally practiced.
• One example of such a culture is the Khasi tribe in northeast India, particularly in the state of Meghalaya.
• In the Khasi community, children take their mother's surname and their father's first name as their second name. So, for example, if a woman named Rina has a son named John, the son's name would be John Rina.
• The Khasi people have been practicing teknonymy for generations, and it is considered an important aspect of their cultural identity.

Additional Information

• Oraon, also called Kurukh, are aboriginal people of the Choṭa Nāgpur region in the state of Bihār, India. They call themselves Kurukh and speak a Dravidian language akin to Gondi and other tribal languages of central India.
• Kaders: A small group of people specially trained for a particular purpose or profession is Kaders.
• Santhal also spelled Santal, also called Manjhi, an ethnic group of eastern India, numbering well over five million at the turn of the 21^st century. Their greatest concentration is in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Orissa, in the eastern part of the country.

Thus, Khasis found the practice of teknonymy.

The correct answer is Lankawi Islanders.

Key Points

• Cultures of Relatedness" by Janet Carsten is a study of the Lankawi Islanders.
• Carsten's book is a comparative ethnography of kinship and relatedness in four Southeast Asian societies: the Lankawi Islanders of Malaysia, the Coorgs of India, the Nayars of India, and the Bhils of India. She argues that kinship is not a universal phenomenon, but rather a cultural construction that varies from society to society.
• In the book, Carsten examines the different ways in which the Lankawi Islanders conceptualize and practice kinship. She shows that for the Lankawi Islanders, kinship is not primarily about biological ties, but rather about social and economic relationships. She also shows that kinship is not fixed or static, but is rather fluid and dynamic.
• Carsten's book is a major contribution to the anthropological study of kinship and relatedness. It has been praised for its insights into the diversity of kinship practices and for its challenge to universalizing theories of kinship.

The correct answer is A and B. 

Key Points

• The juvenile sex ratio in India refers to the ratio of the number of girls to the number of boys in the population aged 0-6 years.
• It is an important demographic indicator of gender discrimination.
• The juvenile sex ratio was first noticed as a serendipity in Indian census analysis in 1991, when sex ratio by age was analyzed. Hence, when Sex ratio by age was analysed, Literacy rate was  also redefined.
• In the 1991 census, it was noticed that the sex ratio for children aged 0-6 years was much lower than the overall sex ratio for the population.
• However, despite these efforts, the juvenile sex ratio continues to be a cause for concern in India.

Additional Information

• According to the 2011 Census of India, the overall literacy rate in India was 74.04%, with male literacy at 82.14% and female literacy at 65.46%.
• Some states**, such as Kerala,** have very high literacy rates, while others, such as Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, have much lower rates.
• A decade of negative growth in population refers to a period of time during which the total population of a country or region decreases rather than increases. This is a rare occurrence and can happen due to a variety of factors such as low birth rates, high death rates, or migration out of the region.
• The "1921 great divide" refers to a significant demographic shift that occurred in India during the early 20^th century.

Thus, Juvenile sex ratio in India was noticed as a serendipity in Indian census analysis, when Sex ratio by age was analysed and Literacy rate was redefined​.

The correct answer is **A and C only.**​

Key Points

• Childlessness: While childlessness can sometimes be a source of tension, it's not a primary cause of domestic violence mentioned in NFHS surveys or other significant studies in India.
• Economic prosperity: Economic prosperity is actually associated with lower rates of domestic violence as it provides greater freedom and resources to victims.
• Intergenerational transmission of violence: This is a well-documented factor in numerous studies, including NFHS surveys. Witnessing or experiencing violence as a child significantly increases the risk of perpetrating or experiencing it as an adult.
• Higher level of education: Education, particularly for women, has been shown to decrease the risk of domestic violence by empowering individuals and challenging traditional gender norms.

Therefore, childlessness and economic prosperity are not primary causes of domestic violence, while intergenerational transmission of violence is a frequently cited factor in Indian studies, including NFHS surveys.

The correct answer is A, B, and C only. 

Key Points

• Jacques Lacan's discovery of the unconscious is centrally linked to the study of female sexuality.
• The impact of Jacques Lacan's work pervades the numerous writings, from those who accept basic tenets of Freudian theory to those who, like Julia Kristeva, Helene Cixous, Michele Montrelay, and J. Mitchell.
• In her various works, "penis envy" is understood as having a defensive function.
• Jacques Lacan's emphasis on the existence of penis envy in women**; female masochism; and the emphasis on the role of the father** as opposed to feminists' reassessment of the mother-daughter relationship.

Additional Information

• A masochistic personality is a disorder in which a person derives pleasure from inflicting pain on oneself or others.
• Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender

Thus, Gender inequalities in society are attributed to masochism and penis envy among females. Scholars associated are Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, and  J. Mitchell.

The correct answer is C and E only. 

Key Points

• The Grundrisse is an unfinished manuscript by the German philosopher Karl Marx. The series of seven notebooks was rough-drafted by Marx, chiefly for purposes of self-clarification, during the winter of 1857–8. Left aside by Marx in 1858, it remained unpublished until 1939.
• A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy is a book by Karl Marx, first published in 1859.
• In this book First, he established a framework-the materialist conception of history-for analyzing economic, social, and political changes over long periods of time.
• Marx showed that a society's social or class relations ultimately became impediments to the further development of its productive forces.

Additional Information

• Power ∶ A Radical View: Written by Steve Lukes assesses the main debates about how to conceptualize and study power, including the influential contributions of Michel Foucault.
• Dictionary of Marxist Thought: authored by TB Bottomore This book, part dictionary, and part encyclopedia, aims to provide the user with a clear but scholarly guide to the basic concepts of Marxism.
• Class and class conflict in Industrial society: Authored by Ralf Darendorf.  this book evolves a new theory of conflict in industrial society.

Thus, the main works of Karl Marx were: Grundrisse and A contribution to a critique of political economy.

The correct answer is B and D only. 

Key Points

• In inductive research, you start by making observations or gathering data.
• Then, you take a broad view of your data and search for patterns.
• Finally, you make general conclusions that you might incorporate into theories.
• The elements of induction are:
• ​Suggesting a regular association between two or more variables,
• Derived from a series of empirical observations.
• In an inductive argument, the conclusion is, at best, probable. The conclusion is not always true when the premises are true. The probability of the conclusion depends on the strength of the inference from the premises.

Additional Information

• Deductive reasoning is a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions. It's often contrasted with inductive reasoning, where you start with specific observations and form general conclusions. Deductive reasoning is also called deductive logic or top-down reasoning.
• A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population, and the relation between the variables.

Thus, elements of induction are Derived from a series of empirical observations and Suggest a regular association between two or more variables.

The correct answer is A, C, and D only. 

Key Points

• The comparative method, so-called, is thus the process of comparing situations, groups, cultures, or whatever, which are similar and yet which differ in known ways.
• Durkheim's study on suicide was an example of the comparative method.
• Radcliffe-Brown believed that natural laws of society could be discovered with the use of comparative methods based on the observation, description, and comparison of societies.
• **Weber’**s work on religion illustrates the nature of his comparative method.

Additional Information

• Cultural Relativism: is the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. It is to judge every culture by its owns standard.
• Historical Particularism: To explore individual cultures in their respective historical context.
• Method of Apt illustration: consists of thinking up some plausible explanation of some social phenomenon and then searching around for illustrations that seem to support it and neglecting the rest of the material relating to the topic under consideration.

Thus, have used the comparative method in their studies are Emile Durkheim,  A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, Max Weber.

The correct answer is B, C and D only. 

Key Points

• Data analysis involves looking at the raw data you have collected in your research with the aim of identifying patterns and trends before drawing conclusions that attempt to answer your original research question.
• The elements involved in data analysis are:
• ​Coding
• Editing
• Classification
• ​Data visualization is often used to discover unknown facts and trends.
• By observing relationships and comparing datasets, you can find a way to find out meaningful information.

Additional Information

• The hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population, and the relation between the variables.
• Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research. For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students. In statistics, sampling allows you to test a hypothesis about the characteristics of a population.
• Ethnography is essentially about embedding ourselves as researchers within specific social settings for a prolonged period of time, in order to develop a richer understanding of the dynamics and complexities of social life, social relations, and the workings of society.

Thus,  elements involved in data analysis are Coding, Editing and Classification. Data collection and observations are done before data analysis.

The correct answer is A, C and E only.

• T. Shanin believed that “the definitions of the peasantry, which view it as representing an aspect of the past surviving in the modern world, seem, on the whole, valid”, and that rural society can be understood in terms of labor and capital flows which are broader than agriculture.
• According to T. Shanin  characteristics of the peasant societies are:​
• Family Labor
• Agriculture as a way of life
• Underdog position
• Simple division of Labor
• Exchange orientation
• Village system

Additional Information

• A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or farmer with limited land ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: slave, serf, and free tenant.
• Agrarian societies: key characteristic is that the economy, wealth, and society, in general, are centered primarily on agriculture. Human and animal labor are the primary tools employed for agricultural production. Agrarian societies employ a division of labor with members specializing in specific tasks.

Thus, According to T. Shanin  characteristics of  peasant societies are​ Family Labor, Agriculture as a way of life, Underdog position

(a) - (i), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii) is the correct answer.

Important Points

• Little and Great Tradition - Robert Redfield
• Parochalization and Universalization - McKim Marriot
• Rural-Urban Continuum - Sorokin and Zimberman
• Sanskritization and Westernization - M.N. Srinivas

Additional Information

Little and Great Tradition - Robert Redfield: 

• Distinguishes between local, indigenous cultural practices (little traditions) and the dominant, mainstream culture (great traditions) in a society
• Little traditions reflect particularities of a specific community or region, while great traditions are formal, institutionalized cultural systems shared by a larger group of people
• Interaction between these two types of traditions is central to understanding cultural change and continuity in societies
• Influential in the study of folklore, religion, and cultural anthropology

Parochialization and Universalization - McKim Marriot:

• Describes the processes of cultural change and mobility in Indian society
• Parochialization refers to the tendency of rural, traditional communities to cling to their local customs and beliefs
• Universalization refers to the adoption of cosmopolitan, modern values and lifestyles by urban, educated elites
• These two processes coexist and interact with each other in complex ways, leading to diverse patterns of cultural change and continuity

Rural-Urban Continuum - Sorokin and Zimberman:

• Describes the gradations of social and cultural differentiation between rural and urban areas in a society
• Rural and urban areas form a continuum along which different types of communities and lifestyles are distributed
• Understanding the rural-urban continuum is crucial for analyzing the social, economic, and political changes that are transforming societies worldwide
• Influential in the study of urbanization, migration, and rural development

**Sanskritization and Westernization - :**M.N. Srinivas

• Concepts used to describe the processes of cultural change and mobility in Indian society
• Sanskritization refers to the adoption of upper-caste, Brahmanical customs and values by lower-caste groups in their pursuit of upward social mobility
• Westernization refers to the adoption of western, modern values and lifestyles by urban, educated elites
• These processes reflect the complex interactions between tradition and modernity in Indian society.

The correct answer is (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii). 

Key Points

• "Invitation to Sociology" is a book written by the British sociologist Peter L. Berger, first published in 1963. In the book, Berger discusses the nature and scope of sociology as a discipline, its methods and theories, and the social forces that shape behavior and society.
• Social Theory and Social Structure" is by Talcott Parsons, a prominent American sociologist. The book was first published in 1949 and is considered one of Parsons' most important works. In the book, Parsons develops a theoretical framework for the study of social structures and their impact on individual behavior.
• Classes in Modern Society" is a book written by the British sociologist Tom Bottomore, first published in 1950. The book is an important contribution to the study of social stratification and class structure in modern societies. Bottomore discusses the different approaches to class analysis, including Marxist and Weberian.
• Social Theory and Social Structure was a landmark publication in sociology by Robert K. Merton. It has been translated into close to 20 languages and is one of the most frequently cited texts in social sciences.

Additional Information

• Peter Ludwig Berger was an Austrian-born American sociologist and Protestant theologian. Berger became known for his work in the sociology of knowledge, the sociology of religion, the study of modernization, and theoretical contributions to sociological theory.
• Talcott Parsons was an American sociologist of the classical tradition, best known for his social action theory and structural functionalism. Parsons is considered one of the most influential figures in sociology in the 20^th century.
• Maximilian Karl Emil Weber was a German sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economist, who is regarded as among the most important theorists of the development of modern Western society. His ideas profoundly influenced social theory and research.

Thus, 

The correct answer is (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iv).  

Key Points

• High-Speed Society: Social Acceleration, Power, and Modernity" is a book written by the German sociologist Hartmut Rosa, first published in German in 2005 and later translated into English in 2009. In the book, Rosa examines the phenomenon of social acceleration in modern societies, arguing that the pace of social change has increased dramatically in recent decades and has profound implications for individuals and societies.
• Television and Social Change in Rural India: Authored by Krik Johnson. This book examines the social environment of village life in India and looks at the impact of television on the aspirations, values, ideas, relationships, and traditions of the villagers themselves.
• "The Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal" is a book written by the American investigative journalist Eric Schlosser, first published in 2001. In the book, Schlosser investigates the fast food industry in the United States, examining its impact on American culture, public health, and the environment.
• Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature" is a book written by the American feminist scholar Donna Haraway, first published in 1991. In the book, Haraway examines the ways in which scientific and technological developments have transformed our understanding of the natural world and the relationships between humans, animals, and machines.

Additional Information

• Donna Haraway is a prominent American scholar and feminist theorist, known for her work in the fields of science and technology studies, feminist theory, and animal studies. She was born on September 6, 1944, in Denver, Colorado, and received her Ph.D. in biology from Yale University in 1972.
• Hartmut Rosa is a Professor of Sociology at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena in Germany. He is known for his work on the concept of social acceleration and the impact of modernity on individuals and society.
• Kirk Johnson is an American paleontologist and museum director. He is currently the Sant Director of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C., where he oversees the world's largest natural history collection and a staff of more than 500 scientists.

Thus, 

The correct answer is E, B, C, D, A. 

Key Points

• Age of Speech: This is considered the first age of human communication, which started around 100,000 years ago. It involves the use of spoken language, which allowed early humans to communicate and share knowledge with each other.
• Age of Signs: The Age of Signs, also known as the Age of Gestures, followed the Age of Speech and is believed to have started around 30,000 years ago. This age involved the use of physical gestures, facial expressions, and body language to convey meaning and communicate with others.
• Age of Writing: The Age of Writing began around 5,000 years ago and involved the development of written language. Early writing systems included cuneiform and hieroglyphics, which were used to record and communicate important information such as laws, religious texts, and historical events.
• Age of Electronics: The Age of Electronics started in the mid-20^th century with the development of electronic communication technologies such as television, radio, and the telephone. This age allowed for near-instantaneous communication across great distances and significantly shaped global culture and politics.
• Age of Information: The Age of Information began with the widespread adoption of the internet in the late 20^th century. This age is characterized by the vast amount of information that is now available to us through digital media and the internet, and the ability to share and communicate this information quickly and easily across the globe.

Additional Information

• The definition of digital technology refers to digital devices, systems, and resources that help create, store, and manage data. An important aspect of digital technology is information technology (IT) which refers to the use of computers to process data and information.
• Augmented reality is an interactive experience that combines the real world and computer-generated content. The content can span multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory, and olfactory

Thus, The correct sequence of the development of human communication is as follows  Age of Speech, Age of Signs, Age of Writing,  Age of Electronics, and Age of Information.

The correct answer is B, D, A, C 

Key Points

• Talcott Parsons was a prominent American sociologist who developed a comprehensive theory of social systems. According to Parsons, social systems can be understood in terms of four key functions: adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latency.
• The adaptation function refers to the ability of a social system to adjust to its environment and meet the needs of its members. This involves processes such as economic production, distribution, and consumption, as well as the establishment of social norms and values that guide behavior.
• Overall, Parsons' theory emphasizes the interdependence and functional interrelatedness of different aspects of social systems. According to Parsons, social systems must balance these four functions in order to achieve stability and adapt to changing circumstances over time.

Additional Information

• The integrative function refers to the ways in which a social system maintains social order and stability. This includes the establishment of institutions such as government, law, and education, as well as the development of shared norms and values that promote social cohesion.
• The goal attainment function refers to the ability of a social system to set and achieve its goals. This involves processes such as decision-making, resource allocation, and the mobilization of collective action to achieve common objectives.
• The latency function refers to the ways in which a social system reproduces itself over time. This includes the transmission of cultural values and norms from one generation to the next, as well as the development of new cultural forms that reflect changing social conditions.

Thus, The correct sequence is Adaptation Function, Goal Attainment Function, Integrative Function, and Latency Function.

The correct answer is C, B, E, A, D.

Key Points

• Modernization of Indian Tradition was published in 1972. It examined the impact of modernization on Indian society and culture, focusing on the ways in which traditional social structures and cultural practices were being transformed in response to modernizing forces.
• In 1977, Singh published "Ideology and Theory in Indian Sociology," which was a critical examination of the theoretical and ideological foundations of Indian sociology. The book argued that Indian sociology needed to develop a more indigenous theoretical framework that took into account the unique historical and cultural context of Indian society.
• Social Stratification and Social Change were published in 1986. This book analyzed the nature and dynamics of social stratification in India and examined how social mobility and social change were affecting Indian society.
• Essays on Modernization," which was a collection of essays that explored different aspects of the modernization process in India. The essays covered topics such as education, technology, social change, and cultural transformation.
• Culture Change in India: Identity and Globalization, which was a critical examination of the impact of globalization on Indian culture and identity. The book argued that globalization was having a profound impact on the way in which Indians were redefining their sense of identity in a rapidly changing world.

Additional Information

• Yogendra Singh (1932-2020) was a prominent Indian sociologist known for his contributions to the study of Indian society and culture. He served as a professor of sociology at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, and was also a visiting professor at several universities in India and abroad.
• Singh's work focused on the dynamics of social change, modernization, and cultural transformation in India. He was particularly interested in the ways in which traditional social structures and cultural practices were being transformed in response to modernizing forces.
• M.N. Srinivas was an Indian sociologist who made significant contributions to the study of Indian society and culture. He was known for his research on the caste system, village studies, and social change in India.

Thus, The correct sequence is Modernization of Indian Tradition, Essays on Modernization, Social Stratification and social change, Ideology and theory in Indian Sociology,

Culture change in India : Identity and globalization

The correct answer is  D, A, B, C.

Key Points

• Descent theory: This theory was the earliest attempt to understand the ways in which kinship systems are organized. It suggests that kinship ties are primarily based on biological relationships and the passing down of characteristics through generations. Descent theory is often associated with the work of early anthropologists such as Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor.
• Alliance theory: This theory emerged in the early 20^th century and focuses on the role of marriage and exchange relationships in shaping kinship systems. It suggests that kinship ties are formed through the exchange of goods, services, and marriage partners between different groups or lineages.
• Structural functionalist theory: This theory emerged in the mid-20^th century and focuses on the functions that kinship systems serve within societies. It suggests that kinship systems are shaped by the needs of society and that they play important roles in maintaining social order and stability. The structural functionalist theory is often associated with the work of anthropologists such as A.R. Radcliffe-Brown.
• Cultural theory: This theory emerged in the latter half of the 20^th century and focuses on the cultural meanings and symbols associated with kinship relationships. It suggests that kinship ties are not simply biological or functional, but are also shaped by cultural beliefs, values, and practices. Cultural theory is often associated with the work of anthropologists such as Clifford Geertz and Sherry Ortner.

Additional Information

• Kinship theory is a field of study within anthropology that seeks to understand how people form relationships and organize themselves into families and social groups. Kinship systems vary widely across cultures and historical periods, and kinship theory seeks to explain the similarities and differences between these systems.
• One key concept in kinship theory is the idea of kinship terminology, which refers to the way that different cultures classify and name their relatives. Another important concept is the distinction between biological relationships and social relationships.
• Descent is a concept in sociology that refers to the tracing of family lineage or ancestry through either the male or female line. Descent is an important aspect of many kinship systems and is often used as a basis for determining social relationships and obligations in traditional societies.

Thus, the correct order is  Descent, Structural functionalist, Alliance, Cultural.

Inter-disciplinary research in human sciences results from two separate but inter-related needs.

Key Points

• Interdisciplinary research refers to the collaboration between researchers from different academic disciplines to address complex problems or questions that cannot be tackled by a single discipline alone.
• In the field of human sciences, interdisciplinary research can result from two separate but interrelated needs.
• The first need involves the exchange of information among related disciplines in the belief that such exchange enriches a discipline's understanding of the phenomena under study.
• The second need involves the need for common structures or analytical integration, which is more challenging and requires overcoming disciplinary boundaries and finding common ground.
• Overall, interdisciplinary research in human sciences is driven by the need to address complex problems or questions that cannot be tackled by a single discipline alone, and it requires both the exchange of information and data as well as the development of more common structures or analytical integration.

Thus, we can conclude that inter-disciplinary research in human sciences results from two separate but inter-related needs.

Interdisciplinary collaboration sometimes involves adoption of common method by related disciplines.

Key Points

• Interdisciplinary collaboration sometimes involves the exchange of information among related disciplines in the belief that such exchange enriches a discipline's understanding of the phenomena under study.
• This means that researchers from different fields come together to share their data and knowledge, which can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of a particular issue or problem.
• This level of interdisciplinary collaboration poses little or no problems and does not erode the boundaries and autonomy of a discipline in explanatory terms.
• It can sometimes lead to the adoption of common methods by related disciplines, which may pave the way for possible integration at the level of analysis or perspectives or interpretative scheme.
• However, this kind of collaboration is different from the need for more common structures or analytical integration, which is more difficult to achieve.

Hence, we can conclude that interdisciplinary collaboration sometimes involves adoption of common method by related disciplines.

The correct answer is social sciences having no linear order.

Key Points

• The difficulties in analytical integration in interdisciplinary research in human sciences are due to several factors.
• One of the main challenges is that unlike in the natural sciences, there is no linear order of sciences ranged between 'decreasing generality' and 'increasing complexity'.
• In the social sciences, explanations of diverse social phenomena cannot always be reduced to a single perspective peculiar to that science.
• Sociologists, for instance, are often accused of reducing everything to sociology, while economists, political scientists, linguists, psychologists, and other social scientists may also display similar tendencies, albeit with differences in degree.
• Furthermore, analytical integration requires the identification of common structures or analytical frameworks that can be applied across different disciplines to produce a more comprehensive understanding of the problem or issue under study.
• However, identifying such common structures can be difficult because different disciplines may use different methods, approaches, and theoretical frameworks to study the same problem or issue.
• This can lead to challenges in comparing and contrasting findings, as well as in integrating different perspectives into a coherent whole.
• Overall, achieving analytical integration in interdisciplinary research in human sciences requires a willingness to collaborate across disciplines, as well as an openness to different perspectives, methods, and theoretical frameworks.
• It also requires careful attention to the ways in which different disciplines conceptualize and study social phenomena, in order to identify commonalities and develop shared analytical frameworks.

Therefore, the correct answer is social sciences having no linear order.

The common tendency among some social sciences is to reduce explanations of diverse phenomena to one perspective.

Key Points

• In the social sciences, there is often a tendency among some scholars to reduce explanations of diverse social phenomena to a single perspective that is specific to their own discipline.
• For example, a sociologist may tend to view all social phenomena through a sociological lens, while an economist may have a tendency to view social phenomena through an economic lens.
• This tendency is often referred to as disciplinary imperialism or reductionism.
• This is not to say that scholars in the social sciences are not aware of other perspectives or that they do not appreciate the value of interdisciplinary research.
• In fact, interdisciplinary collaboration is becoming increasingly common as scholars recognize the value of drawing on insights from different fields in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of complex social phenomena.
• However, the process of achieving analytical integration or the development of common structures among disciplines is not always straightforward.
• Unlike in the natural sciences, there is no linear order of sciences in the social sciences that ranges between decreasing generality and increasing complexity.
• This makes it difficult to establish a clear hierarchy of disciplines or to develop a shared theoretical framework that is applicable to all social phenomena.
• Furthermore, different disciplines may use different concepts, methods, and theories, which can make it challenging to integrate their findings.
• To overcome these challenges, scholars in the social sciences need to work together to develop interdisciplinary frameworks that allow them to collaborate effectively and to address complex social phenomena from a variety of perspectives.

Hence, we can conclude that the common tendency among some social sciences is to reduce explanations of diverse phenomena to one perspective.

The correct answer is 'Sociological reductionism'.

Key Points

• Disciplinary imperialism refers to the tendency of a particular discipline to dominate or exert influence over other disciplines or fields of study.
• In the context of social sciences, this can manifest as a belief that a particular discipline's theories, methods, or perspectives are superior or more relevant to understanding social phenomena than those of other disciplines.
• Sociological imperialism is a specific form of disciplinary imperialism that is associated with the tendency of some sociologists to prioritize the sociological perspective above other perspectives or disciplines.
• This can lead to a reductionist approach, where explanations of social phenomena are reduced to a single perspective, and other disciplines or perspectives are marginalized or ignored.
• For example, a sociologist might argue that all social phenomena can be explained by reference to social structures, such as class, gender, or race, and that the perspectives of other disciplines, such as psychology or anthropology, are less relevant or even irrelevant.
• This reductionist approach can limit the ability of interdisciplinary research to develop common structures or achieve analytical integration, as it does not allow for a full appreciation of the complexity and diversity of social phenomena.
• It is important to note that not all sociologists subscribe to this reductionist approach, and interdisciplinary research can provide a valuable opportunity to develop a more comprehensive understanding of social phenomena by drawing on the strengths of multiple perspectives and disciplines.

Hence, we can conclude that 'Sociological imperialism' is associated with 'Sociological reductionism'.

The correct answer is Anthony Giddens. 

Key Points

• The concept of 'runaway world' is used by Anthony Giddens.
• The title of Giddens accessible modern classic 'Runaway World' immediately suggests to the reader that he perceives globalization as an unpredictable, destabilizing process.
• In Giddens' own words: “We are the first generation to live in a global society, whose contours we can as yet only dimly see.

Additional Information

• Pierre Bourdieu, however, distinguishes between three forms of capital that can determine peoples' social position: economic, social, and cultural capital. Health research examining the effects of cultural capital is scarce.
• Habermas's theory of communicative action rests on the idea that social order ultimately depends on the capacity of actors to recognize the intersubjective validity of the different claims on which social cooperation depends.
• Manuel Castells Oliván is a Spanish sociologist. He is well known for his authorship of a trilogy of works, entitled The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture. He is a scholar of the information society, communication, and globalization.

Thus, the Concept of a 'runaway world' is used by Anthony Giddens.

The correct answer is Has gradually risen. 

Key Points

• In modern industrialized societies, the status of women in the industry has gradually risen over the past century.
• While there are still gender disparities in many industries and occupations, there has been significant progress in breaking down barriers to women's participation in the workforce.
• In many developed countries, women now make up a larger share of the workforce in many industries, including manufacturing, technology, and healthcare.

Additional Information

• Feminization is the shift in gender roles and sex roles in a society, group, or organization towards a focus on the feminine. It can also mean the incorporation of women into a group or a profession that was once dominated by men.
• The Labour Force Participation Rate for males has gone up to 57.5% in 2020-21, as compared to 55.6% in 2018-19. The female Labour Force Participation Rate has gone up to 25.1% in 2020-21 from 18.6% in 2018-19.
• Socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society. Socialization encompasses both learning and teaching and is thus "the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained".

Thus, In modern industrialized societies, the status of women in the industry has gradually risen over the past century.

The correct answer is  Clifford Geertz. 

Key Points

• The leading scholar of "symbolic anthropology" is generally considered to be Clifford Geertz.
• He was an American anthropologist who is known for his work on the interpretation of culture and symbols.
• Geertz developed the concept of "thick description" in his seminal work, "The Interpretation of Cultures", which emphasizes the importance of interpreting cultural practices in their particular social and historical contexts.

Additional Information

• Alfred Schutz was an Austrian philosopher and social phenomenologist whose work bridged sociological and phenomenological traditions. Schutz is gradually being recognized as one of the 20^th century's leading philosophers of social science.
• GH Mead is best known for his work on the nature of the self and intersubjectivity, he also developed a theory of action, and a metaphysics or philosophy of nature that emphasizes emergence and temporality, in which the past and future are viewed through the lens of the present.
• Karl Mannheim was an influential Hungarian sociologist during the first half of the 20^th century. He is a key figure in classical sociology, as well as one of the founders of the sociology of knowledge.

Thus, Clifford Geertz is regarded as the leading scholar of 'symbolic anthropology'.

The correct answer is Manuel Castells. 

Key Points

• Manuel Castells, write about the concept of "timeless time" in his book "The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, Volume I."
• Castells argues that the spread of information and communication technologies has led to a blurring of the boundaries between work and leisure, resulting in a form of time that is disconnected from the natural rhythms of day and night.
• This "timeless time," according to Castells, is characterized by constant connectivity, instantaneous communication, and the dissolution of traditional social structures.

Additional Information

• David Harvey is quite simply the most influential human geographer of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, and probably the most eminent social scientist ever to be associated with the University of Bristol.
• Marshall McLuhan's most famous idea is that “the medium is the message”. By this, he means that the important thing about media is not the messages they carry but the way the medium itself affects human consciousness and society at large.
• Anthony Giddens is best known for the theory of structuration, which explores the connection between individuals and social systems. His holistic view of modern societies

Thus, The transformation of time in, modern society in the form of 'timelessness' was emphasized by Manuel Castells.

The correct answer is Intended and recognized. 

Key Points

• According to the sociologist Robert K. Merton, manifest functions are the intended and recognized consequences of social actions, institutions, or processes.
• Manifest functions are typically positive, intentional, and openly stated.
• For example, the manifest function of a university is to educate students and provide them with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in their chosen fields.

Additional Information

• Latent functions are unintended or unrecognized. consequences of social actions, institutions, or processes.
• For example, a university may have a latent function of socializing students into the norms and values of society.
• Merton's theory on deviance stems from his 1938 analysis of the relationship between culture, structure, and anomie.
• Merton argued that deviance is most likely to occur when there is a discrepancy between culturally prescribed goals and the legitimate means of obtaining them.
• Anomie was a concept introduced to sociology by Emile Durkheim to mean normlessness; an upheaval in social values often associated with rapid social change and lack of order.

Thus, According to R.K. Merton Manifest functions are Intended and recognized.

The correct answer is  Oilseeds. 

Key Points

• The Yellow Revolution is a term used to describe the significant increase in the production of oilseeds in India, particularly mustard, which has a yellowish color.
• The Yellow Revolution was launched in the early 1990s with the aim of increasing the production of oilseeds to reduce India's dependence on imports of edible oils.
• As a result of the Yellow Revolution, India's production of oilseeds increased significantly, from around 12 million tons in the early 1990s to over 30 million tons in recent years.

Additional Information

• Uttar Pradesh is the highest milk-producing state in India contributing around 18% to the total milk production, followed by Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Punjab contributing 11%, 10%, 8%, and 7% respectively.
• Tiger conservation in India is a critical issue, as India is home to more than 70% of the world's wild tigers. One of the most important initiatives for tiger conservation in India is Project Tiger, which was launched in 1973.
• Telangana is a state in southern India, which was formed on June 2, 2014, after the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the 29^th state of India and is located on the Deccan Plateau. Telangana has a population of around 35 million people.

Thus, the Yellow revolution is related to Oilseeds.

The correct answer is 2001-2011. 

Key Points

• The total addition to the urban population was 91 million during 2001-2011- the highest ever.
• It was the first time the urban population increment was higher than the rural increment (90.5 million) since a uniform definition was followed in 1961.
• During the decade 2001-2011, the total urban population increased by 31.8%, while the rural population increased by 12.3%.

Additional Information

• The decade of 1991-2001 saw a great difference in the increase between the total urban population and the total rural population in India. The total urban population increased by 31.8% during this period, while the rural population increased by 18.1%.
• During the decade of 1971-1981, the total population of India increased from 548.2 million to 683.3 million, representing a growth rate of 24.6%.
• During the decade 1981-1991, the total population of India increased from 683.3 million to 846.3 million, representing a growth rate of 23.9%.
• In the 1911 and 1921 censuses, when the population actually declined. The year 1921 is often referred to as the “Year of the Great Divide,” the last period in which India's population declined, due to the effects of famine

Thus, In the 2001-2011  decade increase in the total urban population was more than the total increase in the rural population of India.

The correct answer is Levi Strauss. 

Key Points

• Claude Levi-Strauss has written about the situation of unmarried individuals in primitive societies in his book "Elementary Structures of Kinship".
• In this book, Levi-Strauss discusses the incest taboo and how it creates a system of marriage exchange and alliance between families, which can result in unmarried individuals being left without a partner.
• Levi-Strauss notes that the situation of unmarried individuals in primitive societies is often difficult, as they may not have the same social support or resources as married individuals.

Additional Information

• George Peter Murdock was an American anthropologist who made significant contributions to the field of anthropology, particularly in the areas of kinship, family, and social structure. He was known for his cross-cultural research and comparative approach to studying human societies.
• Kingsley Davis was an American sociologist who made significant contributions to the fields of demography and urban sociology. He is best known for his work on population growth and urbanization, and for his development of the demographic transition theory.
• Robert Harry Lowie was an Austrian-American anthropologist who is best known for his extensive ethnographic work among the Native American tribes of the Great Plains region of North America.

Thus, Levi Strauss has said much about the miserable situation of unmarried individuals in most of the primitive societies.

The correct answer is the Comparative method. 

Key Points

• Durkheim use the term "comparative method" to refer to what he also called "indirect experimentation.
• "Durkheim believed that sociology could be a science and that the comparative method, or indirect experimentation, was the best approach to studying social phenomena.
• In Durkheim's view, the comparative method involved the systematic collection of quantitative data on a wide range of social phenomena, including crime, suicide, religion, and family structure.
• By analyzing this data, sociologists could identify correlations between social variables and develop theories about the causes and effects of social phenomena.

Additional Information

• Historical method: a technique of presenting information (as in teaching or criticism) in which a topic is considered in terms of its earliest phases and followed in a historical course through its subsequent evolution and development.
• Participant observation (PO) is a research methodology where the researcher is immersed in the day-to-day activities of the participants. The objective is usually to record conduct under the widest range of possible settings.
• The laboratory method in sociology refers to a research approach where experiments are conducted in a controlled environment, typically a laboratory, to study social phenomena. This method is often used in experimental sociology, which is a subfield of sociology that seeks to test theories and hypotheses through experiments.

Thus, According to Durkheim, the Indirect Experiment is the Comparative method.

The correct answer is R.K. Merton. 

Key Points

• Merton was one of the pioneers in this field and developed several key concepts, such as "the ethos of science," "the Matthew effect," and "organized skepticism," to help explain how politics, funding, and other social factors can influence the production and reception of scientific knowledge.
• His work has been highly influential in shaping our understanding of the relationship between science and society and continues to be a major point of reference for scholars in the field of science studies.
• Robert K. Merton was a prominent sociologist who made significant contributions to the field of sociology of science. One of his key contributions was the development of the concept of the "ethos of science," which refers to the norms and values that govern scientific practice.

Additional Information

• Durkheim believed that society exerted a powerful force on individuals. According to Durkheim, people's norms, beliefs, and values make up a collective consciousness, or a shared way of understanding and behaving in the world.
• Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown (January 17, 1881 – October 24, 1955) was a British social anthropologist who developed the theory of "structural-functionalism," and is often regarded, together with Bronislaw Malinowski, as the father of modern social anthropology.
• Thomas Burton Bottomore was a British Marxist sociologist. Bottomore was Secretary of the International Sociological Association from 1953 to 1959. He was the eighth president of ISA.

Thus, R.K. Merton has systematically undertaken the influence of politics on science in his study of the sociology of science.

The correct answer is Karl Popper.

 Key Points

• The philosopher of science Karl Popper is widely credited with introducing the concept of falsifiability in the context of science, particularly in his book "The Logic of Scientific Discovery" published in 1934.
• Popper argued that scientific theories should be open to being tested and potentially falsified through empirical evidence.
• Popper's concept of falsifiability has had a significant impact on the philosophy of science and the practice of scientific research.
• It has also been applied to the social sciences, where it has been used to criticize theories that are not open to empirical testing or that lack clear criteria for falsification.

Additional Information

• Kuhn Kuhn, (born July 18, 1922, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.—died June 17, 1996, Cambridge, Mass.), American historian of science noted for The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), one of the most influential works of history and philosophy written in the 20^th century.
• George defines globalization as the process by which people, objects, and information flow in multiple directions across the planet as well as the structures they encounter, which can be barriers or catalysts to the flows.
• William Josiah Goode (1921-2003) was an American sociologist and anthropologist known for his research on the family, gender roles, and ethnicity. Goode received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1951 and went on to teach at several universities, including Columbia University and Stanford University.

Thus, Karl Popper was the first to use the word "falsifiability" in the context of social science.

The correct answer is The problem of the Rupee: Its origin and its solution.

 Key Points

• The doctoral thesis of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is titled "The Problems of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution."
• Dr. Ambedkar completed this thesis at Columbia University in 1923 and it is considered a pioneering work on the subject of monetary economics in India.
• The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the historical origins of the Indian rupee and how it became linked to the British pound.
• Dr. Ambedkar examines the factors that led to the depreciation of the rupee against the pound and argues that the existing monetary system was not suitable for India's economic needs.
• In the second part of the thesis, Dr. Ambedkar proposes several solutions to address the problems of the rupee.
• He suggests the establishment of a gold standard for the rupee and advocates for greater financial autonomy for India.

Additional Information

• Ancient India commerce is a book by Dr. Ambedkar.
• "State and Minorities" and "Annihilation of Caste" are two separate works by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, but they share some common themes related to social justice and equality in India.
• "Commercial Relations of India" is the title of a book written by Dadabhai Naoroji, a prominent Indian nationalist, politician, and economist in the late 19^th century. The book was first published in 1866 and examines the economic impact of British colonial rule on India, with a particular focus on the effects of British trade policies and practices on Indian industries and commerce.

Thus, The Doctoral thesis of Dr. Ambedkar is entitled The problem of Rupee: Its origin and its solution.

The correct answer is - Herbert Spencer 

Key Points

• Herbert Spencer
• Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher and sociologist, considered one of the founders of the functionalist perspective in sociology.
• He was a key figure in the development of social evolutionary theory and made extensive use of case materials to compare different cultures and societies.
• Spencer utilized case materials to illustrate his theories on societal development and structure, laying the groundwork for later comparative sociology.
• His works, such as "The Principles of Sociology," extensively collected and compared data on various societies to provide insights into human social evolution.

Additional Information

• William Healey
• William Healey is known for his contributions to psychology and child psychiatry rather than sociological comparative studies.
• He did not focus on the use of case materials in a sociological context.
• Fredrick Leplay
• Fredrick Leplay was a French engineer and sociologist known for his studies on family budgets and social organization.
• While he did use empirical data, his primary focus was on labor and family welfare rather than broad cultural comparisons.
• August Comte
• August Comte, often referred to as the father of sociology, focused on establishing sociology as a positive science.
• He emphasized systematic observation and rational analysis but did not extensively use case materials in the comparative sense that Spencer did.

The correct answer is - Optimum sample 

Key Points

• Optimum Sample
• An optimum sample is designed to achieve the most accurate representation of the population being studied while being efficient, reliable, and flexible.
• It balances the need for representativeness and cost, ensuring that the sample is not only adequate in size but also inclusive of various segments of the population.
• This type of sample maximizes the reliability of the data collected, ensuring that the findings are statistically valid and can be generalized to the larger population.
• Flexibility is maintained to adjust the sampling procedure if required, without compromising the overall integrity and purpose of the study.

Additional Information

• Stratified Sample
• This technique involves dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and sampling from each subgroup.
• It ensures that specific segments of the population are adequately represented but does not necessarily ensure overall efficiency or flexibility.
• Accidental Sample
• Also known as a convenience sample, it consists of individuals who are easy to reach.
• This method is highly unreliable in terms of representativeness and overall reliability of the findings, as it can introduce significant bias.
• Cluster Sample
• This involves dividing the population into clusters, randomly selecting clusters, and then sampling all individuals within the chosen clusters.
• While useful for large populations and geographically dispersed groups, it may not always ensure flexibility or the highest efficiency in some contexts.

Vinoba Bhave initiated the Bhudan Movement in India in 1951 in response to the Nalgonda Incident.

Explanation:

• The Bhoodan Movement was initiated by Vinoba Bhave, a devoted follower of Mahatma Gandhi, in 1951 in India. The movement was sparked during Bhave's visit to the village of Pochampally in the Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh (which is now part of Telangana), a place which was quite known as a centre of communist activity at that time.

Key Points

• The first success of this movement came on April 18, 1951, when a landowner voluntarily donated a piece of land.
• The main aim of the Bhoodan Movement was to bring forth a "non-violent revolution" in the domain of land reforms in India. The Movement sought to persuade wealthy landowners to voluntarily donate a piece of their land to the landless, thereby reducing socioeconomic inequality in rural regions.
• This initiative was often dubbed as the "bloodless revolution" since it was based on the principles of non-violence and truth, deeply imbued in the Gandhian philosophy that Vinoba Bhave adhered to.

Additional Information 

• As part of his mission, Bhave travelled across India, primarily on foot, appealing to landowners to part with a portion of their land.
• He aimed to instill in them the virtues of empathy and social responsibility. It's worthwhile noting that one critical aspect of the movement was its voluntary nature - the landowners were not compelled or coerced into donating; they did so out of their own accord.

The correct answer is E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker.

Key Points

• The self-respect movement was founded by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, commonly known as Periyar.
• It was a dynamic social movement aimed at destroying the contemporary Hindu social order in its totality and creating a new, rational society without caste, religion, and god.
• It was founded in 1925 by S. Ramanathan who invited E. V. Ramasamy (also known as Periyar by his followers) to head the movement in Tamil Nadu, India against Brahminism.
• It filled with the sense of self-respect and above all self-confidence, to fight against social injustice perpetrated by the Brahmins of the day.
• It led to the promotion of inter-caste and inter-religious marriages and the legalization of marriages without Brahman priests.

Additional Information

• Mahatma Jyotiba Phule battled for the education of girls and was a pioneer for women's rights in India. He is credited with founding the first Hindu orphanage for unfortunate children.
• Narayana Guru, IPA, was a philosopher, spiritual leader, and social reformer in India. He led a reform movement against injustice in the caste-ridden society of Kerala in order to promote spiritual enlightenment and social equality.
• Shri Golwalkar eventually received his 'Diksha' and became a sanyasi. Shri Guruji was a holy avatar known as Rranhar of Hindu society. Involvement with the RSS.

Thus, The self-respect movement was founded by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker.

The correct answer is C, E, and B only. 

Key Points

• A major reason that contributed to the growth of Sociology in the post-independence period can also be attributed to the policy of administration followed by the Indian state declared the practice of untouchability in any form an offense, and the introduction of reservation for Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SCs and ST.
• Moreover, the planning commission and five-year plan led to the growth of economic sociology.
• Similarly, the different section of society and their diversity too was keenly studied post-independence, leading to the growth of cultural sociology.

Additional Information

• Sociologists would generally state that sociology is primarily focused on three theoretical orientations. These three theoretical orientations are Structural Functionalism, Symbolic Interactionism, and Conflict Perspective.
• Structural functionalism, in sociology and other social sciences, is a school of thought according to which each of the institutions, relationships, roles, and norms that together constitute a society serves a purpose, and each is indispensable for the continued existence of the others and of society as a whole.
• Social conflict theorists suggest that crime in any society is caused by class conflict and that those in power create laws to protect their rights and interests. All criminal acts have political undertones, and Quinney has called this concept the "social reality of crime."

Thus, After independence, till 1970, sociological and social anthropological studies have shown a deep concern for cultural, Economic, and Social subjects.

The correct solution is A and C 

Important Points

• An urban area that forms when two or more urban areas grow together and converge into a single urban area is called an urban agglomeration.
• It usually incorporates the population in a city or town plus that in the suburban areas lying outside of but adjacent to the city boundaries.
• According to the Census of India 2011, an urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread consisting of a town and its adjoining outgrowths.
• Delhi, and Mumbai in India are examples of urban agglomeration.

Additional Information

• Urban agglomeration consists of many towns and cities that are closely linked together and they are the world's important engines of economic growth.
• An urban agglomeration should consist of one statutory town.
• As per the Census of India 2011, the Statutory Town is defined as all the towns/places having a municipality, corporation, cantonment board, or notified town area committee.
• The population of urban agglomeration should not be less than 20,000 people.

The correct solution is A and C only 

Important Points

• Earth Day is celebrated on April 22 every year to demonstrate support for environmental protection.
• It was first celebrated on April 22, 1970, and now it includes a wide range of events celebrated globally.
• The Official theme for 2022 Earth Day is Invest in our Planet.
• World Environment Day is celebrated annually on June 5 for raising awareness for the protection of the environment.
• World Environment Day was first celebrated in 1971 by the United Nations at the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (5-16 June).

Additional Information

• The International Day for Monuments and Sites, also known as World Heritage Day, is an international observance held on 18 April.
• This day was first observed in 1983 by UNESCO to spread awareness about the cultural heritage and diversity on the planet.
• World Population Day is celebrated on July 11 and is dedicated to focussing on the importance of population issues.
• World Wetlands Day is annually held on February 2 to celebrate how wetlands help to maintain biodiversity on Earth.

The correct solution is A, C, and D only. 

Key Points

Michio Kaku is an American physicist, futurist, and science communicator. 

• He is a professor of science at the City College of New York and CUNY Graduate Center.
• He was awarded, Sir Arthur Clarke Lifetime Achievement Award in 2021 for his efforts to bridge the gap between science and science fiction.
• Some of his famous books and best-sellers are Physics of the Impossible (2008), Physics of the Future (2011), The Future of the Mind (2014), and The God Equation: The Quest for a Theory of Everything (2021).

Additional Information

• There are three great themes in science in the 20^th century—the atom, the computer, and the gene.
• According to Michio Kaku, the three pillars of revolution are Quantum Revolution, Computer Revolution, and Bio-Molecular Revolution.
• Until 1925 no one understood the world of the atom and now we have a complete description of matter.
• Energy is not continuous but occurs in discrete bundles called "quanta".
• Also known as the digital revolution, a computer revolution is a point in time at which computers make a significant change to human civilization.
• There is a genetic code written on the molecules within the cells  - DNA.
• The technique of molecular biology allows us to read the code of life like a book.
• The bio-molecular revolution has allowed us to watch life and also manipulate it at our will.

The correct solution is A, C, and D only.

Important Points

• Gender is socially constructed as opposed to that which is biologically given.
• Gender refers to the personality traits and behavior in distinction from the body.
• Thus sex refers to the physical differences in body and gender concerns the psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females.
• A boy or a girl is taught feminine and masculine traits through the process of gender socialization.

Additional Information

• Reproductive organs are the main determinants of biological sex relevant in gender tests that differentiate between a male and a female body.
• Hormones are our body's chemical messengers and they work slowly over time and influence different life processes including life and death.
• Males and females have different hormones which are responsible for puberty, reproduction, menopause, etc.
• The secondary sex characteristics are the visible differences between males and females.
• For example, the development of breasts, pubic hair, and widened hips for females and the growth of beard facial hair, pubic hair, and Adam's apple in males.
• Therefore, reproductive organs, hormones, and secondary sex characteristics are the determinants of biological sex relevant in gender tests.

A, B, C only is the correct answer.

Important Points

• A. It is a collective behaviour:
• Yes, social movements involve the collective action of individuals who share common beliefs, interests, or grievances.
• B. It is oriented towards goals:
• Yes, social movements are typically focused on achieving specific goals or changes in society, such as political or social reforms.
• C. It can bring or resist change:
• Yes, social movements can either try to bring about change or resist change that is already occurring in society.
• D. Causes of movement are always real, known or unknown:
• No, the causes of social movements can be varied and complex, and may not always be fully understood or known.
• E. Movement is caused by deprivation only:
• No, social movements can be motivated by a variety of factors, including perceived injustices, moral beliefs, or the desire for social or political change.
• Deprivation is one possible motivation, but it is not the only one.

The correct answer is - A, B, E only

Key Points

• Dowry
• Despite the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, dowry-related violence continues due to weak enforcement and legal loopholes.
• Dowry demands often lead to domestic abuse and even deaths, especially among married women.
• Rape
• Although rape laws have been amended (e.g., after the Nirbhaya case), issues remain in areas like:
• Non-criminalization of marital rape
• Slow judicial process and low conviction rates
• Live-in Relationship
• While live-in relationships are legally recognized, they are often socially stigmatized and lack consistent legal protection.
• There are increasing cases of intimate partner violence in live-in relationships without sufficient legal recourse.

Additional Information

• Honour Killing
• Is a criminal offence under Indian law, not considered a liberalized issue.
• It is associated with caste, religion, and family 'honour' but not directly linked to legal liberalization.
• Divorce
• Although laws allow for easier divorce today, divorce itself is not a direct cause of domestic or sexual violence.
• However, some misuse of legal provisions is cited in certain contexts, but it's not central to the question of liberal laws enabling violence.
• Legal Reforms Still Needed
• Criminalization of marital rape
• Stronger protections in live-in relationships
• Improved enforcement of anti-dowry laws

The correct answer is (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i). 

Key Points

• Capturing the commons: In this illuminating new book, James M. Acheson examines the management of the lobster industry. He shows that resource degradation is not inevitable. Indeed, the Maine lobster fishery is one of the most successful fisheries in the world.
• Cows, Kin and Globalization author is S. A Crate: Crate presents the first cultural ecological study of a Siberian people: the Viliui Sakha, contemporary horse and cattle agropastoralists in northeastern Siberia.
• Environmentality authored by A. Agarwal: In Kumaon in northern India, villagers set hundreds of forest fires in the early 1920s, protesting the colonial British state's regulations to protect the environment. Yet by the 1990s, they had begun to conserve their forests carefully.
• Sacred Ecology authored by F. Berkes: examines bodies of knowledge held by indigenous and other rural peoples around the world, and asks how we can learn from this knowledge and ways of knowing.

Additional Information

• Fikret Berkes is a prominent scholar in the field of environmental studies, particularly in the area of resource management and governance. He is a distinguished professor at the Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Canada.
• Arun Agrawal is a professor of environmental governance at the University of Michigan. His research focuses on the political economy of development, institutional change, and environmental policy in the context of developing countries.
• JM Acheson is a professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of Maine. He is known for his research on the social and ecological dimensions of resource management, particularly in the context of fisheries.
• Samantha A. Crate is a cultural and environmental anthropologist who is a professor at the University of Winnipeg in Canada. She has conducted research on a range of topics, including the social and cultural dimensions of climate change, gender and development, and the political ecology of resource management.

Thus, 

The correct answer is (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (iii), (d) - (i). 

Key Points

• Oscar Lewis:  His most famous work is the concept of "culture of poverty", which argues that poverty is not only a result of a lack of resources but also a way of life that is transmitted from one generation to another through cultural patterns and values.
• Louis Wirth: research on urbanism. Wirth argued that cities are unique social environments that lead to the formation of complex social structures and cultural patterns that are distinct from rural areas. He coined the term "urbanism as a way of life" to describe the unique culture of urban areas.
• Janice Perlman:  In her book "The Myth of Marginality: Urban Poverty and Politics in Rio de Janeiro", Perlman argues that the idea of "marginality" as a defining characteristic of urban poverty is a myth that ignores the complex social and political forces that shape the lives of urban poor.
• David Harvey: In his book "The Right to the City", Harvey argues that urban space is a site of struggle between the forces of capital and the social movements that seek to reclaim the city for the public good. He argues that the right to the city is a fundamental right that should be guaranteed to all urban residents.

Additional Information

• Louis Wirth (1897-1952) was a German-American sociologist and a prominent figure in urban sociology. He is best known for his seminal work "Urbanism as a Way of Life," which explored the social and psychological effects of urbanization.
• Oscar Lewis (1914-1970) was an American anthropologist. He is best known for his research on poverty and his concept of the "culture of poverty." He conducted fieldwork in Mexico and later in the United States, focusing on urban poverty and social inequality.
• Janice Perlman (born in 1940) is an American anthropologist and author. She is best known for her research on urbanization and poverty in Latin America, particularly in Brazil.
• David Harvey (born 1935) is a British Marxist geographer and social theorist. He is one of the most influential scholars in the field of urban studies, having written extensively on topics such as capitalism, globalization, and urbanization.

Thus, 

The correct answer is  D, C, A, B Only.

 Key Points

• Consanguineous Marriage: This was the earliest form of marriage in human society, in which people were allowed to marry within their own cor tribe. This type of marriage was common among hunter-gatherer societies and was characterized by a lack of permanent partnerships.
• Group Marriage: In this stage, a group of men would marry a group of women, forming a communal marriage system. This was common among some Native American tribes and some other societies with communal living arrangements.
• The Syndyasmian or pairing of the family is founded upon the marriage of single pairs, without giving the right of exclusive cohabitation to any person over the other. The term Syndyasmian is derived from Syndyazo, meaning to pair. It was the germ of the Monogamian family.
• Monogamous Marriage: This was the next stage of marriage, in which one man and one woman formed a permanent bond. Monogamous marriage was an important step toward the establishment of the modern family unit.

Additional Information

• Patriarchal Marriage: In this stage, marriage was defined by a patriarchal social structure, in which men held power and authority over women. This form of marriage emerged in many societies around the world, including ancient Greece and Rome, and persisted in many cultures until modern times.
• Lewis Henry Morgan was a pioneering anthropologist and social theorist who studied the evolution of human society, including the evolution of marriage.
• In his seminal work "Ancient Society" (1877), Morgan proposed a theory of social evolution in which he identified three main stages of human development: savagery, barbarism, and civilization.
• Morgan argued that the evolution of marriage was closely linked to the evolution of social organization and the development of property rights. He identified five stages of marital evolution.

​Thus, the correct sequence of the evolution of marriage according to L.H. Morgan is  Consanguineous> Group marriage> Synadyasmain> Monogamy.

The correct answer is  A, B, E, D, C.

Key Points

• Observation of Facts: The first step involves observing and gathering empirical data, often through systematic and objective methods, such as surveys or experiments.
• Analysis of Observed Facts: This step involves applying various analytical tools and techniques to examine the data and identify patterns or relationships among the variables.
• Conceptualization: Once the data is collected, the next step involves organizing and categorizing it into concepts or variables that can be analyzed.
• Generalization: Once concepts have been developed, scientists can begin to make generalizations about how the world works. These generalizations are based on the evidence that has been gathered through observation and analysis.
• Theory Building: Finally, scientists can use the concepts and generalizations to construct a theory that explains the observed facts and can be used to make predictions about future observations.

Additional Information

• Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) was an American sociologist and one of the most influential figures in the development of sociology in the 20^th century. He is widely recognized for his contributions to the sociology of science, social theory, and research methodology.
• Merton's most famous contribution to sociology is his work on the norms of scientific behavior and the scientific ethos. In his classic book "The Sociology of Science," Merton argued that science is a social institution governed by a set of norms that include universalism, communism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism.
• Merton's scheme emphasizes the importance of starting with empirical observation and building toward more abstract conceptualizations and theories. This approach ensures that research findings are grounded in evidence and can be replicated by other researchers.

Thus,  the correct sequence according to Merton's scheme is A (Observation of facts), B (Analysis of observed facts), E (Conceptualization), D (Generalization), and C (Theory Building)..

The correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• Assertion (A) states that the prevailing mode of development through industrialization and obsession with infinite growth has impaired the ecosystem. This is a true statement. Industrialization and obsession with infinite growth have led to the overuse of natural resources and increased pollution, resulting in severe damage to the ecosystem.
• Reason (R) states that the obsession with growth without limits has overstrained the natural resource base. This is also a true statement. The continued pursuit of growth without considering the carrying capacity of the ecosystem and natural resource limits has led to the overuse and depletion of natural resources.
• The concept of sustainable development highlights the need to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social well-being to ensure a sustainable future for all.

Additional Information

• The idea that the prevailing mode of development through industrialization and an obsession with infinite growth has impaired the ecosystem is rooted in the concept of sustainable development.
• Sustainable development aims to meet the present needs of people without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• The pursuit of infinite growth without considering its environmental impact has led to the overconsumption of natural resources, environmental pollution, and ecological imbalances. For instance, the excessive use of fossil fuels for industrialization has led to air pollution and climate change, which has negatively affected the health and well-being of humans and other living beings.

Thus, The prevailing mode of development through industrialization and obsession with infinite growth has impaired the eco-system is true since Obsession with growth without limits has overstrained the natural resource base.

The correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• The Preamble of the Constitution of India begins with the words "We, the people of India," indicating that the Constitution is created by the people, for the people.
• The Preamble outlines the objectives and purposes of the Constitution, and one of its primary objectives is to promote fraternity among all Indians.
• The Preamble also guarantees to all citizens of India social, economic, and political justice.
• This is stated explicitly in the Preamble itself, which states that one of the objectives of the Constitution is to "secure to all its citizens: Justice, social, economic and political."

Additional Information

• The Preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the objectives and purposes of the Constitution. It is considered to be an integral part of the Constitution and reflects the ideals and aspirations of the people of India.
• One of the primary objectives of the Preamble is to promote fraternity among all Indians. Fraternity means a sense of brotherhood and unity among all citizens of India, regardless of their caste, religion, language, or region.
• The Preamble also guarantees to all citizens of India social, economic, and political justice. This means that every citizen of India has the right to equal treatment and opportunities, regardless of their social, economic, or political background.

Thus, The Preamble of the Constitution seeks to spread fraternity among all Indians. The Preamble of the Constitution of India guarantees to all citizens of India, Social, Economic and Political Justice Both (A) and (R) are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.

The correct answer is both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• The assertion (A) is true, as comparative method is one of the main methods used in sociology.
• This method involves comparing different social phenomena in order to identify similarities and differences, and to draw conclusions about the causes and effects of these phenomena.
• The reason (R) given is also true, as social phenomena are often more complex than natural phenomena, and are influenced by a wide range of factors, such as cultural norms, historical events, and political structures.
• Therefore, it is often difficult or impossible to establish causal connections in social science through direct experimentation.
• However, the reason does not fully explain why sociology uses the method of comparative method.
• While it is true that direct experimentation is difficult in social science, there are also other reasons why comparative method is used, such as its ability to generate new theories, its flexibility in adapting to different contexts, and its usefulness in studying historical and cultural differences.

Hence, we can conclude that both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of A.

In the census year 2001, data on slums was collected for the first time.

Key Points

• India has the second largest urban population in the world and it also has a large size of slum population.
• Till 2001, census data on slums was not available.
• The availability and accuracy of data on slums in India has been a matter of concern for a long time.
• The Registrar General of India enumerated slum population in the country for the first time in India in 2001.
• This was limited to only 743 towns and cities.
• Only 640 towns and cities were reported having any slum out of the total 5161 towns in India in 2001.
• Prior to this census, information on slums was collected through various surveys and was not a part of the regular decennial census.

Hence, we can conclude that the data on slums was collected for the first time in the census year 2001.

The correct answer is B and D.

Key Points

• India has the second largest urban population in the world and it also has a large size of slum population.
• Till 2001, census data on slums was not available.
• The availability and accuracy of data on slums in India has been a matter of concern for a long time.
• The Registrar General of India enumerated slum population in the country for the first time in India in 2001.
• This was limited to only 743 towns and cities.
• Only 640 towns and cities were reported having any slum out of the total 5161 towns in India in 2001.
• Prior to this census, information on slums was collected through various surveys and was not a part of the regular decennial census.

Thus, we can conclude that in 2001, only 743 towns and cities were surveyed, and  640 towns and cities were reported having any slum population.

The correct answer is 12.4%

Important Points

• According to the 2001 Census, data on slums was collected from 743 towns and cities in India.
• Out of a total of 5,161 towns in India, only 640 reported having any slums.
• To calculate the percentage of towns/cities having a slum population out of the total number of towns/cities, we can use the following formula:
• % of Towns/Cities with Slum Population = (Number of Towns/Cities with Slum Population / Total Number of Towns/Cities) x 100
• Substituting the values from the 2001 Census:
• ​% of Towns/Cities with Slum Population = (640 / 5,161) x 100 = 12.4%
• Therefore, according to the 2001 Census, only about 12.4% of towns and cities in India reported having any slums.

Hence, the correct answer is 12.4%

In 2011 census, 2542 towns / cities were found having slums.

Key Points

• The 2011 Census of India covered a larger number of towns and cities as compared to the 2001 Census.
• Data on slums was collected from 4,041 towns and cities in the 2011 Census, as compared to 743 in the 2001 Census.
• Out of these 4,041 towns and cities, slums were found in 2,542 of them.
• This means that around 63% of the towns and cities covered in the 2011 Census reported having some slum population.
• However, it is important to note that there may be some underreporting of slums in the census data.
• This is because some slums may not be officially recognized or may not have been included in the census due to various reasons, such as inaccessibility, lack of proper documentation, etc.
• Nonetheless, the data from the 2011 Census does provide us with a better understanding of the spread of slums in India as compared to the 2001 Census.
• It is important for policymakers and planners to have accurate data on slums to effectively address the challenges faced by slum dwellers and to plan for their inclusion in urban development initiatives.

Hence, the correct answer is 2542.

According to Pronab Sen Committee, the slum population was 93 million.

Key Points

• According to the estimates of the Pronab Sen Committee constituted by the Planning Commission in 2010, the slum population in India was around 93 million.
• The committee arrived at this estimate using various data sources and methods, including survey data, satellite imagery, and extrapolation from previous census data.
• It is important to note that this estimate is higher than the official census data on slum population in India.
• This highlights the challenges involved in accurately estimating the slum population in India, as there may be many slums that are not officially recognized or included in the census data.
• Nonetheless, the estimate of the Pronab Sen Committee provides an indication of the scale of the challenge faced by policymakers and planners in addressing the needs of slum dwellers in India.

Therefore, the correct answer is 93 million.

The correct answer is Civil inattention. 

Key Points

• According to sociologist Erving Goffman, when passersby glance at one another quickly and then look away again, it is called "civil inattention."
• Civil inattention refers to the subtle and often unspoken rules that govern interactions between strangers in public spaces.
• The term "civil inattention" was first introduced by Goffman in his book "Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings," published in 1963.

Additional Information

• Disengagement: Social structural change is defined as disengagement if it involves “a thinning out of the number of members in the social structure surrounding the individual, a diminishing of interactions with these members, and a restructuring of the goals of the system.
• Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to particular effects of communication and interaction in people to make images and normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others.
• Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is "a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability".

Thus, according to Goffman when passers-by glance at one another quickly and then look away again, it is called Civil inattention.

The correct answer is Game Stage. 

Key Points

• The third stage in which the concept of self arises and develops, according to George Herbert Mead, is the "game stage."
• In this stage, children learn to take on the roles of multiple others at once and to understand the relationships between those roles.
• They also learn to understand social rules and norms, and to coordinate their actions with the actions of others. Through the game stage, children develop a more sophisticated sense of self.
• The ideas of the "I" and the "me" also emerge during this stage, as children learn to balance their own desires and impulses with the expectations and norms of the larger social group.

Additional Information

• Preparatory stage: The first stage is the preparatory stage. The preparatory stage lasts from the time we are born until we are about age two. In this stage, children mimic those around them.
• Play stage: From about age two to six, children are in the play stage. During the play stage, children play pretend and do not adhere to the rules in organized games like soccer or freeze tag.
• The looking-glass self describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them. Using social interaction as a type of “mirror,” people use the judgments they receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.

Thus, Mead delineates three stages in which the concept of self arises and develops; the stage of imitative acts, the play stage, and the Game Stage.

C. Wright Mills used the 'historical approach' in his sociological analysis.

Key Points

• C. Wright Mills
• Mills is well-known for his concept of the 'sociological imagination', which involves understanding the relationship between individual experiences and larger social and historical forces.
• He emphasized the importance of connecting personal biographies to historical contexts.
• His works, such as "The Power Elite" and "The Sociological Imagination," demonstrate his historical approach to understanding society.

Additional Information

• A.R. Radcliffe-Brown
• Radcliffe-Brown was an anthropologist who is known for developing the theory of structural functionalism.
• He focused on understanding social structures and their functions rather than employing a historical approach.
• E. Durkheim
• Emile Durkheim is a founding figure in sociology, known for his functionalist perspective and works like "The Division of Labour in Society".
• Although Durkheim used historical data in his analysis, his primary focus was on social facts and their functions within society.
• M. Ginsberg
• Morris Ginsberg was a sociologist concerned with social philosophy and ethics.
• He contributed significantly to theoretical and empirical sociology without primarily focusing on historical methods.

The correct answer is G.S. Ghurye. 

Key Points

• The idea of assimilating tribals into the Hindu caste system was actually proposed by G.S. Ghurye, a sociologist and anthropologist who studied the caste system and social structure in India.
• Ghurye argued that tribal communities in India could be integrated into the Hindu social system through a process of Sanskritization, whereby they would adopt Hindu customs, beliefs, and practices, and eventually be absorbed into the existing caste system.
• This view has been criticized by many scholars as being paternalistic and culturally insensitive to the unique identities and traditions of tribal communities in India.

Additional Information

• Verrier Elwin (1902-1964) was a British-born anthropologist, writer, and Christian missionary who lived and worked in India for many years. He is known for his extensive studies of the tribes of central India and his advocacy for their rights and welfare.
• Surajit Sinha was an anthropologist. He served the Government of India in different capacities on anthropological issues. He was also Deputy Director of the Anthropological Survey of India, Calcutta. His special interests include tribal transformation in central India and the structure of Indian civilization.
• Nirmal Kumar Bose was a leading Indian anthropologist, who played a formative role in "building an Indian Tradition in Anthropology". A humanist scholar with a broad range of interests, he was also a leading sociologist, urbanist, Gandhian, and educationist.

Thus, G.S. Ghurye should be assimilated into Hindu Caste.

The correct solution is B and C only. 

Important Points

• A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water.
• Reservoirs created by dams suppress floods and provide water for irrigation, electricity, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability.
• Dams are mainly built to produce electricity using water.
• This form of electricity is known as hydroelectricity.

Additional Information

• The Tehri Dam and Bhakra Dam are the biggest dams in India.
• The Tehri Dam is located in the state of Uttarakhand.
• It is the highest Dam in India with a height of 260.5 meters and it is located on the river Bhagirathi.
• The Bhakra Dam is located in the state of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.
• It is the largest dam in India having a height of 225 meters and also second in position among the largest dams in all of Asia.
• It is situated on the river Sutlej.
• The Sardar Sarovar Dam is located in the state of Gujrat and situated on the river Narmada.
• The Hirakud Dam is located in the state of Orissa and situated on the river Mahanadi.
• It is the longest dam in India with a total length of 25.79 km.
• It is also on the list of the longest dams in the world.

The correct solution is A, C, and D only.

Important Points

• The first thinker to apply sociology to science was Robert Merton.
• Ethos of science is that affectively toned complex of values and norms which is held to be binding on the man of science.
• Norms are expressed in the forms of prescriptions, proscriptions, preferences, and permissions which are legitimized in terms of institutional values.
• In the 1940's Merton outlined the norms that govern scientific communities.
• Merton identified four norms: communalism, universalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism.
• Collectively they were referred to as CUDOS.

Additional Information

• Communalism says that scientific ideas are owned by all. No one can claim property, only recognition, and esteem.
• Universalism says that a scientist's particulars (race, gender, etc)are irrelevant to their ideas.
• Disinterestedness says scientists should be rewarded for the selfless pursuit of science.
• Organized Skepticism says all ideas are to be tested
• No findings are taken on authority and rigorous structured scrutiny is applied to every idea.

The correct solution is A, C, E, only 

Important Points

• According to Karl Marx, capitalism as a mode of production came into existence with the Industrial Revolution of England in the late 19^th century.
• After Industrial Revolution, a lot of changes took place in the economy and also the society.
• Capitalists established big factories and employed laborers to work in these factories.
• The main change in the economy was mass production for the markets with the introduction of machines.

Additional Information

• Feudalism was a mode of production before the capitalist mode of production.
• Under feudalism, there were two classes lords and serfs and the serfs had to work for the lords and give part of their produce to the lords.
• Under feudalism, the land was the basis of the economy, and production was done for subsistence and not for the market.
• The serfs were also not free, they were bound to the lands belonging to the lords.
• There was also a fusion of economic and political power during the pre-capitalist mode of production as the feudal lords owned large areas of land and were economically powerful and also they held political power.
• Therefore unfree labor, subsistence, and fusion of economic and political power are the characteristics of pre-capitalist modes of production.

A and E only is the correct answer.

Important Points

Both Basil Bernstein and Pierre Bourdieu are sociologists who have contributed significantly to the field of education and cultural reproduction.

• Basil Bernstein's work has focused on the ways in which social class is reproduced through language and education.
• He argued that the way language is used in education varies according to social class and that this has a significant impact on educational outcomes.
• Bernstein also developed the concept of "restricted" and "elaborated" codes, which refers to the different ways in which people from different social classes communicate.
• Pierre Bourdieu, on the other hand, is known for his theory of cultural reproduction, which argues that social class is reproduced through the transmission of cultural capital from one generation to the next.
• Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, skills, and cultural values that are valued in a particular society.
• Bourdieu argued that children from higher social classes have greater access to cultural capital, which gives them an advantage in education and other areas of life.
• Both Bernstein and Bourdieu have made important contributions to our understanding of how social class is reproduced through education and culture.

Additional Information

Here are brief explanations for the other options:

• B. J. Lacan - Jacques Lacan was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist who developed a theory of the unconscious mind and its relationship to language.
• While his work has been influential in literary theory and cultural studies, it is not directly related to the study of education and cultural reproduction.
• Steve Bruce - Steve Bruce is a British sociologist who has written on a range of topics, including religion, culture, and politics.
• While some of his work has touched on education and cultural reproduction, he is not primarily known for his contributions to this area.
• Bryan S. Turner - Bryan S. Turner is a British sociologist who has written extensively on the sociology of religion, citizenship, and human rights.
• While his work has touched on issues related to education and cultural reproduction, he is not primarily known for his contributions to this area.

Overall, while these scholars have made important contributions to sociology and related fields, they are not primarily known for their work on education and cultural reproduction.

The correct answer is A and B only.

Important Points

• ​J. Kristeva - Julia Kristeva is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, and psychoanalyst who has written on a wide range of topics, including feminism, postmodernism, and linguistics.
• She is known for her work on the relationship between language and subjectivity, and has been influenced by the work of Jacques Lacan, among others.
• J. Mitchell - Juliet Mitchell is a British psychoanalyst and feminist theorist who has written extensively on the relationship between psychoanalysis, feminism, and literary theory.
• She has been influenced by the work of Jacques Lacan, and has written on his contributions to psychoanalytic theory.
• A.N. Oakley - Ann Oakley is a British sociologist and feminist who has written on a range of topics, including gender, health, and social policy.
• While she has been influential in the field of sociology, she is not primarily known for her work on psychoanalysis or for her engagement with the ideas of Jacques Lacan.
• B. Hooks - bell hooks (lowercase intentional) is an American author, feminist, and social activist who has written extensively on issues of race, gender, and class.
• While she has been influenced by the work of other theorists such as Frantz Fanon and Paulo Freire, there is no evidence to suggest that she has been directly influenced by Jacques Lacan.

Overall, both Julia Kristeva and Juliet Mitchell have been influenced by the work of Jacques Lacan, and have incorporated his ideas into their own work on language, subjectivity, and psychoanalysis.

The correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• Middle range theory, according to Merton, is concerned with a limited range of data. This means that Merton believed that sociological theories should focus on specific aspects of social phenomena rather than attempting to create all-encompassing theories that explain all social phenomena.
• This shift towards a more limited and specific focus in sociological theory has occurred in the past few decades. According to reason R, sociologists have become less concerned with constructing grand, all-encompassing theories and more interested in developing theories that explain specific social phenomena.
• This shift has likely occurred due to the complexity and diversity of social phenomena, making it difficult to develop a single theory that can explain everything.

Confusion PointsIn Assertion (A) -

• Merton’s advocacy for middle-range theories, asserting that middle-range theory is concerned with a "limited range of data" simplifies and somewhat misrepresents Merton's intention.
• Merton’s emphasis was on addressing a "limited scope of social phenomena" rather than limiting the data per se.
• Middle-range theories are defined by their focus and scope in studying social phenomena and their mechanisms, not by the quantity of data they address.
• However, we have marked the answer according to the Official Answer key but one can keep these points in mind for future.

Additional Information

• Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) was an American sociologist who is considered one of the most influential sociologists of the 20^th century. Merton was a prolific writer and researcher who made significant contributions to the fields of sociology, criminology, and communication studies.
• Merton's contribution to the development of middle-range theory was also significant. He argued that sociological theories should be grounded in empirical data and that they should aim to explain specific social phenomena rather than attempting to create all-encompassing theories that explain everything.
• Overall, Merton's work has had a lasting impact on the field of sociology, and his theories and concepts continue to be widely studied and debated today.

Thus, To Merton, Middle range theory is concerned with a limited range of data. In the sociological work of the few past decades, there has been much less concern with the construction of all-embracing theories.Both (A) and (R) are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

The correct answer is Falsifiability. 

Key Points

• The primary philosophical assumption in the null hypothesis in social science research is that there is no significant difference or relationship between the variables being studied.
• This assumption is based on the principle of falsifiability, which means that a scientific hypothesis must be testable and potentially falsifiable through empirical evidence.
• In social science research, the null hypothesis is typically used to test the validity of a research hypothesis or to compare the means of two groups.
• The null hypothesis assumes that there is no real difference between the groups or that any observed differences are due to chance or random variation.

Additional Information

• Research in Sociology is usually carefully planned, and conducted using well-established procedures to ensure that knowledge is objective – where the information gathered reflects what is really 'out there' in the social, world rather than 'subjective'.
• In sociology, social action, also known as Weberian social action, is an act that takes into account the actions and reactions of individuals.
• According to Max Weber, "Action is 'social' insofar as its subjective meaning takes account of the behavior of others and is thereby oriented in its course.

Thus, The primary philosophical assumption in 'null hypothesis' in social science research is  Falsifiability.

The correct answer is Presence of municipality / corporation cantonment board or notified town

 Key Points

• Census towns:
• Are not officially recognized as towns by the government.
• Lack a formal municipal administration.
• Are classified as "urban" based on population, density, and economic characteristics.
• Statutory towns:
• Have a legally defined boundary and local government.
• Often possess a municipality, corporation, cantonment board, or notified town area committee.

Therefore, the presence of these official structures is not a defining feature of a census town, but rather differentiates them from statutory towns.

The other options are all characteristics of census towns:

• A minimum population of 5000: This is one of the key criteria for a settlement to be classified as a census town.
• At least 75% of the male working population engaged in Non-agricultural occupations: This indicates a shift towards urban economic activities in the settlement.
• A density of population at least 400 persons per sq. km.: This reflects a concentrated population, another hallmark of urban areas.

The correct answer is M. Ginsberg. 

Key Points

• M. Ginsberg, a British sociologist, was the author of the statement: "social structure may be defined as the complex of the principal groups and institutions which constitute society."
• This definition emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of social institutions and groups in shaping social life.
• Ginsberg's definition highlights the idea that social structure is not just a static entity, but is constantly changing and evolving over time.

Additional Information

• Raymond Firth was a British anthropologist who made significant contributions to the study of Pacific Island cultures and economies. He is considered one of the leading figures in the development of British social anthropology and was known for his holistic approach to studying social phenomena.
• Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown was a British social anthropologist who made significant contributions to the development of structural functionalism, a theoretical approach that focuses on the interrelatedness and interdependence of social institutions and their functions in maintaining social order and stability.
• Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist who is widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of modern sociology. He made significant contributions to the development of functionalism, a theoretical approach that emphasizes the role of social institutions and their functions in maintaining social order and stability.

Thus, M. Ginsberg, said, "social structure is the complex of the principal groups and institutions which constitute societies".

The correct answer is Paradigm. 

Key Points

• The term used by Kuhn to describe the idea that science at any given time is dominated by a specific set of assumptions, concepts, and practices is "paradigm".
• According to Kuhn, a paradigm is a framework of shared beliefs and practices that guides scientific inquiry within a particular field or community.
• It includes the theories, methods, values, and norms that scientists use to conduct research and interpret data.
• A paradigm can be considered the "normal science" of a particular field or community until new observations or anomalies arise that challenge its validity and lead to a scientific revolution.
• Accordingly, a paradigm shift is defined as "an important change that happens when the usual way of thinking about or doing something is replaced by a new and different way."

Additional Information

• A  model is a theory that stipulates that we learn to imitate others by observing their behavior and that we learn to behave in certain ways by watching others do what they do.
• The sociological approach is essentially practical and expresses the relationship between a society as well as its individuals and groups with law.
• In sociology**, a theory** is a way to explain different aspects of social interactions and to create a testable proposition, called a hypothesis, about society (Allan 2006).

Thus, Paradigm was used by Kuhn to state the science at any given time.

The correct answer is India's Changing Villages. 

Key Points

• The book that is not written by M.N. Srinivas is "India's Changing Village", which is written by Shyama Charan Dube.
• The other books in the list, "Religion and Society Among the Coorgs of South India", "The Remembered Village", and "Caste in Modern India and Other Essays", are all written by M.N. Srinivas, a prominent Indian sociologist and social anthropologist who made significant contributions to the study of Indian society and culture.

Additional Information

• "India's Villages":  M.N. Srinivas did write a book titled "India's Villages", which was published in 1955. The book is based on his fieldwork in the village of Rampura in Karnataka and provides a detailed analysis of the social, economic, and cultural life of the village.
• "Social Change in Modern India" is another notable book written by M.N. Srinivas. The book was published in 1966 and provides an insightful analysis of the changes that occurred in Indian society in the wake of the country's independence in 1947.
• The Remembered Village" is a book written by M.N. Srinivas. The book is based on his fieldwork in the village of Rampura in Karnataka, India, and was published in 1976. In the book, Srinivas provides a detailed analysis of the changes that occurred in rural India in the 1950s and 1960

Thus, India's Changing Villages is not written by M.N Srinivas.

The correct answer is Functionalists. 

Key Points

• A person who sees the relationship between the various strata in a stratified society as one of cooperation and interdependence would likely subscribe to the functionalist perspective in sociology.
• Functionalist theorists believe that social structures, including stratification, serve a purpose in maintaining social order and stability.
• They argue that each social stratum or class has a specific function to perform in society and that these functions are interdependent and require cooperation among members of different strata.
• Therefore, a functionalist would be more likely to see the relationship between different strata in a stratified society as one of cooperation and interdependence, as opposed to conflict or exploitation.

Additional Information

• Marxism is a broad philosophy developed by Karl Marx in the second half of the 19^th century that unifies social, political, and economic theory. It is mainly concerned with the battle between the working class and the ownership class and favors communism and socialism over capitalism.
• Pluralists believe that social heterogeneity prevents any single group from gaining dominance. In their view, politics is essentially a matter of aggregating preferences. This means that coalitions are inherently unstable (Polsby, 1980), hence competition is easily preserved.
• In micro-sociology, interactionism is a theoretical perspective that sees social behavior as an interactive product of the individual and the situation.

Thus, Functionalists see the relationship between the various strata in a stratified society as one of cooperation and interdependence.

The correct solution is A, C, and D only.

Key Points

• The medieval period of the history of Europe is considered to be the era of the feudal system
• Feudal system was a system under which political power was exercised by non-governmental persons and not by the head of a centralized state.
• The meaning of feudalism was ", the land given by the king to the rich chieftain was called "feud" or "jagir". In this way, a chain of relations was formed from the king to the half-servant, whose basis was the land.
• The most important and powerful person in this chain was the feudal lord.
• The feudal system emerged after the disintegration of the unified political system. This system continued until the centralized system was established again. Feudal system was established in different countries of the world.
• There were three main elements or basis of feudalism (feudal system)-
• 1. Manor
• 2. Sovereignty
• 3. Protection
• Legally the king or emperor was the owner of the land.
• All the land was divided into the ownership of feudal lords of various categories and among the brave soldiers.
• This distributed land among the feudatories used to be their jagir. They used to get protection from the king or emperor.
• These feudal lords used to distribute their land among the farmers and got them to do farming.
• They used to collect a lot of money from the farmers in the form of tax as per their wish.
• These feudal lords used to exploit the farmers a lot. On the other hand, the supremacy, power, power, wealth and luxury of the feudal lords were the main features of the society of medieval Europe.

Additional Information

• Serfs were people who worked in the fields of the lords and had to give the maximum part of their produce to the lords during the medieval period.
• The feudal lords were economically and politically very influential and they had status in society.
• Serfdom began its decline in the middle ages in Europe, but it took hundreds of years to disappear completely.
• Thus the feudal estates of medieval Europe were decreasing.
• In Western Europe, serfdom became less common during the Middle Ages after the Black Death reduced the rural population and increased the bargaining power of workers.
• The Serfdom Patent of 1^st November 1781 aimed to abolish aspects of the traditional serfdom system through the establishment of basic civil liberties for the serfs.
• The Patent of 1772 even granted them the right to appeal to the sovereign and limited their working hours to three days a week and twelve hours a day.
• This gave the serfs the ability to appeal for justice.

The correct solution is A, C, and E only. 

Important Points

• Stanley Cohen was a sociologist and criminologist who worked as a Professor at the London School of Economics.
• He is best known for his concept of 'emotional management', including the mismanagement of emotions in the form of sentimentality, overreaction, and emotional denial.
• The book "Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The creation of Mods and Rockers" is written by Stanley Davis in the year 1972.
• Visions of Social Control is also written by Stanley Davis in the year 1985.
• The Manufacture of News is also a book written by Stanley Davis in the year 1973.

Additional Information

• The Frontiers of Identity: The British and others is written by Robin Cohen in 1994.
• The Urban Question is written by Manual Castells in the year 1972.

The works of P. Bourdieu were The State Nobility and Distinction.

Important Points

 Pierre Bourdieu is a well-known French sociologist and philosopher who is famous for his work on social class, culture, and education.

• "Distinction" is one of his most influential works, published in 1979, which explores how people use culture to signal their social position and create distinctions between themselves and others.
• It examines how tastes in music, art, and literature, as well as lifestyle choices, are used to reinforce social hierarchies and maintain the status quo.
• "The State Nobility" is another important work of Bourdieu published in 1989. In this book, he analyzes the French state and its bureaucracy as a social space of power struggles, and highlights how the education system and credentials play a role in maintaining social hierarchies.

Additional Information

• "The Rules and Network in Society" - This is not a work by Pierre Bourdieu.
• It's possible that this may be a reference to the concept of social capital, which Bourdieu developed and wrote about in several of his works.
• "Economy and Society" - This is not a work by Pierre Bourdieu.
• It is actually a seminal work in sociology written by Max Weber in 1922.
• "Raw and Cooked" - This is not a work by Pierre Bourdieu.
• It's possible that this may be a reference to the book "The Raw and the Cooked" by Claude Lévi-Strauss, who was another influential French anthropologist and philosopher.

The correct answer is B, C, D only.

Key PointsIn her book 'Theorising Patriarchy', Sylvia Walby, a prominent British sociologist, identifies patriarchal structures in six key social structures: paid work, household production, culture, sexuality, violence, and the state. Therefore:

1. "Women are likely to be paid less"

• This aligns with Walby's discussions of patriarchal systems in which she acknowledges that women are often paid less compared to men for doing the same job, signifying inequality in paid work.

2. "Sexuality is to be treated positively"

• While this could be interpreted in different ways, it's not a straightforward element of Walby's theory of patriarchy.
• She discusses sexuality mainly in terms of how patriarchy can lead to women's sexuality being suppressed or controlled rather than positively embraced.

3. "Women are more represented in media"

• This doesn't exactly align with Walby's theory.
• Although media representation plays a role in patriarchal systems, Walby doesn't argue that women are more represented.
• In fact, the issue often discussed is that women are under-represented or represented in stereotypical and biased ways.

4. "Women are likely to raise children"