UGC NET Paper 2: Political Science 25th June 2019 (Previous Year Paper)

Socialism is a social and economic theory that advocates for public ownership and control of property and natural resources. 

Key Points

• Its basic premise is that Individuals do not live or work in isolation but rather in collaboration with one another.
• Fabianism:
• ​A type of socialism that grew in popularity in the United Kingdom around 1889.
• Founded almost entirely by upper-middle-class intellectuals such as George Bernard Shaw, Annie Besant, Beatrice Webb and Sidney Webb.
• It advocated for a nonrevolutionary form of socialism.
• Guild Socialism:
• ​Guild socialism arose in the early and second decades of the twentieth century as the intellectual offspring of English syndicalism and Fabianism.
• Exponent: A.J. Penty,  A.R. Orange,  S.G. Hobson, G.D.H. Cole, Bertrand Russell, and R.H. Tawney.
• They claim that a government made up of territorially elected members is incapable of comprehending and handling the complex concerns of an industrial society.
• They believe that a functional representation system based on industrial unions is most suited.
• Syndicalism:
• ​This is mainly dominant in France between 1900 and 1914.
• Syndicalism is known in France as a syndicalisme révolutionnaire which means Trade unionism.
• Exponent: Georges Sorel,  Pierre-Joseph Pouget Proudhon, Pelloutier  Jean-Joseph Émile and Griffuelhes (Jean) Victor Fernand.
• Democratic Socialism​:
• The synthesis of Marxism and democracy.
• Goals of socialism such as equality and justice are accepted in democratic socialism but these goals must be achieved by democratic methods.
• Democratic socialism lays no importance on revolu­tionary tactics.

​Thus, Democratic Socialism - Radical Change is NOT a correct match.

Karl Marx was the first philosopher to unite the many aspects of socialist thinking into a unified worldview.

Confusion Points

• He was born in Germany but due to his political work and spent decades in exile in London with his wife and children.

Key Points

• Marx was born in Trier, Germany, and attended the universities of Bonn and Berlin to study law and philosophy.
• Marx became stateless as a result of his political works and spent decades in exile in London with his wife and children.
• In London, Marx and Engles writes about Communism which he labeled as scientific socialism.
• Marx criticized the earlier socialist thinker and labeled them as Utopia.
• Some of the main theories are mentioned below: 
• Dialectical Materialism
• Historical Materialism
• Theory of Alienation
• Theory of surplus-value
• Class struggle
• Dictatorship of the proletariat
• Vision of a communist society

​​Thus, Karl Marx, the founder of Marxism, formally was a stateless citizen

Additional Information

• Some Important Works of Karls Marx: ​ 
• ​Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts, 1844
• Theses on Feuerbach, 1845
• The German Ideology, 1845
• The Poverty of Philosophy, 1847
• Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848
• The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, 1852
• Foundations of a Critique of Political Economy, 1857
• A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 1859

Neo-Marxism arose in response to social and political issues that classic Marxist theory failed to adequately address.

Key Points

• In Western Europe, a more sophisticated and complex type of Marxism emerged.
• Modern Marxism, often known as western Marxism or neo-Marxism was an attempt to rethink or recast Marx's classic views while keeping true to some Marxist concepts or features of Marxist methodology.
• ​The character of neo-Marxism was affected by two major elements.
• First, when Marx's prognosis of capitalism's impending collapse failed to materialize, neo-Marxists were obliged to reconsider traditional class analysis.
• Second, neo-Marxists were frequently in conflict with the Bolshevik vision of orthodox communism and were sometimes genuinely repulsed by it.
• ​Georg Lukács was one of the first, who advocated Marxism as a humanistic philosophy.
• Frankfurt School produced a more explicitly Hegelian style of Marxism, whose early figures included Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer and Herbert Marcuse.
• Critical theory is a blend of Marxist political economy, Hegelian philosophy, and Freudian psychology established by Frankfurt theorists.
• Jürgen Habermas was a key proponent of the Frankfurt School's second generation.
• Erich Fromm was a psychotherapist and social psychologist who was a member of the Frankfurt School of critical theory.

​Thus, Rosa Luxemburg is NOT related to Neo-Marxism.

Feminism is a twentieth-century invention that has only recently become commonplace in ordinary speech since the 1960s. 

Key Points

• Feminist ideology is defined by two main beliefs:
• that women face discrimination because of their gender
• that this discrimination can and should be overcome.
• ​The emerging feminism ideology was a cross-cutting worldview that encompassed three broad lineages from the start:
• liberal feminism
• Marxist or socialist feminism
• radical feminism
• According to radical feminists Gender,  is the deepest and most politically significant of social distinctions.
• Feminists have proposed a theory of sexual politics.
• In 1970, feminist Kate Millett described sexual politics as "encompassing the contestation of power-structured relationships with respect to sex, gender, and sexuality, and in relation to the social system of patriarchy"
• Radical feminists argue that women's values are based primarily on prescribed social roles.

​Thus, Feminists argue that women's values are based primarily on prescribed social roles.

Additional Information

• Some Important radical feminists and their books: 
• Kate Millett: Sexual Politics
• Germaine Greer: The Female Eunuch, Sex and Destiny, The Whole Woman

Modern environmental politics did arise in the 1960s and 1970s. 

Key Points

• Many people believe that the concepts of modern green ideology or ecologism owe a lot to ancient pagan religions that emphasized the concept of an Earth Mother, as well as eastern faiths like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Daoism.
• In 1960, the Green ideology has grown in popularity owing to the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, as well as the advent of post-material.
• The idea that economic expansion is harming both the human race's survival and the earth on which it lives has heightened environmental concern.
• A rising body of literature has voiced such concerns.
• The Silent Spring (1962) written by Rachel Carson is a critique of the harm done to animals and the human world by excessive use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals.
• It is widely regarded as the first book to raise awareness of an emerging ecological disaster.
• Some other writing also raises the concern about the environment such as:
• Ehrlich and Harriman’s How to Be a Survivor (1971)
• Goldsmith et al.’s Blueprint for Survival (1972)
• The unofficial UN report Only One Earth (1972)
• The Club of Rome’s The Limits to Growth (1972)

​

Thus, the book, Silent Spring is authored by Rachel Carson

The term multiculturalism was initially used in Canada in 1965 to indicate a unique method of dealing with cultural diversity. 

Key Points

• In contemporary political discourse and philosophy, the concept of multiculturalism reflects a debate about how to understand and respond to the challenges of cultural diversity based on ethnic, national, and religious distinctions.
• A multiculturalist viewpoint suggests a positive affirmation of communal diversity, based on other cultural groups' right to acknowledgement and respect.
• It incorporates a variety of viewpoints on the implications of expanding cultural diversity, particularly how cultural diversity can be reconciled with civic unity.
• The central topic of multiculturalism is diversity within unity.
• Metics are those the immigrating ethnic cultural groups who never get the opportunity to become citizens.
• Metics come from the Greek word Metoikos which means any resident immigrant, including liberated slaves.

​Thus, The immigrating ethnic cultural groups which never get opportunity to become citizens under multiculturalism are called Metics.

The term multiculturalism was initially used in Canada in 1965 to indicate a unique method to dealing with cultural diversity.

Key Points

• In 1971, Multiculturalism was publicly recognized as public policy in Canada in 1971 after the Multiculturalism Act,1988.
• In the early 1970s, Australia likewise declared itself multicultural and devoted to diversity.
• The rise of multiculturalism has coincided with a readiness to acknowledge minority rights, sometimes known as multicultural rights.
• Will Kymlicka made the most thorough attempt to discover such rights in his book Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (1995).
• According to Kymlicka (2000), there are three types of minority rights: 
• ​​Self-government rights
• Polyethnic rights
• Representation right
• Self-government rights: According to Kymlicka, belong to national minorities or indigenous peoples who are territorially concentrated, speak a common language, and have a meaningful way of life across the full range of human activity.
• Polyethnic rights: Polyethnic rights are legal protections that allow ethnic and religious minorities who have developed as a result of immigration to express and maintain their cultural identity.
• Representation right: Special representation rights aim to address minority or disadvantaged groups' underrepresentation in education and key positions in politics and public life.

Postmodernism is a late-twentieth-century philosophical and literary movement that examines the fundamental assumptions of Western philosophy in the modern perioed. 

Key Points

Therefore, (a) - (ii); (b) - (iii); (c) - (iv); (d) - (i) is correct matching.

The Dialectic method is a conversation between two or more people who hold opposing viewpoints on a subject yet want to establish the truth by reasoned discussion.

Key Points

• The dialectic method was employed by various philosophers including Plato's discussion on Justice, Karl Marx's dialectical materialism, and the Hegelian dialectical method.
• The ancient Greek philosopher Plato was identified with the first strands of dialectics.
• Plato coined the term to describe the art of debate, in which participants endeavour to reach a consensus by exchanging logical arguments.
• The Republic written by Plato is an excellent example of this type of debate.

Thus, the Dialectic method was used for the first time in the writing of Plato

Additional Information

• The term dialectic used by Hegel refers to a contradiction between ideas that serves as the determining force in their interaction.
• Karl Marx and Engels proposed their own dialectical materialism thesis.
• According to Karl Marx, Material is the reality behind change rather than an Idea.
• According to Marx and Engels, Materialism is the polar opposite of idealism and includes any doctrine that sees matter as reliant on mind or spirit, or that treats mind or spirit as capable of existing independently of matter.

Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, most known for his political philosophy in the masterpiece Leviathan. 

Key Points

• He wrote the classic book Leviathan in 1651, in which he outlined his thoughts on human nature and the necessity of governments and society.
• According to Hobbes, all moral precepts enjoining virtuous behaviour, can be derived from the fundamental moral precept that one should pursue the peace that is freedom from war.
• He argued that humans live in continual fear and peril of violent death without peace.
• The state of Nature is a hypothetical construct where individuals are sovereign and there is no government above the individuals who can protect the individuals.
• Hobbes described life during a state of nature as solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.
• The words "nasty, brutish, and brief" are taken from the literature that describes human life without a decent, lawful authority as "terrible."
• This term is sometimes used to denote various negative things.
• Hobbes saw government as basically a tool for ensuring the safety of the people.

Thus, Hobbes stated that the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.

Additional Information

• Other works of Hobbes: 
• De Corpore, 1655
• De Homine, 1658
• De Cive, 1642
• ​He was the first person to translate Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War.

According to liberals, Individuals do not have an absolute right to freedom.

Key Points

• When liberty is unrestricted, it can morph into a licence or the right to abuse others.
• John Stuart Mill in his book On Liberty argues that the only purpose for which power can be properly exerted over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.
• He distinguished between Self regarding and Other regarding actions.
• Self regarding actions over which individuals should have complete freedom.
• Actions that are other-regarding might limit or harm others' freedom.
• J. S. Mill that placing restrictions on the freedom of expression of human beings is like robbing the present and the future races.

Thus, J. S. Mill stated that placing restrictions on the freedom of expression of human beings is like robbing the present and the future races.

Additional InformationWorks of JS MILL: 

• Political Economy 1825
• Rationale of Representation, 1835
• Essays On Government, 1840
• The Principles of Political Economy, 1848
• Considerations on Representative Government, 1861
• The Subjection of Women, 1869
• Three Essays on Religion: Nature, the Utility of religion, and Theism, 1874

Pareto was an Italian civil engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher who made significant contributions to economics and popularized the word elite. 

Key Points

• The idea of Pareto-optimality is a concept of efficiency used in the social sciences, including economics and political science.
• According to the idea of Pareto-optimality, if and only if there is no alternative situation that would make some people better off without making anyone worse off.
• The principle of Optimality is Making someone better without making others worse.
• Pareto-optimality posits that everyone would prefer a choice that is less expensive, more efficient, or more reliable, or that otherwise improves one's situation.
• This idea can be found in his theory of foundational welfare economics.

​Thus, 'Making someone better without making others worse' is associated with Pareto's Principle of Optimality.

Additional Information

• Nozick's principle of Entitlement:  According to Nozick's principle of Entitlement, a community's distribution of holdings is just if (and only if) everyone in that society is entitled to what he has.
• Rawls's principle of Distributive Justice: John Rawls in his seminal work, A Theory of Justice, discussed the theory of distributive justice, the socially just allocation of resources.​
• Foucault's principle of Power: Foucault argued that "power is everywhere and 'comes from everywhere" it is neither an agency nor a structure in this sense.

Postmodernism challenges the fundamental assumptions of Western philosophy in the modern period. 

Key Points

• Postmodernism arose in the mid-to late-twentieth century across a wide range of intellectual areas.
• It was a method of literary criticism and debate that discussed the nature of literary texts, meaning, author and reader, writing, and reading.
• Postmodernists are sceptical of explanations that claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead, focus on the relative truths of each individual.
• Postmodernism denies the existence of unmediated reality or objectively rational knowledge, claiming that all interpretations are reliant on the viewpoint.
• Knowledge claims and value systems are typically described by postmodern philosophers as contingent or socially conditioned, as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies.
• Deconstruction and post-structuralism are two schools of thought that are frequently associated with postmodernism.
• Critical theory is at the heart of postmodernism which explores the influences of ideology, society, and history on culture.

Hence, rather than having an uncritical historical tendency, post modernism argues for deconstruction of every historical fact.

Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher from the 15^th-century. 

Key Points

Assertion (A): In Machiavellian thought end justifies the means.

• Machiavelli in his book The Prince proposed the concept of "the ends justify the methods".
• Its means that practically any action or behaviour is entirely appropriate as long as it achieves the desired result.

So, Assertion (A) is true.

Reason (R): The key objective of the Prince was to bring unity and integrity of the State.

• Machiavellian views the state as the highest form of human association.
• It is required for the advancement of human welfare.
• The state must be adored, even if it means sacrificing individuals for the sake of the state.

​Thus, Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher and  political ideology inspired the Enlightenment's spread across Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution.

Key Points

• In his work The Social Contract, he proposed his own theory of social contract.
• For Rousseau sovereign is the people who are organized as a political community through the social contract.
• He was critical of hobbies idea of the legislative form of government.
• Rousseau criticizes the Uk form of government by articulating "The English think they are free. They are free only during the election of members of parliament."
• According to Rousseau, People's sovereignty is inalienable and indivisible.
• Rousseau believes that entrusting one's general right of self-rule to another person or body is a type of servitude and that acknowledging such authority would be an abdication of moral agency.
• He advocated the DIrect democracy because it represents the General will.

Thus, Rousseau said "The English think they are free. They are free only during the election of members of parliament."

Additional Information

• Works of Rousseau: 
• Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, 1750​
• Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men, 1754
• Discourse on Political Economy, 1755
• Emile, or On Education, 1762
• The Social Contract, 1762

Although the phrases "VOs" and "NGOs" are sometimes used interchangeably.

Key Points

• They have quite different goals, methods, working styles, motivations, legal standings, sociopolitical orientations, ideological affinities, and other characteristics.
• According to the UN Department of Global Communications NGO is defined as "a not-for-profit, volunteer citizen's group that is established on a local, national, or worldwide level to address issues in favour of the public good.
• A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a company that often forms without the involvement of the government.
• The majority of voluntary organizations and agencies are non-profit and apolitical.
• The core of Vos is voluntarism, and the spirit of voluntarism comes from many different places, including a love of mankind, altruism, the welfare of the poor and needy, etc.
• Vos are managed and governed by a group of citizens as opposed to being influenced by the government.
• They can also include clubs and groups that offer services to its members and other people.

Thus, Commitment to the secular and democratic ideals does not form the basis of the difference between voluntary organizations and NGOs.

India was split into 565 princely states before becoming independent. 

Key Points

• The Government of India established the State Reorganization on December 29, 1953.
• India's component states were momentarily split into Part A, B, C, and D states.
• B. R. Ambedkar had argued for the division of Uttar Pradesh into three states — Western, Central, and Eastern, with capitals at Meerut, Kanpur, and Allahabad, respectively — in his 1955 critique of the proposed States Reorganisation Act.
• Thoughts on the Linguistic States, in order to prevent overly large states from dominating politics at the federal level.
• The western regions of Uttar Pradesh state make up the proposed new Indian state of Harit Pradesh.

Thus, The demand for 'Harit Pradesh' is related to Western Uttar Pradesh.

"Plan Holidays were introduced due to the failure of all three preceding Five Year Plans" is incorrect with regard to the Plan Holidays.

Key Points

• The government announced three yearly programs dubbed Plan Holidays from 1966 to 1969 as a result of the failure of the prior plan.
• These were short-term contingency plans.
• The Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pak War, which caused the Third Five Year Plan to collapse, were the primary causes of the plan holidays.
• Annual plans were created under this plan, and agriculture, its related sectors, and the industry sector each had equal attention.
• The rupee was devalued by the government in an effort to boost exports in the nation.
• The fourth five-year plan was scrapped due to the current drought and inflationary conditions.

Thus, The reasons for these plans were war, inflation and drought is incorrect with regard to the Plan Holidays.

The Election Commission of India under the Constitution conducts, supervises, and manages elections for the state legislatures, the president of India, and the vice-president of India.

Key Points

• The Election Commission is mentioned in Part XV and established on 25^th January 1950.
• Article 324 to 329 of the constitution deals with powers, function, tenure, eligibility, etc of the commission and the member.
• The Election Commission of India classified political parties into three categories 
• National Parties
• State Parties
• Registered (Unrecognized) Parties

Thus, Regional Parties are NOT a classified category of political parties as defined by the Election Commission of India. 

Additional Information 

The Election Commission of India has the power to recognise the parties in the democratic politics of India. 

Key Points

• According to the Election Commission of India's most recent publication, which was dated September 23, 2021, there were a total of 2858 parties registered, including 54 state parties, 8 national parties, and 2796 unrecognized parties.
• The All India Trinamool Congress is a political party that mostly operates in West Bengal and was established on 1 January 1998.
• The TMC was recognized as a national political party by the Election Commission in 2016.
• Sharad Pawar, P. A. Sangma, and Tariq Anwar founded the NCP on June 10, 1999, after being ousted from the Indian National Congress (INC) on May 20, 1999.
• Telangana Rashtra Samithi is a regional political party in India that mostly operates in the state of Telangana.
• It was created on April 27, 2001, by K. Chandrashekar Rao with the goal of establishing a distinct Telangana state with Hyderabad as its capital.
• The Maharashtra Navnirman Sena is a regionalist far-right political party in India that adheres to the "Hindutva" and "Marathi" Manus ideologies.
• It was founded on 9 March 2006.

So, Chronologically arrange the following parties in ascending order in terms of their entry into the democratic politics of India the All India Trinamool Congress⇒ Nationalist Congress Party⇒ Telangana Rashtra Samiti⇒ Maharashtra Navnirman Sen.

Birsa Munda was a Munda tribe member, tribal liberation warrior, spiritual leader, and folk hero. 

Key Points

• As the preeminent champion of tribal rights, a great patriot, and a martyr on the Chota Nagpur plateau.
• He brought the Munda people together for their political liberation and instilled nationalism in them.
• The "unfair land grabbing actions by colonial and local officials that destroyed the tribal traditional land system" was the root cause of the Munda uprising.
• Birsa Munda is renowned for opposing Christian missionaries and rising up with the Munda and Oraon people in opposition to conversion efforts.
• On October 16, 1989, Dr Bal Ram Jakhar, the Lok Sabha's former Speaker, unveiled the picture in Museum.
• The Munda belt, which includes Khunti, Tamar, Sawada, and Bandgaon, saw most of the uprising.

Thus, The only tribal leader honoured by the Parliament of India through the installation of his portrait in its Museum is Birsa Munda.

Adolf Hitler was a German politician who was the country's dictator from 1933 until his death on April 30, 1945.

Key Points

• His ascension to leadership of the Nazi Party saw him take on the title of chancellor in 1933.
• During his time in the German Army during World War I, he received decorations.
• He joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the forerunner of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and was chosen as its head in 1921.
• On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland to start the Second World War in Europe.
• Adolf Hitler said that "When diplomacy ends, war begins."
• Hitler garnered sympathy from the public after his early release in 1924 by criticizing the Treaty of Versailles and advancing anti-communism, anti-Semitism, and pan-Germanism through charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda.
• He regularly accused communism and global capitalism of being a Jewish plot.

Thus, Adolf Hitler said that "When diplomacy ends, war begins."

The United Kingdom's (UK's) departure from the European Union (EU) on January 31, 2020. 

Key Points

• Brexit was the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union.
• Since January 1, 1973, the UK has belonged to both the European Union.
• Association with the EU has incurred huge economic pressure leading to unemployment in the UK.
• Conservative prime leader David Cameron vowed to call a referendum if his administration was re-elected as part of a campaign promise to appeal to Euroskeptics.
• The issue of BREXIT led to the resignation of PM David Cameroon.
• There were no more referendums held during the subsequent process of European integration, which was aimed at an ever closer union. and
• It was embodied in the Treaties of Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, and Lisbon.
• In the BREXIT referendum, under 24 voted with 73% to remain with European Union.

Thus, The young voters who have primarily voted in favour of BREXIT is NOT true with regard to BREXIT.

Amartya Sen was born in Santiniketan, West Bengal. 

Key Points

• He was Sen began his high-school education at St Gregory’s School in Dhaka.
• He studied in India at the Visva-Bharati University and Presidency College, Kolkata
• Gandhian concepts of morally-based economic and social welfare served as his inspiration.
• He won the Nobel Prize in 1988 "for giving economics an ethical dimension."
• He described the capability approach as one that emphasizes positive freedom, or a person's real ability to be or do anything, rather than on negative freedom approaches, which are typical in economics, in his ground-breaking paper "Equality of what."
• Amartya Sen said that "The poor are poor... not because of what they do not have, but because of what they cannot do."

Therefore, Amartya Sen said that "The poor are poor... not because of what they do not have, but because of what they cannot do."

Hans Joachim Morgenthau was a German-American lawyer and political scientist who lived from February 17, 1904. 

Key Points

• He is typically regarded as one of the most prominent realists of the post-World War II era.
• Morgenthau's writings are in the lineage of realism in the field of international relations theory.
• Works: 
• Scientific Man versus Power Politics (1946)
• Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (1948)
• In Defense of the National Interest (1951)

Thus, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace is the full title of the book written by Hans J Morgenthau.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)  is a political and economic union that fosters intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration between its members.

Key Points

• In 1967 through Bangkok Declaration it was established.
• The Founding member were Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
• Cambodia was added in 1997, Laos and Myanmar in 1997, Vietnam in 1995, Brunei in 1984, and (1999).
• In 1995, Members agreed to establish a nuclear-free region in Southeast Asia.
• In 1997, The ASEAN Vision 2020 was adopted.
• Bali Concord II was signed in 2003 in order to create the ASEAN Community.
• The term 'flying bees' got associated with ASEAN.

Therefore, The term 'flying bees' got associated with ASEAN.

The Kyoto Protocol was ratified on 16 February 2005 after being adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. 

Key Points

• The Kyoto Protocol was established at the third UNFCCC country summit.
• It became effective on February 16^th, 2005, when Russia ratified it.
• It commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• In 2020, there were 192 parties to the Protocol (Canada withdrew from it with effect from December 2012).
• The Protocol was founded on the idea of shared but distinct responsibilities.
• it placed the responsibility for reducing current emissions on developed nations because they are historically accountable for the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
• As part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the 1997 Kyoto Protocol is the only legally enforceable accord in existence to limit greenhouse gas emissions.

Therefore, Kyoto Protocol 1997 is the International Agreement gave for the 'first time' legally binding targets on reducing Greenhouse Emissions to the countries.

The correct option is 'The just conduct of war'

Key Points

• Jus in bello, is the law that governs the way in which warfare is conducted.
• IHL is purely humanitarian, seeking to limit the suffering caused.
• It is independent from questions about the justification or reasons for war, or its prevention, covered by jus ad bellum.
• ​The rules of jus in bello aim to confine the destructiveness of war, rule out certain kinds of weapons, protect civilians, and limit the area and range of fighting.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization is referred to as UNESCO. 

Key Points

• it aims to promote peace through worldwide collaboration in education, science, and culture.
• Its main office is in Paris, France.
• Two communities in Odisha, Venkatraipur and Noliasahi, have just received approval from UNESCO-IOC to be recognized as Tsunami Ready Communities.
• UNESCO World Intangible Cultural Heritage List From India: 
• Kutiyattam, Sanskrit theatre
• The tradition of Vedic chanting
• Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana
• Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas, India
• Kumbh Mela

Therefore, Kumbh is declared recently as "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity".

Violent non-state actors often referred to as non-state armed actors or non-state armed groups. 

Key Points

• It are people or organizations that are completely or partially independent of governments and utilize violence or threat of violence to further their objectives.
• The objectives, scope, and methodologies used by VNSAs differ greatly.
• They might be drug cartels, movements for popular emancipation, companies self-defence militias, and paramilitary organizations set up by state governments to serve their objectives.
• The Palestine Liberation Organization is a Palestinian nationalist political was established in 1964.
• The initial goal of achieving Arab unification and statehood over the territory of former Mandatory Palestine.

Therefore, PLO  of the following is NOT a Violent Non-State Actor (VNSA).

The Clash of Civilizations is a theory that contends that in the post-Cold War world.

Key Points

• The phrase itself was first used by Albert Camus in 1946.
• This phrase is derived from the "clash of civilizations," which was popular during colonial and Belle Époque times.
• Its core ideas conflicts will mostly stem from people's cultural and religious identities.
• In reaction to his former student Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book The End of History and the Last Man.
• Huntington in the article The Clash of Civilizations argued that "This is not to promote the merits of battles between civilizations. Its purpose is to present a descriptive notion of what the future could look like."

Thus, The 'Clash of Civilization' thesis means the conflict would not be primarily ideological or economic but, rather cultural in character

Article 32 of the Indian Constitution, a citizen of India may petition the Supreme Court of India and the High Court for constitutional remedies if his or her basic rights have been violated.

Key Points

Therefore, (a) - (iii); (b) - (i); (c) - (iv); (d) - (ii) is correct matching.

Key Points 

Therefore, (a) - (iii); (b) - (iv); (c) - (i); (d) - (ii) is correct matching.

Article 268 deals with certain taxes that are imposed by the central government but collected and remitted by the state government. 

 Key Points

• (a) Stamp Duties: The Union Government levies Stamp Duties, which is collected and appropriated by the States. This corresponds to any tax on legal and commercial documents like bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, insurance policies, transfer of shares, etc. The rationale behind States' collection is to simplify the administration given that most transactions occur at the state level.

(b) Excise Duties on Medical and Toilet Preparations: Duties of Excise on medicinal and toilet preparations are included in the Union List of the Seventh Schedule (Article 246) of the Constitution. The duty is levied by the Union Government but is collected and appropriated by the States where the collection is made .

On the contrary:

(c) Sales Tax: Earlier, Sales Tax was imposed by the States on the sale of goods within their jurisdiction. However, with the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on 1 July 2017, it has been subsumed. Therefore, presently, it’s not just the States which impose GST, it’s both the Centre and the States that concurrently levy GST on intra-state supply of goods or services.

(d) Land Revenue: Land Revenue such as land tax and duties in respect of estates or agricultural income, is primarily a state subject and is levied and collected by the State Governments, under the authority granted by Entries 45 to 63 in the State List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.

Hence, from the provided options, only 'Stamp duties' and 'Excise duties on medical and toilet materials' are levied by the Union but are collected and appropriated by the States.

Part V of the Indian Constitution deals with the Union, the President, the Vice-President, and the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister and Attorney General.

Key Points

• The Indian Constitution's Articles 74 and 75 address the Council of Ministers.
• Article 74 of the Constitution, there shall be a Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, to assist and advise the President.
• Clause (2) the question of whether any and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the President shall not be inquired into in any court.
• Article 75(1) of the Constitution says that “the Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.”
• After the 91^st Amendment Act, It inserted in Article 94 makes the provision that the council of ministers not more than 15% of the Lok Sabha's overall membership.

Thus, The total number of Ministers including the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister shall not exceed 15% of members of the Lok Sabha.

Madan Mohan Punchhi Commission was founded on April 27^th, 2007.

Key Points

• In light of the changes to India's polity and economy since the Sarkaria Commission last examined the subject of Centre-State relations more than 20 years ago.
• The Punchhi Commission was established to look into the contemporary concerns of Centre-State relations.
• Its goal was to examine and review the operation of the current agreements between the Union and States, as well as various court rulings regarding powers, duties, and obligations in all areas.
• It includes legislative relations, administrative relations, the role of governors, emergency provisions, financial relations, economic and social planning and institutions under the Panchayati Raj.
• In March 2010, the Commission gave its findings to India's then-Home Minister.

Thus, Madan Mohan Punchhi Commission was appointed to study Centre-State Relations.

A Preamble is a statement that introduces a document and discusses its goals and philosophy.

Key Points

• The Preamble of India's Constitution reflects the Objectives Resolution proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru which was later on adopted by Constituent Assembly on January 22, 1947.
• It was approved on November 26, 1949.
• The Preamble's goals are to uphold the nation's unity and integrity by securing justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for all citizens.
• Two significant Supreme Court decisions the Berubari Union Case from 1960 and the Kesavananda Bharati (1973) case decided whether or not the Preamble is a component of the Constitution.
• The Supreme Court ruled in the Berubari case that the Preamble cannot ever be acknowledged as a source of significant authority since it is not a part of the Constitution.

Thus, In Berubari's case, Supreme Court declared that the Preamble is NOT part of the Constitution.

Key Points 

Therefore, (a) - (iii); (b) - (i); (c) - (iv); (d) - (ii) is correct matching.

The correct option is 2: Original Jurisdiction.

Through original jurisdiction, the Supreme Court of India has the authority to resolve conflicts between the Union and the states. 

Key Points

• The Supreme Court resolves conflicts among various Indian Federation units because it is a federal court.
• A disagreement could be between

1. The centre and one or more states,
2. The centre and any state or states on one side and one or more states on the other,
3. Or it could be between two or more states.

• The Supreme Court has exclusive original jurisdiction over these federal cases.
• Exclusive indicates that only that court may resolve such conflicts and original means that that court must initially hear such disputes.

Additional Information

 The other Jurisdictions of the Supreme Court are:

• Appellate Jurisdiction
• Writ Jurisdiction
• Advisory Jurisdiction
• A Court of Record
• Judicial Review, etc.

The cabinet Mission Plan (1946) contains a proposal regarding the constitutional future of India and made arrangements for the interim government.

Important Points 

• Members of Cabinet Mission: Lord Pethick-Lawrence ( secretary of state for India, Sir Stafford Cripps (President of the board of trade) and A. V. Alexander (First Lord of Admiralty).
• Proposal of Cabinet Mission:   
• They proposed undivided India, turning down the demands of Pakistan.
• Rejected the theory of communal representation ( separate electorate)
• Establishment of the interim government of India
• Formation of the constituent assembly on the democratic principle
• It recognised India's right to secede from the Commonwealth.
• It proposes a weak centre and strong states
• The idea of the Cabinet Mission was criticised by the Muslim League as Jinnah demanded Pakistan as a separate nation and declared direct action day in 1946.

Correct answer is  3: (a) - (iii); (b) - (i); (c) - (iv); (d) - (ii).

The correct option is 1: Subaltern School.

​The Subaltern School is an extension of Marxian thought.

Key Points

• ​In postcolonial philosophy, the term "subaltern" refers to lower socioeconomic classes and other social groups that have been pushed to the periphery of society.
• A concept is known as "New Democracy" or the "New Democratic Revolution" was developed based on Mao Zedong's "Bloc of Four Social Classes" theory in post-revolutionary China, which claimed that democracy in China would develop in a way that was fundamentally different from that of any other nation.
• He advocates a cultural revolution through this new democracy.

The correct option is 1: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A),

Key Points

 Assertion

• A contentious and controversial idea is nationalism.
• The two terms are inextricably linked to one another.
• Similar to the nation, nationalism can mean different things to different individuals and in different situations.
• It could be an opinion, a way of doing, a feeling, a theory, a political movement, or even a political principle.

Reason

• The concept of nationalism can be regarded as an ideological discourse rather than as a theory because it depends on the components with which it is articulated.
• There are no common theories on nation and nationalism.

Thus, we can say from the above arguments that Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A),

The correct option is 4: Fruit bowl: UK.

Key PointsMelting pot: USA

• A homogeneous society becoming more heterogeneous through the influx of foreign elements from different cultural backgrounds is symbolized by the metaphor of the melting pot,

Boiling pot: Israel

• According to observers, Israel is a diplomatic "boiling pot" that is about to blow owing to the Gaza conflict.

 Salad bowl: India

• Some see India as a country where every community still maintains its unique identity.
• The salad bowl (or fruit bowl) theory of diversity promotes a pluralistic view in which cultural differences are acknowledged, valued, and even celebrated.

Thus, option 4 is an incorrect pair.

The correct option is 1: Rotation of elites.

The circulation of elites is similar to the rotation of elites.

Key Points

• The circulation of elites is often known as the Elitist theory of power.
• It was popularised by Vilfredo Pareto.
• According to this theory, history is just the tale of how one ruling elite succeeds another non-ruling elite, and so on, with no room for the general populace.
• It believes that a well-organized minority, or elite class, controls the majority in any society.

Additional Information Other relevant Elitist Theory scholars:

• Gaetano Mosca
• Robert Michels
• C.Wright Mills

Correct option is 4: (b) and (c).

Key Points

• National Commission for Scheduled Tribes is a Constitutional Body under Article -338 A.
• National Commission for Scheduled Castes is a Constitutional Body under Article- 338.
• National Commission for Human Rights is a statutory body under the  Protection of Human Rights Act, of 1993
• National Commission for Minorities is a statutory body, that was originally titled Minorities Commission and was established under the National Commission for Minorities Act 1992,

​

Correct option is 3: experimentation.

The fundamental difference between Institutionalism and New Institutionalism would primarily be located in the principle of Experimentation.

Key Points

 New institutionalism or Neo-institutionalism:

• It aims to create a sociological understanding of institutions, including how they interact and impact society.
• Describing why and how institutions evolve in a particular way within a given environment,
• It offers a method of seeing institutions that is different from the standard perspectives of economics.

Institutionalism

• The institutions and organizations of the State are a focus of the strategy for the study of public administration.
• The main focus of this approach is a thorough examination of the composition, operation, and procedural rules of the executive, legislative, and governmental departments.

The correct option is 2: The second wave.

According to Samuel P. Huntington, India is placed in the second wave of democracy.

Key Points

• In his book "The Third Wave: Democracy in the Late Twentieth Century," Samuel P. Huntington analyses the idea of "waves of democratization."
• He classified India as part of the second wave of democracy in his study.

Additional Information

• In The Third Wave, Samuel P. Huntington examines the origins and characteristics of the democratic revolutions, assesses the likelihood that the new democracies will remain stable, and considers the possibility that other nations could choose democracy.

The correct option is 3: Crane Brinton.

Crane Brinton likens revolution to a fever in his book Anatomy of Revolution.

Key Points

• He believes that a revolution is not a good thing.
• Rather, it should be prevented and put an end to when and if it does happen.
• His work Anatomy of Revolution was published in 1938.

The correct answer is 1: Bhutan.

The Bhutanese Gross National Happiness Index is where the Happiness Index definition comes from.

Key Points

• It is a measure of happiness that was first used in the 2012 World Happiness Report.
• It is mapped on a scale from 0 to 10.
• Bhutan began putting pleasure above other considerations like wealth, comfort, and economic success in 1972.
• They developed an indexation for happiness based on numerous quantifiable elements, and they have since tracked this index.

Additional Information​

• In the 2022 World Happiness Report, India ranked 136^th among 146 countries.
• While in 2021, it ranked 139^th among 149 countries.

The correct option is 3: political parties.

Stasiology is the study of political parties.

Key Points

• The prominent French sociologist Maurice Duverger first used the word in 1951 in his early book Political Parties, according to a 1957 article in the Journal of Politics.
• Maurice Duverger is known for his work on the law of electoral systems.

The Correct option is Rajni Kothari. 

Key Points

• When the Congress party was in power, caste-based patron-client relationships played a significant role in Indian politics.
• Different political parties in India reflect the interests of various castes.
• The Congress Party serves as a vehicle for the interests of the wealthy Muslim communities and the upper and merchant castes including Brahmin, Rajput, and Kayasth.
• Rajni Kothari in his work Cast in India Politcis (1970), argued that traditional Institutions like Caste resuscitate and re-established their legitimacy.
• He further asserts that It is not politics that gets caste-ridden but it is caste that gets politicised.

Thus, Rajni Kothari used the term 'politicization of caste' in Indian politics for the first time.

Additional Information

• M. N. Srinivas gave the concept of Sanskitization.
• Yogendra Yadav argued that caste identities have weakened.

The primordialism approach to studying ethnic conflicts and have some assumptions which are mentions below. 

Key Points

• It believes ethnicity is a fixed characteristic of Individuals and Communities.
• Ethnicity is ingrained in inherited biological characteristics.
• Ethnic identity is regarded as distinct in terms of intensity and tenacity and an existential component determining both personal self-identification and group difference.
• The component of primordialism are kinship relations, language, religion, common historical traditions, shared homelands, Caste, Community and Clan.

Therefore, Class is NOT a component of primordialism.

A democratic upsurge is often defined as an increase in public engagement in the nation's democratic politics.

Key Points

• Social scientists have identified three democratic uprisings in India's post-independence history based on this theory.
• From the 1950s through the 1970s, the "First Democratic Upsurge" was based on adult Indian voters participating in democratic politics both at the national level and at the state level.
• Yogendra Yadav labeled the rising political involvement of the lowest segments of society, including SCs, STs, and OBCs, as the "Second Democratic Upsurge" during the 1980s.
• The Third Democratic Upsurge symbolizes a competitive electoral market that is founded more on the survival of the ablest than the greatest.
• It highlights three changes in India's electoral market: the transfer from the state to the market, the change from government to governance, and the transition from the state as controller to the state as facilitator.

Therefore, None of the above is the correct answer in respect to three democratic upsurges in the democratic politics of India.

India was split into 565 princely states before becoming independent. 

Key Points

• The largest barrier to creating a powerful India was the separate governing philosophy of these native princely republics.
• Except for Hyderabad, Junagadh, Bhopal, and Kashmir, 562 princely kingdoms had consented to join the Indian Confederation when India gained its freedom.
• India's component states were momentarily split into Part A, B, C, and D states.
• The Government of India established the State Reorganization on December 29, 1953.
• Its purpose was to investigate the issue of redrawing the boundaries of States.
• Reorganizing the states based on languages was one of the most demanded changes.
• The members of the State reform commission were K M Panikkar, Fazal Ali, and H N Kunzru.

Therefore, The term 'ABCD' is primarily associated with the formation of States.

​Russia and India have had a long-standing relationship.

Key Points

• India-Russia relations have taken on a qualitatively new character since the "Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership" was signed in October 2000.
• It includes politics, security, defence, trade and economy, science and technology, and culture.
• The collaborative military initiatives between Russia and India consist of:
• BrahMos cruise missile programme
• 5^th generation fighter jet programme
• Sukhoi Su-30MKI programme
• Ilyushin/HAL Tactical Transport Aircraft
• KA-226T twin-engine utility helicopters

So, Russia and  India signed a long-term agreement for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI combat aircraft fleet.

Correct option is 3: (a), (b) and (c)

The chairman should fufil some conditions to become a chairman of Lokpal.

Key Points

Qualifications to become chairman are:

• should be either former CJI or former judge of SC.
• or an eminent person with impeccable integrity and outstanding ability
• having special knowledge and expertise of minimum 25 years in matters related to anti-corruption policy, public administration, law, banking and management.

: 

Thus, we can say option 3 is correct.

Correct option is 3:Ministry of Home Affairs

Ministry of Home Affairs is the Nodal Ministry for the National Human Rights Commission.

Key Points

• National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) was established for better protection of human rights in India.
• It is a statutory body established on 12^th October, 1993.
• Under the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993.

Correct option is 3; Indian Foreign Service (IFS)

Indian Foreign Service (IFS) is not mentioned in the constitution.

Key Points

Services mentioned in the constitution:

• Indian Administrative Service (IAS) under article 312 (2) in part XIV of the Constitution of India,​
• Indian Police Service under article 312 (2) in part XIV of the Constitution of India,
• Article 312(1) gives provision for setting up All India Judicial Services.

Additional Information

• When India got independence in 1947, Indian Civil Services (ICS) got replaced by Indian Administrative Services (IAS).
• And it was given recognition by the Indian Constitution as All India Services.
• The Indian Foreign Service (IFS) is the diplomatic service and a central civil service of the Government of India under the Ministry of External Affairs. The Foreign Secretary is the head of the service.

Correct option is 4: Second Administrative Reforms Commission

Second Administrative Reforms Commission recommended the creation of a District Council in every district with representatives from both urban and rural areas

Key Points

• In each district, a District Council should be established with members representing both urban and rural areas, according to second ARC..
• Under the leadership of Veerappa Moily, the 2^nd ARC was established on August 31, 2005, as an inquiry panel tasked with developing a comprehensive blueprint for reforming the public administrative system.

The correct answer is: 4 - (a) and (b)

Key Points

• Judges of the Supreme Court of India (a):
• This statement is correct.
• Under Article 124 of the Constitution, Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.
• This procedure ensures constitutional validity and independence of the judiciary.
• The Chief Justice of India and other judges hold office according to constitutional provisions.
• Governor of a State (b):
• This statement is correct.
• Article 155 states that the Governor of a State shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.
• The Governor functions as the constitutional head of the State.
• The office plays an important role in maintaining the federal structure of India.
• Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission (c):
• This statement is incorrect.
• Although the Chairman of UPSC is appointed by the President under Article 316, the Constitution does not specifically mention appointment by warrant under his hand and seal.
• Therefore, it is not included in the correct answer.
• Attorney-General of India (d):
• This statement is incorrect.
• The Attorney-General is appointed by the President under Article 76.
• However, the Constitution does not prescribe appointment by warrant under the President’s hand and seal.
• Hence, this option is excluded.

Additional Information

• Appointments by Warrant:
• Certain constitutional posts are specifically appointed by warrant under the President’s hand and seal to provide formal constitutional authority.
• Important Constitutional Offices:
• Supreme Court Judges and Governors are explicitly mentioned in the Constitution for such appointments.
• Union Public Service Commission:
• UPSC is a constitutional body responsible for conducting recruitment examinations for All India and Central Services.

Correct option is 1: a staff agency

NITI Aayog is a staff agency.

Key Points

NITI Aayog is

• Similar in function and accountability to a staff agency
• The NITI Aayog, like staff agencies, has little control over how the tasks for which the services are designed and maintained are actually carried out.
• No commands may be given by NITI Aayog.

Additional Information

• The NITI Aayog (lit. 'Policy Commission stands for National Institution for Transforming India.
• It serves as the apex public policy think tank of the Government of India,
• It was formed in 2015 replacing Planning Commission.

Hegel (1770–1831) was a German idealist who lived the decades after Kant.

Key Points

• Hegel's views on the history of philosophy established it as a separate philosophical subject.
• Hegel himself saw his work as an expression of the World Spirit's self-consciousness at the time.
• Hegel's social and political thinking deals with the concepts of freedom, reason, self-consciousness, and recognition.
• There are essential linkages between these ideas' metaphysical or speculative articulation.
• Hegel taught on a variety of philosophical topics, most notably history, art, religion, and philosophy.
• Hegel makes it explicit in the preamble to the Philosophy of Right criticised the State of Nature theory.
• Hegel in his book Philosophy of Right said that art, religion and philosophy differ only in form, their purpose is the same.

Thus, Hegel said that art, religion and philosophy differ only in form, their purpose is the same.

Additional Information

• Hegel's famous phrase in this regard is "What is rational is actual and what is actual is rational," where "actual"  refers to the actualized or realized condition.
• Hegel was the first thinker who gives the idea of Civil society.

Frantz Omar Fanon was a French West Indian who was a psychiatrist and political philosopher from Martinique.

Key Points

• Fanon was a member of the Algerian National Liberation Front and supported Algeria's war of independence from France.
• Fanon was a political radical, Pan-Africanist, and Marxist humanist concerned with the psychopathology of colonization and the human, social, and cultural ramifications of decolonization, in addition to being an intellectual.
• Fanon's life and work have inspired national liberation movements and other radical political organizations in Palestine, Sri Lanka, South Africa, and the United States for more than five decades.
• His important works are: 
• Black Skin, White Masks, 1952
• A Dying Colonialism, 1959
• The Wretched of the Earth, 1961
• Toward the African Revolution, 1964
• ​The explosive Black Skin, White Masks by Frantz Fanon is a ruthless expose of the psychological harm caused by colonial domination over the world.

Thus, Black Skin, White Masks is written by Frantz Fanon.

Gandhi was a devout follower of God.

Key Points Assertion (A): According to Gandhi, politics divorced from religion is a deathtrap.

• His ideas on religion and its link to politics diverge significantly from those of many modern political philosophers.
• Gandhi transformed politics into a spiritual experience.
• He does not believe that religion and politics should be separated.
• He was against politics that were detached from religion.

​Thus,  Assertion (A) is true.

Reason (R): The entry of religion into politics is necessary because without religion it may take communal colour.

• Modern politics has become increasingly corrupt, greedy, unreliable, materialistic, and opportunistic without religious influence.
• This politics, which has been divorced from religious influence is nothing more than a game of power and deception.
• For Gandhi, politics without religion may take communal colour.

​So, Reason (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya is the most influential Hindutva ideologue.

Key Points

• On September 25, 1916, Deendayal Upadhyaya was born into a poor family in Nagla Chandrabhaan village in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh.
• Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay preached the Integral Humanism ideology.
• Integral Humanism emphasizes the four characteristics of humanity: Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha. 
• Individualism and Communism as social systems are both criticized by Integral Humanism.
• It defines Dharma as the foundation and Moksha as humanity's ultimate aim.
• It describes society as a living natural organism with a distinct national soul.
• The fundamental themes of Integral Humanism are harmony, the priority of cultural-national values, and discipline.

​Thus, Integrated humanism means human life is not isolated, harmony among individuals, society and nations and the essential unity of the man.

Additional Information

• Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya works: 
• ​The Problem of National life, 1960
• Intergral Humanism, 1965
• The Political Dary, 1968
• The Direction of National Life, 1972

Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati was an Indian social reformer who lived from 1858 to 1922.

Key Points

• Ramabai married Bipin Behari Medhvi after Srinivas died in 1880.
• She created Arya Mahila Samaj and Shardha Sadhan for the upliftment of Indian women.
• Calcutta University bestowed the titles of Pandita and Sarasvati on her in 1878 in recognition of her understanding of Sanskrit works.
• She was the first woman to be conferred the titles of Pandita and Sarasvati as a Sanskrit scholar.
• The British Colonial Government of India awarded him the Kaisari-i-Hind Medal for community service in 1919.

Thus, Pandita Ramabai was accorded the title 'Pandita' for being a Sanskrit scholar.

Additional Information

• Her Important works are : 
• Stri Dharma Niti, 1882
• The Cry of Indian Women, 1882
• The High-Caste Hindu woman, 1888
• The Peoples of the United States, 1889

Key Points

Therefore, (a) - (iii); (b) - (iv); (c) - (i); (d) - (ii) is correct matching.

Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who used nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule.

Key Points

• ​According to Bhikhu Parekh, books that influenced him in South Africa were William Salter's Ethical Religion, Henry David Thoreau's On the Duty of Civil Disobedience and Leo Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God Is Within You.
• Gandhi stated in Hind Swaraj that even great persons who were considered devout committed terrible crimes because they believed there was no moral connection or dependency between means and ends.
• According to Iyer, Gandhi not only rejects the established distinction between aims and means but also insists on the adoption of ethical and moral means to the extent that they constitute the standard of reference rather than the ends.
• He is adamant that evil tactics can never lead to good results.
• Evil measures could never be used to achieve noble and virtuous goals.
• He emphasizes the biological interconnectedness between means and ends guided by his belief in the concept of Karma.

Thus, Gandhi believes in End justifies Means.

Additional Information

• Important works: 
• ​The Story of My Experiments with Truth
• The Bhagavad Gita According to Gandhi
• The Essential Gandhi
• Gandhi on Non-Violence
• Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule
• What is Hinduism?

Buddhism is a widely practiced religion that originated in India. 

Key Points

• Piţakas are frequently written in the style of conversations.
• The suttas are the most important of the three piţakas since they include Buddha's lectures.
• It's can be divided into five sections:
• Digha Nikāya (long discourses)
• Majjima Nikāya (discourses of shorter length)
• Saņyutta Nikāya (collection of short pronouncements)
• Anjguttara Nikāya (short passages arranged in sections)
• Khuddaka Nikāya (a matter of works of varying types containing Dhammapada, Jataka tales, etc.)
• ​The Agganna Sutta is the 27^th Sutta in the Digha Nikāya collection.
• The meaning of Agganna is origin whereas Sutta stands for Dialogue.
• It contains the dialogue between Buddha to Bharadvaja and Vasettha.

​Thus, Agganna Sutta is the 27^th Sutta of the Digha Nikaya.

Additional Information

• Agganna Sutta has three parts: 
• Myth of Supremacy​
• Origin of Life
• Birth of Social order & Caste.

​The 1994 EU-India Cooperation Agreement governs relations between the European Union and the Republic of India.

Key Points

• In the fiscal year 2018–19, bilateral trade between India and the EU was $104.3 billion.
• The creation of an Investment Facilitation Mechanism (IFM) for EU Investments in India was announced today by the European Union (EU) and India
• This agreement builds on the Joint Statement of the 13^th EU-India Summit, held in Brussels in March 2016.
• This will entail determining the procedural obstacles that EU businesses and investors have when establishing or operating their operations in India and putting measures in place to address them.
• After China (12%) and the US (11.7%), the EU is India's third-largest trading partner, with €62.8 billion in goods trade in 2020 or 1% of all Indian commerce.

Therefore, India and the EU have established an Investment Facilitation Mechanism for furthering trade ties.$

In 1999, the G7 Finance Ministers decide to launch the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting.

Key Points

• It was recognised after the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997–1998 that a conversation on the global financial system required the involvement of significant developing market nations.
• The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are both represented in the informal G20 group, which consists of 19 nations and the European Union.
• The globe recognized the need for fresh consensus building at the highest political level during the 2008 Financial Crisis.
• The G20 finance ministers and central bank governors continue to meet separately twice a year to assist prepare for these summits.
• A total of 371,000 jobs, or 10% of all FDI-created employment, were contributed by the UK during the same time period, making it the greatest FDI job creator in India.

Thus, the UK  is the largest G-20 investor country in India.

The correct option is 1; Warren Bennis.

Warren Bennis predicted that bureaucracy would likely go out of use in the wake of new social systems better suited to the 20^th-century demands of industrialization.

Key Points

• Warren Gamaliel Bennis was an American academic, organizational consultant, and author who lived from March 8, 1925, to July 31, 2014.
• He was widely considered a pioneer in the subject of leadership studies today.

Correct option is 2: (a) - (iv); (b) - (i); (c) - (ii); (d) - (iii).

The evolution of public administration from the end of the nineteenth century to the present has taken place in the following 5 phases.

Key points

 Five phases of Public Administration are as follows;

• Phase 1- Politics Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926)
• Phase 2 – Principles of Administration (1927-1937)
• Phase 3 – Era of Challenges (1938-1947)
• Phase 4 – Crisis of Identity (1948-1970)
• Phase 5 – Public Policy Perspective (1971- Onwards)

Additional Information

• ​​In the late nineteenth century, there was a movement to divorce politics from public administration and turn it into a science akin to natural science.
• This was the beginning of public administration's journey as an academic field.

Correct option is1: Frank Marini.

Frank Marini summarizes the themes of New Public Administration under five heads - relevance, values, social equity, change, and client focus.

Key Points

The goals of New public administration are as follows;

 Relevance:

• This new movement emphasizes the relevance of public administration in contemporary public life.
• It asks for a significant revamp of the public administration curricula at various colleges.

Values

• The value neutrality in conventional public administration is categorically rejected by this new approach in public administration.

Social equity

• Creating equality in society is one of public administration's objectives.
• According to the new public administration, reducing the economic, social, and psychological suffering of the populace is the primary objective of public administration.

Change

• The new public administration believes that social integration needs a change.
• It is vital to fight against stagnation and influential forces.

Client focus.

• ​Client is another word for citizen.
• Providing the citizens with satisfactory service is NPA's main objective.

Additional Information The features of new public administration are:

• Instead of being descriptive, it is more prescriptive.
• It is a notion based on values. Value is a given in government management.
• It is more focused on altering reality.
• NPA is more dynamic and adaptable.

Correct option is 1: (b), (c) and (d).

These three are techniques of scientific management given by F.W.Taylor.

Key Points

Functional foremanship

• It is a factory management technique that advocates for having multiple foremen in different, specialized roles.
• Created by scientific management pioneer Frederick Winslow Taylor.
• functional foremanship calls for eight foremen in total;
• four in planning and four in production.

 Separation of planning and execution

• Prior to the adoption of scientific management ideas, employees planned their own work and reported to managers.
• Taylor argued for separating planning from execution.
• The supervisor should be in charge of planning, while workers should only do the actual work.

A differential piece-rate system

• It is a method of wage payment in which after tests have set a standard time for any task assigned.
• The worker gets a high piece rate for completing the job within the allotted time
• lower piece rate for completing the job beyond the allotted time. F.W. Taylor gave a method of differential piece-rate system with the name Taylor’s differential piece-rate system as a part of scientific management.

Additional Information

• The techniques of scientific management were introduced by Taylor.
• In order to improve work efficiency and organizational productivity.

The correct option is 1: public choice approach.

The Intellectual Crisis in American Public Administration deals with Public Choice Approach.

Key Points

• It  is a book written by Vincent Ostrom and Barabara Allen,
• Ostrom's research explains the most recent political changes in America, such as those under the Clinton and Bush administrations.

Additional Information

• Public choice theory, is "the application of economic instruments to classic political science problems."
• Its topics cover the analysis of political behavior.

Correct option is 1: (a), (b) and (d).

M. P. Follet provides strategies for conflict resolution.

Key Points

Dominance

• It refers to one side's victory over the other.
• The simplest way to settle a dispute is in this manner
• This is effective in the short run, but it is counterproductive in the long run, she argues.

compromise

• A compromise is a method of resolving a dispute in which both parties make a small concession in exchange for the ability to continue the activity that was halted by the conflict. Contrary to popular belief, few people are truly willing to compromise in order to conclude a dispute.

Integration:

• according to her, solution is in the integration of two problems.
• In this solution, neither of the parties has to give anything up and both their interests are served.
• Integration leads to something new being started, something that can lead to innovation.
• and to which new values can be added.

Additional Information

According to Follet:

• Conflicts are natural outcomes of having various social norms.
• She made the case that disputes were neither fundamentally good nor bad.
• She believed they should always be handled impartially and without emotion.
• A dispute is just a representation of opposing viewpoints or interests; it's not a physical altercation.

Correct option is 1: (b), (a), (d) and (c)

Key Points

• Indira Awaas Yojana (now Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana) was launched in 1985.
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana launched by Ministry of Rural development in 2000.
• Atal Pension Yojana was launched by Ministry of Finance in May, 2015.
• Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana launched in July 2015.

Muhammad Iqbal was a poet and philosopher who was known for his influential efforts to direct his fellow Muslims to the establishment of Pakistan.

Key Points

• He was born November 9, 1877, in Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan.
• Iqbal was a fervent advocate for the political and spiritual resurrection of Islamic civilisation.
• Iqbal was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in 1927 and served in the All India Muslim League in several capacities.
• Works of Mohammad Iqbal are: 
• The Development of Metaphysics in Persia (1908)
• The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam(1930)
• Tarana-e-Hind (1905)
• The Bang-e-Dara (1924)

​​Thus, Tarana-e-Hind, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in ISLAM and The Bang-e-Dara are writings that were associated with Muhammad Iqbal. 

Additional Information

• He knows as the spiritual father of Pakistan.
• In his early work, he also wrote on most of the Indian iconic personalities such as Rama Tirtha, Guru Nanak and Rama.

India has consistently supported the United Nations' first proposed idea of universal nuclear disarmament. 

Key Points

• India is still committed to the idea of negotiating a treaty that prohibits the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and takes into account India's national security interests.
• This treaty must be universal, non-discriminatory, and effectively and internationally verifiable.
• The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) forbids any and all nuclear test explosions worldwide.
• The Treaty was negotiated at the Geneva Conference on Disarmament in 1994.
• In 1996, it became available for signing and 184 nations ratified the Treaty.
• India has stated that the CTBT in its current discriminatory form prevents it from being signed and ratified.
• Resolution 1887 on nuclear non-proliferation was unanimously adopted by the UN Security Council.
• India's response to the resolution was to firmly proclaim that it will not ratify the NPT as a state without nuclear weapons since nuclear weapons are an essential component of India's security.

Therefore, India has neither signed nor ratified either NPT or CTBT is true with regard to NPT and CTBT.

The correct option is 1: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Key PointsAssertion:

• There is no certain number where a single manager can or should manage a number of employees.
• This percentage, which is also known as the span of control, can differ significantly between organizations and even within teams.

 Reason:

• The perfect ratio or range of control doesn't exist.
• There is only what a specific organization can use within its setting, culture, and circumstances.
• The manager-to-employee ratio might vary greatly, even within one company.

Thus, we can say Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Correct option is upward, downward and across

Internal communication is the sharing of information, knowledge, ideas, and beliefs between the members of the company.

There  are two types of Internal Communication:

1. Upward
2. Downward
3. Across

Key Points

Upward communication:

• Upward communication has the potential to be the most advantageous for both parties.
• This upward flow must include all tiers and levels inside an organization for the internal communication process to be genuinely effective.
• Every employee must be given a voice, including remote and difficult-to-reach people.

Downward communication:

• When the information passes from a higher level to a lower level is known as downward communication.
• For example, the manager passes information to the employees.

Correct option is 2; (a), (b) and (c)

Caution, Care and Vigilance have been introduced by the right to information in the politico-administrative system.

Key Points

• The Right to Information (RTI) Act of 2005 gives citizens the right to access information that is under the control of public authorities in order to encourage accountability and openness in how each public body operates.
• The political and administrative systems were made more careful, cautious, and vigilant thanks to the right to information.

Correct option is (c), (a), (d) and (b).

 Key Points

John Rawls' essay Justice as Fairness: Political Not Metaphysical, 1985. He outlines his vision of justice in it. It is separated into two basic concepts of liberty and equality: Fair Equality of Opportunity and the Difference Principle.

Key Points 

• The principles are arranged in lexical priority by Rawls, with the Liberty Principle, Fair Equality of Opportunity, and the Difference Principle taking precedence. If the principles contradict in practice, this order establishes the priority of the principles.
• The principles, on the other hand, are meant to act together as a single, complete understanding of justice—'Justice as Fairness'—rather than individually. These rules are always followed to ensure that the "least advantaged" are aided rather than harmed or disregarded.

Additional Information The first aim of Rawls's theory is to achieve a well ordered and well-administered community by the establishment of a fair distributive system of social goods

According to Rawls, a fair distributional system should prioritize the amount of fundamental social goods distributed to individuals rather than the welfare generated by these resources.

• The most widely discussed theory of distributive justice in the past three decades has been that proposed by John Rawls in his seminal work.

A Theory of Justice. (Rawls 1971) Rawls proposes the following two principles of justice:

1. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.
2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both:

• to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with the just savings principle, and
• attached to offices and positions open to all under fair equality of opportunity conditions.

Important Points

• Equality-based reciprocity is Rawls' positive distributive argument. Unless an unequal distribution is to everyone's benefit, all social products must be allocated equitably.
• The key notion is that, because citizens are fundamentally equal, thinking about justice should begin with the assumption that products produced jointly should be distributed equally.
• Any inequities must then benefit all citizens, particularly those who will have the least.
• Equality is the starting point; from there, any inequalities must enhance everyone's status, particularly the worst- off's. Rawls' theory of justice is defined by these stringent prerequisites of equality and reciprocal gain.

Jaya Prakash Narayan also known as Lok Nayak was an Indian freedom fighter, socialist, and political leader.

Key Points

• He is best known for leading the opposition to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in the mid-1970s and calling for a Total revolution.
• He quit the Congress Party in 1948 together with the majority of the Congress Socialists and founded the Praja Socialist Party in 1952
• In 1954 he devote the rest of his life to the Bhoodan Yajna Movement, which demanded that land be allocated to the landless.
• In 1965, he received the Magsaysay Award for Public Service and he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1999.
• Rambriksh Benipuri a nationalist friend and a writer of Hindi literature wrote the biography of Jayaprakash.

Thus, Ramvriksha Benipuri wrote the biography of Jayaprakash Narayan.

Additional Information

• Jaya Prakash Narayan writings: 
• ​Towards Struggle, 1946
• My Picture of Socialism, 1946
• Socialism to Sarvodaya, 1957
• Reconstruction of Indian Polity, 1959

One of the United Nations' specialized organizations is the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. 

Key Points

• It is a coalition of UN agencies and organizations working to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
• The head office of UNESCO is in Paris, and there are more than 50 field offices spread out across the globe.
• The General Conference and the Executive Board are in charge of running it, and as of April 2020, it has 193 Members and 11 Associate Members.
• ​One of the three constitutional bodies of the UN organization is the UNESCO Executive Board.
• It looks at the Director-proposed General's organizational work schedule and related budget projections.
• In 2017, India was re-elected to the executive board of UNESCO.

Therefore, India was re-elected to the executive board of UNESCO of the  UN* bodies in 2017.***

The correct option is 4; (a), (b), (c) and (d)

The most straightforward definition of corruption is the abuse of public authority (by an elected official or a civil servant) for personal benefit. 

Key Points

• Corrupt behaviour refers to the abuse of authority (granted through birth, education, marriage, election, appointment, or any other means) for personal gain.
• It endangers the rule of law, ethical principles, and reasonable economic progress.
• It also disrupts our society. It undercuts our democracy's values and institutions.
• It slows down both economic growth and social services.
• Additionally, it makes taxes more onerous and reduces the chances for farmers to sell their produce.

Thus, we can say option 4 is correct.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian nationalist, teacher, and independence activist who lived from 1856 to 1920.

Key Points

• He was one of the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate's three members.
• British colonial officials dubbed him as The Father of Indian Unrest.
• Tilak was a prominent radical in Indian consciousness and one of the first and strongest proponents of Swaraj.
• In Marathi, he is famous for saying, "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall use it."
• Tilak promoted the Swadeshi and Boycott movements after the Partition of Bengal.
• He published two newspapers, Kesari was written in Marathi whereas Maratha was printed in English
• Books: 
• The Orion, 1893
• The Arctic Home in the Vedas,1903
• Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya, 1915

​​Thus, Sudharak and Harijan are NOT related to Tilak.

Additional Information

• Mahatma Gandhi published a weekly newspaper Harijan in English.
• The weekly newspaper Sudharak was started by Gopal Ganesh Agarkar in 1888. It was published in both English and Marathi languages and aimed to propagate individual freedom, rationalism, and social justice.