UGC NET Paper 2: Political Science 15th June 2023 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

Explanation:

Key Points **Political Science: A Philosophical Analysis - .

V. V. Dyke**

• This book was written by the American political scientist V.

V. Dyke and published in 1979.

• It examines the philosophical underpinnings of political science as an academic discipline and field of inquiry. Gunnell provides an in-depth conceptual analysis of political theory using a philosophical approach.
• The book looks at the historical evolution of political science and the contributions of thinkers like Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke etc. It establishes the intrinsic connection between political philosophy and political science.

Political Science and the Theory of Action -. John G. Gunnel1

• This book was authored by the noted American political scientist John G. Gunnel and published in 1960.
• It explores the theory of action and its implications for analyzing political conduct. It establishes action theory as a framework for understanding politics as a form of human action.
• Gunnel  emphasizes developing a scientific approach to political analysis based on an action theory orientation. The book had significant influence in promoting theory-building in political science.

The American Science of Politics - . Bernard Crick

• This highly cited 1956 journal article was written by German-American political scientist Crick
• It advocated conceptualizing political science as an objective, empirical science based on scientific methods of observation, hypothesis testing and model building.
• Crick promoted a shift away from institutional formalism towards behavioral scientific research in political science, pioneered by scholars like Charles Merriam.

Segments of Political Science - Eulau

• This essay was authored by the renowned British political theorist Eulau and published in the journal World Politics in 1962.
• It highlighted the emergence of specialized segments within political science like philosophy, theoretical analysis, comparative politics, international relations etc.
• Eulau emphasized the need to study these segments in relation to each other to gain a holistic picture and not in isolation. The essay had significant influence on the disciplinary development of political science.

The correct answer is Telangana - Seperate development board of Rayalseema Region

Explanation:

The special powers provided to governors of certain states are:

• Maharashtra governor has powers regarding separate development boards for Vidarbha and Marathwada regions.
• Assam governor has powers related to administration of tribal areas.
• Manipur governor has powers pertaining to administration of hill areas of the state.

However, there is no special power conferred to the Telangana governor for a separate development board for the Rayalseema region, which is part of Andhra Pradesh state.

Additional Information

• Therefore, the Telangana-Rayalseema pair .
• The other three pairs correctly match the special powers granted to the governors of those respective states.
• In summary, the Telangana governor does not have any special power for Rayalseema development board, making the Telangana-Rayalseema pair incorrect.
• The other options correctly state the special powers provided to the governors of Maharashtra, Assam and Manipur.

The correct answer is A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

Explanation:

• The book 'Social Structure and the Ruling Class' was authored by French philosopher and sociologist Raymond Aron in 1966.
• In this book, Aron provides a sociological analysis of social classes and power structures through the lens of ruling elites.
• On the other hand, the hugely influential 1956 book 'The Power Elite' was written by American sociologist C. Wright Mills.
• Mills put forth the theory of America being dominated by a power elite comprising leaders from the political, military and economic spheres.
• The 1941 book 'The Managerial Revolution' by American philosopher James Burnham focused on the emergence of managers and technocrats as a new ruling class that would displace capitalists as part of a managerial revolution.
• Finally, Italian political scientist Gaetano Mosca's important 1939 book 'The Ruling Class' developed the thesis that all societies ultimately develop organized ruling minority groups, which he termed as the 'ruling class' that govern and control power.

The correct answer is A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV

Explanation:

• The concept of 'Fragmentation in the coalition of dominant interests' was proposed by Indian political scientist Pranab Bardhan.
• He analyzed the fragmentation of the Congress system due to competing dominant caste interests.
• 'Second dominant party system' refers to the theory by Indian economist Subrata Mitra and Iivanta Schotlli, who argued that a multiparty national ruling coalition has replaced the Congress system, marking a second dominant party system phase.
• The theory of 'Parties of Pressure' that characterizes Indian politics was developed by political scientists Rajni Kothari in their book 'Living With Democracy in India'.
• Finally, the notion of 'Ethnic Parties' representing ethnic and regional interests was analyzed by political scientist Kanchan Chandra in her work on the salience of ethnic identities in Indian party politics.
• Based on this, the concepts have been accurately matched with their respective scholar/author as:
• A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV
• In summary, the given concepts representing important theories in Indian politics have been correctly attributed to the respective political scientists - Kothari, Bardhan, Mitra & Schotlli, and Chandra through careful analysis.

The correct answer is S.N. Eissenstadt

Key Points The idea of the breakdown of modernization was first proposed by the sociologist S.N. Eisenstadt in his 1963 essay "Breakdowns of Modernization." Eisenstadt argued that modernization is a complex and non-linear process, and that it is possible for societies to experience breakdowns or reversals in the process of modernization.

Eisenstadt identified a number of factors that can contribute to the breakdown of modernization, including:

Rapid social change: Modernization is often accompanied by rapid social change, which can lead to social disorganization and instability.

Unbalanced development: Different sectors of society may develop at different rates, which can lead to social tensions and conflicts.

Legitimation crisis: If a society's political and social institutions are unable to adapt to the challenges of modernization, it can lead to a loss of legitimacy and a crisis of authority.

External pressures: Societies can also experience breakdowns of modernization due to external pressures, such as war, economic crisis, or natural disasters.

Eisenstadt's work on the breakdown of modernization has been influential in the field of sociology, and it has helped to explain why some societies have been more successful than others in the process of modernization.

The correct answer is: 2 - A, B, C, D

Key Points

Sequential Order of Directive Principles of State Policy:

• To organize village Panchayat (A):
• Provided under Article 40 of the Indian Constitution.
• Directs the State to organize village Panchayats and strengthen local self-government in rural areas.
• It reflects the Gandhian principle of decentralization of power.
• To secure the right to work (B):
• Mentioned under Article 41.
• Directs the State to secure the right to work, education, and public assistance in certain cases.
• This provision promotes social and economic welfare.
• To make provision for just and humane condition (C):
• Included under Article 42.
• Ensures just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
• Aims to protect workers and improve labour welfare.
• To secure a living wage, decent standard of life (D):
• Provided under Article 43.
• Directs the State to secure a living wage and decent standard of life for workers.
• Encourages social justice and economic security.

Additional Information

• Directive Principles of State Policy are contained in Part IV of the Indian Constitution from Articles 36 to 51.
• These principles are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced by courts, but they are fundamental in the governance of the country.
• The DPSPs aim to establish social, economic, and political justice and promote the idea of a welfare state.
• Articles 40 to 43 mainly deal with rural development, labour welfare, and socio-economic justice.
• The Constitution borrowed the concept of Directive Principles from the Constitution of Ireland.

The correct answer is Cultural Colonialism

Explanation:

• Nancy Shoemaker, a noted historian, has devised a typology of colonialism that focuses largely on the motivations of the colonizers.
• Specifically, she places emphasis on the example of settler colonialism, where large numbers of foreigners settle and claim land, eventually becoming the majority.
• In particular, her work has examined settler colonialism in the context of US and Pacific history.
• The term 'cultural colonialism' does not appear within the confines of this provided source material, suggesting that it's not explicitly included in Shoemaker's classification of colonialism.
• Cultural colonialism typically refers to the domination of one culture by another, manifesting in the imposition of the colonizer's culture, beliefs, and practices on the colonized people.
• This kind of colonialism can occur without the physical movement of people that is typical in settler colonialism.
• However, it's worth noting that the absence of 'cultural colonialism' in the immediate source material doesn't mean that Shoemaker disregards this concept.

Additional Information

• The detailed intricacies of her typology could elaborate on cultural dimensions under different overarching forms of colonialism.
• Unfortunately, without further sources or more comprehensive access to her work, it's difficult to thoroughly ascertain the full breadth and depth of Shoemaker's classification of colonialism.

The correct answer is NPM have attributes like raw bureaucratic power, internalization, and concentration.

Explanation:

• The statement "NPM has attributes like raw bureaucratic power, internalization, and concentration." is incorrect in relation to New Public Management (NPM).
• NPM emerged as a governance approach seeking to moderate bureaucratic decisions and introduce private sector practices into public administration to make it more efficient and serve the citizenry better.
• As such, it does not promote "raw bureaucratic power" but instead emphasizes the dispersion of power, managerialism, accountability, and citizen orientation.
• The statement also claims that "internalization" and "concentration" are attributes of NPM, which is not necessarily accurate.
• The essence of NPM is the diffusion of power and the application of market-oriented mechanisms.
• It aims to decentralize decision-making and enable more localized administration, implementing mechanisms like contracting out services to provide greater flexibility in particular .
• In summary, NPM favors efficiency, accountability, and the decentralization of power, as opposed to attributes like raw bureaucratic power, internalization, and concentration.
• Hence, the statement as presented does not accurately represent the principles of New Public Management.

The correct answer is 

Explanation:

• COP-27 (Conference of the Parties for Climate Change): Unfortunately, without current information on dates in the prompt, we can't determine the exact location or the correctness of the match with Sharm El-Sheikh (IV), as the COP location differs year-by-year. As of the last known date in September 2021, the 26^th COP was scheduled to take place in Glasgow, UK. However, frequently these locations are planned well in advance.
• 19^th ASEAN Summit: The 19^th Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit was held in Bali, Indonesia in 2011. However, according to the given correct match, it links the 19^th ASEAN summit to Phnom Penh (III), which is incorrect. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, hosted the 20^th ASEAN Summit in 2012[0].
• 31^st Arab League Summit: According to the given correct match, the 31^st Arab League Summit was held in Algiers (II). Unfortunately, without current date information, we can't verify whether this is accurate or not. As of the last known information till 2021, the 31^st Arab League Summit was held in 2020 and hosted virtually due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
• 7^th BRICS Summit: The 7^th BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) Summit was held in Ufa, Russia in 2015[1]. This aligns with the given correct pair, D - I, making this matching correct.

The correct answer is Hannah Arendt

Explanation:

• Arendt was a political theorist and philosopher who often discussed past thinkers' ideas. In 'The Life of the Mind,' she analyzes the core activities of the mind: thinking, willing, and judging.
• Arendt incorporates and examines Socrates' quote in her philosophical exploration, but she did not originate the saying.
• Instead, she uses the statement to delve deeper into examining the nature of human thought and action.
• In essence, while Hannah Arendt does mention "It is better to suffer wrong than to do wrong” in her work, she doesn't claim this quote as her original statement.
• Rather, she credits it to Socrates, underlining the respect she, like many others, has for the ancient philosopher’s perspective.

The correct answer is M N Roy

Explanation:

• M. N. Roy did propose some interesting reflections on science, including the idea that science does not offer final truths but serves as a continuous quest for knowledge.
• His views on philosophy mirrored this sentiment, seeing it as a critical and reflective system to evaluate the conclusions of science.
• However, based on the available information, it does not appear that M. N. Roy explicitly made the

Statement:

"The function of science is to describe and that of philosophy is to explain. Therefore, philosophy is called the science of science".

• M. N. Roy was a revolutionary Indian philosopher and had profound thoughts on various aspects of philosophy, including science, but the direct quote does not seem to feature in his known works or speeches.
• Instead, in his writings, the information illustrates that he presented an integrated view of science and philosophy.

Additional Information

• He proposed that scientific methodology should be applied to philosophy to make our philosophical inquiries precise and to check our understanding of what we call truth.
• In general, the idea that "The function of science is to describe and that of philosophy is to explain. Therefore, philosophy is called the science of science" is a simplified synthesis of viewpoints, but it cannot be attributed to M. N. Roy directly based on the information at hand.
• To summarize, the available sources do not clearly attribute this quote to M. N. Roy, although his philosophical perspectives indicate an inclination toward the integration of science and philosophy in the quest for truth. For a concrete attribution of the quote, further research might be required.

The correct answer is J L Nehru

Explanation:

• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence, is known to have held modern and scientific views towards governance and policy making.
• As a rationalist and a scientific temper advocate, he believed in the necessity of science and technology for India's progress.
• The quote, "National Programme cannot be fixed according to ideology and if people want it, let them elect astrologers to govern the country.
• And if they believe in astrology out of ignorance let us combat it," is in line with Nehru's philosophy, and you identified him as the speaker.
• This quote delineates Nehru's strong stance against superstition and unscientific thought influencing governance.
• He was an avid proponent of logic, reason, and scientific thought, and felt these should guide policy-making, rather than superstitions such as astrology.
• Nehru advocated for science to inspire a national program, instead of astrology or other irrational belief systems.
• Furthermore, he affirmed the role of informed citizens in electing their leaders and shaping the nation's course, contending that any societal reliance on astrology out of ignorance should actively be challenged.

The correct answer is 1962 Sino-India War

Explanation:

• The Henderson Brooks-Bhagat Report is a classified report concerning the events of the 1962 Sino-Indian War.
• The war, which was fought between India and China over a disputed region in the Himalayas, resulted in a Chinese victory, causing significant reflection within India regarding its military strategy and processes.
• In the wake of this unsettling defeat, the Indian government commissioned Lieutenant General T.B. Henderson Brooks and Brigadier P.S. Bhagat to conduct a comprehensive operational review of the Indian army's preparedness and response during the war.
• This report is often referred to as the Henderson Brooks-Bhagat Report, named after the two officers who led the review.
• The intent of the report was to investigate what led to India's loss and to identify potential administrative and operational shortcomings and failures.

Additional Information

• This introspection aimed to help the Indian army learn crucial lessons from the conflict to effectively guide its future strategy and prevent similar failures in potential future conflicts.
• The study was supposed to cover a range of aspects, including the decision-making process, strength of intelligence, logistical issues, and the readiness and performance of the troops.
• By understanding what went wrong during the war, the hope was that such mistakes could be avoided in the future.
• However, despite this report's significance, it was never officially published, and the Indian government classifies it.

Only portions of it have been released or leaked to the public over time, leading to ongoing speculation and discussion about its contents.

The correct answer is Hobbes

Explanation:

• The English philosopher, Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), indeed claimed that he was the one who established the true science of politics.
• This claim is situated within the broader context of his philosophical beliefs and his significant contributions to political philosophy.
• Hobbes is often considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy.
• His most famous work, "Leviathan," set out his theory of politics, which argues for absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government capable of resolving conflicts in a society, preventing civil war, and keeping individuals in awe.

 Key Points

• According to his own estimation, Hobbes believed himself to be the first to discover a genuine "science of politics".
• This belief rested on his argument that the key to understanding society was the state of nature, a state of perpetual war of all against all.
• From this premise, Hobbes deduced the need for a social contract and a sovereign power to enforce it.
• Hobbes's work laid the groundwork for modern Western political philosophy, and his influence can still be felt today in our understandings of the state, law, and governance.

Additional Information

• His claim of being the first to introduce a "science of politics" underscored his self-perception of his contributions to the field, and it can be read as an assertion of the groundbreaking nature of his political philosophy.
• Following Hobbes, the "science of politics" has also been developed and refined by many political philosophers and theorists, creating a rich tapestry of thought within this discipline.

The correct answer is 2005

Explanation:

• The "Open Skies" agreement between India and the United States was signed in 2005.
• The Open Skies policy is a bilateral agreement that allows for airlines from the two countries to fly freely between them.
• It marks a major milestone in the aviation industry, providing benefits such as increased airline routes and frequency, leading to more options and potentially competitive fares for passengers, enhanced tourism, trade ties, and cultural exchanges between partner countries.
• In the case of India and the USA, the agreement was signed by the U.S. Secretary of Transportation, Norman Y. Mineta, and India's Minister of State for Civil Aviation, Praful Patel, underscoring the commitment of both nations to foster stronger bilateral ties and mutual benefits via enhanced aviation services.
• The agreement signed in New Delhi, India, made India the 67^th bilateral U.S. Open Skies partner, aiming to spur trade, investment, tourism, and cultural exchanges between the world's two of the largest democracies.
• Establishing Open Skies as the basis of U.S.-Indian aviation relations marked an important step in this effort, and the agreement had a profound effect on increasing the ease of air travel for individuals and cargo between the two nations.

The correct answer is A - IV, B - II, C - III, D - I

Explanation:

 Aurobindo -  Cultural Nationalism:

Sri Aurobindo Ghosh was a philosopher, yogi, guru, and nationalist. He was a major figure in the Indian nationalist movement and was one of the important leaders of the Indian Renaissance. He espoused a spiritual, cultural, and socio-political philosophy known as 'Cultural Nationalism,' which was aimed at the spiritual and cultural rebirth of the Indian nation.

Zia Barani -  Tarikh-I-Firuzshahi:

Ziauddin Barani was a Muslim historian and political thinker who lived in Delhi during the reign of Firuz Shah Tughlaq from the Tughlaq dynasty (14^th to 15^th century). He is known for his work 'Tarikh-I-Firuzshahi,' which is a historical record documenting the atmospheric details of the period of Firuz Shah Tughlaq.

Kabir -  Bani:

Kabir was a 15^th-century Indian mystic poet and saint. His writings, often referred to as 'Bani,' have greatly influenced the Bhakti movement in India. These writings encompass various aspects of life and call for a sense of brotherhood amongst all.

Savarkar - Hindutva:

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, popularly known as Veer Savarkar, was an Indian independence activist and politician who formulated the Hindu nationalist philosophy of Hindutva. Savarkar wrote 'First War of Independence' and coined the term 'Hindutva' to create a collective "Hindu" identity as an essence of Bharat (India).

Note:

• UGC has dropped this question because of wrong options. We have updated the answer according to our information.

The correct answer is Harold Lask

Answer:

• The quote, "Political equality, therefore, is never real unless it is accompanied by virtual economic equality: political power," is indeed attributed to Harold J. Laski.
• Harold J. Laski (1893-1950) was a well-known English political theorist and economist.
• He was a professor at the London School of Economics and also served as the chairman of the British Labour Party.
• Laski held socialistic views and was an ardent advocate of an expanded role of the state in society to ensure broad economic equality.
• In this particular quote, Laski asserts that political equality can't achieve its true intent unless pursued alongside economic equality.

Additional Information

• For him, the ownership of economic resources forms a solid foundation for meaningful political participation and influence. He suggested that political power grows out of economic power.
• Without economic equality, political equality remains largely superficial, as those with more economic resources can exert greater influence in the political sphere.
• Therefore, Laski's proposal can be seen as a call to bridge the relationship between politics and economics and to confront socioeconomic inequalities as part of pursuing political equality.
• It denotes a vision of societal arrangement where economic justice and political equality are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Thus, Laski encouraged the social and governmental restructuring to realize both economic and political equality to ensure an equitable society for all.
• In conclusion, Harold J. Laski, with his commitment to socialism and a just society, positioned economic equality as a prerequisite condition for true political equality, viewing them as interlinked rather than isolated concepts.

The correct answer is G Austin

Explanation:

• The term "oligarchy" in reference to the influential roles of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, and Abul Kalam Azad within the Constituent Assembly of India was used by Granville Austin.
• Granville Austin was a renowned historian acclaimed for his comprehensive accounts of India's constitution-making process.
• In his work, Austin described Nehru, Patel, Prasad, and Azad as an 'oligarchy', drawing attention to their outsized influence within the Assembly due to their personal popularity, political power, and extensive experience.
• However, Austin also explained that this 'oligarchy' was responsive to the different currents of opinion, implying that although these figures held significant sway, they remained open and attentive to broader perspectives.
• This descriptor, 'oligarchy', doesn't suggest a rigid, exclusive rule but rather highlights the role and impact these notable leaders had within the Constituent Assembly as they navigated the complex process of framing the Constitution.
• This characterization of the group seeks to illuminate the political dynamics of the critical process of constitution-making in India, underscoring the leading roles and significant influence of these four major leaders, Nehru, Patel, Prasad, and Azad.

The correct answer is A, B, C and D only

Explanation:

The Governor, similar to the President, can hold pardoning powers. This can include various functions related to criminal punishment:

• Suspend the Sentence
• Suspension of the sentence signifies a delay or temporary halt in enforcing a judgment or penalty; this function can be used to grant leniency or deal with specific circumstances related to the judgment.
• Commute the Sentence
• Commuting a sentence involves reducing the severity of a punishment handed down by a court, often transforming a prison term into a less harsh penalty.
• Grant Remission of Punishment
• This involves the complete or partial lifting of remaining punishment, which is generally applied after the convicted individual has served a portion of their sentence.
• Grant Pardon
• Granting a pardon refers to absolving someone of their crime entirely, effectively preventing or stopping any legal consequences tied to the act.
• In terms of pardoning powers, it appears that your options A, B, C, and D are all generally included. However, the detailed scope and limitations can vary by jurisdiction, in accordance with state or regional laws.

Some states may have a separate governing body or process to review and execute pardon or clemency requests before they reach the Governor, and certain crimes may not be eligible for some forms of clemency.

The correct answer is B, C, D only

Explanation:

Key Points

• In 1887, Ramabai published 'The High Caste Hindu Women'' - This is true. In this book, Ramabai detailed the desolate lives and tragic circumstances of Hindu women, particularly focusing on widows.
• Ramabai published newsletter titled 'Mukti Prayer Bill'' - This is also true. The newsletter served to keep supporters informed about the happenings at Mukti Mission, the refuge and educational center she established for women.
• In 1919, Ramabai was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind Medal' - This is accurate as well. Ramabai was indeed presented the prestigious Kaiser-i-Hind Medal for her fealty and service to the British Empire, a clear recognition of her public service in educating women.

Additional Information

• However, option A. 'The cry of Indian women' was written originally in English by Ramabai - is false. Ramabai initially wrote "The Cry of Indian Women" in Marathi. Later, it was translated into English. The English version became widely known, but the original language of the book was Marathi. Instead, Ramabai's notable discourse was her book "The High Caste Hindu Woman" and "Pandita Ramabai's Americana," which are insightful written works addressing the situation of Indian women.
• So, the most appropriate answer, considering the options provided, is: B, C, D only

The correct answer is A, D, B, C

Explanation:

Key Points

• Operations Provide Comfort began in April 1991. This was a military operation initiated by the United States and coalition nations after the Persian Gulf War to defend and deliver humanitarian aid to Kurdish refugees fleeing their homes in the aftermath of the war.
• Operation Restore Hope was launched in December 1992 by United Nations-sanctioned multinational forces with the aim of aiding and establishing a secure environment for relief operations amidst the Somali Civil War.
• Operation Turquoise was a French-led intervention in Rwanda during the later stages of the Rwandan Genocide, in June 1994. It was designed to set up a safe zone for displaced people fleeing the violence.
• Operation Allied Force was a NATO-led campaign in 1999 against Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War, with the aim to stop Yugoslav government violence against the Kosovar Albanians as ethnic clashes escalated.
• Therefore, the correct arrangement of these operations in chronological order would be A (Operation Provide Comfort, 1991), D (Operation Restore Hope, 1992), B (Operation Turquoise, 1994), and finally C (Operation Allied Forces, 1999).

The correct answer is B,D,C,A

Explanation:

Key Points

The stages you've listed are part of economist Walt Whitman Rostow's model of stages of economic growth, presented in his book "The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto" (1960). The stages in the correct chronological order are as below:

• B. Pre-takeoff stage: This stage is characterized by a more traditional society. The economy is primarily agricultural, with limited production. Society is structured around simple labor-intensive industries and rudimentary technology.
• D. Takeoff stage: This is the transition phase. The structure of the economy starts to change with more focus on manufacturing and less on agriculture. New industries emerge, and old ones start to grow. The investment rate increases, resulting in sustainable economic growth.
• C. Age of Maturity (Drive to Maturity): The economy matures and starts to reap the benefits of the takeoff stage. Industries become more diverse. Innovation flourishes leading to technological advancements, and the country sees substantial growth, moving from an industrial to a service economy.
• A. Age of High mass-consumption: This is the final stage of economic development according to Rostow's model. The country becomes a consumer-oriented society. Its citizens attain high incomes and enjoy high living standards. The focus of the society shifts from basic needs to high-end goods and services.

So, the correct sequence in chronological order is B (Pre-takeoff stage), D (Takeoff stage), C (Age of maturity), and A (Age of high mass consumption).

The correct answer is The church and the military

Explanation:

Key Points

Indeed, the Church and the Military are two pivotal institutions that have significantly contributed to the development of administrative theory and practice.

1. The Church: The Roman Catholic Church, in particular, played a substantial role in the development of administrative theories. The Church's need to manage vast ecclesiastical resources, property, and personnel required efficient and effective administrative systems to be put in place. Superiors, inferiors, and equals were clearly defined, and a definite system of hierarchy was established. The Church also instituted strong record-keeping and communication systems to maintain control. These processes provided a framework that could be adopted and adapted by other institutions, leading to some of the early advancements in administrative theory.
2. The Military: The military, too, has had an important role in the development of administrative theory. Military institutions, known for their strict discipline and rigorous organizational structure, provide clear models of hierarchies, command chains, and decision-making systems. Military campaign planning and execution require precise allocation and management of resources, as well as synchronization of diverse activities - highlighting the importance of planning, coordination, and control in administration. Furthermore, advancements in military tech facilitated the drive towards improving operational efficiency and administrative systems, allowing administrators to manage resources and personnel effectively.

Hence, the Church, with its hierarchical model and comprehensive record-keeping systems, along with the Military, with its emphasis on discipline, hierarchy, efficient planning and resource allocation, both contributed immensely to shaping administrative theory and practice as we understand it today.

The correct answer is A,B,C and E only

Explanation:

Under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, the right to life and personal liberty is protected. This fundamental right has been expansively interpreted by the courts to include a variety of rights.

• Right against public hanging: The Supreme Court has ruled that public hanging infringes on the dignity of an individual, which is an inseparable aspect of the right to life.
• Right to sustainable development: In various judgments, the Supreme Court has held that the Right to Life also includes the Right to a healthy environment, which includes the aspect of sustainable development.
• Right to Livelihood: In its interpretative evolution, the right to life has been expanded to include the right to livelihood, except in cases where an individual's right to carry on any trade or profession is barred according to fair, just, and reasonable laws.
• Right to Reputation: Reputation being an integral part of an individual's dignity, the right to life under Article 21 of the Indian constitution has been interpreted to encompass the Right to Reputation as well.

However, 'D. Right to Free education up to 16 years of age' is not covered directly under Article 21. The right to education is explicitly mentioned in Article 21A of the Indian Constitution introduced by the 86^th Amendment in 2002, mandating free and compulsory education for all children aged 6 to 14. Consequently, the option about Right to Free education up to 16 years of age is not entirely accurate as per the constitutional provision.

The correct answer is Black Feminists

Explanation:

• "Universal Sisterhood" is a concept in feminism that posits a common, shared, universal womanhood experience.
• The concept has often been criticized, particularly by Black feminists, who assert that it fails to sufficiently consider the intersection of race, class, and gender.
• Black feminists challenged the idea of 'Universal Sisterhood' because it often assumes a monolithic female experience that defaults to the experiences and perspectives of middle-class, white women.
• Broadly, this fails to acknowledge the distinct experiences and struggles faced by women of color.

Key Points

• By collecting their unique experiences as Black women, Black feminists have worked to highlight how different intersections of identity, such as race, gender, and class, complicate and intensify the forms of discrimination that women of color face.
• Consequently, they reject "Universal Sisterhood" for not fully encompassing these diverse experiences and instead advocate for a more inclusive approach that considers intersectionality in feminist discourse.
• For example, this perspective is evident in the works of significant Black feminists like Audre Lorde and bell hooks, among others.
• These scholars write extensively about intersectionality, drawing attention to racial and class differences within the feminist movement and arguing for the necessity of acknowledging these differences to progress towards true equality.

The correct answer is John Deewey

Explanation:

• John Dewey, an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, indeed made a statement concerning the caste system in India that said, "Every society gets encumbered with what is trivial, with dead wood from the past, and with what is positively perverse."
• Dewey, who was associated with the philosophical movement known as pragmatism, was a strong advocate for progressive educational and social reforms.
• His understanding of societal complexity likely extended to his awareness of the social structures in different cultures, including India's caste system.
• There is no direct reference right now to confirm this quote by John Dewey, but Dewey was known for his broad understanding of social functions, which likely included his analysis of the Indian caste system and its impact on society and its development.

The correct answer is B, C and D only

Explanation:

 Key Points

• The Group of Twenty, widely known as the G-20, significantly comprises 19 countries and the European Union, consequently delineating this collective does not consist solely of individual sovereign nations.
• This international forum noticeably encompasses nearly all of the leading economies worldwide, accounting for approximately 80% of the global Gross Domestic Product.
• Pertinent countries represented within the G-20 not only include established economic powers such as the United States, China, Japan, and Germany, but also ascending economies such as India.
• Moreover, the role of the G-20 is not confined to an assembly of nations.
• It is an informal forum, designed to facilitate dialogue amongst policy-makers who can have significant impact on global economic stability, including finance ministers, central bank heads, and national leaders.
• The objectives are to promote international financial stability, stimulate economic growth worldwide, and ensure constructive cooperation among the globe's major economies.
• As we interpret the G-20's significance, it is conceivable that it metaphorically represents the emergence of a new institutional world order.
• The inclusion of emerging economies indicates a transformation in global power dynamics, striving for increased inclusivity.
• Traditional economic institutions, such as the World Bank or International Monetary Fund, mirror mid-20^th century power dynamics, which were largely Western-centric.
• In contrast, the G-20 disperses a degree of this power more equitably among its varied members, signaling a new norm in international relations, even within its informal structure.

The correct answer is Revolutions

Explanation:

• Revolutions, by definition, are not considered a formal mode of people's participation in administration. Rather, these are informal and often radical forms of political participation.
• Formal modes of participation include voting, running for office, joining political parties or movements, participating in public consultations or town hall meetings, or engaging in other structured systems that facilitate individuals' direct or indirect involvement in decision-making.
• In contrast, a revolution is typically a forceful overthrow of a political system in a way that is not formalized or officially recognized as a standard procedure within the system.
• They often occur when formal modes of participation are viewed as insufficient or inadequate in addressing certain grievances. Thus, while revolutions may bring significant political change, they fall outside the scope of formal political participation.

The correct answer is 1937 

Explanation:

• Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, often known by the names Vir or Veer, was a prominent figure in the Hindu Mahasabha, an organization and political party that represented Hindu nationalist interests. Born on May 28, 1883, in Bhagur, India, he made significant contributions to the Hindu nationalist movement.
• In 1937, Savarkar really came into prominence within the national political scene when he became the president of the Hindu Mahasabha. His leadership marked a distinctive shift in the party's ideology towards the concept of Hindutva, or "Hinduness".
• Savarkar, with his forceful oratory and sharp writing skills, became a leading voice endorsing the idea of India as a Hindu Rashtra (Hindu Nation). This vision argued for Hindu political and social unity and served as a strong counter-voice to the secular nationalism of the Congress party during that time.
• As the president of the Hindu Mahasabha, his influence was not only confined to forming ideals and policies but also extended to inspiring people via his speeches and writings.
• After 1937, he began traveling extensively across the nation, leaving a profound impact on the masses. One notable event in his tenure was his presidency at the Marathi Sahitya Sammelan in Mumbai in 1938.
• His presidency of the Hindu Mahasabha led to the emergence of the party as a distinct entity promoting the philosophy of Hindutva.
• Despite the controversies throughout his political career, his influence continues to be felt and studied in modern India's socio-political dynamics. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar remains a significant figure in India's history.

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Explanation:

 Key Points

Statement I: "India's national security objective is to defend the country's borders as defined by law and enshrined in the constitution." This point highlights a core objective of virtually every sovereign nation, including India.

• The maintenance of territorial integrity and national sovereignty are paramount in ensuring a nation's security. This aim is supported implicitly by the Indian constitution, which lists Defence of India and every part thereof as an aspect of executive power of the Union (Article 53(2)). Furthermore, India has a sizeable military sphere that works diligently to safeguard its frontiers - a testament to its commitment to this objective.

Statement II: "India's national security objective is pursuing security and strategic dialogues with major powers and key partners."

• This second objective derives from an understanding of the interconnected world we reside in, where conflicts and alliances extend beyond physical borders. India has embraced an active foreign policy, engaging with powerful nations and regional partners to foster diplomatic ties, secure its strategic and economic interests, and promote regional stability.
• Engagements like Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (or Quad, involving U.S., Japan, Australia, and India), Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), and BRICS point to India’s willingness to operate within multilateral settings towards shared security objectives. Bilateral engagements with major powers like the U.S., Russia, China, and France, among others, further underline its focus on strategic dialogues.
• To summarise, India's approach to its national security is twofold: maintaining its territorial integrity and continuously engaging in strategic dialogues with influential nations and regional partners. These twin goals facilitate a balance between defense and diplomacy in India's security strategy.

The correct answer is A,B,E,D and C

Explanation:

Key Points

• According to Nicholas Henry, a renowned scholar in the field of Public Administration, the stages of evolution of Public Administration are as follows:
• Politics-Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926): This phase proposed that politics and administration are two different fields, where politics deals with policy-making, and administration implements these policies. Woodrow Wilson is known as one of the significant proponents of this principle.
• Principles of Administration (1927-1937): During this phase, universal principles of administration, applicable to all organizations, were sought. This phase signifies the beginning of the study of Public Administration as a separate discipline.
• Public Administration as a part of Political Science (1950-1970): In this phase, Public Administration was treated as a sub-discipline of Political Science. The focus was not only on the administrative side but also on the political dynamics affecting administration.
• Public Administration as Administrative Science (1971-1990): This phase witnessed a modern approach being adopted towards viewing Public Administration, changing it from being part of Political Science to an administrative science. The focus was amplified on the technicalities of administration.
• Public Administration as Public Administration (1991 onward): This phase emphasizes that neither is Public Administration a part of Political Science nor is it Administrative Science. In this phase, Public Administration is considered a self-sufficient field of study.
• So, the correct arrangement of these stages in chronological order would be A (Politics-Administration dichotomy), B (Principles of Administration), E (Public Administration as part of Political Science), D (Public Administration as Administrative Science), and finally C (Public Administration as Public Administration).

The correct answer is C,A,D, B

Explanation:

 Key Points

• C. Golaknath and others Vs state of Punjab case, 1967: This case is one of the landmark judgments in the history of Indian constitutional law. The court ruled that the Parliament does not have unlimited power to amend the Constitution and cannot change or alter its fundamental provisions.
• A. Keshavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala case, 1973: This case is considered a watershed moment in India's constitutional history. The Supreme Court held that although the Parliament has wide powers, it did not have the power to destroy or emasculate the basic elements or fundamental features of the constitution. This case established the doctrine of the Basic Structure, which maintains some basic features of the Constitution that cannot be altered or changed by amendments by the Parliament.
• D. Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India case, 1978: This case had a significant impact on the interpretation of the fundamental rights under the Indian Constitution. The court held that the right to live is not merely a physical right but includes within its ambit the right to live with human dignity, thereby paving the way for a broad interpretation of Article 21 (Right to Life) of the Constitution.
• B. Minerva Mills Ltd. and others Vs. Union of India case, 1980: Yet another landmark case where the Supreme Court struck down the clauses of the 42^nd amendment which granted the power to the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution, and also validated the concept of judicial review. The court reinforced the doctrine of the Basic Structure, as propounded initially in the Keshavananda Bharati case, stating that the Parliament could not alter the basic structure of the Constitution.

These four litigation cases, each emerging out of a unique set of circumstances, have contributed significantly to the shaping of the Indian Constitution, its interpretation, and the jurisprudence surrounding it.

The correct answer is Suwanda H J Sugunasiri

Explanation:

• Suwanda H. J. Sugunasiri is indeed recognized as the founder of the Nalanda College of Buddhist Studies in Toronto, Canada.
• He is a multifaceted personality, having distinguished himself as an academic, educator, Buddhist monk, author, journalist, and poet.
• His educational background includes the achievement of a Master's degree in Linguistics from the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA, in 1967.
• His studies appeared to focus on Buddhist subjects, evidenced by his academic background.
• In terms of his professional achievements, he held notable positions such as a professor of education at the University of Ontario in Oshawa, Ontario. This role in academia is in addition to his duties and obligations as a Buddhist monk.

Additional Information

• It was Sugunasiri's founding of the Nalanda College of Buddhist Studies in Toronto that seems to underline his dedication to the teaching and dispersal of Buddhist thought. The institution held a pivotal role in the Canadian landscape for the study of Buddhism.
• It's worth noting that the Nalanda College of Buddhist Studies is no longer operational. Despite its eventual closure, the college's existence and influence showcased Sugunasiri's commitment to education and the promotion of Buddhist principles and philosophy within Canadian society.
• Also, he has demonstrated a commitment to a certain lifestyle as a teetotaler and non-smoker. To keep his mind focused and body healthy, Sugunasiri is a daily practitioner of meditation—a practice strongly associated with Buddhist tradition.
• In summary, Suwanda H. J. Sugunasiri is a respected figure in both educational and Buddhist circles, primarily for his establishment of the Nalanda College of Buddhist Studies. His influence extends from academia to spirituality, leaving a lasting imprint on Canada's Buddhist and educational communities.

The correct answer is Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Explanation:

Key Points

• Statement I: "Social Action and Social Reforms both have normative ends." Normative, in sociology, refers to standards or norms established in society. Both social action and social reform aim towards changing these norms, values, or conditions for a perceived better or favorable end.
• They share common goals of social betterment, fairness, and justice.
• Social action means any actions done by individuals or groups with the intention to alter social conditions, while social reforms are structured efforts to change certain societal aspects deemed unfair or unjust.
• Statement II: "Social reform is only one field of social action. The scope of social action is much wider." This is also true.
• Social reform, as previously mentioned, represents structured changes undertaken to ameliorate certain societal aspects deemed unfair or discriminatory.
• These reforms could relate to laws, regulations, or cultural practices. On the other hand, social action includes a much wider range of activities. It could be individuals participating in protests, NGOs working for community development, or people following a sustainable lifestyle to combat climate change.
• Thus, social action is a broad term encompassing an array of activities for social change, of which social reform is a part.

The correct answer is Van Gunsteren

Explanation:

Key Points

• Herman Van Gunsteren, a Dutch political theorist, who suggested that "the concept of citizenship has gone out of fashion among political thinkers."
• He made this assertion during the latter part of the 20^th-century, in an attempt to remark on the shifting focus of political theory away from classical civic duties and rights.
• He observed that during this time, the concept of citizenship wasn't receiving significant attention in political theory.
• Despite this assertion, the subject matter has since re-emerged as an important area of discourse.
• In more recent years, the conversations have expanded to adopt a more inclusive definition of citizenship, beyond the traditional view of legal nationality or membership within a particular nation-state.
• Contemporary perspectives on citizenship now encapsulate socio-economic and cultural factors while recognizing the role of global institutions and societal structures that transcend national boundaries.
• However, at the time Van Gunsteren made his statement, considerations of citizenship were often neglected in lieu of significant emphasis on state functionality, political processes, and structures. His observation, therefore, primarily reflects the climate of thinking during his time and serves as an introspection of the shifts within the arena of political thought.

The correct answer is A, B and C only

Explanation:

According to Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, job satisfaction is influenced by two sets of factors – Motivators and Hygiene factors.

Motivators, which contribute to job satisfaction, include:

• Achievement: Accomplishing goals and making a difference through one's work are drivers of job satisfaction.
• Recognition: Being acknowledged for one's work significantly influences job satisfaction. Recognition could be through praise, rewards, or promotions.
• Work itself: The nature of the job, including the tasks involved and the degree of responsibility and challenge it provides, has a direct impact on job satisfaction.

While Salary (D) and Working Conditions (E) are critical, Herzberg classifies these as Hygiene factors, which, if absent or inadequate, can cause job dissatisfaction.

However, their presence doesn't necessarily enhance job satisfaction, according to Herzberg's theory. Instead, they represent a minimum level of acceptable conditions that must be met. Therefore, while they are factors of job contentment to some extent, they are not the determinants of job satisfaction in comparison to achievement, recognition, and the nature of the work itself.

The correct answer is Ends and Means are interrelated

Explanation:

Key Points

• Mahatma Gandhi strongly endorsed the idea that ends and means are closely interrelated, a concept also known as the "Doctrine of Ends and Means".
• According to him, immoral means could never yield moral ends. Gandhi held the principle that the methods used to achieve an objective should be as morally upright as the objective itself.
• For Gandhi, means were the seed and ends were the tree which grows out of it. If the means are corrupt, the end result, according to Gandhi, can not be moral or just even if it appears to be beneficial on the surface.
• This belief significantly influenced his use of non-violence (ahimsa) and truth (satya) as means to achieve political and social changes (the ends), such as India's independence.
• His approach emphasized the need to maintain ethical integrity during the process of striving towards goals, to ensure that the outcomes are truly valuable. In essence, the justification of the ends by the means used was central to Gandhi's philosophy and practice.

The correct answer is A, B and D only 

Explanation:

Key Points

David Held and Anthony McGrew's three-part typology of theories of globalization reflects a way to understand and interpret the process and impact of globalization i.e., the growing interconnectedness of different parts of the world.

The Hyperglobalist perspective:

• This view asserts that globalization is a real and powerful force bringing about a new era wherein national governments are no longer able to exert control over their own economies.
• Proponents argue that global economic integration is leading to a significant decline in the power and sovereignty of nation-states, bringing about a more interconnected global society.

The Sceptic perspective:

• Held and McGrew's second perspective, held by the sceptics, is more critical and downplays the extent and novelty of globalization.
• They argue that regional economic processes and the power of individual states remain largely intact, and that the idea of globalization is more a myth or an ideological ploy than a reality.

The Transformationalist perspective:

• The third perspective is that of the transformationalists. They posit that globalization is a significant force that is reordering our world, but not in the predictable manner described by the hyperglobalists.
• They see the nation-state as being reshaped rather than becoming powerless, and global interconnectedness as reconfiguring rather than diminishing national power, leading to a reshaping of global politics and economics.

Hence, Culturalist is not part of the typology developed by Held and McGrew.

The correct answer is A, B and C only

Key Points

According to Lucian Pye, a political scientist known for his work on political development and the political culture of developing countries, the correct options from the choices you provided would be A. Identity Crises, B. Legitimacy Crisis, and C. Penetration Crisis.

• Identity Crisis: Pye's work discussed how the formation of national identity could become a crisis point in politically developing nations. He explored how diverse cultural identities within a country could create challenges in unifying people under a single national identity.
• Legitimacy Crisis: Pye also highlighted how establishing legitimacy could be a critical issue in developing nations. For a government to function effectively, it needs to be seen as legitimate by its population. This legitimacy is often hard to establish in developing nations due to various socio-political factors.
• Penetration Crisis: Pye mentioned penetration crisis where a government's power or influence can't correctly penetrate society, impeding its capability to effectively govern and implement policies, which could be due to lack of infrastructure, societal resistance, corruption, etc.

Additional Information

• However, Pye did not explicitly describe  Welfare Crisis as a category of political development crisis.
• While issues of welfare may be part of broader discussions on political development, they do not represent a specific crisis category in Pye's framework.
• Welfare concerns could possibly be seen as a part of other challenges, like distribution crisis (related to resources and wealth distribution).

The correct answer is 50

Explanation:

• Impeachment in India is a quasi-judicial procedure. When we talk about the impeachment of a judge, it is a process laid out in the Constitution of India and further detailed in the Judges Inquiry Act, 1968. It's not just a matter of immediate voting but an examination of charges of misbehavior or incapacity laid against the judge in question.
• The process begins with a motion for impeachment, which should be signed by a certain number of parliamentarians. If the judge in question is a Supreme Court or High Court judge, the motion should include either 100 members of the Lower House (Lok Sabha) or 50 members of the Upper House (Rajya Sabha). So, as per your question, a minimum of 50 members from the Rajya Sabha are required to initiate the impeachment process for a judge.
• Once this motion is submitted to the presiding officer (the Speaker if in Lok Sabha or the Chairman in the case of Rajya Sabha) and is deemed acceptable, an inquiry committee is formed. This committee consists of three members, one from the Supreme Court, a Chief Justice of a High Court, and a distinguished jurist. They are responsible for investigating the charges made.
• If the committee supports the charges after investigations, the motion for impeachment with the committee's report is taken up for consideration by the House where it was introduced. It must be passed by a majority of two-thirds of the members present and voting in both houses of Parliament.

Importantly, the judge in question is allowed to defend themselves during the inquiry and the subsequent debates in Parliament.

Only after passage by both houses of Parliament, does the President pass an order completing the impeachment process, leading to the removal of the judge from office.

The correct answer is De Cive

Explanation:

The statement "Law is the command of that person whose precept contains in the reason of obedience" seems to align philosophically with Thomas Hobbes's political philosophy, especially as related in his book "De Cive".

• In "De Cive", one of his major political writings, Hobbes develops his thoughts on natural law and the social contract. He happens to consider law fundamentally as a command rendered by a person or body that holds a position of authority.
• The obligation to obey the law in Hobbes's view isn't only because it's the legal regulation, but it contains the reason for obedience within itself.
• This essentially means that citizens should obey laws not out of fear of punishment, but because they recognize the authority of the lawgiver and the inherent logic and wisdom within the laws (based on results).

Additional Information

Note that this perspective contrasts dramatically with Aquinas' natural law theory. Aquinas saw the law as being derived from reason and inherently oriented towards the common good. He maintained that laws should align with natural law (which is known through reason) and proposed that unjust laws (those not aligned with natural law) did not have to be obeyed (based on results ). This can be viewed as opposite to Hobbes' focus on the authority of the lawgiver as the basis for obedience.

The correct answer is: 1 - A, C, B, D

Key Points

Chronological Sequence of Electoral Reform Initiatives:

• Joint Parliamentary Committee on Reform of Electoral Law (A):
• Constituted in 1971 to examine reforms in electoral laws and procedures.
• Focused on improving the fairness and effectiveness of the electoral system.
• Suggested measures regarding election administration and electoral practices.
• Tarkunde Committee on Electoral Reforms (C):
• Formed in 1974 under the initiative of Jayaprakash Narayan.
• Headed by Justice V. M. Tarkunde.
• Recommended lowering the voting age, state funding of elections, and strengthening the Election Commission.
• Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms (B):
• Established in 1990 under the chairmanship of Dinesh Goswami.
• Suggested reforms related to booth capturing, election expenses, and disqualification of candidates.
• Played a significant role in shaping later electoral reform debates.
• Election Commission's campaign against criminalization of politics (D):
• Became prominent during the late 1990s and early 2000s.
• Focused on mandatory disclosure of criminal records and financial details of candidates.
• Aimed to reduce the influence of criminal elements in electoral politics.

Additional Information

• Electoral reforms are intended to ensure free, fair, transparent, and efficient elections in India.
• The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional body responsible for supervising elections.
• Several committees and commissions have contributed recommendations for improving the electoral process since the 1970s.
• The issue of criminalization of politics gained major national attention due to the growing participation of candidates with criminal backgrounds.
• Many recommendations of these committees later influenced amendments to election laws and judicial reforms.

The correct answer is 28^th September

Explanation:

Key Points

• The International Day for Universal Access to Information is celebrated every year on the 28^th of September.
• This declaration was originally made by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) on November 17, 2015.
• The aim of this day is to underscore the significance of easy access to information for creating inclusive, democratic societies that respect human rights.
• Subsequently, the 74^th UN General Assembly then officially proclaimed the 28^th of September as the International Day for Universal Access to Information at the United Nations level in October 2019.
• This was a significant step forward because it acknowledged publicly at a global level the essential role that free access to information plays in modern society.

Additional Information

• Access to information is a fundamental human right that is essential for the function of a transparent and accountable society.
• It is also critical for empowering individuals in their decision-making processes and facilitating the full exercise of their other human rights.
• By choosing to celebrate this day every year, the United Nations emphasizes the role that information access plays in promoting social inclusion, democracy, and a healthy, vibrant public life.
• Moreover, the annual celebration is a call to action for the global community.
• It encourages governments, policymakers, and citizens to recognize and further the commitments made in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development goals. This is because access to information is not just about fostering transparency and accountability, but also about driving sustainable development.
• The declaration of an International Day for Universal Access to Information serves as a reminder each year that we all need to strive for, and uphold, universal information access. It enriches our democratic, social, and cultural lives, making a significant impact on our communities and our world.

The correct answer is A, B and C only

Explanation:

 Nehru's Constitutional Draft, 1928:

• Also referred to as the Nehru Report, it was a document outlining a proposed new Dominion status Constitution for India.
• It was prepared by a committee of the All Parties Conference chaired by Motilal Nehru with his son Jawaharlal Nehru acting as secretary.
• This primarily aimed to grant dominion status to India, and in that process also proposed joint electorates, thus ensuring political representation for the minorities. However, it wasn't specifically concerned with rights for minority communities.

Karachi resolution, 1931:

• The Karachi Resolution was passed in the annual session of Indian National Congress at Karachi, held in March 1931.
• The resolution delineated a vision of the independent India to have equal rights and opportunities for all the citizens, protection for the culture and languages of all the sections of India.
• Again, while the Congress sought the rights of all Indians, regardless of their communal identity, their resolution was not particularly focused on minority rights.

The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce Act), Bill, 1986:

• This Act was passed to protect the rights of Muslim women who have been divorced by their husbands.
• It stipulates that the husband must provide reasonable and fair provision and maintenance to his divorced wife within the iddah period (waiting period).
• It could be seen as motivated by the concerns for gender justice rather than minority rights.

Additional Information

Only in the case of D. Triple Talaq Bill, 2018: Now known as the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019, addressed a specific issue within a specific religious minority community (Muslims). The aim of the Act is to make instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddah) in all its forms (spoken, written, electronic etc) illegal and punishable. It is a more narrow concern and directly related to the practices of a minority community, thus falling in the domain of minority rights.

The correct answer is A, E, B, C, D

Explanation:

• Bahrain: Bahrain is classified as a country with very high human development according to the HDI, indicating that it has comprehensive advancements in health, education, and income indicators which make up the HDI.
• Mauritius: Mauritius is considered a high human development country as per the HDI. This means that Mauritius has secured notable achievements progress in the three HDI dimensions: long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living.
• China: China is also in the high human development category. There has been significant growth and advancement in various areas but it still ranks lower than Bahrain and Mauritius in terms of HDI.
• Brazil: Brazil falls under the category of countries with high human development but it's ranked lower compared to Bahrain, Mauritius, and China.
• India: India is classified under the medium human development category based on the HDI. This indicates that India's performance in terms of lifespan, education, and income indicators is lower than the other countries listed above.

Please note, however, that while HDI is a useful measure of country development, it does not factor in all aspects of development and well-being, such as economic inequalities, poverty rates, or perceived happiness.

The correct answer is Communication

Explanation:

Key Points

• Chester Irving Barnard, most famously known for his book "The Functions of the Executive," has indeed emphasized the role of communication in any organization in order to achieve a common purpose.
• According to Barnard, the achievement of purpose is vital to the existence of an organization.
• Communication, in Barnard's view, is the fundamental mechanism that facilitates goal-reaching activities. Communication is not only about exchanging information; it's a complex process in which the given information must be understood, interpreted, and acted upon by those receiving it.
• Barnard's perspective on communication suggests that the result is not assured merely by sending a message. The effect of the message on the recipient's behavior is what matters.

This is why communication in an organization, in Barnard’s view, is a two-step process:

1. Physical receipt of the communication by the person intended to receive it, and
2. The understanding of the communication by the person.

Additional Information

• Barnard emphasized that a smooth flow of communication enhances the functional aspects across various degrees and levels of the organization, thereby ensuring cooperative action where different individuals contribute towards a common goal or purpose. This cooperation makes an organization more efficient and effective.
• In this context, efficiency refers to the extent to which an organization can satisfy the motives of the individuals working within that organization. Effectiveness, on the other hand, entails accomplishing explicit organizational goals. Therefore, according to Barnard, an organization can only be functional when it is both efficient and effective, and effective two-way communication plays a fundamental role in achieving this.
• Barnard argued that communication establishes a common ground where individual efforts are transformed into a collective, organized action. When communication is clear and consistent, it not only coordinates tasks but also aligns individuals with the common goals of an organization. He particularly stressed the role of executives in ensuring effective communication and thereby infusing a sense of common purpose in the workers.
• In summary, according to Chester I. Barnard, for an organization to successfully accomplish a common purpose, everyone contributing to it, especially the executives, must ensure effective and efficient communication. Thus, communication can be seen as the lifeline that enables cooperative action in an organization.

The correct answer is China's model of rapid economic growth

Explanation:

Key Points

• In international development debates, the "Beijing Consensus" refers to the economic model of the People's Republic of China.
• The term was coined by Joshua Cooper Ramo to contrast with the Washington Consensus, which was the standard model of development prescribed by Western institutions to developing countries.
• The Beijing Consensus emphasizes aspects like controlled political development, economic pragmatism, a growth-oriented focus, and pursuit of innovation and experimentation.
• It rejects the 'one-size-fits-all' approach to development, allowing for more flexible and context-specific economic practices.
• This model has resulted in rapid economic growth for China over the past few decades, and has been lauded for lifting hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.

Additional Information

• However, it must be noted that the Beijing Consensus is not without criticisms, with detractors pointing to issues like inequality and environmental degradation.
• Nonetheless, the Beijing Consensus, with China's experience at its core, presents alternative development strategies, particularly for developing nations, significantly shaping the discourse in international development debates.

The correct answer is A, B, D only

Explanation:

The correct answer from the given options is indeed A, B, and D only.

• A moral necessity: Tilak placed great moral significance on the concept of Swarajya or self-rule. He saw it as an essential principle for a fulfilling life and a thriving society.
• It is Dharma, a duty: Tilak also interpreted Swarajya as Dharma or duty - a responsibility that every individual should strive to fulfill. It's an obligation towards oneself and the community for attaining self-governance.
• It meant self-control and inner spiritual freedom: Tilak's understanding of Swarajya wasn't limited to political self-governance. He extended its meaning to encompass self-control and spiritual freedom. This internal Swarajya aimed at achieving control over one's desires and actions, a crucial step towards self-realization.

Contrary to these, option C states, "It was a life centered on others and dependent upon others," which is inconsistent with Tilak's philosophy. For Tilak, Swarajya stressed self-dependency and autonomy, not dependence on others. Therefore, options A, B, and D best capture Tilak's understanding of Swarajya.

The correct answer is Stephen Cohen

Explanation:

Key Points

Stephen Cohen, an American political scientist and a prominent expert on South Asian security and politics, constructed the evolution of Indian foreign policy within these three strands of Nehruvianism.

• 'Militant Nehruvianism,' as perceived by Cohen, refers to the early years of Nehru's prime ministership. During this time, Nehru held an assertive stance on international issues, resisting pressure from major powers, advocating for decolonization, and pushing for the recognition and representation of newly independent nations on global platforms.
• 'Classical Nehruvianism,' according to Cohen, dominated the middle phase of Nehru's prime ministership. This phase was marked by the adoption of soft power strategies, emphasizing peace and cooperation, goodwill, and diplomatic solutions for prevailing international disputes. Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) is a prime example of policy from this era.
• 'Post-Cold War Nehruvianism,' Cohen's third category, represents the period after Nehru. India adapted her foreign policy according to shifts in global power paradigms, economic liberalization, and evolving national interests. Although there were modifications in India's approach and priorities, the fundamental principles of independence and strategic autonomy, derived from Nehruvian ethos, remained intact.

The correct Answer is A, B and C only 

Explanation:

Key Points

• A. Internationalist anarchy suggests that in a world without a centralized global authority, states coexist in a state of mutual independence.
• This absence of a higher authority can lead to tensions due to differing interests, values, and ideologies.
• Disputes over resources, territory, or influence can escalate into conflicts and even wars as there's no overarching entity to enforce cooperation or mediate disputes.
• B. International anarchy creates a "self-help" system where states must rely on their own capabilities for security and survival.
• This can foster competition as states seek to enhance their power and deter potential threats.
• The lack of assurance from a global authority pushes states to build military strength and form alliances, contributing to a cycle of security dilemmas and arms races.
• C. The emphasis on relative position drives states to engage in power politics.
• The fear of falling behind or losing influence prompts states to engage in aggressive actions to secure their interests.
• This drive for relative gain can lead to power struggles and conflicts, as states may perceive the growth of others as a threat.
• This competitive dynamic can heighten the potential for conflict within the international system.

The correct Answer is Principle of Generalization 

Explanation:

Key Points

Lyndall Urwick has identified eight principles of organization. These are given as below:-

• The principle of objectives, that the organization should have a clear goal.
• The principle of correspondence, that the authority and responsibility should be equal.
• The principle of responsibility, that the superior is absolutely responsible for the work of subordinates.
• The scalar principle that a pyramedical type of structure is built up in an organization.
• The principle of span of control
• The principle of specialization, that the limiting one’s work to a single function.
• The principle of coordination
• The principle of definition, that the clear prescription of every duty.

• The correct Answer is Martin Wight

Explanation:

Robert James Martin Wight, born in 1913 and passing away in 1972, stood as a prominent British expert on international relations during the 20^th century.

Key Points

• The essay "Why Is There No International Theory?" by Robert James Martin Wight addresses the lack of a unified theoretical framework in the field of international relations.
• Published in 1960, this essay delves into the absence of a comprehensive and universally accepted theory that can explain and predict the behavior of states and other international actors in the same way that theories exist in the natural sciences.
• Wight points out that unlike disciplines such as physics or chemistry, where established theories like gravity or thermodynamics provide a solid foundation for understanding phenomena, international relations lacks a single dominant theory. He explores several reasons for this absence:
• Complexity of International Relations.
• Diverse Perspectives and Paradigms.
• Historical and Contextual Variation.
• Normative and Descriptive Goals.
• Absence of Unified Scientific Method.

The correct Answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are correct. 

Explanation:

Key Points

• Statement - I and Statement - II both appear to be expressing the same idea, though in slightly different ways.
• Both statements suggest that John Locke's work, often referred to as the "Treatise of Locke" (likely referring to his major work, "Two Treatises of Government"), addresses and challenges the ideas of two prominent political philosophers of his time, Sir Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes.
• Statement - I uses a metaphor, describing Locke's treatise as a "gun with two barrels," implying that Locke's arguments are aimed at both Filmer and Hobbes.
• Statement - II explicitly states that Locke recognized the need to refute both Filmer and Hobbes in order to fully establish his own theory of the state and obligation.
• In summary, both statements convey the idea that Locke's work was directed against the ideas of Filmer and Hobbes, as he sought to establish his own political theory.

The correct Answer is A, D, E only 

Explanation:

• The concept of generations of human rights is a framework used to categorize and understand the development of human rights principles over time.
• Each generation corresponds to a specific set of rights and values. Let's break down each generation:

Key Points

• First Generation: Civil and Political Rights
• The first generation of human rights primarily focuses on civil and political rights.
• These rights include fundamental freedoms and liberties, such as the right to life, liberty, and security; freedom of speech, religion, and assembly; and the right to a fair trial.
• These rights are often seen as essential for individual freedom and protection from government interference.
• Second Generation: Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
• The second generation of human rights shifts the focus to economic, social, and cultural rights.
• These rights encompass the right to work, education, healthcare, social security, and an adequate standard of living.
• They are concerned with improving the overall well-being and quality of life of individuals and ensuring social and economic equality.
• Third Generation: Collective Rights
• The third generation of human rights introduces the concept of collective rights.
• These rights are often seen as the rights of groups or communities rather than individual rights.
• They include the right to self-determination of peoples, the protection of cultural and environmental heritage, and the right to peace.
• These rights are more about the collective well-being of communities and nations.

The correct Answer is Rahul Mukerji

Explanation:

• Rahul Mukerji, a prominent political scientist and scholar, indeed refers to India's new economic policy of 1991 as a "tipping point transformation".

Key Points

• The new economic policy of 1991, often referred to as the "economic liberalization" or "economic reforms," marked a significant shift in India's economic policies and approach towards globalization, liberalization, and privatization.
• Mukherjis research and writings have focused on the political economy of developing countries, and he has explored the impact of economic reforms on India's political and social landscape.
• He argued that the new economic policy of 1991 was a pivotal moment that led to far-reaching changes in India's economy and society, fundamentally altering the country's trajectory.
• Mukherji characterization of the 1991 economic policy as a "tipping point transformation" underscores his belief that this policy shift marked a critical juncture that reshaped India's economic and political development.
• The reforms had profound implications for various aspects of Indian society, including economic growth, poverty alleviation, industrial structure, and the role of the state in the economy.

The correct Answer is Theodor Herzel

Explanation:

• The advent of the Zionist movement and the establishment of the Zionist Congress are closely associated with Theodor Herzl.

Key Points

• Theodor Herzl: Born in Austria in 1860, Herzl was a prominent Jewish journalist and playwright. He became deeply concerned about the rising anti-Semitism in Europe, particularly after the Dreyfus Affair in France.
• Father of Political Zionism: Herzl is widely recognized as the father of modern political Zionism. In 1896, he published "The Jewish State," a pamphlet in which he articulated the idea that Jews should have their own sovereign state.
• First Zionist Congress (1897): To promote his vision, Herzl organized the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, in 1897. The congress brought together Jewish leaders and delegates from various countries to discuss and plan the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
• The Basel Program: During this congress, the Basel Program was adopted, which stated the goal of establishing a "publicly and legally assured home in Palestine" for Jews. This marked the official beginning of the Zionist movement.
• Subsequent Zionist Congresses: After the First Zionist Congress, subsequent congresses were held, and the movement continued to grow. These congresses played a crucial role in shaping the Zionist agenda and garnering international support.

The correct Answer is Nancy Shoemaker 

Explanation:

• Nancy Shoemaker holds the position of history professor at the University of Connecticut and described the twelve types of colonialism.
• Her latest publication, titled "Native American Whalemen and the World: Indigenous Encounters and the Contingency of Race," was released by the University of North Carolina Press in 2015.

 Key PointsThe following are the types of colonialism-

• Settler Colonialism: In settler colonialism, a large influx of settlers claims land and becomes the dominant population.
• They employ a strategy referred to as the "logic of elimination," aiming to erase the original inhabitants from the region except for nostalgic references.
• Planter Colonialism: Planter colonialism involves colonizers establishing mass production of a single crop like sugar, coffee, or cotton. Despite being a minority, the ruling class often belongs to an empire that grants them control over politics, law, and administration.
• To meet their labor demands, they bring in African slaves or indentured laborers.
• Extractive Colonialism: Extractive colonialism centers around obtaining a specific raw material from a particular area, such as fur or gold.
• This type doesn't always require a permanent occupation but frequently leads to it.
• Colonizers may displace indigenous people to access resources, relying on native knowledge and labor.
• Trade Colonialism: Trade colonialism focuses on the control of trading relationships. The colonial center obtains raw materials from the periphery, manufacturing goods to sell back.
• Trade regulations and enforcement ensure capital accumulation in the colonial center.
• Transport Colonialism: Transport colonialism is about establishing transportation infrastructure and hubs, impacting local economies and cultures.
• It involves creating supply depots, route defenses, and engineering projects that facilitate travel and contact.
• Imperial Power Colonialism: Imperial power colonialism involves expanding territories for the sake of domination.
• It includes various forms like settler, planter, and extractive colonialism.
• European powers weren't the only ones practicing it; others like Tonga expanded for influence.
• Not-in-My-Backyard Colonialism: In this form, colonizers seek distant, empty places for various purposes, like penal colonies or experiments.
• Examples include Britain's use of Australia as a prison colony and US atomic testing in the Marshall Islands.
• Legal Colonialism: Legal colonialism involves asserting legal authority in foreign territories, sometimes through diplomacy or force.
• The United States, for instance, established extraterritorial courts in 19^th-century treaties and assumed jurisdiction over its nationals abroad.
• Rogue Colonialism: Rogue colonialism isn't state-sanctioned; private entities or individuals take over foreign territories.
• States might later intervene to protect these endeavors. Examples include the US annexation of Texas and Hawai‘i.
• Missionary Colonialism: Missionaries, as private agents, have their own category.
• They require the presence of native people to justify their mission.
• Romantic Colonialism: Colonizers who seek different environments and cultures for escape fall under this category.
• Sometimes they hope native people will participate in the romantic fantasy, portraying local culture.
• Postcolonial Colonialism: Even after gaining independence, former colonies struggle to shed the legacy of colonialism.
• Economic dependencies, cultural ties, and colonial-imposed systems persist in varying ways.

The correct Answer is A, B and C only 

Explanation:

• A. Veil of Ignorance:
• The concept of the "veil of ignorance" is central to John Rawls' theory of justice as presented in his book "A Theory of Justice" (1971).
• Rawls suggests that in order to determine what a just society looks like, individuals should imagine themselves in an original position behind a "veil of ignorance."
• This means that people should make decisions about the structure of society without knowing their own personal characteristics, such as their gender, social status, talents, or even their own conceptions of the good life.
• The idea is that this hypothetical scenario helps to ensure fairness, as people would make decisions that are unbiased and impartial, considering the interests of all members of society.
• B. Primary Social Goods:
• In Rawls' theory, "primary social goods" refer to the basic resources and benefits that individuals need to lead a flourishing life and pursue their own conceptions of the good.
• These goods include things like income, wealth, rights, opportunities, and liberties.
• Rawls argues that a just society should ensure that these primary social goods are distributed in a way that benefits everyone, particularly those who are less advantaged.
• He emphasizes the importance of fair distribution and the reduction of inequalities to a level that benefits the least well-off members of society.
• C. Pure Procedural Justice:
• The concept of "pure procedural justice" relates to Rawls' approach to justice, which he calls "justice as fairness."
• Rawls proposes that a just society can be achieved through a fair procedure or framework that is agreed upon by individuals behind the veil of ignorance.
• He argues that the principles of justice should be derived from a fair process, rather than being biased toward any particular outcome.
• This contrasts with some other theories that focus solely on the consequences of actions or policies.
• Rawls' emphasis on procedural justice aims to create a system that is fair from the outset, ensuring that even if people's individual circumstances differ, the process remains just and impartial.

The correct Answer is B and D only. 

Explanation:

• PM Modi's vision of Developed India as 'Panchpran' encompasses five key elements or principles, often referred to as the "Panchpran" or the five vital life forces of a developed India. These elements are as follows:
• In his ninth consecutive speech from the ramparts of Red Fort, Hon’ble PM, Sh. Narendra Modi Ji said it was a historic day for India and the completion of 75 years of Independence was a time to step towards a new direction with new resolve.
• He said we should focus on the five resolves –
• A resolve of developed India;
• Removing any trace of the colonial mindset;
• Taking pride in our legacy;
• Our strength of unity;
• Fulfilling the duties of citizens with honesty,
• which the Hon’ble PM termed ‘Panch Pran' (five resolves) to ensure a developed India in the next 25 years, i.e in 2047.

The correct Answer is United Auto workers in USA

Explanation:

• In 1940, the United Auto Workers in the United States vehemently criticized Mayo's theories, even going to the extent of derogatorily labeling the Hawthorne researchers as 'cow sociologists.'

Key Points

• Mayo and his research findings faced intense criticism, primarily centered around the accusation that his theory aimed to replace union representation with supervisors focused on human relations.
• Critics argued that Mayo failed to grasp the significance of unions in a democratic society and neglected to incorporate them into his ideas.
• As a result, scholars like Loren Baritz and others labeled 'Mayoists' as being against unions and in favor of management interests.
• In 1940, the United Auto Workers in the United States strongly denounced Mayo's ideas, going so far as to disparagingly refer to the Hawthorne researchers as 'cow sociologists'.
• This criticism stemmed from the perception that Mayo's theories undermined the role of unions by prioritizing a more person-centered supervisory approach.
• Detractors believed that Mayo didn't adequately consider the vital role that unions play in safeguarding workers' rights and advocating for their interests within a democratic society.
• This led to a sense that Mayo's ideas were out of touch with the broader socio-political context and were perceived as potentially favoring management over workers' collective bargaining power.
• The United Auto Workers' condemnation of Mayo's approach underscored the depth of disagreement between his theories and the labor movement's principles.

The correct Answer is David Held

Explanation:

• David Held is a scholar who is associated with the view that globalization is transformationalism.

Key Points

• Transformationalism is a perspective on globalization that sees it as a fundamental and transformative force reshaping the world.
• Transformationalism emphasizes that globalization goes beyond economic integration and involves significant social and political changes.
• Scholars like David Held argue that globalization necessitates new forms of global governance to address the challenges and opportunities it presents.
• Transformationalism often highlights the emergence of a global civil society where non-governmental organizations (NGOs), activists, and individuals play an increasingly important role in shaping global affairs.
• While economic globalization is a significant aspect of transformationalism, it is not the sole focus.
• Transformationalism recognizes the complexity and uncertainty associated with globalization.
• Scholars associated with transformationalism often critique the neoliberal economic policies that have been promoted during the era of globalization.
• Transformationalism acknowledges the global challenges that arise from globalization, such as economic inequality, environmental degradation, and the potential erosion of national sovereignty.

The correct Answer is B and D only

Explanation:

• In his book "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality," Jean-Jacques Rousseau distinguishes between two types of inequality: natural inequality and Conventional inequality.

Key Points

• Natural Inequality:
• Natural inequality, as described by Rousseau, pertains to the inherent and innate differences among individuals that exist in a state of nature. These differences are not the result of societal influences or human institutions but rather stem from variations in individuals' physical and mental attributes.
• Natural inequalities can encompass differences in physical strength, intellectual capacity, health, and various other characteristics that people are born with or develop due to natural factors.
• Rousseau argued that these natural inequalities were relatively insignificant in the state of nature because individuals in such a state lived relatively simple lives, focusing on their basic needs without excessive competition or the complex societal hierarchies found in more advanced civilizations.
• conventional inequality:
• In Rousseau's context, conventional inequality, also known as moral or political inequality, refers to differences in wealth, nobility or rank, power and personal merit that exist among individuals in a society, established by societal norms, laws, and conventions.
• This type of inequality is not naturally occurring or inherent but is a result of human conventions such as laws, agreements, or societal norms. Conventional inequality can be modified or abolished based on changes in these societal conventions, laws, and norms.
• According to Rousseau, while some level of natural inequality (based on physical differences) is inevitable, conventional inequality is a construct that societies can choose to minimize or exacerbate based on the systems of organization, laws, and norms they institute.

The correct answer is - Drafting Committee

Key Points

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution.
• The Drafting Committee was constituted on August 29, 1947, to prepare a draft of the Indian Constitution.
• This committee had 7 members and was one of the most significant committees of the Constituent Assembly.
• Dr. Ambedkar is often referred to as the Father of the Indian Constitution for his pivotal role in drafting it.
• Other Committees Mentioned in the Question
• The Ashok Mehta Committee (1977) focused on Panchayati Raj Institutions.
• The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957) recommended the establishment of the three-tier Panchayati Raj system.
• The Southborough Committee (1919) was related to the Government of India Act, 1919 and dealt with framing electoral reforms.

Additional Information

• Role of the Drafting Committee
• The Drafting Committee was tasked with finalizing the text of the Constitution, incorporating inputs from other committees and debates in the Constituent Assembly.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar presented the draft to the Constituent Assembly and clarified doubts during discussions.
• The Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950.
• Significance of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's Contributions
• Dr. Ambedkar ensured that the Constitution upheld principles of equality, liberty, and justice.
• He played a critical role in addressing issues related to social justice, untouchability, and minority rights.
• Dr. Ambedkar was instrumental in including provisions for fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy.
• Constituent Assembly Committees
• There were multiple committees in the Constituent Assembly, such as the Union Powers Committee, Advisory Committee, and Provincial Constitution Committee, among others.
• Each committee had a specific mandate, and their recommendations collectively contributed to the formation of the Constitution.

The correct answer is A, B and C only

Explanation:

• The statement 'Substance must come before any consideration' is indeed correct in the context of Post-Behaviouralism.
• Post-Behaviouralism is a perspective within the field of political science that stresses the importance of substance over technique.
• David Easton, a significant advocate of this perspective, emphasized that it's vital to focus more on the content (or substance) rather than the method (or technique) used for analysis.
• In other words, the choice of purposeful, relevant, and meaningful matters to investigate is favored over utilizing sophisticated tools and methods that may not be as relevant to the issue at hand.
• The underlying belief here is that giving foremost attention to practical problems in society can help in providing more relevant research outputs.

Additional Information

• The intention is to remain significant and pertinent to the evolving societal issues, and whether the research might be a bit vague is deemed acceptable rather than resorting to often irrelevant precision through advanced techniques.
• This focus on substance over technique underlines the desire of Post-Behaviouralism to address societal issues effectively and meaningfully, thus making research more beneficial for society as a whole.
• However, that while this does not necessarily mean that Post-Behaviouralism completely disregards the use of tools and techniques (it recognizes their importance), it argues for a balance where the substance takes precedence.

The correct answer is B.

Key Points

• In the book  ‘The Government and Politics in India,’ Morris Jones describes Indian federalism as ‘Bargaining Federalism.’
• Paul Appleby, in his book ‘Public Administration in India’, characterizes the Indian federal system as ‘extremely federal.’ He is also known as the ‘father of Indian public administration.’
• In his book ‘Some Characteristics of the Indian Constitution,’ Ivor Jennings describes the Indian federal structure as a ‘Federation with strong centralizing tendency.’
• Granville Austin, in his book ‘The Indian Constitution – Cornerstone of a Nation’, describes Indian federalism as ‘cooperative federalism.’ According to him, the Indian federal structure has a ‘strong center but not weakened states.’

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

The correct answer is B

Explanation:

The correct sequence is D,C,B,A

D. Leviathan - 1651

C. Two Treaties on Civil Government - 1689

B. Social Contract - 1762

A. Province of jurisprudence determined - 1832

Key Points

• 'Leviathan’ is a book written by Thomas Hobbes. It was published in 1651.
• ‘Two Treatises on Civil Government’  is a work of John Locke, published in 1689. In the first treatise, he criticizes Filmer’s theory of Patriarcha. In the second treatise, he presented his theory of social contract.
• ‘The Social Contract’ is a seminal work of J.J. Rousseau. It was originally published in 1762. Rousseau’s famous quote “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains,” first appeared in this book.
• ‘The Province of Jurisprudence Determined’ is a book by John Austin, which was published in 1832. In this book, Austin gave his theory of law generally known as the 'command theory'.

The correct Answer is Sagar Panchayat 

Explanation:

• The exercise/project initiated by India to link Indian Ocean Rim Countries is known as the "SAGAR" initiative.
• SAGAR stands for "Security and Growth for All in the Region."
• It was launched by India in 2015 with the aim of promoting closer cooperation and collaboration among the Indian Ocean Rim countries for mutual security and sustainable development.

Key Points

• Security: India recognizes the significance of a secure and stable Indian Ocean region, as it is crucial for the economic growth and prosperity of the countries in the region.
• The initiative aims to enhance maritime security by coordinating efforts to combat piracy, transnational crime, and other security challenges.
• Economic Growth: The initiative emphasizes the importance of fostering economic growth and sustainable development in the region. India aims to promote trade, investment, and connectivity among Indian Ocean Rim countries, with the objective of boosting economic prosperity for all.
• Maritime Cooperation: SAGAR encourages countries in the Indian Ocean region to cooperate on maritime issues, such as search and rescue operations, disaster management, and environmental conservation.
• Collaboration in these areas helps ensure the safety and well-being of the people living in the region.
• Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges: The initiative also focuses on promoting cultural exchanges and people-to-people connections among the countries in the region.
• These exchanges can help foster better understanding, cooperation, and goodwill among the diverse nations that share the Indian Ocean coastline.

The correct Answer is A, B and C only 

Explanation:

• Peter Drucker, a renowned management consultant and author describes the certain 'Sins' which contribute to non performance.

Key Points

• Dogmatism: Drucker emphasized the importance of being open to new ideas and being willing to adapt to change.
• Dogmatism, which is a rigid and close-minded approach, can hinder performance by preventing an organization from adapting to new circumstances.
• Having lofty objectives: Drucker believed in setting clear and achievable objectives that align with an organization's capabilities.
• Setting overly ambitious or unrealistic goals can indeed contribute to non-performance if they cannot be realistically achieved.
• Attempting to do several things: Drucker often stressed the importance of focus and concentration on core activities.
• Trying to do too many things at once without a clear strategic focus can lead to non-performance as resources are spread too thin.

The correct Answer is A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

Explanation:

Key Points

• Total: Total S.A. is a French multinational integrated oil and gas company. It is one of the largest oil and gas companies in the world and is headquartered in France.
• Petronas: Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) is a Malaysian state-owned oil and gas company. It's one of the leading oil and gas companies globally and is based in Malaysia.
• Sinopac: There seems to be a confusion here. "Sinopac" doesn't refer to an energy company. It might be a typo or error in the list.
• Aramco: Saudi Aramco, officially known as the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, is a Saudi Arabian national petroleum and natural gas company. It's one of the largest and most valuable companies in the world and is headquartered in Saudi Arabia.

The correct Answer is A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV 

Explanation:

 Key Points

• A. "The sovereignty of reason amounts to an article of faith for Hegel" by Mc Donald:
• This statement suggests that for the philosopher Hegel, the concept of reason being supreme or having ultimate authority is a fundamental belief, akin to a religious or philosophical faith.
• In Hegel's philosophical system, reason plays a central role in understanding the world and human history.
• It is through the development of reason that individuals and societies progress toward greater self-awareness and freedom.
• B. "The rational is the real and the real is the rational" by Hegel:
• This is a concise expression of one of Hegel's key philosophical ideas.
• Hegel believed that reality, as we perceive it, is inherently rational, and conversely, rationality is a fundamental aspect of reality.
• In other words, Hegel argued that there is a deep connection between the rationality of human thought and the way the world operates.
• He believed that through the process of dialectical reasoning, one could uncover the underlying rational structure of reality.
• C. "Men as well as women do not need political rights in order that they may but in order that they may not be misgoverned" by J.S. Mill:
• John Stuart Mill, a prominent philosopher and advocate of liberalism and utilitarianism, is expressing the idea that political rights are not just a means for individuals to actively participate in governance but also a safeguard against oppressive or misgovernment.
• According to Mill, both men and women should have political rights not solely for the purpose of actively using them but as a protection against the potential abuse of power by those in authority.
• D. "The principle of utility can be criticized for being uninspiring" by Ebenstein:
• This statement suggests that the principle of utility, which is a central concept in utilitarian ethics, can be criticized for lacking the ability to inspire or motivate individuals.
• Utilitarianism holds that actions should be judged based on their ability to maximize overall happiness or utility.
• Ebenstein appears to be arguing that this utilitarian principle may be seen as cold or uninspiring because it focuses on a purely quantitative measure of morality (maximizing happiness) without necessarily considering other moral values or virtues that might inspire people to act in certain ways.

The correct answer is C.

Explanation:

Rahul Mukherji, in the book 'Political Economy of Reforms in India (2014),' argues that the ideational changes of the 1980s were important to understanding the globalization of the economy in 1991 and also State-driven nationalization demand a powerful state. 

Key Points

• Rahul Mukherji, in his book ‘Political Economy of Reforms in India (2014)’ discusses the political economy of the country's growth, globalization, and welfare.
• He finds that the political economy of growth and globalization are intimately connected. And, the political economy of welfare, though dependent to a much greater extent on state intervention than growth, is critically dependent on the growth process.
• In the book, Mukherji reviews the importance of various factors that affect economic change in India and finds that the way the government, especially its technocrats, think is important for producing change
• He argues that the political economy of growth and development after 1975 had produced a fiscal situation and consequent dependence on foreign commercial banks that was financially unsustainable after May 1991.
• It was this economic condition that empowered liberal statesmen and technocrats to move the Indian economy substantially in the direction of private entrepreneurship and economic globalization after 1991. And the 1980s had prepared the ground for this ideational shift. It is in this sense that 1991 marks a watershed in India’s economic history.

The correct answer is A.

Key Points

Douglas McGregor in his celebrated work ‘The Human Side of Enterprises’ came out with the ‘theoretical assumptions’ regarding human nature in an organization. The said assumptions are popularly known as theory X and theory Y. 

• Theory X assumes that people dislike work and must be coerced, controlled, and directed toward organizational goals. Furthermore, most people prefer to be treated this way, so they can avoid responsibility.
• Theory Y - the integration of goals—emphasizes the average person’s intrinsic interest in his work, his desire to be self-directing and to seek responsibility, and his capacity to be creative in solving business problems.

The organizational principle of these assumptions is integration and creation of conditions under which workers can achieve their objectives at the same time as they are contributing to the attainment of the organization's goals. 

Additional Information

• The managers must take care to determine the needs and desires of their employees, through a more open and participatory mode of conduct, and then help orient those individual objectives so that they can be best obtained through work toward the organization’s objectives.
• Therefore, Assertion A: The assumption of Theory 'Y' is that integration of behavior is the key process in management, is correct.
• Reason R: Theory 'Y' results in the creation of conditions conducive for the members to achieve their own goals by directing their efforts towards the success of the enterprise, is also correct and provides the correct explanation of the assertion statement.

Hence, A is the correct answer.

The correct answer is It is similar to the traditional model of local self-governance

Explanation:

Key Points

• The Bhagidari System is indeed an initiative of the Government of Delhi.
• The Bhagidari System or "people's partnership", as it translates in English, was established to involve citizens more directly in the local governance process, increasing transparency and accountability in administration.
• The Bhagidari approach diverges substantially from the traditional model of local self-governance.
• Traditional models generally follow a top-down approach where the government provides services without much direct citizen participation.
• On the contrary, Bhagidari represents a bottom-up approach, where citizen participation is prioritized, and citizens are empowered to instigate change. Therefore, statement 2) is false.
• The Bhagidari model includes sectors like water management and rainwater harvesting as parts of its participatory governance.
• Citizens are involved directly in managing these aspects, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility towards the community's resources.
• The Bhagidari System is designed in such a way that it promotes the participation of civil society in local governance.
• It fosters involvement from residents' welfare associations, non-governmental organizations, market and trade associations, etc., thus ensuring that a diverse range of perspectives are included in decision-making processes.
• In conclusion, the answer 'A' provided initially seems erroneous based on the sources available, as statement 1) "It is an initiative of the Government of Delhi" is correct. The incorrect statement seems to be 2) "It is similar to the traditional model of local self-governance".

The correct Answer is Gramsci

Explanation:

• Gramsci is associated with terms war of maneuver and war of position.

Key Points

• Gramsci characterizes the war of maneuver conducted by colonized individuals as a means to initiate the process of humanization.
• This process involves treating both the oppressed and the colonizers as independent and equal entities.
• Violence plays a crucial role in expressing the humanity and self-determination of marginalized groups who were previously subjected to violent control by the state.
• Additionally, this violence transforms into a struggle for power, where two evenly matched factions vie for autonomy and liberation from the rule of the opposing side.
• The concept of the war of position represents a more subdued type of revolution.
• Its passivity stems from its focus on gradually changing the accepted values, norms, and interests that constitute the prevailing state.
• In this process, individuals accept the new societal order in a relatively uninvolved manner, without any coercive methods.
• The war of position primarily revolves around a cultural contest.
• Gramsci highlight the role of intellectuals as a significant means to infiltrate the dominant power structure

The correct Answer is Narasimha Rao 

Explanation:

• The "Look East Policy" was adopted by the government of India, specifically during the tenure of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao in the early 1990s.
• This policy aimed to foster stronger economic and strategic ties between India and countries in East and Southeast Asia.

Key Points

• The Look East Policy was initiated in response to changing global economic dynamics and the end of the Cold War.
• The primary objective of the Look East Policy was to promote economic cooperation and trade ties with countries in East and Southeast Asia.
• India actively engaged in bilateral and multilateral diplomacy to strengthen its ties with countries in the region.
• India signed various trade agreements and partnerships with East and Southeast Asian nations to facilitate trade and investment.
• Beyond economic interests, the Look East Policy also had strategic dimensions.
• The policy also emphasized cultural and people-to-people ties.
• India invested in infrastructure projects and connectivity initiatives that linked it to East and Southeast Asia.
• Over time, the Look East Policy evolved into the "Act East Policy." This transformation signified a deeper commitment to engage with the region and expand India's influence through proactive measures.
• Under the Act East Policy, India also expanded its defense and security cooperation with countries in the region to address common security challenges and promote stability.
• The Look East (and later Act East) Policy played a crucial role in positioning India as a key player in regional and global geopolitics.

The correct Answer is A, B and C only 

Explanation:

Key Points

• A. "There are differences not only between men and women but also between women from different parts of the world."
• Postcolonial feminism recognizes that women's experiences and challenges vary significantly depending on their geographic location, culture, ethnicity, and other factors.
• It emphasizes that it's essential to acknowledge these differences and not assume a universal experience of womanhood.
• B. "Factors such as culture, ethnicity, and geographic location are important for understanding the marginalization of women."
• Postcolonial feminism asserts that factors like culture, ethnicity, and geographic location play a crucial role in understanding how women have been marginalized and oppressed.
• It highlights the need to consider these intersectional aspects when analyzing the experiences of women.
• C. "Postcolonial feminism situates historical knowledge of colonialism with regard to cultural, economic, and political oppression."
• Postcolonial feminism indeed situates historical knowledge of colonialism within the broader context of cultural, economic, and political oppression.
• It examines how colonialism has contributed to the subjugation and exploitation of women in different parts of the world and seeks to address these issues.

The correct Answer is B, C, D only 

Explanation:

• "Total Revolution" is indeed related to Jayaprakash Narayan (JP Narayan), a prominent Indian freedom fighter, social reformer, and political leader

 Key Points

• Jayaprakash Narayan, often referred to as JP, was a key figure in India's struggle for independence from British rule and later became a significant leader in the post-independence era as well.
• "Total Revolution" was a concept and movement introduced by Jayaprakash Narayan in the 1970s as a response to what he perceived as the growing corruption, social inequalities, and authoritarianism in Indian politics and society.
• He believed that the existing political and economic systems were failing to address the needs and aspirations of the common people.
• JP Narayan emphasized the principle of "Sarvodaya," which means the welfare and progress of all sections of society.
• The concept of "Total Revolution" called for fundamental changes in the political and economic structures of India.
• Narayan believed that true development could only be achieved by empowering rural communities.
• JP Narayan aimed to unite various sections of society, including farmers, laborers, students, and intellectuals, to collectively bring about transformative change through mass movements and protests.

The correct Answer is A, B and C only 

Explanation:

• All of the statements (A, B, and C) are correct regarding accountability and control over administration:
• A. Administrative Accountability may refer to the legal and hierarchical locus of Responsibility: This statement is correct because administrative accountability often involves determining where the responsibility lies within an organization's legal and hierarchical structure. It involves identifying who is responsible for specific actions or decisions within an administrative system.
• B. Administrative responsibility has ethical and normative connotations: This statement is correct as well. Administrative responsibility goes beyond just fulfilling legal obligations; it also carries ethical and normative connotations. It implies that public officials should adhere to ethical and moral standards in addition to legal requirements in their administrative roles.
• C. Administrative responsibility implies that the public officials will adhere to the explicit and implicit values of proper administration and policy: This statement is also correct. Administrative responsibility involves adhering to both explicit and implicit values and standards associated with proper administration and policy. Public officials are expected to act in accordance with established norms and values while carrying out their administrative duties.
• So, all three statements are accurate in the context of accountability and control over administration.

The correct Answer is A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV

Key Points

A. Rate Buster - One who does too much work A "Rate Buster" is someone who goes above and beyond in terms of work output. They exceed the expected or average level of productivity. This term is often used in industries where work is measured by rates or units produced.

B. Chesler - One who does too little work A "Chesler" is an informal term used to describe an individual who frequently complains about their coworkers to their supervisor or manager. This behavior can create a negative work environment and strain relationships among colleagues.

​C. Squealer - One who complains about a colleague to a supervisor A "Squealer" is someone who maintains a formal or official demeanor, often keeping their interactions strictly professional and maintaining a certain level of social distance. This term can be used to describe individuals who don't engage in personal or informal conversations at work.

D. An Inspector - One who maintains social distance or acts officially An "Inspector" is someone who does minimal work, often neglecting their responsibilities or not putting in the expected effort. This term implies that the person spends more time observing or inspecting rather than actively participating or contributing to tasks.

The correct answer is A, B, C, D only

Explanation:

Individualism, as a political philosophy, places the highest value on the individual and the protection of individual rights as the prime function of the state. Hence options (A), (B), (D) are aligned with this philosophy:

 The protection of the state against foreign aggression:

• This is regarded as one of the primary functions of the state under individualism.
• The state exists primarily to protect the citizens from external harm that would interrupt their individual freedom and rights.

 The protection of property:

• This is another crucial consideration under individualism. The state plays a key role in ensuring the security of private property, which is seen as an extension of individual freedom and a safeguard for economic liberty.

 Protection of the individual's life:

• Protecting the life of each individual is the primary responsibility of the state from an individualistic point of view.
• Life is considered the most basic and important individual right, and it's the state's duty to ensure its safety.

 Additional Information

• Protection of the individual against epidemics: While it's true that from the perspective of public health and welfare, it is reasonable for the state to take measures against epidemics, this function isn't typically specified within classical individualism.
• That being said, contemporary interpretations may argue that protection against epidemics could be aligned with the general notion of protecting individual life and well-being.
• Distribution of property in society: This is typically not considered a function of the state under the individualist view.
• Individualism is more associated with market relationships determining the distribution of wealth and property, as opposed to state intervention5.
• So after analyzing all the options, option (2) which includes functions A, B, C, D; appears to be the closest alignment with the principle of individualism. Hence, the initial response was not entirely precise, and the option we would recommend as correct based on alignment with individualist principles would be (2) A, B, C, and D.

The correct answer is A.

Explanation:

The three roles of a representative according to John Wahlke are:

A. Trustee-deputy role

B. Facilitator-neutral role

C. District state or country role

Key Points

In his book "The Legislative System: Explorations in Legislative Behavior" published in 1962, John C. Wahlke introduced three distinct typologies for understanding legislative behavior. These typologies provide a framework for categorizing and analyzing how legislators approach their roles and interact with various stakeholders. These are:

• The trustee, politico, delegate typology.
• The facilitator, neutral, register typology
• The state-oriented, district-state-oriented, district-oriented typology.

In addition to these typologies, Wahlke also employed a Likert-type scale to measure legislators' friendliness toward pressure groups and to explain how legislators interact with external actors in the legislative process. These roles are: 

• Trustee-delegate role
• Facilitator-neutral role
• District, state or country role

​Therefore, the correct answer is A, i.e. A, B, and C.

The answer is Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:

Key Points

• Assertion A: The concept of popular sovereignty and universal adult suffrage is complementary to each other.
• Popular Sovereignty: This concept asserts that the ultimate source of political authority and power resides with the people.
• In a democracy, the government derives its legitimacy from the consent and will of the governed. This means that decisions made by the government are representative of the people's choices.
• Universal Adult Suffrage: This term refers to the practice of allowing all adult citizens in a country to participate in the electoral process by exercising their right to vote.
• In other words, every eligible adult citizen has the opportunity to cast their vote in elections to choose their representatives.
• Reason R: The source of sovereignty is the people and thus every adult should be given the right to vote.
• This reason connects the idea of popular sovereignty with the concept of universal adult suffrage. If the ultimate source of political authority is the people themselves, it logically follows that all adult citizens should have the right to participate in the decision-making process through voting.
• Since the people are the ones who grant authority to the government, it is essential that the right to vote is extended to all adults without discrimination.
• Denying any segment of the adult population the right to vote would be inconsistent with the principle of popular sovereignty, as it would exclude certain individuals from contributing to the political process.

The correct answer is C.

Key Points

• ‘Samvadini-Dalit Stree Sahitya Maanch’, is a literary platform to bring forth the narratives of Dalit women. This forum marks the early beginnings of the Dalit feminist literary movement which went on to become a platform for the diverse voices from within the communities to emerge and present the Dalit women’s standpoint.
• This movement served to carve out a hitherto lacking space for Dalit women to write, and in doing so raised a whole lot of questions that had been left unasked.
• These questions, in turn, allowed for debates on the homogenizing effects of Brahmanical concepts, Brahmanical norms in Indian feminism, the exclusionary politics of the Indian women’s movement and provided an impetus to reviving the Phule/Ambedkarite school of thought as the foremost feminist thought in the Indian context.

The correct Answer is J. Bentham

Explanation:

• Jeremy Bentham, a prominent English philosopher and legal theorist, was critical of the concept of natural rights.
• He famously referred to the notion of natural rights as "nonsense upon stilts" in his work "Anarchical Fallacies," which was published posthumously in 1843.

 Key PointsBentham was a proponent of utilitarianism, a moral and political philosophy that emphasizes the greatest overall happiness or utility for the greatest number of people.

• Bentham's criticism of natural rights stemmed from his belief that the concept lacked a clear and objective basis.
• He argued that rights should be grounded in utility and that any claim to natural rights needed to be justified through their contribution to the overall well-being of society.
• Bentham was more interested in analyzing laws and institutions based on their practical consequences rather than appealing to abstract notions of natural rights.
• It's important to note that Bentham's views were not universally accepted, and his critique of natural rights has been the subject of ongoing philosophical debates and discussions.

The correct answer is C.

Explanation:

• The Theory of the Masses - Ortega Y Gasset
• Managerial Revolution – James Burnham
• Mass Mind – Robert Michels
• Rule of anticipated reactions - Carl J. Friedrich
• Therefore, the correct option is C, i.e. A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III

Additional InformationThe Theory of the Masses :

• Jose Ortega Y Gasset, considered by many as the greatest philosopher of the Spanish speaking world. Ortega seems to be influenced by elitist theorists such as Pareto and Mosca, although he seldom or if even acknowledged his indebtedness to anyone. He has an aristocratic or minoritarian view of political affairs.
• Ortega developed the theory of masses mostly in his work ‘Espana Invertebrada,’ later, he further developed this in his most celebrated work, ‘The Revolution of Masses,’ published in 1930.
• According to Ortega, societies are composed of a directing minority and a mass, and those who exercise leadership in that society are the ‘best’ not only because they managed to get to the top, but also because they possess the qualities most highly esteemed among the members of the population.
• He asserts that in periods of decadence the aristocracy loses the very quality of excellence which caused its elevation. This may have one or two results: either the replacement of the old aristocracy by a new representing the values of the masses; or the degeneration of the old aristocracy with the values of the masses remain constant. Once a country starts to decline only an aristocracy can save it.

Mistake PointsIn the official answer key, the correct answer was both option C and D as both the options were same. But for more convenience, we have made the necessary changes.

The correct answer is C.

Explanation:

The correct sequence is A, B, D, C 

A. Sakhi Samiti - 1886 

B. Women's India Association - 1917 

D. National Council of Women in India - 1925 

C. All India Women's Conference - 1927 

Key Points

• Sakhi Samiti (Women’s Friendship League) was started by Swarnakumari, Rabindranath Tagore’s sister, in 1886 to spread knowledge among women and widows.
• Women’s Indian Association (WIA) was founded by Annie Besant, Margaret Cousins, Dorothy Jinarajadasa, and others on 8 May 1917. WIA was India’s first major multiethnic feminist organization.
• The National Council of Women in India (NCWI), was founded in 1925. The NCWI was headed by Mehribai Tata, the wife of a prominent Parsi industrialist.
• The Rani of Sangli, the Begam of Bhopal, and the Maharani Chinmabai Saheb of Baroda led the foundation of the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) in Poona in 1927, with a secular agenda on women’s education and marriage reform.

The correct answer is A, B, C and D only

Key Points

• Executive control over administration means the control exercised by the chief executive (political executive) over the functioning of bureaucracy. In India, such control is exercised by the cabinet and ministers.
• Ministerial responsibility is the basic feature of the parliamentary government. For this very reason, the political executive (cabinet and ministers) exercises control over the administration.
• The executive exercises control over administration through the following means:
• Policy Making
• Budgetary System
• Personnel Management & Control
• Delegated Legislation
• Civil Services Code
• Staff Agencies
• Appeal to Public Opinion

Additional Information

• The civil servants are conferred personal immunity from legal liability for official contracts by Article 299 of the Constitution of India.
• In other cases, the liability of the officials is the same as that of any ordinary citizen. Civil proceedings can be instituted against them for anything done in their official capacity after giving a two months' notice.
• As regards criminal liabilities, proceedings can be instituted against them for acts done in their official capacity with prior permission from the government.
• Therefore, Suits against a public official is a tool for judicial control over administration and NOT an executive tool.

Hence, the correct option is 3, i.e. A, B, C and D

The correct answer is D.

Key Points

• Rani Gaidinliu, a Naga spiritual and political leader, was born on 26 January 1915 in Luangkao village, now in the Taosem Sub-Division under the Tamenglong District of Manipur. She belonged to the Rongmei tribe, one of the three Zeliangrong Tribes.
• Gaidinliu’s introduction to the revolutionary world was at the age of 13 when she joined the Heraka Movement. Although it was a socio-religious movement, it also had political undertones against British rule.
• At the age of 17, Gaidinliu started preaching Gandhian principles and launched an open rebellion against British rule. She urged the people of the Zeliangrong tribe to unite against the British by refusing to pay taxes or cooperate with them. She also waged multiple attacks against the British using guerilla warfare in the Cachar Hills and in the Hangrum Village.
• She was described as the “Daughter of the Hills” in an article published by the Hindustan Times in 1937.
• Her contribution to the Indian Independence Movement was recognized by the Indian Government. She was conferred with the Tamrapatra (1972), Padma Bhushan (1982), Vivekananda Sewa Summan (1983), and the Bhagwan Birsa Munda Puraskar (posthumously) in 1996.

The correct answer is D.

Explanation:

Bertrand de Jouvenal, Eric Voegelin, and Yves Simon are associated with the normative tradition of political theory. Whereas Robert Dahl and Arther Bartley are known for their contributions to the behavioral approach in political science.

Key Points

• Arthur Bentley and Robert Dahl are notable figures in the realm of political science who shifted the focus away from normative political theory towards a more empirical and descriptive approach, with Dahl specifically contributing to the development of behavioralism in the field.

Additional Information

• Normative theory is concerned with norms or normative principles. A normative principle can be defined as a general directive that tells agents what they ought, or ought not to do.
• It tries to determine ideal standard or model that ought to be followed in a political community.
• Normative theory provides a value-based view about what the social world ought to be like or how it ought to work.

The correct answer is B

Explanation:

The correct order of five needs as per Maslow's scale of Need Hierarchy is:

A. Physiological needs

E. Safety needs

B. Belongingness and love needs

D. Esteem needs

C. Self-actualization. 

Key Points

• Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist, introduced five types of human needs, in ascending order, they are Physiological needs, Security needs, Belongingness and love needs, Esteem needs, and Self-actualization.
• Initially, he proposed this theory in his 1943 paper ‘A Theory of Human Motivation’ in the journal Physiological Review. Later, he further explained the ‘Needs Hierarchy Theory’ in the book ‘Motivation and Personality’ published in 1954.
• In theory, Abraham Maslow states that a person's higher needs can only be achieved when the lower needs are completely satisfied. To bring about efficient results, management must cater to the needs of the workers as per the prescribed hierarchy.