UGC NET Paper 2: History 28th Feb 2023 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct code is A, B and C only.

Key Points

• Sher Shah's grandfather was a petty horse trader who came from Afghanistan. Statement A is correct.
• Sher Shah's grandfather, Ibrahim Khan Suri, was a horse trader who came from Afghanistan.
• Sher Shah's father, Hasan, emerged as a leader of Afghan free booters. Statement is also correct.
• Hasan Khan Suri, Sher Shah's father, emerged as a leader of Afghan freebooters.
• Hasan was placed in charge of the pargana of Narnaul. Statement C is also correct.
• Hasan Khan Suri was placed in charge of the pargana of Narnaul by the emperor of Delhi, Alamgir II.
• Farid joined the services of Taj Khan, the commander of Bengal. Statement D is incorrect.
• Sher Shah, whose original name was Farid, joined the services of Jamal Khan, not Taj Khan.
• He submitted a petition to Taj Khan to dismiss his father, Hasan from the service. Statement E is also incorrect.
• Sher Shah did submit a petition to his employer, Jamal Khan, to dismiss his father, Hasan Khan Suri, from the service, not to Taj Khan.

Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A, B and C only.

The correct A, B, C and E only.

Key Points

• Skanda Gupta was a Gupta king who ruled from 455-467 CE.
• He was known for his military victories against the Hunas and for his patronage of the arts and sciences.
• He did assume the title of Vikramaditya, also he used the title Kramaditya. So statement A is correct.
• Katha-Sarit-Sagara is a famous Sanskrit text that was written by Somadeva in the 11^th century.
• The text contains many stories and legends, including the defeat of Mlechchhas, who were considered to be barbarians or foreigners. Therefore, statement B is correct.
• The Hunas were a nomadic tribe that lived in Central Asia.
• They invaded India in the 5^th century CE and challenged Gupta suzerainty.
• They were eventually defeated by Skanda Gupta. Thus, statement C is correct.
• Puru Gupta was a Gupta king who ruled from 467-473 CE.
• He was succeeded by his son Kumaragupta I, not Kumara Gupta II. Hence, statement D is incorrect.
• The Aphsad Inscription is an ancient Indian inscription that was found in the village of Aphsad in Madhya Pradesh.
• The inscription provides information about the Gupta dynasty and discloses the names of several Gupta kings, including Samudragupta, Chandragupta II, and Kumaragupta I. Therefore, statement E is correct.

 Hence we can conclude the correct A, B, C and E only.

The correct answer is A, B, D and E only.

Key Points

• Jaina teacher Mahavira was a senior contemporary of the Buddha.
• Although Mahavira and Buddha were both spiritual leaders from ancient India and they were contemporaries of each other.
• Mahavira was born in 599 BCE and died in 527 BCE, while Buddha was born in 563 BCE and died in 483 BCE. Statement A is correct.
• However, it is worth noting that both Mahavira and Buddha were proponents of nonviolence and their teachings had a profound impact on the Indian subcontinent.
• The concept of Ahimsa (Absence of violence) was propounded by Mahavira.
• Mahavira is known for promoting the concept of Ahimsa, or non-violence, as a fundamental principle of Jainism. Statement B is also correct.
• Ahimsa is the practice of refraining from harming any living being, including animals, plants, and insects.
• Mahavira believed that the practice of Ahimsa was essential for spiritual liberation and that it could help reduce the amount of suffering in the world.
• Vinaya Pitaka is not a text teaching the philosophy of Buddhism.
• The Vinaya Pitaka is a text that contains the rules and regulations for Buddhist monks and nuns.  Statement C is incorrect.
• It is one of the three major divisions of the Pali Canon, which is the collection of Buddhist scriptures.
• The other two divisions are the Sutta Pitaka (discourses) and the Abhidhamma Pitaka (philosophy and psychology).
• Mahavira was born in Bihar, near Pataliputra (Patna). Statement D is correct.
• Mahavira was born in Kshatriyakund in Bihar, near Vaishali and Pataliputra (Patna).
• His father was a chief of the Jnatrika clan, which was part of the Kshatriya caste.
• Anekantavada is a major philosophical principle of Jainism.
• Anekantavada is a major principle of Jainism that refers to the doctrine of multiple perspectives or viewpoints.
• It teaches that truth and reality are complex and multifaceted and that no single viewpoint can capture the whole truth. Statement E is correct.
• Instead, Anekantavada emphasizes the importance of considering multiple viewpoints and being open to different perspectives in order to gain a deeper understanding of reality.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is A, B, D and E only.

The correct code is B, C, D and E only.

Key Points

• Khotan was a region located in the Tarim Basin in present-day Xinjiang, China.
• It was an important centre of Buddhism during ancient times, particularly during the Kushan Empire (1^st to 3^rd centuries CE) and the Tang Dynasty (7^th to 9^th centuries CE).
• However, there is no evidence to suggest that Khotan was a centre of Jainism.
• Jainism was primarily practised in India, and its influence did not extend to the region of Khotan. Statement A is incorrect.
• The Yaudheyas were an ancient Indian tribe that inhabited the region of present-day Haryana, Rajasthan, and Punjab.
• They are mentioned in Panini's Ashṭādhyāyi, a Sanskrit text that is considered one of the oldest and most important works on grammar and linguistics in India.
• Panini lived around the 4^th century BCE and his work contains references to various tribes, including the Yaudheyas. Statement B is correct.
• The Malavas were an ancient Indian tribe that inhabited the region of present-day Malwa in Madhya Pradesh.
• Coins attributed to the Malava tribe have been discovered in large numbers at Nagar, which was a major centre of the Malavas during ancient times. Statement C is also correct.
• These coins are important historical artefacts that provide insights into the economic and political history of the Malava tribe.
• The Malava coins do bear legends, which are inscriptions that provide information about the coin's issuer, its denomination, and other relevant details.
• The legends on Malava coins are typically in the Brahmi script, which was used in ancient India for writing Sanskrit and other languages. Statement D is also correct.
• The Nāgas were a group of serpent-worshipping tribes that were prominent in ancient India, particularly in the region of present-day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Statement E is also correct.
• The Nāgas are mentioned in several ancient Indian texts, including the Mahabharata and the Puranas, where they are depicted as powerful and mystical people who possess great wealth and knowledge.
• The Nāgas were often associated with water, and their worship was closely linked with fertility and prosperity.

 Hence we can conclude that the correct code is B, C, D and E only.

The correct code is A, C, D and E only.

Key Points

• The General Editor of the English translation of Critical Edition of the Rāmāyana is R. P. Goldman.
• This statement is about the English translation of the Critical Edition of the Rāmāyana.
• The Critical Edition of the Rāmāyana is a scholarly version of the epic that was prepared by a team of scholars led by V. S. Sukthankar in the first half of the 20^th century. Statement A is correct.
• R. P. Goldman is a scholar of Indology and Sanskrit, who has contributed to the study of Indian epics, especially the Rāmāyana.
• He has edited and translated several works related to the Rāmāyana, including the Critical Edition of the Rāmāyana.
• This project was completed under the supervision of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (B.O.R.I), Pune.
• The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (B.O.R.I) is a research institution in Pune, India, that specializes in Indology and allied subjects.
• The institute was founded in 1917 by Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar, a renowned scholar of Sanskrit and Indian history.
• The Critical Edition of the Rāmāyana was prepared under the supervision of the BORI and the English translation of the same was also completed with their involvement.
• The Rāmāyana was composed by Valmiki.
• This statement is about the authorship of the Rāmāyana. Statement C is correct.
• He is believed to have composed the epic in Sanskrit, which narrates the story of Rama, the prince of Ayodhya, and his battle against the demon king Ravana to rescue his wife Sita who has been kidnapped by Ravana.
• Kamban wrote his Rāmāyana, Iramavataram in Tamil in the 12^th century. Statement D is correct.
• This statement is about a Tamil version of the Rāmāyana.
• The work is highly regarded for its literary merit and its influence on Tamil literature and culture.
• The Thai Rāmāyana is called Ramakien.
• This statement is related to the Thai version of the Rāmāyana.
• The Thai Rāmāyana is called Ramakien in Thai, which means "Glory of Rama". Statement E is correct.
• The Ramakien is based on the Indian epic, Rāmāyana and has been adapted to suit Thai culture and tradition.
• It is an important part of Thai literature, art, and culture.

Confusion Points 

• According to UGC NET official answer key Statement B is incorrect. But the English translation of the Critical Edition of the Rāmāyana was completed under the supervision of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (B.O.R.I), Pune.

 Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A, C, D and E only.

The correct answer is A, B and E only.

Key Points

• The Varakari Pantha is a religious sect that originated in Maharashtra, India in the 13^th century.
• It is based on the teachings of Jnaneshwar, a saint and poet who is considered one of the greatest spiritual figures in Maharashtra's history.
• The Varakari Pantha emphasizes the importance of devotion to God and the performance of seva (selfless service) as a means of attaining spiritual enlightenment.
• Along with Jnaneshwar, several other saints are associated with the Varakari Pantha, including Namdeva and Tukaram.
• Namdeva was a poet and saint who lived in Maharashtra in the 14^th century.
• He is known for his devotional poetry and is regarded as a major figure in the Bhakti movement.
• Tukaram was a 17^th-century poet and saint who is also known for his devotional poetry and songs.
• He is considered one of the most influential saints in the history of Maharashtra.
• Nimbark and Madhava, on the other hand, were not associated with the Varakari Pantha.
• Nimbark was a 13^th-century philosopher and saint who founded the Nimbarka Sampradaya, a Vaishnava tradition that emphasizes devotion to Lord Krishna.
• Madhava, also known as Madhvacharya, was a 13^th-century philosopher and theologian who founded the Dvaita school of Vedanta philosophy, which asserts that there are two ultimate realities, God and the material world.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is A, B and E only.

The correct code is A, B, C and D only.

Key Points

• The statement "The Sakas are mentioned in the Prasastis of Gautamiputra Satakarni and Samudra Gupta" is true.
• The Prasastis are eulogies or panegyrics composed in the Sanskrit language to praise the achievements of rulers.
• Gautamiputra Satakarni was a Satavahana ruler who lived in the 2^nd century CE, and his prasashti mentions the Sakas as one of the tribes he defeated.
• Samudra Gupta was a Gupta emperor who ruled in the 4^th century CE, and his prasashti also mentions his victory over the Sakas.
• The statement "Sakasthāna is probably mentioned in the Mahamayūri, in the Mathură Lion Capital Inscription and in the Chandravalli stone inscription of the Kadamba Mayuraśarman" is also true.
• Sakasthāna was the name of the region inhabited by the Sakas, and it is believed to have been located in Central Asia.
• The Mahamayuri is a Buddhist text that mentions Sakasthāna as one of the countries where the Buddha's teachings were preached.
• The Mathura Lion Capital Inscription is an Ashoka edict that refers to the Yavanas, Kambojas and Sakas, who were all foreign tribes in ancient India.
• The Chandravalli stone inscription of the Kadamba Mayurasarman also mentions Sakasthāna as one of the regions he conquered.
• The statement "The Jaina work Kālakāchārya-Kathānaka states that Śaka Kings were called Śahi" is true.
• The Kālakāchārya-Kathānaka is a Jain text that narrates the stories of various Jain monks and kings.
• It mentions that the Sakas were known as Śaka or Śaki, and their rulers were called Śahi or Śahiputra.
• The statement "The Harivamsa Purāņas informs us that Śakas shaved one-half of their heads" is also true.
• The Harivamsa is a Sanskrit text that is considered a supplement to the Mahabharata.
• It describes the customs and traditions of various tribes and communities, including the Sakas.
• According to the Harivamsa, the Sakas used to shave one-half of their heads and leave the other half unshaven.
• The statement "Princes bearing Śaka names are mentioned in several inscriptions discovered from Vajji" is not true.

​Therefore, the correct answer is A, B, C and D only.

The correct code A, B, D and E only.

Key Points

• The first newspaper in India, the 'Bengal Gazette' was also known by the name 'Calcutta General Advertiser'.This statement is correct.
• The 'Bengal Gazette' was the first newspaper to be published in India, and it was also known as the 'Calcutta General Advertiser.'
• It was founded by James Augustus Hickey and published its first issue on January 29, 1780.
• Bengal Gazette's criticism of the Government officials and attack on the Governor General led to the seizure of its press. This statement is also correct.
• The Bengal Gazette was known for its critical coverage of the British East India Company's government officials and policies.
• In 1781, Hickey published an article that accused Governor-General Warren Hastings of corruption, which led to his arrest and the seizure of the newspaper's press.
• Hickey was later released, but the newspaper faced further censorship and restrictions.
• The Censorship of the Press Act was introduced in 1809 A.D.This statement is incorrect.
• The Censorship of the Press Act was actually introduced in 1799 by Lord Wellesley, the Governor-General of India.
• The act gave the government the power to censor and control the content of newspapers and publications.
• The Licensing Regulations of 1823 were introduced by John Adams, as Acting Governor-General. This statement is correct.
• The Licensing Regulations of 1823 were introduced by John Adam, who was the Acting Governor-General of India at the time.
• The regulations required newspapers and publications to obtain a license from the government before they could be published.
• The regulations were intended to limit the spread of seditious and revolutionary ideas.
• The Press Act (1835) repealed the obnoxious Ordinance of 1823. This statement is also correct.
• The Press Act of 1835 was introduced by Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General of India, and it repealed the Licensing Regulations of 1823.
• The act abolished the requirement for a license to publish newspapers and gave Indian newspapers the freedom to criticize and report on government policies and officials.
• However, the act also introduced new restrictions and penalties for seditious and libellous publications.

Hence we can conclude that the correct code is  A, B, D and E only.

The correct code is A, B, C and E only.

Key Points

• In the Svetasvatara Upanishad, Śiva is portrayed as the supreme God who is superior to the Vedic pantheon.
• This is one of the earliest mentions of Śiva as the supreme deity in Hinduism. Statement A is correct.
• The Apastamba Grihya Sutra and Kautilya's Arthaśāstra classify Śiva among minor gods, not as a major deity. Statement B is also correct.
• The coins of the Panchāla King Vishnumitra depict a four-armed figure of the god Vishnu-Vasudeva with a chakra in the upper left hand. Statement C is also correct.
• The reference to Ajivikas who shifted their centre of activities to the Pundra country is found in the Mahavagga section of the Vinaya Pitaka, which is a part of the Buddhist canon, it is not mentioned in the Anguttara Nikaya. Statement D is incorrect.
• Vinayaka is a synonym for Gaṇeśa and is mentioned in the Atharvasiras Upanishad, which is a minor Upanishad. Statement E is correct.

Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A, B, C and E only.

The correct code is A, B and C only.

Key Points

• Forest Act of 1865 merely empowered the state to assert control over forest resources that it immediately required while still acknowledging a need to respect the existing rights of forest users. This statement is correct.
• The Forest Act of 1865 was enacted to grant the state greater control over the forests while recognizing the rights of local communities.
• The Act established the office of the Inspector General of Forests, which had the authority to manage forests, regulate access to forest resources, and impose fines for violations of forest laws.
• The Act also recognized the need to protect the rights of forest-dwelling communities and acknowledged their traditional rights to access forest resources.
• The Forest Act of 1878 established the basic categories of 'Reserved' and 'Protected' forests. This statement is also correct.
• The Forest Act of 1878 was enacted to consolidate and expand the powers granted to the state under the Forest Act of 1865.
• This Act established the basic categories of forests, which are still in use today: Reserved, Protected, and Village forests.
• Reserved forests were those over which the state had exclusive control and management authority, while Protected forests were those in which the state had a stake, but local communities retained certain use and management rights.
• Village forests were those that were managed by local communities.
• Under the Forest Act of 1878, reserve forests were made an exclusive state monopoly. This statement is also correct.
• The Forest Act of 1878 granted the state exclusive control and management authority over Reserved forests, making them an exclusive state monopoly.
• This Act enabled the government to exclude forest dwellers and other users from these forests, restrict access to forest resources, and impose penalties for violations of forest laws.
• The Forest Act of 1878, allowed people to slash and burn shifting agriculture in Reserved forests. This statement is incorrect
• The Forest Act of 1878 did not allow shifting cultivation in Reserved forests.
• Instead, it prohibited the use of fire for shifting cultivation, and the clearance of forests for agriculture was permitted only in certain areas designated as 'Cleared' forests.
• The Forest Act of 1878, allowed grazing in Reserve forests. This statement is also incorrect.
• The Forest Act of 1878 did not allow grazing in Reserve forests.
• The Act allowed grazing only in Village forests and in certain areas designated as grazing lands.
• Grazing in Protected and Reserved forests was strictly prohibited, and the forest department had the authority to impose fines on those who violated this provision.

​Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A, B and C only.

The correct code is A, B, C and D only.

Key Points

• In Contai, the Swaraj panchayat was started in November 1942 - This statement is correct.
• Swaraj Panchayats were set up in various parts of the country during the Quit India Movement as a means to establish a parallel government.
• Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar had a women's corps known as Bhagini Sena - This statement is also correct.
• The Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar was a parallel government set up in Tamluk in Bengal during the Quit India Movement, and it had a women's corps called Bhagini Sena.
• The parallel government established at Tamluk started the mouthpiece, 'Biplabi' - This statement is correct.
• 'Biplabi' was a newspaper started by the parallel government in Tamluk to spread their message.
• In Talcher, during the 'Quit India movement" "Chasi-Mulia raj" was established - This statement is correct.
• Chasi-mulia Raj was a peasant government established during the Quit India Movement in Talcher, Odisha.
• The "Chasi-Mulia raj" in Tamluk was a parallel government of feudal landlords - This statement is incorrect.
• The Chasi-Mulia raj was a peasant government established in Talcher, and it did not exist in Tamluk.

Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A, B, C and D only.

The correct code is A, C and E only.

Key Points

• The cave temple Sittannavasal is located in the Pudukottai district of Tamil Nadu, India.
• It is famous for its ancient Jain rock-cut cave temple, which dates back to the 7^th century AD.
• The temple has some fine paintings that were created during the Pallava dynasty, specifically during the reign of Mahendravarman I (c. 600-630 CE). Statement A is correct.
• These paintings depict various scenes from the life of the Jain Tirthankaras (spiritual leaders).
• A copper image of Buddha was erected at Bodh-Gaya in Bihar at the close of the 6^th century. Statement B is incorrect.
• The diamond throne at Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India, was erected by King Kumaragupta I of the Gupta Empire in the 5^th century CE.
• The throne was dedicated to Lord Buddha and was placed under the Bodhi tree, where Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment.
• The Buddha figures can be broadly classified into three types based on their posture - standing (sthānaka), seated (āsana), and recumbent (sayana). Statement C is correct.
• These postures are symbolic of different stages in the Buddha's life and teachings.
• In the Gandhara, Mathura, and Sarnath styles of Buddhist art, the hair on Buddha's head is typically shown as straight, not curled. Statement D is incorrect.
• This is because it is believed that the Buddha shaved his head completely and kept it short.
• In the Gandhara style of Buddhist art, which emerged in the northwestern region of present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan during the 1^st century CE, Buddha is usually depicted with his right hand raised in the abhaya mudra. Statement E is correct.
• This abhaya mudra is a gesture of reassurance and protection, indicating that the Buddha is dispelling fear and granting protection to his followers.
• The Gandhara style of Buddhist art is known for its realism and Hellenistic influence, which is reflected in the depiction of Buddha's physical features.

Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A, C and E only.

The correct code is A, C and E only.

Key Points

• Peshwa Baji Rao II died at Bithur.
• Peshwa Baji Rao II was the last Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, who was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War.
• After his defeat, he went into exile in Bithur, where he died in 1851. Statement A is correct.
• In 1803, Treaty of Surji Arjangaon was concluded between the Holkars and the British. Statement B is incorrect.
• The Treaty of Surji Arjangaon was actually signed between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in 1803.
• It ended the Second Anglo-Maratha War, which was fought between the British and the Marathas.
• Treaty of Saugauli was signed between the English and the Raja of Nepal. Statement C is correct.
• The Treaty of Saugauli was signed between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal in 1816.
• The treaty established peace and friendship between the two nations and resulted in Nepal ceding some of its territories to the British.
• Ahalya Bai Holkar died in 1793.
• Ahalya Bai Holkar was the queen of the Maratha Malwa kingdom and a prominent figure in the Maratha Empire.
• She was known for her administrative abilities and her patronage of the arts.
• However, she did not die in 1793 as the statement suggests. She died in 1795. Statement D is incorrect.
• Mahadji Sindhia concluded a treaty of friendship with Sikh chiefs in May 1785.
• Mahadji Sindhia was a Maratha ruler who played a significant role in the politics of northern India in the late 18^th century.
• In May 1785, he signed a treaty of friendship with the Sikh chiefs, which helped to establish a peaceful relationship between the Marathas and the Sikhs. Statement E is correct.

Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A, C and E only.

The correct code is A, B, C and E only.

Key Points

• Jinnah acted as Dadabhai's Secretary at the Calcutta Congress of 1906. This statement is correct.
• In fact, Jinnah was the private secretary of Dadabhai Naoroji, who was the first Indian to be elected to the British Parliament.
• During the Calcutta Congress of 1906, Jinnah worked as his secretary.
• Elections were held in British India in November 1923 for the central legislative assembly.  This statement is also correct.
• Elections for the Central Legislative Assembly were held in November 1923 in British India.
• Jinnah focused on reviving the Muslim League at its Lahore session in 1923. This statement is also correct.
• The Muslim League had lost its importance after the failure of the Khilafat Movement, but Jinnah saw an opportunity to revive it.
• He played a key role in the Muslim League's annual session held in Lahore in 1923.
• After 1923, Jinnah wanted to continue cooperation with Congress on the same terms as the Lucknow Pact. This statement is incorrect.
• After the Lahore session, Jinnah began to see Congress as a Hindu-dominated party, and he gradually moved away from the idea of Hindu-Muslim unity.
• He also started demanding a separate electorate for Muslims, which was not part of the Lucknow Pact.
• The Hindu Mahasabha members like Madan Mohan Malviya, B. S. Moonje and Lajpat Rai rejected any reconciliation with the Muslim League. This statement is correct.
• The Hindu Mahasabha, a right-wing Hindu nationalist political party, rejected any possibility of reconciliation with the Muslim League.
• Its leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B. S. Moonje, and Lajpat Rai were opposed to the idea of a separate Muslim state.

Thus we can conclude that the correct code is A, B, C and E only.

The correct code is A, B, C and E only.

Key Points

• Mahatma Gandhi edited "Indian Opinion" during his South African days. This statement is correct.
• Mahatma Gandhi edited the Indian Opinion, a weekly newspaper that advocated for Indian rights during his time in South Africa.
• He edited this newspaper from 1903 to 1915.
• Judith Brown wrote 'Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics, 1915-22.' This statement is also correct.
• Judith Brown is a British historian who wrote the book "Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics, 1915-22."
• This book examines the political career of Mahatma Gandhi and his rise to prominence in Indian politics during the period 1915-1922.
• Judith Brown gave the sub-contractor theory regarding mobilizing support by Gandhi in regional areas. This statement is also correct.
• Judith Brown also gave the sub-contractor theory, which suggests that Gandhi mobilized support in regional areas by creating a network of sub-contractors who were responsible for spreading his message and organizing local events.
• This theory explains how Gandhi was able to build a mass movement across India during the independence struggle.
• Anusuya Sarabhai was the President of the Ahmedabad Mill Owners' Association. This statement is incorrect.
• Anusuya Sarabhai was a prominent Indian independence activist and labour leader, but she was not the President of the Ahmedabad Mill Owners' Association.
• She was involved in organizing labour strikes and championing the rights of workers in the textile industry.
• Mahatma Gandhi started 'All India Anti-Untouchability League.' This statement is correct.
• Mahatma Gandhi founded the All India Anti-Untouchability League in 1932 to combat the practice of untouchability, which was a major social issue in India at the time.
• The league worked to promote social equality and improve the status of the Dalit community.

​Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A, B, C and E only.

The correct matching is A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I.

Key Points

• Vachaspati -Bhamatl:
• ​Vachaspati Mishra was an Indian philosopher who lived in the 9^th century CE and was a follower of the Advaita Vedanta School of philosophy.
• Although Vachaspati is not directly associated with the work Bhamatl, he is known for his commentary on Shankara's Bhamatl.
• Vachaspati's commentary on the Bhamatl is called the Bhamati, and it is one of the most famous commentaries on Shankara's work.
• ​Padmapada - Paficapadika:
• ​Padmapada was a disciple of the 8^th-century philosopher Adi Shankara, who is credited with reviving the Advaita Vedanta school.
• Padmapada is best known for his commentary on Shankara's main work, the Brahma Sutras, called the Paficapadika.
• This work elaborates on Shankara's teachings on the nature of reality and the ultimate reality of Brahman.
• ​Sriharsa - Khandanakhandakhadya:
• ​Sriharsa was an Indian philosopher who lived in the 12^th century CE.
• He was a proponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy, but his writings also show influence from Buddhist and Jain thought.
• His most famous work is the Khandanakhandakhadya, which is a critical analysis of rival philosophical schools, including Buddhism, Jainism, and Mimamsa.
• ​​Samkara - Upadesasahastri:
• Adi Shankara, also known as Samkara, was an Indian philosopher who lived in the 8^th century CE and is widely considered the most important exponent of the Advaita Vedanta School of Philosophy.
• One of his most famous works is the Upadesasahastri, which is a treatise on the nature of the self and the ultimate reality of Brahman.
• In the Upadesasahastri, Shankara discusses the idea of "jnana," or knowledge, as the means to liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
• He emphasizes the importance of understanding the true nature of the self, which he describes as "Atman," and its identity with Brahman, the ultimate reality.

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I.

The correct matching is A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I.

Key Points

• Pattinappalai -Rudran Kannanar:
• ​Pattinappalai is a Tamil poetic work, believed to have been composed in the 2^nd century CE by the poet Rudran Kannanar.
• The title Pattinappalai means "ten idylls" or "ten pastoral poems," and the work consists of ten poems that describe the landscape, people, and culture of the Tamil region during the Sangam period.
• The poems in Pattinappalai describe various other regions and aspects of Tamil culture during the Sangam period, including the lives of farmers, the beauty of women, and the importance of music and dance.
• Nedunalvadai -Nakkirar :
• ​Nedunalvadai is the title of a Tamil epic poem that is believed to have been written by the poet Nakkirar in the 3^rd century CE.
• The poem is one of the Eight Anthologies of Sangam literature, which is a collection of Tamil literature from the ancient Sangam period.
• Nedunalvadai and Nakkirar are important figures in Tamil literature and culture, representing the rich literary traditions of the Sangam period and the enduring legacy of Tamil poetry and scholarship.
• Kavirajamarga-Nripatunga :
• ​Kavirajamarga is a landmark text in Kannada literature that was written by the Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha I in the 9^th century CE.
• The Kavirajamarga is the earliest surviving work on poetics and grammar in the Kannada language, and it is considered a significant contribution to the development of Kannada literature.
• Nripatunga is believed to be the patron of the Kavirajamarga and is credited with inspiring the work.
• Nripatunga was a minister in the Rashtrakuta court and a poet himself.
• He is known for his contributions to Kannada literature, including his epic poem, the Kavirajabheema Charita.
• Vodda-aradhana-Sivakotyacharya:
• ​Vodda-Aradhana and Sivakotyacharya are two related concepts from the philosophy and religious practices of the Veerashaiva-Lingayat community in Karnataka, India.
• Vodda-Aradhana is a unique and important religious ritual performed by the Veerashaiva-Lingayat community, especially in the northern parts of Karnataka.
• It is a form of worship of the Vodda (great) Basavanna, who is considered the founding saint of the Veerashaiva-Lingayat community.
• The ritual involves the worship of a stone image of Basavanna, along with other Lingayat saints, and the offering of food, prayers, and devotional songs.
• Sivakotyacharya was a 16^th-century Lingayat saint and philosopher who is considered one of the most important and influential figures in the Veerashaiva-Lingayat tradition.
• He was a disciple of the Lingayat saint Akkamahadevi and was known for his profound knowledge of the Lingayat philosophy and his contributions to the development of the Lingayat religious tradition.

 Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I.

The correct matching is A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II.

Key Points

• Sarasvatl-Artist, Poet:
• ​Sarasvati is a goddess in Hinduism who is associated with knowledge, music, arts, and poetry.
• She is one of the most revered and important goddesses in Hindu mythology and is often depicted as a beautiful woman with four arms, sitting on a lotus flower, and playing a musical instrument called a veena.
• Sarasvati is a significant deity in Hinduism and her association with the arts, music, and poetry is one of the many aspects of her divine role.
• ​Sinivali-Entertainer:
• ​In the Rig Veda, Sinivali is described as a goddess with broad hips, fair arms, and fingers.
• She is often invoked together with other goddesses such as Sarasvati, the goddess of wisdom and knowledge, and Indrani, the consort of the god Indra.
• Sinivali is also compared with other goddesses associated with fertility and childbirth, such as Gungu, Raka, and Vartunani.
• Sinivali is a minor goddess in Hindu mythology, but her role as a protector and provider of safe childbirth was considered very important in ancient India, and she continues to be venerated by some devotees today.
• Asvins-Surgeon, Charioteer, Sailor:
• ​Asvins are the twin gods of healing and medicine in Hindu mythology.
• They are associated with various aspects of human life and are believed to have the power to heal diseases and provide strength and vitality to their worshippers.
• In addition to their role as healers, they are also known for their expertise in various other fields.
• The Asvins are often depicted as skilled surgeons who have the power to heal wounds and cure diseases.
• They are also believed to have the ability to bring the dead back to life, making them one of the most powerful healers in Hindu mythology.
• Their healing abilities are often associated with their role as physicians and doctors, and they are considered to be the patron gods of the medical profession.
• Visvarupa-Potter, Fabricator:
• ​Visvarupa is a character in Hindu mythology who is known for his exceptional skills as a potter and fabricator.
• He is described as having a thousand hands, each with the ability to create intricate and beautiful objects.
• Visvarupa's exceptional skills as a potter and fabricator were considered to be gifts from the gods, and he was often seen as a divine figure.
• He was revered and worshipped for his ability to create beautiful and useful objects, and his work was considered to be a testament to the beauty and creativity of the universe.

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II.

The correct matching is A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I.

Key Points

• Death of Ali Adil Shah -1580:
• ​Ali Adil Shah was the fifth ruler of the Adil Shahi dynasty, which ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in southern India from 1489 to 1686.
• He succeeded his father Ibrahim Adil Shah II as Sultan in 1579.
• Ali Adil Shah's reign was cut short by his sudden death in 1580.
• The cause of his death is not entirely clear, but some sources suggest that he may have been poisoned by his own courtiers or family members who were vying for power.
• His son and successor Ibrahim Adil Shah II went on to rule the kingdom for nearly three decades, during which Bijapur reached the peak of its power and prosperity.
• ​Death of Murtaza Nizam Shah -1588:
• ​Murtaza Nizam Shah was the third ruler of the Nizam Shahi dynasty, which ruled the Ahmadnagar Sultanate in western India from 1490 to 1636.
• He succeeded his father Burhan Nizam Shah in 1565.
• Murtaza Nizam Shah's reign was cut short by his sudden death in 1588.
• The cause of his death is not entirely clear, but some sources suggest that he may have been poisoned by his own son and successor, Ahmed Nizam Shah, who was eager to seize power.
• Ahmed Nizam Shah's reign was marked by several power struggles and rebellions, and the Ahmadnagar Sultanate began to decline under his rule.
• Four missions were sent to Deccan by Akbar-1591:
• ​In 1591, the Mughal Emperor Akbar sent four military expeditions to the Deccan region of southern India, which was then ruled by several independent sultanates.
• The first mission was led by Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana, a courtier and military commander in Akbar's court.
• His mission was to negotiate a peace treaty with the Sultanate of Bijapur, which had been in conflict with the Mughals for several years.
• The second mission was led by Raja Man Singh, a trusted general and advisor to Akbar.
• His mission was to conquer the fort of Ahmadnagar, which was then ruled by the Nizam Shahi dynasty.
• The third mission was led by Asaf Khan, the brother of Akbar's wife.
• His mission was to establish Mughal control over the city of Khandesh, which was then ruled by the Faruqi dynasty.
• The fourth mission was led by Khan-i-Zaman, a veteran commander in Akbar's army.
• His mission was to suppress a rebellion in the region of Berar, which was then ruled by the Imad Shahi dynasty.
• Marriage of Chand Biwi -1564:
• ​Chand Biwi was the wife of Ali Adil Shah I, who was the second Sultan of the Adil Shahi dynasty that ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in southern India from 1489 to 1686.
• The exact date of Chand Biwi's marriage to Ali Adil Shah I is not clear, but it is believed to have taken place in 1564.
• Chand Biwi was the daughter of Hussein Nizam Shah I, who was the founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty that ruled the Ahmadnagar Sultanate in western India from 1490 to 1636.
• The marriage between Chand Biwi and Ali Adil Shah I was a political alliance between the two dynasties.

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I.

The correct option is both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Key Points

• The assertion (A) states that Chola King Rajendra expanded his kingdom through his powerful maritime expeditions into Sumatra and Malaya but later lost interest in further campaigns.
• This is a historically established fact.
• The reason (R) provided for this is that the later Cholas got involved in wars with the Chalukyas and had to withdraw their troops back to the mainland.
• This is also a well-established historical fact.
• Therefore, while Rajendra's maritime expeditions played a crucial role in expanding Chola's influence to Southeast Asia, the Chola-Chalukya wars and other factors may have contributed to the Cholas' withdrawal from overseas campaigns towards the end of their reign.

Hence we can conclude that the correct option both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

The correct answer is (A) is true but (R) is false.

Key Points

• Assertion (A) is true because Akbar played a crucial role in establishing a strong centralised system of government in the Mughal Empire.
• He introduced several administrative reforms that helped to strengthen the empire's economy, military, and political power.
• He also promoted religious tolerance and cultural diversity, which helped to create a sense of unity among the diverse communities living in the empire.
• However, Reason (R) is false because Akbar did not establish claim to universal land ownership in India.
• Although he did introduce some land reforms aimed at improving the condition of the peasantry, he did not claim ownership of all the land in the empire.
• In fact, the Mughal emperors were feudal lords who controlled large tracts of land but did not claim to own all the land in India.

Therefore, the correct answer is (A) is true but (R) is false.

The correct answer is (A) is true but (R) is false.

Key Points

• The assertion (A) is true because Muhammad bin Tughluq, who ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the 14^th century, was known for his administrative reforms and his inclusive policies towards foreigners.
• He appointed several foreigners to high administrative positions, including the Persian scholar and administrator Ibn Battuta.
• He also welcomed foreign traders and encouraged trade with other countries.
• The reason (R) is false because Muhammad bin Tughluq's policies towards foreigners and his administrative reforms did change the character and composition of the ruling class.
• His policies towards foreigners and his administrative reforms were seen as controversial by some of his contemporaries and were among the factors that led to his eventual downfall.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is (A) is true but (R) is false.

The correct answer is both Statement I and Statement II are false.

Key Points

• Mahatma Gandhi was arrested several times during India's struggle for independence, but the statements above contain incorrect information.
• Statement I is incorrect because Mahatma Gandhi was actually arrested in August 1942 under the Defence of India Rules, following the Quit India movement, but he was not lodged in the Yervada jail.
• He was initially held in the Aga Khan Palace in Poona and was later moved to various other jails.
• Statement II is also incorrect because Mahatma Gandhi was not arrested in January 1932 under the Bombay Regulation of 1827.
• In fact, he was arrested on 4 January 1932, in Bombay, under the British colonial government's controversial Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized sedition.

​Therefore, both statements are false.

The correct answer is statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.

Key Points

• Statement I claims that the Pandya ruler Mudukudumi Peruvaļudi is called Param Bhagavata. However, this statement is incorrect.
• While Mudukudumi Peruvaļudi was a significant ruler of the Pandya dynasty, there is no historical evidence to suggest that he was referred to as Param Bhagavata.
• Statement II claims that the Chera King, Perum Śeral Adan, joined the Pandya ruler against Karikala, was wounded, and starved himself to death in the battlefield as an act of expiation. This statement is correct.
• Perum Śeral Adan was a Chera King who allied with Mudukudumi Peruvaļudi of the Pandya dynasty to fight against Karikala, the Chola King.
• In the battle, Perum Śeral Adan was severely wounded, and he chose to fast unto death as an act of penance.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct."

Ramanuja propounded Vishistadvaita Vedant.

Key Points

• Vishistadvaita Vedanta is a school of Vedanta philosophy, which was propounded by the 11^th-century Indian philosopher Ramanuja.
• The term "Vishistadvaita" means qualified non-dualism and the philosophy seeks to reconcile the dualistic and non-dualistic aspects of the Vedas.
• According to Ramanuja, there are three ultimate realities or entities: God or Brahman, individual souls, and matter.
• These entities are not separate, but they are inseparably linked to each other.
• Brahman is the supreme reality and is present in everything, including individual souls and matter.
• However, individual souls and matter are not identical to Brahman, and they have their own distinct existence.
• Ramanuja believed that the goal of human life is to achieve salvation or moksha, which is attained through Bhakti or devotion to God.
• Through Bhakti, individuals can achieve a state of union with God and ultimately reach salvation.
• Ramanuja also emphasized the importance of karma or actions, and how they affect an individual's progress towards salvation.
• Another important aspect of Ramanuja's philosophy is the concept of Prapatti or surrender to God.
• According to Ramanuja, surrendering to God is essential for achieving salvation.
• Prapatti involves the complete surrender of the individual soul to God and accepting God's will as one's own.
• Overall, Ramanuja's philosophy of Vishistadvaita Vedanta emphasizes the importance of devotion to God, surrender, and the interconnectedness of all things in the universe.

Hence we can conclude that Ramanuja propounded Vishistadvaita Vedant.

Shribhashya (Sribhasya) was the name of Ramanuja's commentary on Brahmasttras.

Key Points

• The Brahma Sutras, also known as the Vedanta Sutras, are a set of aphorisms that summarize the philosophical and metaphysical teachings of the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita.
• They were written by the sage Badarayana and are considered one of the foundational texts of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy.
• Ramanuja was a prominent proponent of the Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism) school of Vedanta, which emphasized the essential unity of all things while also recognizing the existence of individual souls and the material world.
• In his Shribhashya, Ramanuja provided a detailed commentary on each of the sutras, elucidating their meaning and context and offering his own insights and interpretations.
• The Shribhashya is considered one of the most important commentaries on the Brahma Sutras, and it has had a profound influence on the development of Hindu philosophy and theology.
• It is also notable for its emphasis on devotion to God as a central aspect of spiritual practice, which has made it a significant text for the Bhakti movement in India.

Thus we can conclude that Shribhashya (Sribhasya) was the name of Ramanuja's commentary on Brahmasttras.

In Srirangam, Ramanuja teach his philosophy.

Key Points

• Srirangam is a temple town in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu and it is famous for its Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, one of the largest Hindu temples in the world.
• Ramanuja was a 12^th-century Indian philosopher and theologian who is considered one of the most important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism.
• Ramanuja's philosophy is based on the idea of Visishtadvaita or "qualified non-dualism," which holds that the ultimate reality, Brahman, is not only the source of all existence but also imbued with attributes like knowledge, power, and bliss.
• According to Ramanuja, Brahman is not an abstract, impersonal entity but a personal deity with whom devotees can have a loving relationship.
• In Srirangam, Ramanuja taught his philosophy to his disciples and followers through his commentaries on the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Bhagavad Gita.
• He emphasized the importance of bhakti or devotion to God as the means to attain liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
• Ramanuja also believed in the concept of prapatti or surrender to God as a means of attaining salvation.
• He taught that by surrendering to God with complete faith and devotion, one can attain moksha or liberation from the cycle of rebirth and merge with Brahman.
• In addition, Ramanuja stressed the importance of social harmony and inclusivity in his philosophy.
• He believed in the equality of all human beings regardless of caste, gender, or social status and encouraged his followers to treat everyone with respect and compassion.
• Overall, Ramanuja's teachings in Srirangam emphasized the importance of devotion, surrender, and social harmony in the pursuit of spiritual liberation.

Hence we can conclude that Srirangam Ramanuja teach his philosophy.

Prapatti is the way Ramanuja propose as the most efficient path to salvation (moksa).

Key Points

• Prapatti is a Sanskrit term that means surrender or self-surrender.
• It is a path of devotion and faith in which an individual completely surrenders themselves to the divine will of the Lord.
• This path is central to the philosophy of Sri Ramanuja, one of the most influential Hindu theologians and philosophers of the 11^th century.
• Ramanuja believed that the most efficient path to moksha or salvation was through complete surrender to the divine will of Lord Vishnu.
• According to Ramanuja, one can attain moksha by completely surrendering oneself to the will of the Lord and relying on His grace to guide and protect them.
• This surrender should be accompanied by unwavering faith in the Lord and a commitment to following His teachings and commandments.
• Prapatti is a path of devotion and surrender, and it involves acknowledging one's own limitations and imperfections while recognizing the infinite power and grace of the Lord.
• Ramanuja believed that this path was accessible to all individuals, regardless of their caste, gender, or social status.
• In summary, Ramanuja proposed Prapatti as the most efficient path to salvation because it involves complete surrender to the divine will of Lord Vishnu, unwavering faith in His teachings, and a commitment to following His commandments.
• This path is accessible to all individuals and is based on the principle of divine grace, which is available to all who seek it.

Hence we can conclude that Prapatti is the way Ramanuja propose as the most efficient path to salvation (moksa).

Nathamuni was a teacher of Ramanujacharya.

Key Points

• Nathamuni was a revered scholar and teacher who lived in the 9^th century CE in the region that is now known as Tamil Nadu, India.
• He is considered one of the foremost proponents of Vaishnavism, a branch of Hinduism that centres around the worship of Vishnu as the supreme deity.
• According to tradition, Nathamuni was a direct disciple of Nammalvar, one of the most important saints in the Sri Vaishnava tradition.
• Nathamuni is credited with having compiled the 4000 verses of the Tamil devotional text, the Divya Prabandham, which contains the hymns of the 12 Alvars, the saint-poets who composed devotional poetry in praise of Vishnu.
• Nathamuni's teachings had a profound impact on Ramanujacharya, who was born several centuries later in the 11^th century CE.
• Ramanujacharya is regarded as one of the most important theologians and philosophers in the Sri Vaishnava tradition and is known for his commentary on the Brahma Sutras, which he saw as providing a philosophical basis for Sri Vaishnavism.
• Ramanujacharya is said to have studied under several teachers, including Yadavaprakasha and Periya Nambi, both of whom were disciples of Nathamuni.
• It is believed that Ramanujacharya was deeply influenced by the teachings of Nathamuni and the Sri Vaishnava tradition, and went on to develop his own philosophical system based on their insights.
• Overall, Nathamuni played a pivotal role in the development of the Sri Vaishnava tradition, and his teachings and writings continue to be highly regarded by scholars and practitioners alike.

Hence we can conclude that Nathamuni was a teacher of Ramanujacharya.

The correct answer is Count Terauchi.

Key Points

• During World War II, Bose sought the support of the Axis powers to gain India's independence from British colonial rule.
• He formed the Indian National Army (INA) in 1942, which comprised Indian prisoners of war and civilian volunteers from Southeast Asia.
• Bose believed that the INA could play a crucial role in the liberation of India from British colonial rule.
• He approached the Japanese government for support, and the Japanese agreed to provide military training and support for the INA.
• In 1944, the Japanese launched a major offensive against British India from Burma, with the aim of capturing the strategic town of Imphal in Manipur.
• Bose saw this as an opportunity for the INA to participate in the campaign and proposed the idea to Count Terauchi, the Japanese commander in chief in Southeast Asia.
• Count Terauchi was initially hesitant, as he did not want to risk the lives of Indian soldiers in a battle that was crucial for Japan's war effort.
• However, Bose's persistence and persuasion eventually convinced Count Terauchi to allow the INA to participate in the Imphal campaign.
• The INA played a minor role in the campaign and suffered heavy losses.
• The Japanese were eventually defeated by the Allied forces, and the INA's participation in the campaign did not lead to the liberation of India.
• However, Bose's vision for an independent India continued to inspire the Indian independence movement even after his death.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is Count Terauchi.

The correct answer is they will be easily identified as being part of the British troops.

Key Points

• I.N.A. stands for the Indian National Army, which was formed by Indian nationalists in 1942 with the aim of overthrowing British rule in India with the help of Japanese forces during World War II.
• The I.N.A. fought alongside Japanese forces in several battles in Southeast Asia, including in Burma (now Myanmar).
• Regarding the proposed Japanese campaign against Imphal, it is true that Field Marshal of Japan, Hisaichi Terauchi, showed his unwillingness towards I.N.A. participation.
• I.N.A. soldiers would be easily identified as part of the British troops, which is not a valid concern.
• The I.N.A. was made up of Indian soldiers who had defected from the British Indian Army and joined the nationalist movement.
• They may have been recognizable as Indians by their accent or appearance, which could have made it difficult for them to operate in the British-controlled region of Imphal without being detected.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is they will be easily identified as being part of the British troops.

The statement made by Subhash Chandra Bose.

Key Points

• Subhas Chandra Bose was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement who believed in the use of force to achieve freedom from British rule.
• He believed that India needed to fight a war to gain independence and sought support from various countries, including Germany and Japan, which were also at war with the British Empire during World War II.
• Bose formed the Indian National Army (INA), also known as the Azad Hind Fauj, with the help of Japanese support.
• The INA was primarily composed of Indian prisoners of war who had been captured by the Japanese in Southeast Asia.
• Bose believed that the INA would play a crucial role in India's independence struggle and advocated for its use in military operations against the British.
• However, in a speech he gave on June 4, 1944, in Burma, Bose made the statement "Any liberation of India secured through Japanese sacrifices is worse than slavery."
• This statement reflected his belief that India should not become dependent on foreign powers, even if they were providing military support, and that independence achieved through foreign intervention would be a compromised one.
• Bose's statement also reflected his view that India's struggle for independence was not just a political one, but also a moral and cultural one.
• He believed that India needed to achieve independence on its own terms and through its own efforts, without compromising on its cultural and moral values.
• Subhas Chandra Bose's statement "Any liberation of India secured through Japanese sacrifices is worse than slavery" reflects his belief that India should achieve independence on its own terms, without compromising on its cultural and moral values, and not through the assistance of foreign powers like Japan.

Thus we can conclude that the statement made by Subhash Chandra Bose.

The correct option is Netaji insisted that Indians must make the maximum contribution of blood and sacrifice themselves.

Key Points

• Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose believed that India's participation in World War II was crucial for India's independence.
• He insisted that Indians must make the maximum contribution of blood and sacrifice themselves to gain their freedom.
• Netaji firmly believed that India's participation in the war would help India gain independence from British rule, as Britain would be forced to grant India independence in exchange for India's support during the war.
• He believed that this was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for India to gain freedom and that it was essential for Indians to make the maximum contribution to the war effort.
• Netaji played a significant role in rallying support for India's participation in the war and organized the Indian National Army (INA) to fight against the British alongside the Axis powers.
• He believed that India's participation in the war was not just a matter of supporting the Axis powers but was instead a struggle for India's own independence.
• Netaji's feeling about the participation of Indians in the war was that it was a crucial step towards India's independence, and Indians must be willing to make significant sacrifices for the cause.

Hence we can conclude that the correct option is Netaji insisted that Indians must make the maximum contribution of blood and sacrifice themselves.

General Katakura was the Chief of the Japanese General Staff in Burma who met with Subhash Chandra Bose in January 1944.

Important Points

• General Katakura was a Japanese military commander who held the position of Chief of the General Staff of the Japanese Imperial Army in Burma (present-day Myanmar) during World War II.
• In January 1944, he met with Subhash Chandra Bose, an Indian nationalist and leader of the Indian National Army (INA).
• The purpose of their meeting was to discuss military cooperation between the INA and the Japanese forces in Southeast Asia.
• Bose had been campaigning for Japanese support in his efforts to free India from British rule, and he saw the Japanese as potential allies in this struggle.
• During their meeting, Katakura and Bose discussed the possibility of the INA assisting the Japanese forces in Burma, particularly in their efforts to repel British offensives in the region.
• Katakura was reportedly impressed by Bose's military knowledge and organizational skills, and he promised to provide support to the INA.
• Following their meeting, the INA and Japanese forces carried out joint operations in Burma, including a successful attack on the British-held town of Imphal.
• However, the INA's role in these operations was limited, and they ultimately proved unable to achieve their goal of freeing India from British rule.
• Overall, the meeting between General Katakura and Subhash Chandra Bose was an important moment in the history of India's struggle for independence, as it demonstrated the potential for cooperation between Indian nationalists and Japanese forces during World War II.

Hence we can conclude that General Katakura was the Chief of the Japanese General Staff in Burma who met with Subhash Chandra Bose in January 1944.

The correct answer is option A, B, D and E only.

Key Points

• Kanishka was a patron of Mahayana Buddhism and is believed to have converted to this branch of Buddhism. Statement A is correct.
• The Fourth Buddhist Council (Mahasangha) was held in Kashmir during the reign of Kanishka. Statement B is also correct.
• Taxila was an ancient city and was already in existence before the time of Kanishka. So, Statement C is incorrect.
• However, Kanishka did patronize Taxila and it became a centre of learning during his reign.
• The stupa in Peshawar was constructed by the Greek architect Agisala and is believed to have been built during the reign of Kanishka. Statement D is correct.
• Nagarjuna and Ashvaghosh were both prominent scholars and philosophers during the time of Kanishka and were associated with the Mahayana school of Buddhism. Statement E is also correct.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is option A, B, D and E only.

The correct answer is A and B only.

Key Points

• Faqirullah wrote musical treatise entitled Rag Darpan during the reign of Muhammad Shah Rangila, who was the Mughal emperor after Aurangzeb. Statement A is correct.
• Zebunnissa, the daughter of Aurangzeb, was a renowned patron of music and wrote poetry but she was imprisoned by her father for her involvement in a rebellion against him. Statement B is also correct.
• Naqshbandi is a Sufi order that discouraged music, but there is no evidence to suggest that they abandoned music during Aurangzeb's reign. Statement C is incorrect.
• Muhammad Azam was the son of Aurangzeb, but he did not give a deadly blow to music. Statement D is also incorrect.
• In fact, during his brief reign, music and other cultural activities flourished.
• Tavernier was a French traveller who visited the Mughal court during the reign of Aurangzeb, and he did not mention anything about music during his visit. Statement E is also incorrect.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is A and B only.

The correct answer is A and D only.

Key Points

• From the Ghaurian Empire, the Iqta system was directly inherited by the Delhi Sultanate - This statement is correct.
• The Iqta system was introduced in India by the Ghurids and was directly inherited by the Delhi Sultanate.
• Minhaj Siraj's Tabaqat-i-Nasiri does not provide us with much evidence as to how the Iqta system worked during the 13^th century - This statement is incorrect.
• Minhaj-i-Siraj's Tabaqat-i-Nasiri provides us with detailed information about the Iqta system during the 13^th century.
• A Shahna or superintendent was appointed in each Iqta - This statement is incorrect.
• A Shahna or superintendent was not appointed in each Iqta.
• Instead, a Muqta or Iqtadar was appointed to administer the Iqta.
• Balban took certain steps to strengthen royal control over the Iqta - This statement is correct.
• Balban took several measures to strengthen royal control over the Iqta system.
• The Iqta system was a replica of the Persian administration - This statement is incorrect.
• The Iqta system was not a replica of the Persian administration. Instead, it was a system of land grants that originated in the Muslim world and was introduced in India by the Ghurids.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is A and D only.

The correct code is A, B, C and E only.

Key Points

• During the Mughal era, a range of artillery was used by the Mughal armies, including various types of cannons and muskets.
• Tufang is a type of cannon that was commonly used by Mughal armies.
• It was a relatively small and lightweight cannon that was highly portable and easy to manoeuvre on the battlefield.
• Top, also known as Topkhana, was a larger cannon that was typically used to attack fortifications and other large targets.
• It was a heavy and cumbersome weapon that required a team of soldiers to operate.
• Deg was another type of cannon used during the Mughal era.
• It was a type of mortar that fired explosive shells at enemy positions.
• Degs were often used in sieges to break down walls and other fortifications.
• Zarbzan, also known as zamburak, was a type of musket that was commonly used by Mughal soldiers.
• It was a small and lightweight weapon that was highly effective at short range.
• Buyutat, on the other hand, is not commonly mentioned as a type of artillery used during the Mughal era.
• It is possible that it was a type of weapon used in a specific region or during a specific period, but it is not widely known or documented.

Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A, B, C and E only.

The correct code is A, B, C, D and E.

Key Points

• Bayazid Raushan was a renowned Sufi saint and scholar who lived in the 17^th century in what is now known as Pakistan.
• He is known for his teachings on the Sufi path, which he described as a journey through eight steps.
• The eight steps are:
• Shariat:
• This is the first step and it refers to the Islamic law, which lays down the rules and regulations that Muslims must follow.
• Tariqat:
• This step involves following the spiritual path of Sufism, which is based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and the Qur'an.
• It involves seeking the company of a spiritual guide and following their guidance.
• Haqiqat:
• This step involves reaching the inner truth of Islam, which is the realization of the unity of God and the oneness of creation.
• Marifat:
• This step involves the knowledge and understanding of God, which is gained through direct experience and intuition.
• Wuslat:
• This step involves reaching a state of union with God, where the individual soul merges with the divine.

Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A, B, C, D and E.

The correct code is A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III.

Key Points

• The Hunter Education Commission:
• ​Hunter Education Commission was established in India in 1882 by Lord Ripon, who was then the Viceroy of India.
• The primary objective of this commission was to study the status of elementary education in British territories in India and to look into the complaints of the non-implementation of Wood's Despatch of 1854, which laid the foundation for the development of a modern education system in India.
• The commission was headed by Sir William Hunter, a renowned Scottish physician and scholar who had a keen interest in education and social reform.
• The commission studied the state of elementary education in India, including the availability of schools, quality of education, teacher training, and the status of women's education.
• The commission's report, which was submitted in 1883, highlighted the need for expanding the scope and quality of education in India.
• The report recommended measures such as increasing the number of schools, improving teacher training, promoting vocational education, and making education more accessible to women and marginalized communities.
• The Sadler University Commission:
• Sadler Commission suggested bifurcation of higher education at the intermediate examination rather than at the matriculation examination, and suggested the creation of Intermediate colleges which would provide instruction in Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Teaching, etc; to be run as independent institutions or to be attached to selected high schools.
• It also recommended that a Board of Secondary and Intermediate Education, be established and entrusted with the administration and control of Secondary Education.
• Perhaps the seed of the concept of +2 stage or Junior Colleges today, is laid by the Sadler Commission.
• The Sadler Commission Report was a comprehensive one and many of the universities in India implemented its suggestions.
• It was also the first time that a Commission had recommended the attachment of intermediate classes to the high schools and the setting up of a Board of Education to control high school and intermediate education.
• ​The Hartog Committee:​
• The Hartog Committee investigated various aspects of education and presented its report to the commission in 1929.
• It made comprehensive recommendations regarding various aspects of education in India.
• First, the Committee made some broad observations about India's educational situation.
• The committee observed that education had made significant progress by that time.
• People generally saw education as a matter of national importance.
• Increased primary school enrollment indicates that people's apathy toward education was fading and that people's social and political consciousness was growing.
• Women, Muslims, and the lower classes had also awakened, and there had been rapid growth in numbers.
• Although there was widespread interest in education, the Committee was dissatisfied with the country's literacy rate.
• The Committee presented a comprehensive report with these ideas in mind.
• It was valuable in that it attempted to gauge the pulse of education in India.
• It made recommendations for primary, secondary, and higher education, as well as some other aspects of education.
• ​Sargeant Plan of Education:
• ​Central Advisory Board of Education prepared a comprehensive report on educational development after the world war, known as the Sargent Report in 1944.
• It visualized a system of education with pre-primary education for children between 3 to 6 years of age; universal, compulsory and free primary basic education for all children between the ages 6—11 (junior basic) and 11—14 (senior basic) as suggested in Wardha Scheme; the Senior Basic or the Middle School to be the final stage in the school career of majority of the students.
• The report also recommended that at the Middle School stage, provision should be made for a variety of courses.
• These courses should be designed to prepare the pupils for entry into industrial and commercial occupations, as well as, into the universities.
• It was recommended that the High School course should cover 6 years.
• The normal age of admission should be 11 years.
• The high schools should be of two main types (a) academic, and (b) technical.
• The degree course should be for three years for selected students.
• The objective of both should be to provide a good all-round education combined with some preparation in the later stages for the careers which pupils will pursue on leaving school.
• The mother tongue is to be used as the medium of instruction in all high schools.
• Liquidation of adult illiteracy in about 20 years, full provision for the proper training of teachers, provision for the physically and mentally handicapped children, the organization of compulsory physical education, provision for social and recreational activities and creation of a Department of Education in the centre and in the states were also the recommendations of Sargent Report.
• The Sargent Report was the first comprehensive scheme covering all stages and aspects of education – pre-primary, primary, high school and university education, as well as, technical, vocational and professional education.
• It provided equal opportunities to all the students.
• Due importance was given to the teaching profession.
• Improvement of the salary scales and the service conditions of the teachers were also suggested.
• The report gave importance to productive education

 Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III.

The correct matching is A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV.

Key Points

• Dada Saheb Phalke:
• Dadasaheb Phalke was an Indian filmmaker who is known as the father of Indian cinema.
• He is best known for making the first Indian feature film, "Raja Harishchandra," in 1913.
• This film was a silent film that told the story of King Harishchandra, who was known for his truthfulness and generosity.
• Mohini Bhasmasur is a story from Hindu mythology.
• It is the story of the demon Bhasmasur who obtains a boon from Lord Shiva that allows him to turn anyone into ashes by touching their head.
• Bhasmasur then tries to use this power to kill Lord Shiva himself.
• Lord Vishnu takes the form of Mohini, a beautiful woman, and tricks Bhasmasur into touching his own head, which causes him to turn into ashes.
• The story is often used to teach the lesson that even the most powerful beings can be defeated through wit and cunning.
• Vijay Bhatt:
• ​Vijay Bhatt was an Indian film director, producer, and screenwriter who worked in Hindi cinema.
• He was born on May 12, 1907, in Palitana, Gujarat, India, and passed away on October 17, 1993.
• One of his most notable films is "Ram Rajya," which was released in 1943.
• The film is based on the Hindu epic "Ramayana" and tells the story of Lord Rama and his rule in the mythical kingdom of Ayodhya.
• "Ram Rajya" is known for its portrayal of Lord Rama as a just and virtuous ruler who embodies the ideals of the ideal king.
• The film was a huge commercial success and is considered a classic of Indian cinema.
• It is also notable for its social and political commentary, with themes such as non-violence and social harmony.
• "Ram Rajya" remains a popular film in India and has been re-released several times over the years.
• Master Vinayak:
• ​"Brandy Ki Botal" is a 1939 Indian film directed by Master Vinayak.
• It was a Hindi-language film, and it starred actors like Master Vinayak himself, Khurshid and P. Jairaj.
• The film was produced by Sagar Movietone and had music composed by Vasant Desai.
• "Brandy Ki Botal" was a social drama that explored themes like alcoholism and the impact it has on families and society.
• The film was praised for its realistic portrayal of these issues, and it was one of the early examples of Indian cinema addressing social issues.
• ​V. Shantaram:
• ​"Duniya Na Mane" is a 1937 Indian film directed by V. Shantaram.
• The film was based on a novel by Narayan Hari Apte, and it starred actors like Shahu Modak, Sumati Gupta and Baburao Pendharkar.
• The film was a social drama that dealt with issues like poverty, gender discrimination, and the caste system.
• It was particularly noted for its feminist themes, as it portrayed a strong and independent female protagonist who challenged social norms.
• "Duniya Na Mane" was also a technical achievement, as it was one of the earliest Indian films to use the technique of jump cuts, where the camera jumps from one shot to another to convey the passage of time.
• This was a revolutionary technique at the time, and it was influential in shaping the visual language of Indian cinema.

​Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV.

The correct chronology is A, D, E, C, B.

Key Points

• Hemchandra Raychaudhuri:
• ​Hemchandra Raychaudhuri's book "Political History of Ancient India" was first published in 1923 by the University of Calcutta Press.
• The book is considered to be a pioneering work in the field of ancient Indian history and covers the political history of India from the earliest times up to the end of the Gupta period.
• The book is widely regarded as a seminal work and has been influential in shaping the way scholars understand ancient Indian history.
• Raychaudhuri was a renowned historian who specialized in ancient Indian history and also wrote several other books on the subject.
• K. P. Jayaswal:
• ​Kashi Prasad Jayaswal's book "Hindu Polity" was first published in 1924 by the University of Calcutta.
• The book is a significant contribution to the field of Indian history and politics and deals with the evolution of Hindu polity from the Vedic period to the end of the medieval period.
• The book provides a detailed analysis of the political institutions, theories of statecraft, and administrative systems of ancient India.
• The book also deals with the role of religion in ancient Indian politics and the relationship between the state and society.
• K. P. Jayaswal was a renowned historian and scholar who specialized in the study of ancient Indian history, culture, and politics.
• P. T. S. Aiyangar:
• ​P. T. S. Aiyangar's book "History of Tamils to 600 A. D." was first published in 1929 by Oxford University Press.
• The book is a comprehensive account of the history of the Tamil people from the earliest times up to 600 A. D.
• The book covers a wide range of topics, including the political, social, cultural, and economic history of the Tamils.
• It also provides a detailed analysis of the evolution of the Tamil language, literature, and art.
• The book is considered to be a seminal work in the field of Tamil history and has been influential in shaping the way scholars understand the Tamil civilization.
• P. T. S. Aiyangar was a renowned scholar and historian who specialized in the study of Tamil culture and history.
• A. S. Altekar:
• A. S. Altekar's book "The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization" was first published in 1938 by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
• The book is an important contribution to the study of women's history and the role of women in ancient Indian society.
• The book covers a wide range of topics, including the position of women in the Vedic period, the status of women in the epics, the impact of Buddhism and Jainism on women's rights, and the condition of women in the medieval period.
• The book is considered to be a pioneering work in the field of women's studies in India and has been influential in shaping the way scholars understand the status of women in ancient Indian society.
• A. S. Altekar was a renowned historian and scholar who specialized in the study of ancient Indian history and culture.
• R. C. Majumdar :
• ​R. C. Majumdar's book "Ancient India" was first published in 1972 by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
• The book is a comprehensive survey of the political, social, economic, and cultural history of ancient India from prehistoric times to the end of the Gupta period.
• The book covers a wide range of topics, including the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic period, the Mauryan Empire, the Gupta Empire, and the advent of Islam in India.
• The book is considered to be a seminal work in the field of Indian history and has been influential in shaping the way scholars understand ancient Indian civilization.
• R. C. Majumdar was a renowned historian and scholar who specialized in the study of Indian history and culture.

Hence we can conclude that the correct chronology is A, D, E, C, B.

The correct matching is C, E, B, D, A.

Key Points

• Vijaya -
• He was the first king of the Vijay dynasty and is believed to have ruled from 543 BC to 505 BC.
• He was the son of King Sinhabahu and Queen Sinhasivali.
• Pandu Vasudeva -
• He was the second king of the Vijay dynasty and is believed to have ruled from 505 BC to 474 BC.
• He was the son of King Abhaya and Queen Viharamahadevi.
• Abhaya -
• He was the third king of the Vijay dynasty and is believed to have ruled from 474 BC to 454 BC.
• He was the son of King Pandu Vasudeva and Queen Parvati.
• Uttiya -
• He was the fourth king of the Vijay dynasty and is believed to have ruled from 454 BC to 437 BC.
• He was the son of King Abhaya and Queen Somadevi.
• Eļāra -
• He was the fifth king of the Vijay dynasty and is believed to have ruled from 437 BC to 367 BC.
• He was a South Indian prince who conquered Sri Lanka and established his rule in Anuradhapura.
• He was known for his just rule and is revered in Sri Lanka as a just king.

Hence we conclude that the correct matching is C, E, B, D, A.

The correct matching is C, A, D, B, E.

Key Points

• First coal mine opened at Raniganj:
• ​The first coal mine opened at Raniganj in 1774 by the East India Company, which marked the beginning of the industrial revolution in India.
• Mahalwari Regulation issued:
• ​The Mahalwari Regulation was issued in 1833, which introduced the concept of land revenue settlement in India.
• It was a significant step in the land revenue administration of British India.
• Abolition of slavery in India:
• ​The East India Company abolished slavery in India in 1843, through the Indian Slavery Act, which declared that no person could be held as a slave in India.
• GIP Railway Company formed in London:
• ​The Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) Railway Company was formed in London in 1845 by the East India Company, with the aim of facilitating the transportation of goods and people across India.
• Second Opium War begins:
• The Second Opium War began in 1856 between Great Britain and China, where the East India Company played a significant role in the conflict by providing military and financial support to the British forces.

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is C, A, D, B, E.

The correct matching is B, A, D, E, C.

Key Points

• Marco Polo visits Malabar coast:
• Marco Polo, the Venetian merchant, explorer, and writer, arrived on the Malabar coast of India in the year 1292 CE during the reign of King Ramaraja of the Hoysala Empire.
• He spent more than a year in South India, observing the local customs and trade practices, before returning to his homeland.
• First Mongol invasion during the reign of Alauddin Khilji:
• In 1299 CE, a Mongol army led by Qutlugh Khwaja invaded the northwestern frontiers of the Delhi Sultanate during the reign of Alauddin Khilji.
• However, the Mongols were repelled by the Sultanate's forces, and Khwaja himself was captured and executed.
• Alauddin Khilji's price control measures:
• Alauddin Khilji, the Sultan of Delhi from 1296 to 1316 CE, implemented a series of price control measures in his kingdom to regulate the economy and ensure the welfare of his subjects.
• He fixed the prices of essential commodities such as grains, clothes, and cattle, and imposed strict penalties on merchants who violated the regulations.
• Muhammad Tughlaq's token currency experiment:
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351 CE, introduced a new system of token currency in his kingdom to replace the existing copper and silver coins.
• However, the experiment proved to be a failure, as the new coins were easily counterfeited, leading to rampant inflation and economic chaos.
• Ibn Battuta in India:
• Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan explorer and scholar, visited India during the reigns of Muhammad bin Tughlaq and his successor Firuz Shah Tughlaq in the 14^th century.
• He travelled extensively throughout the country, documenting his observations of the culture, society, and politics of the time.

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is B, A, D, E, C.

The correct matching is A, B, D, E, C.

Key Points

• The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 or the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant event in Indian history that lasted from May 1857 to June 1858.
• It was a rebellion against the British East India Company's rule, led by Indian sepoys, or soldiers, who were joined by various other groups, including peasants, zamindars, and nobles.
• Revolt of 1857 at Sultanpur -
• The revolt at Sultanpur was one of the early uprisings in May 1857.
• The sepoys in Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh, rebelled against their British officers and killed them.
• This event marked the beginning of the uprising in northern India.
• Revolt of 1857 at Saugar -
• The revolt at Saugar took place in the fast half of June 1857.
• The sepoys stationed at Saugar, Madhya Pradesh, rebelled and were joined by the local people in their fight against the British.
• However, the British managed to suppress the rebellion and regain control of the area.
• The rebels defeat General Windham outside Kanpur -
• After the rebellion at Kanpur, the British launched a counterattack under General Windham, but the rebels defeated them on June 27, 1857, at the Battle of Ganga Ghat.
• The British suffered heavy casualties, and many of their officers were killed.
• Tantia Tope escapes -
• Tantia Tope was a key rebel leader who fought alongside Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi.
• After the fall of Jhansi, on 16 July 1857, Tantia Tope managed to escape and continued to fight against the British in central India.
• Jhansi falls to the British -
• Jhansi was one of the key centres of the rebellion, and Rani Lakshmibai was one of the most prominent rebel leaders.
• The British attacked Jhansi on June 18, 1858, and after a fierce battle, they managed to capture the city.
• Rani Lakshmibai died in the battle, but her legend lived on as a symbol of Indian resistance against British rule.

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is A, B, D, E, C.

The correct answer is A, B, C and D only.

Key Points

• The tomb is a multi-storied structure: This statement is correct.
• The tomb of Akbar is a five-story structure, which makes it a multi-storied structure.
• Jahangir completed its construction in 1614: This statement is also correct.
• The construction of the tomb was started by Akbar himself, but he passed away in 1605 before the completion of the structure.
• Jahangir, his son and successor, completed some of the work after Akbar's death.
• The exact year of completion is unclear, as some sources suggest it was completed during Jahangir's reign, while others say it was completed during the reign of Shah Jahan.
• The first three stories are pillared: This statement is correct.
• The first three stories of the tomb are characterized by their red sandstone walls and pillars.
• The pillars are carved with intricate designs and patterns, which are typical of Mughal architecture.
• The top floor is built of white marble: This statement is correct.
• The top floor of the tomb is made of white marble, which makes it stand out from the rest of the structure.
• The use of marble for the top floor is a departure from the red sandstone used for the lower floors, and it adds to the grandeur and beauty of the tomb.
• The plinth of the tomb has similarity with the tomb of Jahangir: This statement is not the correct answer, as the question of the similarity between the plinths of the two tombs is subjective and open to interpretation.
• However, it is worth noting that both tombs were built during the Mughal period, and they share some similarities in terms of their architectural style and design.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is A, B, C and D only.

The correct code is A, B and D only.

Key Points

• The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate marked rapid changes in money circulation, which led to the emergence of a new monetary system.
• Before the Sultanate period, coins were made of silver and copper, but during the Sultanate period, gold coins were also introduced.
• The Delhi Sultans issued their own coins, and the use of paper money became common. So statement A is correct.
• Before the establishment of Delhi Sultanate, the common coinage of Punjab and Delhi regions was called Dehliwal.
• The term "Dehliwal" was used to refer to coins during that period. Thus statement B is also correct.
• Ilutmish introduced the silver Tanka of about 175 grains, not a copper-made Tanka. Therefore statement C is incorrect.
• Ilutmish is known for introducing the silver Tanka, which was the standard coin of the Delhi Sultanate.
• The earlier coins of Punjab and Delhi regions are mentioned in the Qutb mosque inscription of c.1198.
• The Qutb mosque inscription of c.1198 mentions the coins issued by the Hindu rulers of the region before the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.
• This includes coins issued by the Tomaras, Chauhans, and the Gahadvalas of Kanauj. Hence statement D is correct.
• The Gahadvalas of Kanauj did not issue any gold coins bearing the image of Saraswati during the Delhi Sultanate period.
• The Gahadvalas of Kanauj issued gold coins with images of various deities, including Vishnu and Shiva, but there is no evidence of any gold coins with the image of Saraswati during the Delhi Sultanate period. So statement E is incorrect.

Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A, B and D only.

The correct matching is A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II.

Key Points

• Barawardi -A recruit on ad-hoc pay:
• ​Barawardi were a type of melee cavalry that was used by the Maratha Empire, which existed from the 17^th to the 19^th century in India.
• The Barawardi were known for their speed, agility, and skill in close combat.
• They were often used to support the main cavalry charge and would swoop in to take out key enemy targets or disrupt their formation.
• In terms of their pay, Barawardi were paid on an ad-hoc basis.
• Although the exact details of their pay may have varied depending on the time period and circumstances.
• Sayurgal-Taxfree land :
• ​Sayurghal (also spelt Sayarghul) refers to a type of land tenure system in parts of Central Asia, particularly in regions that were historically part of the Timurid and Uzbek empires.
• Under the Sayurghal system, certain individuals or groups, such as soldiers, officials, or members of a ruling dynasty, were granted the right to use and collect the revenues from specific plots of land without paying any taxes or rent to the state.
• In exchange for this exemption, they were expected to maintain the land and provide certain services, such as defending the area against external threats, contributing to local infrastructure projects, or performing various duties for the ruling elite.
• Altamgha-Permanent revenue assignment to an assignee's family in his native place:
• ​Altamgha, also spelt as Altamga refers to a type of land revenue system that was prevalent in the Mughal Empire, which existed from the 16^th to the 19^th century in the Indian subcontinent.
• Under the Altamgha system, a revenue assignment would be granted to an individual or family in their native village or town, and this assignment would become a permanent source of income for them.
• The assignee or his family would collect and manage the revenue, which was usually a share of the agricultural produce or taxes from the assigned land.
• The Altamgha system had some negative consequences, such as contributing to the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a small elite and leading to the exploitation of peasants and other lower classes.
• Bait-ul-mal-Public treasury:
• ​Bait-ul-Mal is a term used in Islamic finance and governance, referring to the public treasury or treasury of the Muslim state.
• It is a term derived from Arabic, where "bait" means "house" and "mal" means "wealth" or "property".
• In the Islamic tradition, Bait-ul-Mal is an important institution that is responsible for collecting, managing, and distributing public funds and resources in a just and equitable manner.
• It is often used to support the poor, the needy, orphans, widows, and other disadvantaged members of society.
• The funds are typically raised through various forms of taxation and charitable donations, such as zakat (obligatory alms-giving) and sadaqah (voluntary charity).

​Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II.

The correct code is A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV.

Key Points

• Kalhana-Rajatarangini 
• ​Kalhana was a 12^th-century historian who is best known for his work, the Rajatarangini.
• The Rajatarangini, which means "The River of Kings," is a historical chronicle of the kings of Kashmir.
• It is considered one of the most important sources of information on the history and culture of Kashmir.
• The Rajatarangini consists of eight books and covers the history of Kashmir from its earliest times up to the 12^th century.
• The first book deals with the mythology and early history of Kashmir, while the remaining books cover the reigns of the various kings and dynasties that ruled over Kashmir.
• Kalhana's writing style is notable for its poetic language and vivid descriptions.
• He also includes many anecdotes and stories that add colour and depth to his historical accounts.
• However, his work has been criticized for being biased towards the Hindu rulers of Kashmir and for glossing over the contributions of the region's Muslim rulers.
• Shaikh Sikandar-Mirat-i-Sikandari:
• Shaikh Sikandar was a 16^th-century Sufi saint and scholar who lived in India during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.
• He was also known as Sheikh Ibrahim, and his full name was Shaikh Sikandar Bin Shaikh Ibrahim.
• Shaikh Sikandar is primarily known for his work, the Mirat-i-Sikandari, which is a biography of his spiritual teacher and Sufi master, Shaikh Hamiduddin Nagori.
• The Mirat-i-Sikandari is written in Persian and is considered one of the most important works of Sufi hagiography in the Indian subcontinent.
• The Mirat-i-Sikandari is a detailed account of the life and teachings of Shaikh Hamiduddin Nagori, who was a prominent Sufi saint and founder of the Nagori Sufi order.
• The work also provides insights into the spiritual practices and beliefs of the Sufi tradition in India during the 16^th century.
• In addition to the Mirat-i-Sikandari, Shaikh Sikandar also wrote several other works, including a Persian translation of the Bhagavad Gita, which he titled the "Gita Govinda."
• This translation is considered an important example of the syncretic cultural exchange that took place between Hindu and Muslim intellectuals in medieval India.
• Abul Fazal-Ain-i-Akbari:
• ​Abul Fazal was a 16^th-century court historian and advisor to the Mughal Emperor Akbar.
• He is best known for his work, the Ain-i-Akbari, which is a detailed account of the administration, society, and culture of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Emperor Akbar.
• The Ain-i-Akbari is divided into three parts.
• The first part deals with the administrative structure of the Mughal Empire, including the various departments of government and the officials who headed them.
• The second part provides a detailed description of the society and economy of the Mughal Empire, including information on agriculture, trade, and commerce.
• The third part is a detailed account of the culture and customs of the Mughal Empire, including its music, dance, art, and literature.
• Abul Fazal was known for his detailed and objective approach to history, and his work is considered a valuable source of information on the Mughal Empire during the 16^th century.
• However, he was also a devout Muslim and a strong advocate for the policies of Emperor Akbar, and his work has been criticized for its bias in favour of the Mughal rulers.
• ​Khafi Khan-Muntakhab-ul-Lubab:
• ​Khafi Khan was a 17^th-century historian and author who lived in India during the Mughal Empire.
• He is best known for his work, the Muntakhab-ul-Lubab, which is a history of the Mughal Empire from its origins up to the reign of Emperor Aurangzeb.
• The Muntakhab-ul-Lubab is written in Persian and is considered one of the most important sources of information on the history of the Mughal Empire.
• The work covers a wide range of topics, including the political and military history of the Mughal Empire, the culture and society of the Mughal era, and the contributions of notable individuals such as poets, scholars, and religious leaders.
• Khafi Khan's writing style is notable for its clarity and attention to detail.
• He relied on a variety of sources, including official court records, historical chronicles, and personal accounts, to construct a comprehensive and objective account of the Mughal Empire.
• His work also includes extensive quotations from primary sources, making it a valuable resource for scholars of Persian literature and history.
• Despite its importance, the Muntakhab-ul-Lubab is not without its limitations.
• Khafi Khan wrote from the perspective of a court historian and was influenced by his own biases and loyalties.
• His work has been criticized for its lack of critical analysis and for its tendency to glorify the Mughal rulers.

Hence we can conclude that the correct code is A-II, B - III, C - I, D - IV.

The correct answer is A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I.

Key Points

• The General Service Enlistment Act made it compulsory for Indian soldiers to serve overseas, this act was passed in 1856.
• The Religious Disabilities Act abolished various civil and political disabilities imposed on Indian citizens professing the Hindu or Muslim religion, this act was passed in 1850.
• The Post Office Act established the Indian Post Office as a separate department under the British Government, this act was passed in 1879 .
• The Indian Arms Act aimed to control the possession, manufacture, sale, and transport of firearms in India, this act was passed in 1878.

Therefore, the correct match between List I and List II is:

The correct matching is A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV.

Key Points

• Swadesamitran:
• ​Swadesamitran G. Subramaniya Iyer (also known as G. Subramaniya Iyer) was a prominent Indian journalist, social reformer, and freedom fighter.
• He was born on October 11, 1855, in Tiruvadi, Tamil Nadu, India.
• Iyer played a significant role in India's struggle for independence from British rule.
• In 1882, he started a Tamil newspaper called "Swadesamitran," which means "Friend of the Country."
• The newspaper was highly influential and played a critical role in promoting Indian nationalism and the ideas of the Indian National Congress.
• Apart from being a journalist, Iyer was also a social reformer and worked to improve the conditions of women in India.
• He was a strong advocate for women's education and supported the remarriage of widows, which was considered taboo in traditional Indian society at that time.
• ​Indian Mirror:
• ​Indian Mirror was a prominent English-language newspaper in colonial India, founded by N.N. Sen in 1862.
• Sen was a noted journalist, writer, and social reformer who used the newspaper as a platform to advocate for social, political, and economic reforms in India.
• Sen was born in 1837 in Kolkata (then Calcutta), India.
• He started his career as a teacher before becoming a journalist. In 1862, he founded Indian Mirror, which quickly became one of the most influential newspapers of its time.
• The newspaper was known for its progressive and reformist stance, advocating for social issues such as the abolition of the caste system and child marriage, as well as political issues such as Indian self-rule.
• In addition to his work as a journalist, Sen was also involved in several social reform movements.
• He was a member of the Bengal Social Science Association and the Indian National Association, both of which were instrumental in the Indian independence movement.
• Advocate:
• Advocate was a daily English-language newspaper published in Lucknow, India, in the early 20^th century.
• It was founded by G.P. Verma, a prominent lawyer and journalist who used the newspaper to advocate for political, social, and economic reforms in India.​
• Verma was born in 1876 in Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh, India.
• He studied law and became a successful lawyer in Lucknow. In 1911, he founded Advocate newspaper, which quickly gained popularity for its progressive and reformist stance.
• The newspaper covered a wide range of topics, including Indian politics, social issues, and cultural events.
• Verma was actively involved in the Indian independence movement and used advocates to promote the cause of Indian self-rule.
• He was also a strong advocate for women's rights and education.
• Advocate newspapers played an important role in shaping public opinion and promoting social and political reforms in colonial India.
• The newspaper continued to be published until the early 1940s, and Verma passed away in 1957.
• Mahratta:
• ​Mahratta was a prominent English-language newspaper founded by Gopal Ganesh Agarkar in 1881.
• Agarkar was a renowned social reformer, journalist, and educator who used the newspaper to promote social and political reforms in colonial India.
• Agarkar was born in 1856 in the town of Tembhu in Maharashtra, India. He was a brilliant scholar and studied at the Elphinstone College in Mumbai (then Bombay), where he became interested in social reform movements.
• In 1881, he founded Mahratta newspaper, which quickly became one of the most influential Marathi newspapers of its time.
• The newspaper advocated for social and political reforms, including the promotion of education, the abolition of the caste system, and women's rights.
• Agarkar was also involved in several social reform movements and played a key role in the establishment of the Satyashodhak Samaj, a social reform organization in Maharashtra.
• He was a strong advocate for education and played a key role in the establishment of Fergusson College in Pune, one of the most prestigious colleges in India.

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV.

The correct matching is A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I.

Key Points

• Punjab Hindu Sabha:
• ​The Punjab Hindu Sabha was a political organization founded in 1909 by U.N. Mukerji and Lal Chand, two prominent Hindu leaders from the Punjab region of India.
• The organization was established to promote the social, political, and economic interests of Hindus in the region, which was then part of British India.
• U.N. Mukerji was a lawyer and writer who was deeply involved in the Indian nationalist movement, and who had a particular interest in the rights of minority groups.
• Lal Chand was a businessman who was also involved in social and political causes.
• Swadesh Bandhav Samiti:
• ​Swadesh Bandhav Samiti was a social organization founded by Ashwini Kumar Dutt, an Indian social worker and reformer, in the early 20^th century.
• The organization was established with the aim of promoting social and economic development in India, particularly in rural areas.
• Ashwini Kumar Dutt was a social activist and a disciple of the Indian spiritual leader Swami Vivekananda.
• He was deeply committed to the upliftment of the poor and marginalized sections of Indian society and believed that the key to India's progress lay in rural development.
• The Swadesh Bandhav Samiti was founded in 1901 and focused on various social issues such as education, healthcare, and the promotion of Indian handicrafts.
• The organization worked to establish schools and colleges in rural areas, provide medical aid to the poor, and encourage the growth of cottage industries.
• Mitra Mela:
• ​Mitra Mela was a secret society founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, a prominent Indian nationalist and political leader, in 1909.
• The organization was established to promote revolutionary activities against British colonial rule in India and to foster a sense of national unity and identity.
• V.D. Savarkar was a revolutionary leader and a fierce advocate of Indian independence.
• He believed that the Indian people needed to rise up against British rule and fight for their freedom, and he founded the Mitra Mela to further this cause.
• The Mitra Mela was a small, tightly-knit organization that was based on the principles of secrecy and loyalty.
• Its members were dedicated to the cause of Indian independence and were willing to take extreme measures to achieve their goals.
• The organization was involved in a number of revolutionary activities, including the assassination of a British official in 1910.
• This action led to the arrest and imprisonment of Savarkar and other members of the Mitra Mela.
• Anushilan Samiti:
• ​Anushilan Samiti was a revolutionary organization founded in Bengal in 1902 by a group of young Indian nationalists.
• The organization was established with the aim of overthrowing British rule in India and establishing a free and independent Indian republic.
• P. Mitra was one of the key figures in the Anushilan Samiti. He was a lawyer and a political activist who had been involved in the Indian nationalist movement for many years.
• Mitra believed that the only way to achieve Indian independence was through armed struggle, and he played an important role in organizing the revolutionary activities of the Anushilan Samiti.
• The Anushilan Samiti was a highly secretive organization that was based on the principles of discipline and self-sacrifice.
• Its members were committed to the cause of Indian independence and were willing to take extreme measures to achieve their goals.

So we can conclude that the correct matching is A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I.

The correct chronology is  A, D, B, C, E.

Key Points

• Pushyamitra -
• He was the founder of the Sunga dynasty and ruled from 185 BCE to 149 BCE.
• He was the commander-in-chief of the Mauryan army under the last Mauryan emperor, Brihadratha.
• He assassinated Brihadratha and seized the throne.
• Agnimitra -
• He was the second ruler of the Sunga dynasty and succeeded Pushyamitra.
• He ruled from 149 BCE to 141 BCE.
• He was a patron of the arts and is known for his patronage of the playwright Kalidasa.
• Vasumitra -
• He was the third ruler of the Sunga dynasty and succeeded Agnimitra.
• He ruled from 141 BCE to 131 BCE.
• He is known for his contribution to the development of Buddhism and the construction of Buddhist stupas.
• Pulindaka -
• He was the fourth ruler of the Sunga dynasty and succeeded Vasumitra.
• He ruled from 131 BCE to 121 BCE.
• There is not much information available about his reign.
• Devabhumi -
• He was the last ruler of the Sunga dynasty and succeeded Pulindaka.
• He ruled from 121 BCE to 101 BCE.
• He was a weak ruler, and his reign saw the decline of the Sunga dynasty.

Hence we can conclude that the correct chronology is  A, D, B, C, E.

The correct matching is C, E, D, A, B.

Key Points

• Mahatma Gandhi restarted Harijan weekly, after a lapse of 18 months. -
• This event occurred in November 1933.
• Harijan was a weekly newspaper that Gandhi started to address the issues of the Dalit community and to spread his message of non-violent resistance.
• ​Mahatma Gandhi while addressing convocation of Benaras Hindu University, paid tribute to the work of Pandit Malviya -
• This event occurred on February 4, 1934.
• Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya was the founder of Banaras Hindu University, and Gandhi gave a speech at the university's convocation ceremony.
• Gandhi addressed the All India Cow Protection Conference at Nagpur -
• This event occurred in August 1936.
• The conference was organized to discuss issues related to cow protection and the ban on cow slaughter.
• Gandhi met Marshal and Madame Chiang Kai-Shek at Calcutta -
• This event occurred in February 1942.
• Chiang Kai-Shek was the President of China, and he and his wife visited India to seek support for China's war effort against Japan. Gandhi met them in Calcutta.
• Gandhi met Cripps and described his proposals as "a post-dated cheque" -
• This event occurred in March 1942.
• Sir Stafford Cripps was a British politician who was sent to India to offer a proposal for Indian self-government.
• Gandhi rejected the proposal, calling it a "post-dated cheque" that would not be honoured.

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is C, E, D, A, B.

The correct matching is B, D, A, E, C.

Key Points

• Shamsuddin Iltutmish -
• He ruled from 1211 to 1236 and was the third ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
• He succeeded Qutubuddin Aibak.
• ​​Ghiyasuddin Balban -
• He ruled from 1266 to 1287 and was the ninth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.
• He succeeded Nasiruddin Mahmud.
• Muizzuddin Kaiqubad -
• He ruled from 1287 to 1290 and was the seventh Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.
• He succeeded his father, Ghiyasuddin Balban.
• Jalaluddin Khilji -
• He ruled from 1290 to 1296 and was the first Sultan of the Khilji dynasty.
• He succeeded Muizzuddin Kaiqubad.
• ​​Alauddin Khilji -
• He ruled from 1296 to 1316 and was the second ruler of the Khilji dynasty.
• He succeeded Jalaluddin Khilji by overthrowing him.

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is B, D, A, E, C.

The correct matching is A, C, E, B, D.

Key Points

• Nana Fadnavis was a prominent Maratha statesman who died in 1800.
• In 1801, Lord Wellesley, the Governor-General of India, annexed the Carnatic region to the British territories.
• The Treaty of Bassein was signed between the British East India Company and the Peshwa Baji Rao II in 1802.
• The treaty gave the British control over the Peshwa's foreign policy and allowed them to station troops in Pune.
• The Vellore Mutiny took place in 1806 when sepoys (Indian soldiers) stationed at Vellore rebelled against the British.
• The mutiny was quickly suppressed, and it led to significant changes in the British Army's recruitment policies.
• In 1808, two important missions were undertaken by the British.
• Sir John Malcolm was sent to Persia to negotiate a treaty, while Sir William Elphinstone was sent to Kabul to negotiate with the Afghan ruler, Shah Shuja.

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is A, C, E, B, D.

The correct answer is C and D only.

Key Points

• The imperial paintings were not influenced by the preferences of Mughal Emperors- This statement is incorrect.
• The Mughal emperors were patrons of the Mughal paintings and had a significant influence on the style and subject matter of the paintings.
• Babur had established a workshop for painting- This statement is also incorrect.
• It was Humayun who was a lover of arts and had established a workshop for painting and he had established a workshop for painting.
• The earliest examples of documentation are found during the period of Humayun- This statement is correct.
• Humayun was interested in the arts and had a keen eye for painting.
• He documented the paintings that he came across during his exile in Persia.
• The imperial Mughal painters were from India, Persia, and Central Asia- This statement is also correct.
• The Mughal paintings were influenced by the styles of Persian and Central Asian painting, and many painters in the Mughal court came from these regions.
• Humayun was responsible for the elaboration of Mughal painting- This statement is incorrect.
• Humayun was a great patron of the arts, and during his exile in Persia, he came into contact with Persian painters and was exposed to their styles.
• But he was not responsible for the elaboration of Mughal paintings, it's Akbar who elaborated on Mughal paintings and Humayun was responsible for only the beginning of the Mughal style of painting.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is C and D only.

The correct matching is A, C, D, E, B.

Key Points

• The Supreme Court was constituted with Hyde as one of the puisne judges-
• This event occurred in 1774, during the reign of Warren Hastings as the Governor-General of India.
• Rules and regulations made by the Governor General in the Council were not to be registered with the Supreme Court-
• This was a provision made in the Regulating Act of 1781, which aimed to limit the power of the Supreme Court.
• The Board of Control was established-
• ​This event occurred in 1784, during the reign of Pitt the Younger as the Prime Minister of Britain.
• The Board of Control was created to oversee the affairs of the British East India Company and to exercise greater control over the administration of India.
• **Governor General was given the powers of both the Governor General and the Commander in Chief-**​
• This event occurred in 1786, during the reign of Cornwallis as the Governor-General of India.
• The Governor-General was given the additional powers of the Commander in Chief of the British forces in India.
• The power given to Governor General to override his council was extended to all future Governor Generals and Governors-
• This event occurred in 1833, during the reign of William IV as the King of Britain.
• The Charter Act of 1833 extended the power of the Governor-General to override his council to all future Governors-General and Governors in India.

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching is A, C, D, E, B.

The philosopher of India who propounded the philosophy of Vishishtadvaita is Ramanujacharya.

Key Points

• Ramanujacharya was a Hindu philosopher who lived in India during the 11^th and 12^th centuries CE.
• He is considered the chief proponent of the Vishishtadvaita philosophy, which is a school of Vedanta that combines the monistic ideas of Advaita Vedanta with the theistic concepts of Vaishnavism.
• According to Ramanujacharya, the ultimate reality, or Brahman, is not just an impersonal and formless entity but also has attributes and qualities that are inseparable from its essence.
• In this sense, he rejected the Advaita notion of the absolute oneness of Brahman and the illusory nature of the material world.
• Ramanujacharya also emphasized the importance of devotion and surrender to the personal God, or Bhagavan, as a means to attain liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
• He believed that the soul, or jivatma, is distinct from the body and the material world and that its ultimate goal is to attain union with the Supreme Being through the practice of devotion, knowledge, and virtuous actions.
• Overall, Ramanujacharya's philosophy of Vishishtadvaita has had a significant impact on the development of Hinduism and has influenced many of its religious practices and traditions.

Hence we can conclude that The philosopher of India who propounded the philosophy of Vishishtadvaita is Ramanujacharya.

Alara Kalama was a great teacher with whom the Buddha belonged to the Kalamas of Kesaputta.

Key Points

• According to the traditional Buddhist texts, Alara Kalama was one of the two teachers that the Buddha studied before attaining enlightenment.
• He was said to be an accomplished meditation teacher who taught the Buddha how to attain the jhanas, deep states of meditative absorption.
• As for the Kalamas, they were a group of people living in the town of Kesaputta who were known for their critical thinking and scepticism.
• According to the Kalama Sutta, the Buddha visited Kesaputta and was asked by the Kalamas how to distinguish between true and false teachings.
• In response, the Buddha encouraged the Kalamas to rely on their own reasoning and experience, rather than blindly accepting or rejecting teachings based on authority, tradition, or hearsay.
• The Buddha taught the Kalamas to evaluate teachings based on their effects on individuals and society and to avoid teachings that lead to harm or suffering.
• He also encouraged them to cultivate qualities such as kindness, compassion, and equanimity, and to develop their own wisdom and understanding through personal experience and inquiry.
• Overall, the story of Alara Kalama and the Kalamas of Kesaputta are significant parts of the Buddhist tradition, as they highlight the importance of critical thinking, personal experience, and ethical behaviour in the pursuit of spiritual development.

Hence we can conclude that Alara Kalama was a great teacher with whom the Buddha belonged to the Kalamas of Kesaputta.

The critical edition of the Mahabharata project was led as General Editor by V. S. Sukthankar.

Key Points

• V. S. Sukthankar (1887-1943) was an Indian scholar of Sanskrit and Indology.
• He served as the General Editor of the Mahabharata project, which aimed to create a critical edition of the epic Mahabharata, based on the oldest available manuscripts and versions.
• The project was undertaken by the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune, India, and it took several decades to complete.
• Sukthankar was assisted by a team of scholars and editors, including S. K. Belvalkar, P. L. Vaidya, and others.
• The critical edition of the Mahabharata, published in 1966, is considered a landmark achievement in the field of Indology and Indian literary studies.
• It has helped scholars to understand the evolution of the Mahabharata text, its various recensions, and the cultural and historical context in which it was composed.

Hence we can conclude that the critical edition of the Mahabharata project was led as General Editor by V. S. Sukthankar.

Gandaraditya was a Chola king.

Key Points

• Gandaraditya was a reluctant monarch and focussed more on religious work and not on empire building.
• The Tondaimandalam continued to be occupied by the Rashtrakutas and Gandaratitya did not seem to have made any attempt to retrieve it.
• It is not clear if this is because he was uninterested in war or that he was assimilating his position south of the Paalar River and cutting his losses to keep Eelam (which was fast slipping out of Chola control) and to keep the resurgent Pandya Kingdom at bay.
• Gandaraditya was also known as "Merkey elundarulina devar" - the king who was pleased to go west.
• The meaning of this phrase is not clearly understood but could possibly mean the king who went west to Kerala.
• There are claims that Gandaraditya in his later life adopted the Jain faith and went to the Kannada land in the west of the Chola country with a Jain ascetic named Loka-pala Acharya.
• This claim does not have many supporters amongst historians especially because of his Saivaite background and his wife's and son's continued persuasion of this faith.

Hence we can conclude that Gandaraditya was a Chola king.

Yamaka is not a Jain text, it is actually a Buddhist text.

Key Points

• Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence, compassion, and self-discipline.
• It is based on the teachings of various spiritual leaders known as Tirthankaras, who achieved enlightenment and taught the path to liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
• Jain texts are an important part of the tradition, providing guidance and insight into the philosophy and practices of Jainism.
• The Nisitha Sutra is a collection of aphorisms that provide ethical guidance to followers of Jainism.
• It is considered one of the earliest Jain texts and is attributed to the 4^th-century Jain scholar Kundakunda.
• The Tattvarthadhigama Sutra, also known as the Tattvartha Sutra, is a key Jain scripture that outlines the Jain philosophy.
• It is attributed to the Jain philosopher Umasvati and provides a systematic analysis of Jain doctrine, including concepts such as karma, reincarnation, and liberation.
• The Abhidhana-Chintamani is a Jain encyclopedia that provides detailed information on various topics related to Jainism, including philosophy, cosmology, and mythology.
• It is attributed to the Jain scholar Hemacandra and is considered one of the most comprehensive Jain texts.
• Yamaka, on the other hand, is a Buddhist text that contains a series of questions and answers related to various topics, including Buddhist philosophy and ethics.
• It is attributed to the Buddhist scholar Moggallana and is part of the Abhidhamma Pitaka, a collection of Buddhist scriptures that provide a detailed analysis of Buddhist doctrine.

​Hence we can conclude that Yamaka is not a Jain text, it is actually a Buddhist text.

The founder of the Kardamaka dynasty was Chashtana.

Key Points

• The Kardamaka dynasty was a dynasty of the Western Satraps, who ruled in western and central India from the 1^st century BCE to the 4^th century CE.
• Chashtana was the founder of the dynasty and is believed to have ruled from around 78-130 CE.
• Chashtana is known for his inscriptions found in the Junagadh rock inscription, which was carved during the reign of his grandson, Rudradaman I.
• The inscription describes Chashtana as a Satrap, or governor, of the Saurashtra region, and mentions his successful military campaigns against the neighbouring Yaudheya tribe.
• Chashtana was succeeded by his son, Damajadasri, who continued his father's policies and further expanded the Kardamaka kingdom.
• Damajadasri's reign is also known for his patronage of Buddhism, as evidenced by inscriptions found at the Buddhist cave site of Nasik.
• After Damajadasri's death, the Kardamaka dynasty was ruled by a succession of kings, including Rudradaman I, who is considered to be one of the most famous kings of the dynasty.
• Rudradaman I is known for his extensive military campaigns and his patronage of art and literature.

Hence we can conclude that The founder of the Kardamaka dynasty was Chashtana.

Jinaprabhasuri in his Vividtirthakalpa includes a section on the holy city of Mathura.

Key Points

• Jinaprabhasuri's Vividtirthakalpa is a Jain text that describes various holy places and pilgrimage sites in India.
• The text includes a section on Mathura, which is a sacred city for Jains as well as for Hindus.
• The Mathura section of the Vividtirthakalpa provides information on the history, mythology, and significance of various temples, shrines, and other holy places in the city.
• Some of the important Jain sites in Mathura that are mentioned in the Vividtirthakalpa include the Digambar Jain temple, the Shwetambar Jain temple, and the Kailash Mandir.
• The text also describes the various festivals and rituals associated with these sites, as well as the legends and stories that are connected to them.
• Overall, the Mathura section of the Vividtirthakalpa provides valuable insights into the Jain perspective on this important pilgrimage destination.

Hence we can conclude that Jinaprabhasuri in his Vividtirthakalpa includes a section on the holy city of Mathura.

Aryadeva wrote the book Chatuhsatika.

Key Points

• The book Chatuhsatika, also known as the "Four Hundred Verses on the Yogic Deeds of Bodhisattvas," is attributed to the Indian Buddhist philosopher Aryadeva.
• Aryadeva was a disciple of Nagarjuna and is considered one of the most influential philosophers in the Mahayana Buddhist tradition.
• He was born in India in the 2^nd century CE and is believed to have lived at the same time as Nagarjuna.
• Aryadeva's most famous work is the Chatuhsatika, a collection of 400 verses explaining the fundamental principles of Mahayana Buddhism, especially the practice of bodhisattva, the ideal of attaining enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings.
• The Chatuhsatika is a highly regarded text in Mahayana Buddhism, and it has been studied and commented upon by many Buddhist scholars over the centuries.
• The verses in the text cover a wide range of topics, including the nature of reality, the importance of compassion and altruism, the practice of meditation, and the role of the teacher in the spiritual path.
• Overall, Arya Deva's Chatuhsatika is considered to be one of the most important and influential works in the Mahayana Buddhist tradition, and it continues to be studied and practised by Buddhists around the world today.

So we can conclude that Aryadeva wrote the book Chatuhsatika.

Copy of Asokan Rock Edict found engraved on a bowl in 7^th Major Rock Edict.

Key Points

• The 7^th Major Rock Edict of Ashoka is one of the most well-known edicts of the Mauryan Emperor, and it contains important details about his policies on Buddhism and animal welfare.
• The edict begins with Ashoka's proclamation that he has "devoted himself to the Dhamma" and has "promoted the Dhamma" among his subjects.
• He also declares that he has sent missionaries to other kingdoms in order to spread the teachings of the Buddha.
• The copy of the Asokan Rock Edict is found engraved on a bowl in this rock edict.
• The edict also lays out specific guidelines for the treatment of animals, which is one of the unique features of Ashoka's reign.
• The Emperor ordered the protection of certain animals such as cows, horses, and elephants, and banned the killing of certain species for food.
• He also established veterinary hospitals and appointed officials to enforce these regulations.

Hence we can conclude that Copy of the Asokan Rock Edict is found engraved on a bowl in the 7^th Major Rock Edict.

The Buddhist text that shows caste was NOT rigidly tied to a craft is the Dasa-Brahmana-Jataka.

Key Points

• The Dasa-Brahmana-Jataka is a collection of stories found in the Khuddaka Nikaya of the Pali Canon, which is the primary scripture of Theravada Buddhism.
• In one of the Jataka tales, a group of Brahmins (the highest caste in ancient Indian society) are portrayed as having no particular occupation or craft.
• Instead, they are depicted as wandering ascetics who engage in religious practices such as meditation and chanting.
• This portrayal of Brahmins as not being tied to a specific craft or profession challenges the notion that caste in ancient India was rigidly determined by birth and occupation.
• This is in contrast to the prevailing belief at the time, which held that one's caste was determined by birth and that each caste had a specific set of duties and professions that were associated with it.
• The story thus suggests that one's caste could be determined by factors other than birth and occupation, such as one's spiritual practices or personal qualities.
• This idea is consistent with the Buddhist teachings of the time, which emphasized the importance of individual spiritual development and the idea that one's actions and intentions were more important than one's social status or occupation.

Hence we can conclude that the Buddhist text that shows caste was NOT rigidly tied to a craft is the Dasa-Brahmana-Jataka.

King Para is associated with the kingdom of Kosala.

Key Points

• King Para was a legendary king who ruled over the kingdom of Kosala in ancient India.
• He is mentioned in various ancient Indian texts, including the Jataka tales and the Ramayana.
• According to the Jataka tales, King Para was a just and wise ruler who always acted in the best interests of his people.
• He was known for his bravery, generosity, and wisdom, and was greatly respected by his subjects.
• The tales also describe how he defeated his enemies and expanded his kingdom's territories.
• In the Ramayana, King Para is mentioned as the father of Queen Kaikeyi, who was one of the wives of King Dasharatha of Ayodhya.
• Kaikeyi is famous for asking Dasharatha to exile his son Rama and make her own son Bharata the king.
• This incident eventually leads to the events of the Ramayana.

Thus we can conclude that King Para is associated with the kingdom of Kosala.

The Hathnora specimen is a fossil of an extinct hominin and belongs to the species Homo erectus.

Key Points

• The Hathnora fossil was discovered in 1983 in the Hathnora village of the Narmada Valley in central India.
• It is a partial skull of an extinct hominin, specifically a male Homo erectus.
• The skull has a cranial capacity of around 1225 cc, which is larger than that of Homo habilis and similar to that of other Homo erectus fossils.
• The Hathnora specimen has a number of distinctive features, including a prominent brow ridge, a receding forehead, and a long, low skull shape.
• These characteristics are consistent with other Homo erectus fossils from around the world.
• The age of the Hathnora fossil has been estimated through various dating methods, including paleomagnetic analysis and fission track dating.
• Based on these methods, it is believed to be around 1.5 million years old, making it one of the oldest Homo erectus fossils found in India.
• The discovery of the Hathnora fossil has provided important insights into the evolution of early humans in India and their relationship to other hominin populations around the world.
• It suggests that Homo erectus was present in India around the same time as in other regions and that the early human population may have migrated and interbred with each other over time.

​So we can conclude that the Hathnora specimen is a fossil of an extinct hominin and belongs to the species Homo erectus.

The Archeological site of Uttarbaini which yielded early palaeolithic artefacts is located in Jammu.

Key Points

• The modern phase of palaeolithic studies in India began in the 1930s.
• The most significant publication of this period was Studies on the Ice Age in India and Associated Human Culture by H de Terra and T.T. Paterson in 1939.
• The region with which they are dealing is the present-day Jammu region but the area covered in this study is purely on cultural basis.
• The Stone Age cultural Sequence of the Jammu region falls on the same lines as the pebble tool tradition as established stone-age cultural sequence of Soan culture in the Sivalik hills of Potwar (Pakistan) and Beas valley in Himachal Pradesh.
• This is because sites of pebble tools known as Soan culture are widespread in Jammu.
• All the sites reported so far in the Jammu region have surface finds, therefore, the types and occurrence of stone tools on four terrace levels have been the basis for framing sequential patterns of culture.
• e. In recent years, important evidence of dates for lower palaeolithic contexts has come from the Potwar plateau and the Siwaliks.
• Stone tools reported in the Jammu and Himachal sections of the Siwalik Hills seem to belong to about the same age.
• For instance, at Uttarbaini in the Jammu area, early palaeolithic tools were found in a deposit dated 2.8  0.5 mya.
• The palaeolithic evidence is more explicit and widespread in the Indian Siwalik belt from Jammu to Kangra and the lower areas of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.

Hence we can conclude that the Archeological site of Uttarbaini which yielded early palaeolithic artefacts is located in Jammu.

Studies on Didwana Lake were conducted by Gurdeep Singh.

Key Points

• Gurdeep Singh’s 1971 palynological study of three lakes of Rajasthan(including Didwana) envisaged a wet climate during the Mature phase followed by a sharp decline in rainfall around 2000 BCE
• A few attempts have been made towards reconstruction of the palaeoclimatic sequence in the Indian Subcontinent with pioneer work being done by much quoted Gurdeep Singh, (1971) and Enzel et al. (1999).
• Both these teams worked in Rajasthan and had data from three salt lakes: Sambhar, Didwana, and Lunkaransar.
• But the explanation given for the timing and factors for the desiccation of the lakes and its correlation with archaeological data led to different interpretations.
• The first group led by Gurdeep Singh (1971) initially (before calibration) proposed good climatic conditions during the flourishing Harappan phase, whereas the latter group led by Enzel (1999) proposed that the Harappan Civilization flourished when the climatic conditions were not very conducive for the human cultures.
• Both groups based their hypotheses on the basis of drying of lakes in Rajasthan.

​So we can conclude that Studies on Didwana Lake were conducted by Gurdeep Singh.

The leader who was instrumental in getting the smuggled footage of the Indian National Army for a film on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.

Key Points

• Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel played a crucial role in obtaining the smuggled footage of the Indian National Army (INA) for a film on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.
• The footage, which was shot during the INA's campaign in Burma, was considered highly sensitive and was confiscated by the British authorities.
• In 1946, Patel, who was then the Home Minister of India, gave orders to the Intelligence Bureau to locate the footage.
• The IB managed to obtain a copy of the footage and smuggled it back to India.
• The footage was then shown to a select audience, including members of the Congress Working Committee, who were deeply moved by the sacrifices made by the INA soldiers.
• The footage played a significant role in changing public opinion about Bose and the INA and helped build support for the demand for India's independence.
• The film "Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose" was later released in 1952, and it included some smuggled footage.

​Hence we can conclude that the leader who was instrumental in getting the smuggled footage of the Indian National Army for a film on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.

Robert-de-Nobil did notable work in the field of opening some elementary schools and some orphanages.

 Key Points

• Robert-de-Nobil was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary who worked in India during the 17^th century.
• He is notable for his efforts in attempting to spread Christianity in India, particularly in the state of Tamil Nadu.
• Robert-de-Nobil arrived in India in 1605 and spent several years studying Tamil and local customs.
• He became known for his adoption of Indian customs and dress, which he saw as a way to better connect with the local people.
• He also made efforts to translate Christian texts into Tamil, including the Bible and the catechism.
• One of Robert-de-Nobil's notable achievements was the founding of a Jesuit seminary in the city of Madurai, which aimed to train Indian priests to spread Christianity among their own people.
• He also opened several elementary schools and orphanages in the region, which helped to gain the support of local rulers and communities.
• Despite his efforts, Robert-de-Nobil faced significant opposition from both Hindu and Christian groups in India.
• Some Hindu leaders saw his attempts to convert people to Christianity as a threat to their religion, while some European missionaries accused him of being too accommodating to Indian customs and beliefs.
• Robert-de-Nobil died in 1656, but his legacy as a pioneer of Christian missionary work in India lives on.
• He is remembered for his efforts to understand and connect with the local people, as well as for his contributions to the translation of Christian texts into Tamil.

Hence we can conclude that Robert-de-Nobil did notable work in the field of opening some elementary schools and some orphanages.

Monier Williams was helped by Shyamiji Krishna Varma in preparation for his Sanskrit English Dictionary before leaving for England to become a barrister.

Key Points

• Shyamiji Krishna Varma was born in 1857 in Maharashtra, India.
• He studied at Elphinstone College in Mumbai and then went to England to pursue further studies in law.
• While in England, he became involved in the Indian independence movement and worked closely with other Indian activists such as Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
• Shyamiji Krishna Varma was a key figure in the Indian independence movement.
• He was a close friend and supporter of Monier Williams, and he helped him in the preparation of his Sanskrit English Dictionary.
• Shyamiji Krishna Varma was also instrumental in the establishment of the India House in London, which became a hub for Indian students studying in the UK and played an important role in the Indian independence movement.
• In 1902, Shyamiji Krishna Varma founded the India Home Rule Society in London, which aimed to promote Indian self-rule and independence from British rule.
• The organization was later renamed the Indian Independence Society and became a key hub for Indian students studying in the UK.

So we can conclude that Monier Williams was helped by Shyamiji Krishna Varma in preparation for his Sanskrit English Dictionary before leaving for England to become a barrister.

Karsondas Mulji started the 'Satya Prakash’ in Gujarati in 1852 to advocate widow remarriage.

 Key Points

• Karsondas Mulji was a social reformer from Gujarat, India, who lived from 1823 to 1883.
• He was a strong advocate for women's rights and worked to promote widow remarriage, which was considered taboo at that time in India.
• In 1852, Karsondas Mulji started the Gujarati newspaper 'Satya Prakash' to spread his message of social reform and to raise awareness about the issues faced by women and other marginalized groups in society.
• The newspaper became popular and played a significant role in promoting social reforms in Gujarat.
• Mulji also worked with other social reformers of his time, such as Jyotirao Phule and Mahatma Gandhi, to promote social change in India.
• He was instrumental in setting up the Arya Samaj in Gujarat, which aimed to promote the principles of Swaraj (self-rule) and eradicate social evils like caste discrimination and untouchability.
• Karsondas Mulji's contributions to social reform in India were significant, and his advocacy for women's rights and widow remarriage helped pave the way for greater social change and progress in the country.

Hence we can conclude that Karsondas Mulji started the 'Satya Prakash’ in Gujarati in 1852 to advocate widow remarriage.

The Cheros and Khairwars of Palamau rose under the leadership of Pitambar Sahi in the Revolt of 1857.

Key Points

• The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny or the First War of Independence, was a significant event in Indian history.
• The Cheros and Khairwars of Palamau played an important role in this revolt under the leadership of Pitambar Sahi.
• Pitambar Sahi was a tribal leader and a prominent zamindar of Palamau.
• He was known for his bravery and leadership qualities.
• In the Revolt of 1857, he led a group of rebels consisting of Cheros and Khairwars and fought against the British forces in Palamau.
• Under the leadership of Pitambar Sahi, the rebels attacked the British garrison in Palamau and seized control of the area.
• They also attacked several British-owned properties and destroyed the telegraph lines to disrupt communication between different British outposts.
• However, the revolt was eventually suppressed by the British forces, and Pitambar Sahi was captured and hanged in 1858.
• The revolt was significant as it demonstrated the discontent among the Indian population towards British rule and paved the way for the Indian independence movement.

Hence we can conclude that the Cheros and Khairwars of Palamau rose under the leadership of Pitambar Sahi in the Revolt of 1857.

V. D. Savarkar wrote the book 'Hindutva'.

Key Points

• Vinayak Damodar Savarkar is a prominent Indian independence activist and politician who is also considered as the father of the Hindu nationalist ideology.
• The book was first published in 1923 and presents Savarkar's views on the concept of Hindu identity and the role of Hindus in Indian
• 'Hindutva: Who is a Hindu?' is a book that outlines the concept of Hindutva and provides an ideological framework for Hindu nationalism in India.
• It is considered a seminal work in the development of the Hindutva ideology.
• The book presents Savarkar's views on the meaning of the term 'Hindu' and argues that Hindus constitute a distinct nation with a shared cultural, historical, and spiritual heritage.
• Savarkar also contends that the concept of Hindutva represents a comprehensive approach to nation-building, encompassing not only religious beliefs but also social, cultural, and political dimensions.
• In the book, Savarkar outlines his vision of a Hindu Rashtra or Hindu nation, where the Hindu community is the dominant cultural and political force.
• He argues that this is essential for the protection of Hindu interests in the face of what he sees as threats from other communities and foreign influences.
• The book has been controversial and has been criticized for promoting an exclusionary and divisive vision of India.
• However, it has also been influential in shaping Hindu nationalist thought and has been a key reference point for the Hindu nationalist movement in India.

So we can conclude that V. D. Savarkar wrote the book 'Hindutva'.

The Anandamatha of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay deals with Sanyasi Revolt.

 Important Points

• Anandamath is a Bengali novel written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and was first published in 1882.
• The novel is set in the late 18^th century during the Sannyasi Rebellion in Bengal against the British East India Company.
• The novel portrays the struggles of a group of Hindu monks who rebel against British rule in India.
• The novel is considered a nationalist text and played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.
• The novel is also known for popularizing the song "Vande Mataram," which later became a rallying cry for the Indian independence movement.
• Anandamath was the first novel to be written in Bengali and was a major influence on the development of Bengali literature.
• The novel has been translated into several languages, including English, Hindi, and Marathi.
• Anandamath was adapted into a film in 1952 directed by Hemen Gupta, with the legendary singer Lata Mangeshkar singing the famous song "Vande Mataram."
• The novel has been the subject of much critical analysis and has been studied extensively in the context of Indian nationalism and the freedom struggle.

Hence we can conclude that the Anandamatha of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay deals with Sanyasi Revolt.

G. D. Birla as a legislator in 1926-27 fought the election on the ticket of the Nationalist Party.

Key Points

• G.D. Birla was a prominent Indian industrialist and philanthropist who played an active role in the Indian independence movement.
• He was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and was also a member of the Indian National Congress.
• In 1926, he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly of British India.
• In the 1926-27 elections, he contested from the Calcutta South constituency as a candidate of the Nationalist Party and won the seat.
• He became the founding president of Harijan Sevak Sangh founded by Mahatma Gandhi in Delhi in 1932.

Thus we can conclude that G. D. Birla as a legislator in 1926-27 fought the election on the ticket of the Nationalist Party.