UGC NET Paper 2: History 28th Feb 2023 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct chronological order is A, B, D, E, C.

Key Points

• The film Seeta was shown at the Venice Film Festival in 1934, making it the first Indian film to be screened at the prestigious festival.
• The film Acchut Kanya (Untouchable Girl) was released in 1936.
• It was a landmark film in Indian cinema, as it was one of the first films to deal with the sensitive topic of caste discrimination.
• The song Door Haton e Duniya Walon (go back you foreigners) was shown in the film Kismet in 1945.
• The song was a patriotic anthem that became very popular during World War II.
• The film Sant Tukaram was released in 1941.
• It was a historical film about the life of a 17^th-century saint.
• The film Aurat was released in 1944.
• It was a drama about a woman who struggles to raise her family after her husband is killed in a train accident.

Therefore we conclude that the correct order is 

The film Seeta was the first Indian film to be shown at the Venice Film Festival.

The release of the film Acchut Kanya (Untouchable Girl).

The film Sant Tukaram became the first Indian film to be ranked among the three best pictures at the Fifth Internationa Exhibition of Cinematographic Art, Venice.

The film Aurat similar story as that of the film Mother India was released.

The song Door Haton e Duniya Walon (go back you foreigners) was shown in the film Kismet.

The correct answer is both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• Assertion A is correct because the 5^th Pillar Edict of Aśoka lists a number of animals that are not to be killed under any circumstances, including deer, monkeys, and tortoises.
• Reason R is correct because King Ashoka was a Buddhist, and Buddhism teaches that all living things are sacred and should not be harmed.
• Ashoka believed that the animals that are neither useful nor edible should not be killed because they are still living beings and deserve to be treated with respect.
• So Assertion and Reason both explain each other.

​The correct answer is both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

The correct answer is both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• Assertion is true because inscriptions can provide us with information about a particular time period that is not available from other sources, such as written records or archaeological evidence.
• For example, inscriptions can tell us about the names of rulers, the dates of important events, and the religious and political beliefs of the people who lived during that time.
• Reason is also true because the history of Ashoka, one of the most famous emperors of India, is known to us primarily through his inscriptions.
• These inscriptions, which were carved on rocks and pillars throughout his empire, provide us with information about Ashoka's life, his reign, and his religious beliefs.
• ​In conclusion, both Assertion A and Reason R are true.
• Furthermore, Reason R is the correct explanation of Assertion A, because it provides an example of how inscriptions can be used to learn about history.

​So option 1 is correct answer.

The correct answer is A is false but R is true.

Key Points

• The assertion A is false because there is clear evidence of Indian cultural influence on Southeast Asia.
• For example, the shrines dedicated to Lord Siva on the Dieng Plateau in Java are evidence of the spread of Hinduism from India to Southeast Asia.
• The reason R is true because there is physical evidence of the shrines dedicated to Lord Siva on the Dieng Plateau in Java.
• These shrines are still standing today and they provide evidence of the spread of Hinduism from India to Southeast Asia.
• The Indian cultural influence on Southeast Asia was profound and it has had a lasting impact on the region.

​So we conclude that A is false but R is true.

The correct answer is both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Key Points

• Statement I:
• Interest on Debt and management of Debt was one of the main components of Home Charges.
• This was because the British government had borrowed a lot of money to finance its colonial rule in India.
• The interest on this debt was a significant drain on India's resources.
• Statement II:
• Military charges (including pensions) was another major component of Home Charges.
• This was because the British government maintained a large military presence in India to protect its interests.
• The cost of this military presence was a significant burden on India's economy.
• The combined total of Home Charges in 1901-02 was around £16 million.
• This was a significant amount of money, and it represented a major drain on India's resources.
• The drain of wealth from India to Britain through Home Charges was one of the factors that contributed to India's poverty under colonial rule.

​So we can say that the correct answer is both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

The correct answer is both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• Assertion A states that Raja Rammohan Roy was prepared to concede the possible existence of the other world mainly due to its utilitarian value.
• This means that he believed that even if there was no other world, it was still useful to believe in it because it could lead to good behavior in this world.
• Reason R states that Raja Rammohan Roy demonstrated that Sati had no religious sanction.
• This means that he showed that there was no religious law or text that required widows to burn themselves on their husband's funeral pyres.
• These two statements are both correct.
• Raja Rammohan Roy was a religious reformer who believed that Hinduism should be based on reason and morality.
• He opposed many Hindu practices that he believed were harmful, including Sati.
• He argued that Sati was not a religious requirement, but rather a social custom that was based on superstition and fear.
• He also argued that even if there was an afterlife, it was not necessary to burn oneself alive in order to reach it.
• Raja Rammohan Roy's arguments against Sati were successful, and in 1829 the British government passed a law banning the practice.
• This was a major victory for Raja Rammohan Roy and for the cause of religious reform in India.

​Therefore we conclude that both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

The correct answer is Feudal character.

Key Points

• The passage describes the relationship on these estates as having a feudal character.
• Control over land:
• The Saiyids and their khanqahs (spiritual centres) gained control over land through endowments.
• This control over land is a characteristic feature of feudal systems, where a privileged class owns and controls land.
• Accumulation of wealth:
• The Saiyids accumulated large fortunes through the unpaid labour of their disciples and gifts of produce from peasants and artisans.
• This accumulation of wealth through the labour of others is a key aspect of feudalism, where the ruling class extracts surplus labour from the lower classes.
• Designation of heirs:
• The Saiyids were able to designate their heirs as administrators in perpetuity.
• This hereditary transfer of power is another common aspect of feudal systems, where positions of authority and wealth are passed down within a privileged lineage.
• Subjection of peasants and craftsmen:
• The passage mentions that peasants and craftsmen were subjected to the grantees (the Saiyids) and their system of grants.
• This subordination of lower classes to the ruling class is a defining characteristic of feudal societies.
• Surplus extraction:
• The state described in the passage primarily served the cause of surplus extraction by religious and secular elements.
• Feudal systems are based on extracting surplus resources from the labour of the lower classes for the benefit of the ruling class.

Based on these elements, the relationship on these estates exhibits characteristics commonly associated with feudal systems.

By adopting local traditions the Saiyids to build social acceptance of their Khanqahs.

Key Points

• The passage mentions that the Saiyids adopted local traditions, at least outwardly, to build the public character of their khanqahs and estates.
• This indicates that they sought to gain social acceptance and integrate themselves into the local community by conforming to local customs and practices.
• By doing so, they aimed to enhance their legitimacy and establish a positive image among the people living in the area where their khanqahs and estates were located.
• This strategy of adopting local traditions demonstrates their efforts to foster social cohesion and acceptance, which can be seen as a means of building relationships and ensuring the stability and prosperity of their establishments.

Therefore we conclude that by adopting local traditions the Saiyids to build social acceptance of their Khanqahs.

The new feature is Subjection of peasants and artisan working on these land endowments.

Key Points

• The passage mentions that the subjection of peasants and artisans to the grantees (the Saiyids) resulted in new features in the social system within the valley.
• The grants provided to the Saiyids allowed them to exert control over the land and the labour of the peasants and artisans working on those lands.
• This control over the lower classes led to the emergence of certain dynamics and characteristics within the social system.
• Some of these new features may include:
• Power imbalance:
• The grants gave the Saiyids significant power and authority over the peasants and artisans.
• This power imbalance likely created a hierarchical structure where the Saiyids held a dominant position while the lower classes were subordinated and subjected to their control.
• Economic exploitation:
• The Saiyids derived income from the voluntary labour of their disciples and gifts of produce from the peasants and artisans.
• This indicates an exploitative relationship, where the lower classes provided labour and resources without receiving fair compensation, leading to economic exploitation.
• These features shaped the relationships and dynamics within the community and contributed to the establishment of a social order influenced by the Saiyids' control over the land and labour.

So we conclude that the correct answer is option 2.

The purpose is To provide a source of income for their families and followers.

Key Points

• According to the passage, the purpose of making endowments to the Saiyids and their Khanqahs was to provide a source of income for their families and followers.
• The endowments were intended to offer financial relief and support to the Saiyids, enabling them to sustain themselves and their families.
• Additionally, these endowments also served as a means of supporting the followers associated with the Saiyids and their Khanqahs.
• By receiving income from the lands and labour associated with the endowments, the Saiyids were able to provide for their own well-being and that of their followers, establishing a system where the endowments functioned as a source of economic stability and support.

So the correct answer is option 1.

Their source of income is Produce of their lands tilled by the use of voluntary labour.

Key Points

• According to the passage, the Saiyids derived their income from the produce of their lands, which were cultivated through the voluntary labor of their disciples.
• The disciples worked on the lands associated with the Saiyids' endowments, and the resulting agricultural produce served as a source of income for the Saiyids and their families.
• The passage also mentions that the Saiyids received gifts of produce from the peasants and artisans of their area, further contributing to their income.
• Therefore, the voluntary labor of their disciples and the produce of the lands were key sources of income for the Saiyids and their households.

So the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is Vakil-i-Mutlaq.

Key Points

• Mahadji Sindhia was honoured with the title of Vakil-i-Mutlaq by the Mughal emperor, Shah Alam II.
• This title literally means "absolute agent" and it gave Mahadji Sindhia the power to act on behalf of the emperor in all matters of state.
• This was a very high honor and it showed the trust that the emperor had in Mahadji Sindhia.
• Mahadji Sindhia was a Maratha general who rose to prominence in the late 18^th century.
• He was a skilled military leader and he was also a shrewd diplomat.
• He was able to use his skills to build up the Maratha power and to extend their influence in North India.
• Mahadji Sindhia's appointment as Vakil-i-Mutlaq was a sign of the declining power of the Mughal Empire.
• The Mughals had once been a powerful empire, but they had been weakened by internal conflict and by the rise of other regional powers, such as the Marathas.
• The appointment of Mahadji Sindhia as Vakil-i-Mutlaq was a recognition of the fact that the Mughals were no longer able to rule on their own and that they needed the help of other powers.

So we can say that Mahaji Sindhia was honoured with Vakil-i-Mutlaq by the Mughal emperor.

Mahadji Sindhia died in the year of 1794.

Key Points

• Mahadji Sindhia died in the year 1794.
• He was a Maratha general and statesman who served as the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire from 1774 to 1794.
• He was a skilled military leader and administrator, and he helped to expand the Maratha Empire to its greatest extent.
• He was also a patron of the arts and sciences, and he founded the city of Indore.
• Mahadji Sindhia was a complex and controversial figure.
• He was a skilled military leader and administrator, but he was also ruthless and ambitious.
• He was a patron of the arts and sciences, but he was also a despot who ruled his territories with an iron fist.
• Despite his flaws, Mahadji Sindhia was one of the most important figures in Maratha's history.
• He helped to expand the Maratha Empire to its greatest extent, and he laid the foundation for the Maratha Confederacy, which would eventually become the dominant power in India in the early 19^th century.

​Therefore we conclude that Mahadji Sindhia died in the year 1794.

The correct clause of the Treaty of Salbai (1782) is Raghunath Rao relinquished his claim to the title of Peshwa.

Key Points

• Clause 12 of the Treaty of Salbai (1782) states: 
• Raghunath Rao relinquishes all claims to the office of Peshwa and engages to live peaceably and quietly, and to abstain from all interference in the affairs of the Maratha Empire.
• Raghunath Rao was a Maratha general who served as Peshwa for a brief period in 1772.
• He was overthrown by his nephew, Madhavrao II, in 1773. In 1775, Raghunath Rao fled to Surat and sought the help of the British East India Company.
• The British agreed to help Raghunath Rao regain the Peshwaship, but they were defeated by the Marathas in the First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782).
• As part of the Treaty of Salbai, Raghunath Rao was forced to relinquish his claim to the Peshwaship and retire to a life of exile.
• The Treaty of Salbai was a major victory for the British East India Company.
• It ended the First Anglo-Maratha War and established the British as the dominant power in India.
• The treaty also marked the beginning of the decline of the Maratha Empire.

​So the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is Balaji Baji Rao.

Key Points

• Balaji Baji Rao, also known as Nana Saheb I, was the 8^th Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy in India.
• He was appointed as Peshwa in 1740 upon the death of his illustrious father, the Peshwa Bajirao I.
• During his tenure, the Maratha Empire reached its zenith, extending from Kattack in the south to Attock in the north.
• Balaji Baji Rao was a skilled diplomat and strategist.
• He was able to forge alliances with other Indian powers, such as the Rajputs and the Nizam of Hyderabad.
• He also led the Maratha army on several successful campaigns, expanding the empire's territory.
• Under Balaji Baji Rao's leadership, the Maratha Empire became one of the most powerful states in India.
• It was a period of great prosperity and cultural development for the Marathas.
• However, the empire's zenith was short-lived.
• After Balaji Baji Rao's death in 1761, the Marathas were defeated by the Afghans at the Battle of Panipat.
• The empire never fully recovered from this defeat, and it gradually declined over the next century.
• Balaji Baji Rao was a brilliant and capable leader who helped to make the Maratha Empire one of the most powerful states in India.
• He was a true statesman and a great warrior, and his legacy is still remembered today.

​So based on the above discussion, we can say that during the regime of Balaji Baji Rao the Maratha state reached its territorial zenith extending from 'Kattack to Attock".

Baji Rao I followed the policy of expansion of Maratha from 'Krishna to Attock followed the policy of expansion of Maratha from 'Krishna to Attock'.

Key Points

• Bajirao I, the 7^th Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, followed the policy of expansion of Maratha power from the Krishna River in the south to Attock in the north.
• He was a brilliant strategist and a skilled diplomat, and he used both his military and political skills to expand the Maratha Empire.
• Bajirao I's expansion policy was based on the idea of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi.
• Chauth was a tax of one-fourth of the annual revenue of a territory, and Sardeshmukhi was a tax of one-tenth of the annual income.
• Bajirao, I would demand these taxes from the rulers of territories that he conquered, and he would use the money to fund his military campaigns.
• Bajirao I's expansion policy was very successful.
• He conquered large parts of Gujarat, Malwa, Rajasthan, and Bundelkhand.
• He even raided the Mughal capital of Delhi in 1737.
• By the time of his death in 1740, the Maratha Empire had expanded to its greatest extent.
• Bajirao I's expansion policy had a profound impact on India.
• It led to the rise of the Maratha Empire as a major power in India and helped spread Maratha culture and influence throughout the subcontinent.

​So the correct answer is Baji Rao I.

Dhammapada, Theragatha, Therigatha and Jataka texts belong to Khuddaka Nikaya.

Key Points

• The Dhammapada, Theragatha, Therigatha, and Jataka texts are all part of the Khuddaka Nikaya, which is one of the five collections (nikayas) that make up the Sutta Pitaka, the collection of discourses attributed to the Buddha in Theravada Buddhism.
• The Khuddaka Nikaya, also known as the "Minor Collection," consists of various texts with diverse content.
• It includes poetic verses, philosophical teachings, narratives, and stories.
• These texts often provide further insights into the teachings of the Buddha and the lives of his disciples.
• Dhammapada:
• It is one of the most well-known and widely studied texts in the Theravada tradition.
• The Dhammapada consists of verses that encapsulate the essential teachings of the Buddha on ethics, mindfulness, and wisdom.
• Theragatha:
• This text contains verses attributed to the early male monastic disciples (bhikkhus) of the Buddha.
• It provides personal accounts of their spiritual journeys, struggles, and insights.
• Therigatha:
• Similar to the Theragatha, the Therigatha consists of verses attributed to the early female monastic disciples (bhikkhunis) of the Buddha.
• It offers a glimpse into the experiences, wisdom, and awakening of these female practitioners.
• Jataka:
• The Jataka tales are stories about the previous lives of the Buddha, where he appears in various forms, such as animals, humans, or celestial beings.
• These stories illustrate moral lessons, virtues, and the path to enlightenment.
• These texts, along with others in the Khuddaka Nikaya, are highly regarded in Theravada Buddhism and are studied and recited by practitioners seeking guidance and inspiration.

Therefore we conclude that Dhammapada, Theragatha, Therigatha and Jataka texts belong to Khuddaka Nikaya.

Additional Information

• Digha Nikaya:
• The Digha Nikaya is a collection of discourses in the Theravada Buddhist tradition.
• It is one of the five major Nikayas, or collections, of the Sutta Pitaka, which is the scripture of the Pali Canon.
• The Digha Nikaya consists of 34 suttas, or teachings, attributed to the Buddha and his disciples.
• These discourses cover a wide range of topics, including ethics, meditation, philosophy, and the nature of reality.
• The Digha Nikaya provides valuable insights into the teachings and practices of early Buddhism and is considered an important source for understanding the Buddha's teachings.
• Samyutta Nikaya:
• ​The Samyutta Nikaya is a collection of discourses in the Theravada Buddhist tradition, forming part of the Sutta Pitaka, the scripture of the Pali Canon.
• It consists of thousands of suttas grouped into 56 chapters, each focusing on a specific theme.
• The Samyutta Nikaya contains dialogues and teachings attributed to the Buddha and his disciples, covering a wide range of topics, including meditation, mindfulness, ethics, and the nature of existence.
• This collection is known for its systematic arrangement of suttas according to thematic connections, making it a valuable resource for exploring the Buddha's teachings and the interconnectedness of various aspects of Buddhist philosophy.
• Majjhima Nikaya:
• ​The Majjhima Nikaya is a collection of discourses in the Theravada Buddhist tradition, forming part of the Sutta Pitaka, the scripture of the Pali Canon.
• It consists of 152 suttas that are medium in length, hence the name "Majjhima" which means "middle."
• These discourses contain teachings and dialogues attributed to the Buddha and his disciples, covering a wide range of topics such as ethics, meditation, mindfulness, wisdom, and the nature of suffering and liberation.
• The Majjhima Nikaya is considered an important source for understanding the Buddha's teachings and provides practical guidance for practitioners on the path to awakening and enlightenment.

Krișṇa-Miśra is the author of Prabodha-Candrodaya.

Key Points

• Prabodha-Chandrodaya, written by Krishna Misra, is a notable Sanskrit play composed in the 15^th century.
• It is considered a masterpiece of Indian literature and is categorized as a philosophical allegory.
• Here are some details about the play:
• Author: Krishna Misra (also known as Kavi-Kulaguru or Mahakavi Krishnamishra)
• Title: Prabodha-Chandrodaya (The Rise of the Moon of Awakening)
• Theme and Plot: Prabodha-Chandrodaya explores the spiritual journey of an individual in search of enlightenment.
• It delves into various philosophical and metaphysical concepts while depicting the interaction between the mortal and celestial realms.
• The play revolves around Prince Chandrachud, who undergoes a transformative journey guided by different characters, including celestial beings, sages, and mythological figures.
• Structure: Prabodha-Chandrodaya is divided into twelve acts (prakaranas), each representing a specific stage or aspect of the spiritual quest.
• The acts are further divided into various scenes and dialogues.
• Language: The play is written in classical Sanskrit, known for its richness and complexity.
• Themes and Philosophical Concepts: Prabodha-Chandrodaya touches upon several philosophical and spiritual ideas, including Advaita Vedanta (non-dualistic philosophy), symbolism, devotion, karma, and the pursuit of self-realization.
• It explores the human condition, the nature of reality, and the paths to enlightenment.
• Influence and Significance: Prabodha-Chandrodaya has been praised for its poetic beauty, philosophical depth, and dramatic excellence.
• It has influenced subsequent literary works, particularly in the field of Sanskrit drama.
• The play continues to be studied, analyzed, and performed in the context of Indian classical literature and theatrical traditions.

​​Hence we conclude that Krișṇa-Miśra is the author of Prabodha-Candrodaya.

Additional Information

• Vācaspati Miśra:
• ​Vācaspati Miśra (also known as Vācaspatimiśra) was a prominent Indian philosopher and scholar who lived during the 9^th and 10^th centuries CE.
• He was born in the region of Kashmir, which was known for its rich intellectual and philosophical traditions.
• Vācaspati Miśra is particularly renowned for his contributions to the field of Indian philosophy, especially in the Advaita Vedānta school of thought.
• Advaita Vedānta is a non-dualistic philosophy that considers the ultimate reality as Brahman, the unchanging and eternal essence of the universe, and asserts that individual souls (jīva) are essentially non-different from Brahman.
• Dāmodra
• ​ In the Māndā inscription the older form with the curved back.
• In the Kamauli grant, we find the same form.
• The same form is to be found in the Dacca Image inscription along with the completely developed modern form.
• For the older form see Deva and for the modern one see Dāmodra.
• Dhanika:
• ​Dhanika is the name of a Bhikṣu according to the 2^nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra (chapter XV).
• Accordingly, “It is customary for the Buddhas to ask about what they already know.
• It is told in the Vinaya that the Bhikṣu Dhanika had built a hut of red brick (lohita-kaṭhalla).
• The Buddha, who had seen it and knew about it, nevertheless asked Ānanda: ‘Who did that?’
• Ānanda replied: ‘It is the son of the potter, the monk (pravrajita) called Dhanika.
• He had made a hut of leaves which was destroyed over and over again by the cow herders
• (gopālaka); he built it three times, and three times it was destroyed. That is why he made this brick house’”.

Paumachariyam is related to Jaina Tradition.

Key Points

• "Paumachariu," also known as "Paumachariya," is a Jain narrative text written by Vimalasuri.
• Vimalasuri was an influential Jain monk and scholar who lived in ancient India during the 1^st century BCE.
• He was a renowned teacher and author, known for his works on Jain philosophy and ethics.
• One of his notable compositions is the "Paumachariu," .
• The "Paumachariu" (also known as "Paumacariya" or "Padmacharit") is a Jain narrative text that stands as a significant part of Jain literature, reinterpreting the story of Rama, a major figure in Indian epic tradition, through a Jain philosophical lens.
• Authored by Vimalasuri, the text offers a unique perspective distinct from the classical Ramayana written by Valmiki, emphasizing Jain values and teachings.
• The Paumachariu is an important text in the Digambara tradition of Jainism.
• It is written in Ardhamagadhi, an ancient Prakrit language, and consists of stories and parables that convey moral and spiritual teachings.
• So based on the above discussion, we can say that Paumachariyam is related to Jaina Tradition.

Additional Information

• ​Ramkien:
• ​Ramkien, also known as the Ramakien or Ramakirti, is an ancient epic poem from Thailand.
• It is based on the Indian epic Ramayana, which tells the story of Prince Rama and his quest to rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana.
• The Ramkien was adapted from the original Ramayana and incorporates elements of Thai culture, folklore, and mythology.
• It was composed in the Thai language and is considered one of the most important literary works in Thai literature.
• Dasharatha Jataka:
• ​The Dasharatha Jataka is a Buddhist Jataka tale that is part of the Jataka collection, a compilation of stories about the previous lives of Gautama Buddha.
• The Jataka tales depict the Buddha's past incarnations and serve as moral teachings and illustrations of Buddhist principles.
• The Dasharatha Jataka specifically focuses on the story of the past life of the Buddha, which was born as King Dasharatha.
• It is important to note that the Dasharatha Jataka predates the Hindu epic Ramayana, which also features a character named King Dasharatha.
• Iramavataram:
• ​Iramavataram, also known as Kambaramayanam, is a Tamil epic poem written by the renowned poet Kamban.
• It is a retelling of the Hindu epic Ramayana in the Tamil language, and it holds a prominent place in Tamil literature and culture.
• Kamban's Iramavataram is considered a masterpiece and one of the greatest works in Tamil literature.
• It is renowned for its lyrical beauty, vivid descriptions, and the poet's ability to bring the characters and events of the Ramayana to life.
• The poem consists of approximately 10,000 verses and is divided into six books, called Kandams.
• Iramavataram by Kamban has had a profound impact on Tamil society and literature.
• It is considered a classic and has been widely studied, recited, and performed in various art forms, including music, dance, and theatre.
• The poem has not only preserved the essence of the Ramayana but has also contributed significantly to the development of the Tamil language and cultural identity.

Garuda was the family emblem of the Gupta monarchs.

 Key Points

• The Garuda, a mythical bird-like creature, was indeed the family emblem of the Gupta monarchs.
• The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty that existed from approximately 320 to 550 CE.
• The Gupta rulers considered themselves descendants of the mythical bird Garuda, which is depicted as a large eagle or hawk-like creature with a human-like face.
• The Garuda emblem symbolized power, authority, and divine connection for the Gupta dynasty.
• It was commonly featured on Gupta coins, sculptures, and other works of art during their reign.

​So we conclude that Garuda was the family emblem of the Gupta monarchs.

 Additional Information

• Peacock:
• ​The emblem of the peacock is associated with the Maurya dynasty, one of the most prominent ancient Indian dynasties that ruled from around 322 to 185 BCE.
• The Mauryan emperor Ashoka is particularly known for adopting the peacock as his personal emblem.
• Lion:
• ​The emblem of the lion is commonly associated with the emblem of India itself.
• The lion capital of Ashoka, also known as the Ashoka Chakra, is the national emblem of India.
• It features a sculpture of four lions standing back to back, which symbolizes power, courage, and the country's rich history.
• Sun:
• ​The emblem of the sun, in the context of Indian history, is often linked to the Chola dynasty.
• The Cholas were a powerful medieval South Indian dynasty that ruled from approximately the 9^th to the 13^th century CE.
• They were known for their patronage of art, architecture, and maritime trade.
• The emblem of the sun was prominently featured in their architecture and is considered one of their royal symbols.

The correct answer is Para.

 Key Points

• The Para monarch who performed the Ashvamedha sacrifice along with the Aindra Mahabhishek was the mythical king Mandhata.
• He was the son of Yayati and Sharmishta, and he was said to have been a great ruler and a powerful warrior.
• He was also a devout follower of the Vedic gods, and he performed many sacrifices in their honour.
• The Ashvamedha sacrifice was a ritual in which a horse was let loose to roam free for a year.
• During this time, any king who could defeat the horse and capture it would be granted the right to perform the sacrifice.
• The Aindra Mahabhishek was a ritual in which the king was anointed with water from a sacred river.
• This ritual was believed to grant the king divine powers.
• By performing both of these rituals, Mandhata was able to assert his power and authority as a ruler.
• He was also able to show his devotion to the Vedic gods, and he gained their favour.
• As a result, Mandhata's reign was a time of peace and prosperity for his kingdom.
• The Aitareya and Satapatha Brahmanas are two of the most important texts of the Vedic tradition.
• They contain a wealth of information about the rituals and beliefs of the Vedic people.
• The mention of Mandhata in these texts is significant because it shows that he was a respected and important figure in the Vedic world.

So based on the above discussion, we conclude that Aitareya and Satapatha Brāhmaṇas mention the name of the Para monarch, who performed the 'Aśvamedha' sacrifice along with the 'Aindra Mahābhișek'

Rājpura and Dvārakā were important town of Kamboja.

Key Points

• Rājpura and Dvārakā are indeed ancient towns that were significant in different periods of history, but it is important to note that the information available about these places from the 6^th century BCE is limited.
• Here's what is known about them:
• Rājpura:
• Rājpura, also known as Rajapur or Rajpur, is believed to have been an important town in the ancient Kamboja region during various historical periods.
• The Kambojas were an ancient Indo-Iranian people, and their kingdom was located in the northwest region of the Indian subcontinent, which corresponds to present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.
• While references to Rājpura can be found in ancient texts and inscriptions, the exact location and detailed historical information about the town during the 6^th century BCE are not widely available.
• The historical sources from that time are sparse, and much of what is known about the Kamboja region comes from later texts and archaeological research.
• Dvārakā:
• Dvārakā, also known as Dwarka, is a city located in the western Indian state of Gujarat.
• According to Hindu mythology and ancient Indian texts, Dvārakā was the legendary kingdom of Lord Krishna, an important figure in Hinduism.
• The epic Mahabharata describes Dvārakā as a prosperous city, built on the western coast of India, near the Arabian Sea.
• While the exact dating of the events described in the Mahabharata is debated among scholars, it is generally believed to have been composed between the 8^th and 6^th centuries BCE.
• According to the epic, Dvārakā was a flourishing city during this period.
• While Rājpura and Dvārakā were significant towns in ancient times, the available historical information about them during the 6^th century BCE is limited, and much of what is known about these places comes from later texts and archaeological findings.

Hence we conclude that Rājpura and Dvārakā were important town of Kamboja.

Additional Information

• Avantī, Kuru, and Gāndhāra are all ancient regions or kingdoms that held historical and cultural significance during different periods.
• Here's a brief overview of each:
• Avantī:
• Avantī, also known as Ujjayini or Ujjain, was an important city in ancient India.
• It was the capital of the Avanti kingdom, which was located in the present-day state of Madhya Pradesh.
• Avantī/Ujjayini is mentioned in ancient Indian texts such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.
• It was known as a center of learning, trade, and culture.
• The city is associated with legendary figures such as King Vikramaditya and the great poet Kalidasa.
• Ujjain is also considered one of the seven sacred cities in Hinduism.
• Kuru:
• Kuru was an ancient Indo-Aryan kingdom located in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent.
• It is primarily associated with the events of the Mahabharata, an epic Indian text that narrates the Kurukshetra War.
• The Kuru kingdom is said to have been ruled by the Kuru dynasty and was centered around the region that is now known as Haryana and parts of Uttar Pradesh.
• The Kuru kingdom played a significant role in the political and cultural landscape of ancient India.
• Gāndhāra:
• Gāndhāra was an ancient region located in what is now northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan.
• It was known for its rich cultural heritage and its strategic location along important trade routes.
• Gāndhāra had close connections with ancient Indian civilization and was influenced by various cultures, including Greek, Persian, and Indian.
• The region is renowned for its unique art style, known as Gāndhāra art, which combined Hellenistic and Indian artistic traditions.
• The ancient city of Taxila, located in Gāndhāra, was a significant center of learning and Buddhist philosophy.

Ottakkuttan did not write about Rājarāja I.

Key Points

• Ottakoothar (also spelled as Ottakuttan) was a renowned Tamil court poet who lived during the 12^th century CE.
• He served as a poet in the courts of three Later Chola kings: Vikrama Chola, Kulottunga II, and Rajaraja II.
• While Ottakoothar's contributions to Tamil literature are significant, it is true that he did not specifically write about Rājarāja I of the Chola dynasty.
• Ottakoothar's works primarily revolve around the lives and achievements of the Later Chola kings he served.
• His most famous composition is the "Kulothunga Cholan Ula," an epic poem that glorifies the life and conquests of Kulottunga II.
• This work provides valuable insights into the history and culture of the Later Chola period.
• Though Ottakoothar did not write specifically about Rājarāja I, there are other Tamil literary works, historical records, and inscriptions that shed light on Rājarāja I's reign and accomplishments.
• These sources offer a deeper understanding of the notable emperor's contributions to the Chola dynasty and the broader historical context of his time.

Hence we conclude that Ottakkuttan did not write about Rājarāja I.

Additional Information

• Rājarāja II was a Later Chola king who ruled during the 12^th century CE.
• He followed in the footsteps of his illustrious predecessor, Rājarāja I.
• Vikrama Chola, another Later Chola king, reigned during the 11^th century CE and is known for his military exploits.
• Kulottunga II, also a Later Chola king, ruled during the 12^th century CE and played a crucial role in expanding the Chola empire.
• These three kings, Rājarāja II, Vikrama Chola, and Kulottunga II, were significant figures in the Later Chola dynasty and made notable contributions to South Indian history, administration, and culture.

The correct answer is Ghosundi Inscription.

Key Points

• In Hinduism, pūjā refers to the act of worship or reverence offered to a deity, while śilā-prākāra refers to an enclosure or boundary wall around a sacred object or place.
• The construction of a pūjā-ṡilā-prākāra involves building a structure or boundary wall around a particular area dedicated to the worship of a deity.
• The purpose of a pūjā-ṡilā-prākāra is to create a sacred space and separate it from the surrounding environment.
• It serves as a delineation of the worship area and provides a sense of sanctity and privacy for the devotees.
• It also helps to maintain the purity and exclusivity of the worship space.
• The construction of a pūjā-ṡilā-prākāra may involve the use of various materials such as stone, brick, or wood.
• The design and size of the enclosure can vary based on the available resources and the significance of the deity being worshipped.
• It's worth noting that the Ghosundi Inscription you mentioned is attributed to the 2^nd-1^st century B.C., which predates the worship of Krishna as we know it today.
• However, the construction of a pūjā-ṡilā-prākāra could be associated with the worship of different deities in different time periods and regions of India.

Therefore we conclude that Ghosundi Inscription refers to the construction of a pūjā-ṡilā-prākāra.

Additional Information

• Nānāghat Inscription:
• ​The Nānāghat Inscription is an ancient rock inscription located in Maharashtra, India.
• It is written in Brahmi script and dates back to the 1^st century BCE.
• The inscription was carved by a Satavahana Queen named Nāganika, who dedicated it to a Buddhist monk named Bhavagopa.
• The inscription provides valuable information about the region's history, including the Satavahana dynasty's control over the area.
• It also mentions the construction of a cave and the establishment of a village.
• The Nānāghat Inscription is an important archaeological artifact that sheds light on the political and religious aspects of ancient India.
• Hathīgumpha Inscription:
• ​The Hathīgumpha Inscription is a famous ancient rock inscription located in Udayagiri, Odisha, India.
• Carved in the Brahmi script during the 2^nd century BCE, it was created by King Kharavela of the Mahameghavahana dynasty.
• The inscription is found in a cave and provides significant historical and cultural information.
• It narrates King Kharavela's achievements, including his military campaigns, temple restorations, and patronage of the arts.
• It also describes the construction of a cave and mentions his religious affiliations with Jainism.
• The Hathīgumpha Inscription is considered one of the most important historical sources for understanding the ancient history of Odisha and the reign of King Kharavela.
• Halmidi Inscription:
• ​The Halmidi Inscription is an ancient rock inscription found in Halmidi village in Karnataka, India.
• Dating back to the 5^th century CE, it is one of the oldest known Kannada language inscriptions.
• The inscription is written in an early form of Kannada script called "Halmidi script."
• It contains 16 lines and provides valuable insights into the early development of the Kannada language and its literary traditions.
• The content of the inscription includes the mention of a land grant made by a king named Vishnuvardhana.
• The Halmidi Inscription holds immense significance in the study of Kannada history and language evolution.

The correct answer is 35 Jātakas in verse.

Key Points

• The Chariyā-Piṭaka is a term used in some Buddhist traditions, particularly in the Theravada tradition, to refer to a collection of texts that describe the exemplary behavior and virtuous conduct of Buddhist disciples and followers.
• The term "Chariyā" means conduct or behavior, and "Piṭaka" refers to a collection or basket of texts.
• So, the Chariyā-Piṭaka can be understood as a collection of texts focusing on ethical conduct and moral principles.
• Some Jataka tales are scattered in various sections of the Pali canon of Buddhist writings, including a group of 35 that were collected for didactic purposes.
• These 35 constitute the last book, the Cariya Pitaka (“Basket of Conduct”), of the Khuddaka Nikaya (“Short Collection”).

So based on above discussion we can say that the Chariyā-Piṭaka is a collection of:35 Jātakas in verse

Confusion Points

• According to UGC NET official answer key, this qs has been dropped. So we discuss accordingly.

Key Points

• Statement A:
• The adoption of the resolution on the Boycott and Swadeshi movement did indeed take place at a meeting held in the Town Hall of Calcutta (now Kolkata), India.
• The meeting occurred on August 7, 1905, and was organized by the Indian National Congress.
• The resolution called for the boycott of British goods and the promotion of indigenous products, which became key elements of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule.
• The movement gained widespread support and played a significant role in shaping India's struggle for independence.
• Statement B:
• ​Khudiram Bose was executed on August 11, 1908, not April 30, 1908.
• He was involved in the Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case, a plot to assassinate the British Magistrate Douglas Kingsford, who was known for his harsh treatment of Indian nationalists.
• Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki, another revolutionary, attempted to carry out the assassination on April 30, 1908.
• However, they mistakenly targeted the wrong carriage, leading to the death of two British women instead.
• Khudiram Bose was subsequently arrested, tried, and sentenced to death.
• He was executed by hanging at the age of 18, becoming one of the youngest revolutionaries to be martyred in India's struggle for independence.
• Statement C:
• The Arundel Committee did not submit its report to Lord Irwin.
• The Arundel Committee, officially known as the Royal Commission on Indian Public Services, was appointed in 1928 by the British government to review and make recommendations regarding the structure and functioning of the Indian Civil Service (ICS).
• The committee was chaired by Lord Arundel of Wardour.
• The committee submitted its report on the Indian Civil Service to the British Parliament, not to Lord Irwin.
• Statement D:
• ​Shyamji Krishna Varma, on the other hand, was an Indian nationalist and a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement.
• He founded the Indian Home Rule Society in London in 1905, a year before the India Home Rule Society was formed by Annie Besant and Henry S. Olcott.
• In 1916, Annie Besant established the All India Home Rule League with Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
• Shyamji Krishnavarma's organization was later renamed the "Indian Sociologist" in 1907, and it played a significant role in mobilizing Indian nationalists in Britain and spreading awareness about the cause of Indian independence.
• Statement E:
• ​Madan Lal Dhingra, an Indian revolutionary, assassinated Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in London on July 1, 1909.
• Curzon Wyllie was a retired British Indian civil servant and political aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India.
• Dhingra, a member of the Indian independence movement, shot Curzon Wyllie at close range during a public meeting held at the Imperial Institute in South Kensington, London.
• Dhingra's action was a response to the oppressive policies of the British government in India.
• He was arrested, tried, and subsequently sentenced to death.
• Dhingra's act of assassination had significant repercussions and further fueled the Indian independence movement.

The correct code is A, B, C and D only.

 Key Points

• The Hindi-Urdu controversy began in the North-Western provinces and Awadh sometime in the 1860s. This statement is correct.
• The Hindi-Urdu controversy refers to the linguistic and political debate that emerged in the 19^th century regarding the status and script of Hindi and Urdu, two closely related languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent.
• The controversy gained momentum in the North-Western provinces and Awadh regions of India in the 1860s.
• The movement acquired greater intensity in the 1890s with the foundation of the 'Nagri Pracharani Sabha' in 1893. This statement is also correct.
• The 'Nagri Pracharani Sabha' was established in 1893, and it played a significant role in promoting the use of the Devanagari script for Hindi.
• This organization contributed to the intensification of the Hindi-Urdu controversy in the 1890s.
• Hindi was written in Devnagari script so it has a greater sprinkling of Sanskrit words. This statement is correct.
• Hindi is primarily written in the Devanagari script, which has a historical association with Sanskrit.
• As a result, Hindi does have a greater influence of Sanskrit vocabulary compared to Urdu, which has a higher percentage of Persian and Arabic loanwords.
• Urdu was written in the Persian script, thus it had more Persian and Arabic words. This statement is correct.
• Urdu is traditionally written in the Persian script, which is derived from the Arabic script.
• Due to historical interactions with Persian and Arabic cultures, Urdu has a significant number of loanwords from Persian and Arabic.
• This distinguishes it from Hindi, which has a larger influence of Sanskrit vocabulary.

​So the correct code is  A, B, C and D only.

Additional Information

• In April 1900, a Resolution of the Government of North Western Province and Awadh gave Nagari an equal official status with Sanskrit. This statement is not correct.
• There is no evidence to support the claim that a resolution was passed in April 1900 giving Nagari (the script used for Hindi) equal official status with Sanskrit.
• The controversy surrounding the script and status of Hindi and Urdu continued for several decades, and no such resolution is known to have been passed at that time.

The correct answer is C, D, E only.

 Key Points

• Dara Shikoh translated the Upanishads into the Persian language. This statement is correct.
• Dara Shikoh, who was the eldest son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, had a deep interest in religious and philosophical texts.
• He translated several Upanishads, which are ancient Hindu scriptures, from Sanskrit into Persian.
• His translation work aimed to foster a better understanding between Hinduism and Islam.
• This project was completed in the year 1657 CE. This statement is also correct.
• While he worked on translating the Upanishads, the exact year of completion is definitively known as 1657.
• Dara Shikoh oversees the translation of Yoga Vashisht in 1860. This statement is incorrect.
• Dara Shikoh lived from 1615 to 1659, during the Mughal era in India.
• The year 1860 is well beyond his lifetime, so it would not have been possible for him to oversee the translation of Yoga Vashisht or any other work during that period.
• Dara-Shikoh's Sirr-i-Akbar is a Persian introduction to Bhagavad Gita. This statement is incorrect.
• Dara Shikoh's work titled "Sirr-i-Akbar" is actually a Persian translation of the Upanishads, not an introduction to the Bhagavad Gita.
• The Upanishads are a collection of philosophical texts that form the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought, whereas the Bhagavad Gita is a specific Hindu scripture contained within the Indian epic Mahabharata.
• Majma al-Bahrain was not written by Dara Shikoh. This statement is incorrect.
• Majma al-Bahrain, meaning "The Confluence of the Two Oceans," is a book that explores the similarities between Hinduism and Islam.
• Dara Shikoh was known for his interest in interfaith dialogue and comparative religion, he write Majma al-Bahrain.

To summarize, the correct statements are A and B, while C and D and E are incorrect based on the given information.

The correct code is A, C, E Only.

 Key Points

• Statement A:
• ​A Buddhist believes in the three jewels Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha to seek nirvana.
• This is a fundamental belief in Buddhism.
• The Three Jewels refer to the Buddha (the enlightened one), the Dhamma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community of Buddhist practitioners).
• Seeking nirvana, the ultimate goal of Buddhism is achieved by relying on these three.
• ​Statement B:
• ​Sariputra and Tathagata are two different people. This statement is incorrect.
• Sariputra and Tathagata refer to the same person in Buddhism.
• Sariputra was one of the principal disciples of the Buddha, and Tathagata is one of the titles used to refer to the Buddha himself.
• Statement C:
• Both Theravadins and Mahayanists believe in the teachings of the Buddha.
• Theravada and Mahayana are two major branches of Buddhism.
• While they may have some differences in practices and interpretations, both traditions uphold the teachings of the Buddha as the core of their belief system.
• ​Statement D:
• ​The Buddha delivered his first sermon in Bodhgaya. This statement is incorrect.
• The Buddha actually delivered his first sermon, known as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion), in a deer park called Isipatana (modern-day Sarnath), near Varanasi, India.
• This sermon marked the beginning of his teaching career after attaining enlightenment in Bodh Gaya.
• ​Statement E:
• Ashoka's Lion Capital was first installed in Sarnath, near Varanasi.
• Ashoka's Lion Capital, which is now the national emblem of India, was originally installed at Sarnath, near Varanasi.
• Sarnath is a significant location for Buddhists as it is where the Buddha delivered his first sermon after attaining enlightenment.

 Therefore we conclude that the correct code is A, C, E only.

The correct code is A, B, C and D only.

Key Points

• Statement A:
• ​​Since 1770, even before Cornwallis arrived, company officials, like Alexander Dow, Henre Patullo, and Philip Francis were advocating for land tax being permanently fixed.
• This statement highlights the fact that company officials, including Alexander Dow, Henre Patullo, and Philip Francis, were advocating for the permanent fixation of land tax even before the arrival of Cornwallis in 1770.
• ​Statement B:
• ​Physiocratic school assigned primacy to agriculture in the country's economy.
• This statement suggests that the Physiocratic school, an economic theory developed in the 18^th century, emphasized the importance of agriculture as the primary sector driving a country's economy.
• Statement C:
• ​Introduction of Permanent Settlement led to assessment forever.
• This statement indicates that the implementation of the Permanent Settlement, a policy introduced in British India, resulted in a permanent assessment of land taxes.
• The assessment would remain in place indefinitely.
• ​Statement D:
• ​The assessment under the Permanent Settlement would reduce the scope of corruption.
• This statement suggests that the assessment system established under the Permanent Settlement policy aimed to reduce corruption.
• By fixing land taxes and implementing a structured assessment process, it was expected to minimize opportunities for corrupt practices.

So the correct answer is A, B, C and D only.

Additional Information

• Statement E:
• It was hoped that under the Permanent Settlement, the landlord will not invest in improving the land.
• Option E is not correct because it contradicts the purpose of the Permanent Settlement.
• The policy aimed to provide stability to landowners and encourage them to invest in land improvement by offering long-term tenure and fixed taxation.
• Therefore, the statement in option E goes against the intentions of the Permanent Settlement and is not accurate.

The correct code is A, C, D, E only.

 Key Points

• Shankaracharya's Prasthanatrayi includes Upanishads, Brahmasutra, and the Bhagavad Gita: This statement is correct.
• Prasthanatrayi refers to the three foundational texts of Advaita Vedanta philosophy, and they are indeed Upanishads, Brahmasutra, and the Bhagavad Gita.
• Shankaracharya was a disciple of Mandana Mishra: This statement is incorrect.
• Shankaracharya was not a disciple of Mandana Mishra.
• However, Samkaracharya did engage in a philosophical debate with Mandana Mishra, as mentioned in option E.
• Jyeshteshwar temple is situated in Srinagar: This statement is correct.
• The Jyeshteshwar temple, also known as Jyeshtheshvara Temple, is indeed situated in Srinagar, Kashmir.
• Shankaracharya was called a crypto-Buddhist (Pracchanna Bauddha) by his intellectual opponents: This statement is correct.
• Some of Samkaracharya's intellectual opponents accused him of being a crypto-Buddhist, implying that he secretly adhered to Buddhist teachings while appearing to be an advocate of Hindu philosophy.
• Samkaracharya went to Mandana Mishra for a philosophical debate: This statement is correct.
• According to traditional accounts, Samkaracharya went to Mandana Mishra's residence to engage in a philosophical debate.
• The debate between Samkaracharya and Mandana Mishra is known as the Mandana Mishra debate and is famous in Indian philosophical history.

Therefore based on the above discussion we conclude that the correct code is A, C, D, E only.

Confusion Points

• In the UGC NET official answer key this question has been dropped, So the solution is written accordingly.

Key Points

• Statement A:
• ​Maharaja Jai Singh ceded the parganas of Mandal, Pur, and Badnor to the Mughals:
• This statement means that Maharaja Jai Singh agreed to give up control over the regions of Mandal, Pur, and Badnor, which were then transferred to the Mughal Empire.
• Statement B:
• ​In lieu of the above, Jiziya was imposed in his kingdom:
• This statement suggests that in exchange for giving up the parganas mentioned in statement A, Jiziya, a tax imposed on non-Muslims in Islamic states, was imposed in Maharaja Jai Singh's kingdom.
• However, it is important to note that this statement is incorrect, as Jiziya was not a part of the treaty between Maharaja Jai Singh and Prince Muhammad Azam.
• ​Statement C:
• ​He was given mansab of 5000:
• This statement means that Maharaja Jai Singh was granted a mansab, which refers to a rank or position in the Mughal Empire.
• In this case, Maharaja Jai Singh was given a mansab of 5000, indicating a high military rank and administrative responsibility.
• Statement D:
• ​Jai Singh would not be recognized as Rana of Marwar:
• This statement implies that Maharaja Jai Singh, despite his previous title of Rana of Marwar, would no longer be officially recognized as such.
• The exact reasons for this decision would depend on the specific context and circumstances of the treaty.
• Statement E:
• Jai Singh was given mansab of 7000:
• This statement suggests that Maharaja Jai Singh was granted a higher mansab compared to statement C.
• Specifically, he was given a mansab of 7000, which indicates an even higher military and administrative rank within the Mughal Empire.
• However, it is important to note that this statement is incorrect, as Maharaja Jai Singh was actually given a mansab of 5000, as mentioned in statement C.

The correct answer is Statement I is the true but Statement II is false.

Key Points

• According to Statement I, the Chandella ruler, Yasovarman, constructed the Lakshmana (Vaikuntha) temple at Khajuraho for Vaikuntha Vishnu, which he obtained from the Pratihara ruler, Devapala.
• This statement suggests that Yasovarman acquired the temple from Devapala.
• However, Statement II claims that the Kalachuri King, Lakshmanaraja I, obtained an image of Krishna from the king of the Vigraha dynasty.
• There is no mention of any Kalachuri king acquiring an image of Krishna from the Vigraha dynasty in the given information. Hence, Statement II is false.

Therefore, the correct answer is that Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.

Additional Information

• Many are knows that Devpala was a Pala dynasty ruler but another Devpala we found in Pratihara dynasty also. This follows-
• Mahipala I (913–944 CE) succeeded his stepbrother Bhoja II to the throne of the Pratihara dynasty.
• During his reign, King Indra III of the Rashtrakutas defeated Mahipala of Kannauj.
• Mahipala consolidated his position after Indra III retired to the south.
• The Pala rulers captured some eastern parts of his empire and occupied the forts of Kalinjar and Chitrakuta in the interim.
• His reign marked the beginning of the decline of Pratiharas' power.
• Mahendrapala II, Mahipala's son, succeeded him.
• He was only in power for a year.
• Following that, over a fifteen-year period, we find no less than four successors.
• Devapala, Vinayakapala II, Mahipala II, and Vijayapala ruled Kannauj in succession, but none of them proved to be capable rulers.
• Instead, the rapid succession of these rulers demonstrates that family feuds had begun among the Pratiharas.
• During Devapala's reign, the Pratihara Empire disintegrated as a result of this.

The correct answer is A, B, C and D only.

 Key Points

• Statement A:
• Rani Jindan was indeed kept as a prisoner in Banaras (also known as Varanasi).
• After the annexation of the Sikh Empire by the British in 1849, Rani Jindan, the widow of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and mother of Maharaja Duleep Singh, was exiled to Banaras and held captive there.
• Statement B:
• ​It is true that Rani Jindan sought refuge and prayed to the king of Nepal for shelter.
• After her captivity in Banaras, she escaped to Nepal in 1850, where she requested asylum from the Nepalese king.
• The king granted her refuge, and she stayed in Nepal for several years.
• ​Statement C:
• ​Dalip Singh, the son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Rani Jindan, did embrace Christianity in 1853.
• He converted to Christianity under the influence of his British guardians and was baptized with the name "Duleep Singh."
• ​Statement D:
• ​However, Dalip Singh later renounced Christianity and re-embraced the Sikh faith.
• After growing disillusioned with British rule and feeling disconnected from his Sikh heritage, Dalip Singh rediscovered his roots and became interested in Sikhism again.
• He publicly denounced Christianity and declared his return to the Sikh faith in 1886.
• ​Statement E:
• The statement regarding Dalip Singh's death in London is incorrect.
• Dalip Singh did not die in London.
• He spent a considerable part of his life in England but eventually travelled to Paris, France, where he died on October 22, 1893.

​​So the correct answer is A, B, C and D only.

The correct code is A, B, C, D only.

Key Points

• Ramanujam, also known as Ramanuja, was a prominent theologian and philosopher who played a significant role in the spread of devotional Vaishnavism, particularly in South India. Statement A is correct.
• He wrote devotional poems and inspired devotion to the god Vishnu.
• Basava, also known as Basavanna, was a 12^th-century philosopher and social reformer from Karnataka, India. Statement B is also correct.
• He founded the Lingayatism movement, which emphasized personal religious experience and rejected the caste system and Brahminical rituals.
• However, Basava did advocate his follower's tantric practices but also focused on individual devotion and social equality.
• Vallabhacharya, also known as Vallabha, was a philosopher and devotional poet who emphasized the importance of Krishna Bhakti (devotion to Lord Krishna). Statement C is also correct.
• He founded the Pushti Marg, a devotional Vaishnavite tradition centred around the worship of Krishna.
• Ramdasa, also known as Tulsidas, was a poet-saint who popularized the worship of Lord Rama, an avatar of Vishnu. Statement D is also correct.
• He is best known for his epic work, the Ramcharitmanas, which narrates the story of Lord Rama.
• Namadeva, also known as Namdev, was a 13^th-century saint and poet from Maharashtra, India. Statement E is incorrect.
• He was associated with the Varkari tradition, a devotional movement centred around the worship of Lord Vithoba (a form of Lord Vishnu) and the teachings of the poet-saints known as the Alvars.
• Namadeva's influence and popularity were particularly significant in Maharashtra and not Bengal.

Therefore we conclude that the correct code is A, B, C, D only.

The correct answer is A, B and D only.

 Key Points

• Statement A:
• Wasudeo Balwant Phadke worked in the Commissariat (Military Accounts) department for over fifteen years. This statement is correct.
• Phadke did work in the Commissariat (Military Accounts) department for a significant period of time.
• Statement B:
• Phadke was convinced that the miseries of India were the consequence of foreign rule. This statement is correct.
• Phadke strongly believed that the sufferings experienced by India were a direct result of foreign rule.
• ​Statement C:
• Phadke was sent to Andamans jail. This statement is incorrect.
• Phadke was not sent to the Andamans jail.
• He was imprisoned in jail at Aden in Yemen, multiple times during his revolutionary activities against British rule.
• Statement D:
• ​Phadke was impressed by the loyalty of 'Dhanagars' to his cause. This statement is correct.
• Phadke was impressed by the loyalty and support he received from the 'Dhanagars,' who were a community of agricultural labourers in Maharashtra, India.
• ​Statement E:
• Vasudev Balwant Phadke did not write an autobiographical account.
• The quotes attributed to Phadke in that article are actually from a biography of Phadke written by Govind Sakharam Sardesai.
• Sardesai interviewed Phadke's associates and compiled their accounts into a book, which was published in 1913.

​​Therefore we conclude that the correct answer is A, B and D only.

The correct answer is A, B and D only.

Key Points

• Statement A:
• ​Bentinck proposed the formation of a Tea Committee in 1834. This statement is correct.
• Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General of India, proposed the formation of a Tea Committee in 1834 to promote the cultivation and production of tea in India.
• ​Statement B:
• The first coffee plantations had been established at Fort Gloster in Bengal. This statement is correct.
• The first coffee plantations in India were established in the early 19^th century, and Fort Gloster in Bengal (now in West Bengal) was one of the locations where coffee cultivation started.
• ​Statement C:
• ​Minden Wilson states that Francois Grand started the first indigo factory in Bengal. This statement is incorrect.
• Minden Wilson did not state that Francois Grand started the first indigo factory in Bengal.
• There is no historical evidence to support this claim.
• The indigo industry in Bengal existed before Francois Grand's arrival.
• ​Statement D:
• The production of machine-made paper dates from 1870 when the Bally mills were established in Bengal. This statement is correct.
• The production of machine-made paper in India began in 1870 with the establishment of the Bally mills in Bengal (now in West Bengal).
• This marked a significant development in the paper industry in India.
• Statement E:
• Major Andrew Duncan brought to the notice of the Madras Government the fine quality of Salem steel in 1808.
• There is no historical evidence to suggest that Major Andrew Duncan brought the fine quality of Salem steel to the notice of the Madras Government in 1808.

​​So we conclude that the correct answer is A, B and D only.

The correct answer is A, B, D and E only.

 Key Points

• Statement A:
• ​The Indian Cinematograph Act was passed in 1918.
• This act was indeed passed in 1918 and served as the primary legislation for regulating and certifying films in India.
• It provided guidelines for film exhibition, censorship, and certification processes.
• ​Statement B:
• In 1920, Censor Boards were set up in the four towns of Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, and Rangoon. This option is accurate.
• In 1920, regional Censor Boards were established in these four major towns in India to review and certify films before their public exhibition.
• These boards played a crucial role in censoring films based on content, ensuring compliance with regulations, and issuing appropriate certifications.
• ​Statement C:
• The Dramatic Performances Act was enacted in 1878. This option is incorrect.
• The information provided does not align with the historical facts.
• The Dramatic Performances Act of 1876 is relevant legislation, but it pertained to theatrical performances rather than the cinema.
• ​Statement D:
• In Lahore, the Censor Board was established in 1927. This statement is correct.
• In 1927, a Censor Board was set up in Lahore, which is now part of Pakistan.
• This board was responsible for reviewing and certifying films for public exhibition in the region.
• ​Statement E:
• T.P.O. Connor acted as the President of the British Board of Film Censors. This option is accurate.
• Thomas P. O'Connor, commonly referred to as T.P.O. Connor served as the President of the British Board of Film Censors from 1916 to 1935.
• He played a significant role in shaping film censorship policies and regulations in the United Kingdom during that period.

​Therefore the correct answer is A, B, D and E only.

The correct answer is B, D and E only.

Key Points

• Statement B:
• ​Lady Mehribai Tata remained main spirit during the early years of the National Council of Women.
• Lady Mehrbai Tata was one of the founders of the National Council of Women in India (NCWI) and remained its main spirit during the early years.
• She was a strong advocate for women's education and social reform.
• ​Statement D:
• ​Initially, All India Women's Conference was a non-political body to promote women's education.
• The All India Women's Conference (AIWC) was founded in 1927 by Margaret Cousins and other women activists.
• Initially, the AIWC was a non-political body that focused on promoting women's education and social welfare.
• ​Statement E:
• ​Later on, All India Women's Conference got involved in national politics and lobbied for all sorts of women's rights.
• In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the AIWC became more involved in national politics.
• The organization lobbied for women's suffrage and other rights, such as equal pay and property rights.
• The AIWC also played a role in the independence movement.
• ​The NCWI and the AIWC are two of the oldest and most influential women's organizations in India.
• They have played a significant role in promoting women's rights and social reform in India.

​​So the correct code is B, D and E only.

Additional Information

• Statement A:
• ​National Council of Women in India was formed in 1925, not 1926.
• Statement C:
• All India Women's Conference came into existence in 1927, not 1928.

The correct code is A, B, D and E only.

Key Points

• Statement A:
• The Associated Chamber of Commerce (ASSOCHAM) was formed in 1921 by European trading companies operating in India.
• The organization's objective was to promote trade and commerce between India and Europe.
• Statement B:
• The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) was formed in 1927 by Indian businessmen and industrialists.
• The organization's objective was to promote trade and commerce between India and the rest of the world.
• Statement D:
• The increase in cotton duties was favourable to Lancashire, which was the centre of the British cotton industry.
• The higher duties made it more difficult for Indian manufacturers to compete with British imports, which led to a decline in the Indian cotton industry.
• Statement E:
• Indian industrialists and nationalists protested imperial preference, which was a system of tariffs that gave preference to British goods over foreign goods.
• The protesters argued that imperial preference was unfair and that it harmed the Indian economy.

Thus the correct code is A, B, D and E only.

Additional Information

• Statement C is incorrect because it says that the Cotton Protection Act of March 1931 raised the cotton duties from 11% to 15% but were limited to Non-British goods.
• In fact, the act raised the duties on all cotton goods, regardless of their origin.

The correct matching is A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV.

Key Points

• H.C. Raychaudhuri:
• ​H.C. Raychaudhuri was a distinguished Indian historian who wrote a seminal work on the history and culture of India, titled The History and Culture of the Indian People.
• The book was published in 11 volumes between 1950 and 1955, and it is considered to be one of the most comprehensive and authoritative accounts of Indian history ever written.
• The book is divided into three parts: The Vedic Age, The Classical Age, and The Muslim Conquest and the Rise of the Mughal Empire.
• Each part is further subdivided into several chapters, which cover a wide range of topics, such as political history, social and economic history, religion and culture.
• ​A.L. Basham:
• ​A.L. Basham was a British historian who wrote a comprehensive and influential book on the cultural history of India, titled A Cultural History of India.
• The book was first published in 1975, and it has been reprinted numerous times since then.
• It is considered to be one of the best books on the subject, and it is widely used in universities and colleges around the world.
• Basham's book is written in a clear and engaging style, and it is packed with information.
• It is an essential resource for anyone who wants to learn more about the rich and complex culture of India.
• ​R.K. Mookerji:
• ​R.K. Mookerji's "Chandragupta Maurya and His Times" is a comprehensive work that deals with the life and times of India's first historical emperor, Chandragupta Maurya.
• The book covers a wide range of topics, including Chandragupta's early life, his rise to power, his administration, and his legacy.
• The book also discusses Chandragupta's legacy.
• He is remembered as one of the greatest rulers in Indian history.
• He was a patron of the arts and sciences, and he promoted religious tolerance.
• He also established a strong central government, which helped to unify India and create a period of peace and prosperity.
• ​Kapila Vatsyayan:
• ​The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts is a book by Kapila Vatsyayan, first published in 1983.
• The book explores the relationship between the arts in India, and how they are influenced by the country's religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions.
• The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts is a comprehensive and insightful study of the arts in India.
• It is a valuable resource for anyone who wants to learn more about this rich and complex tradition.

​​Thus the correct matching is

The correct answer is A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV.

Key Points

• Paisra:
• ​Paisra is a village in the Dharhara subdivision of Munger district in Bihar, India.
• Paisra is a significant archaeological site, with evidence of human habitation dating back to the Stone Age.
• Excavations at the site have revealed a number of artefacts, including stone tools, pottery, and human remains.
• The most famous find at Paisra is a terracotta figurine of a female figure, which is believed to date back to the Chalcolithic period (4000-2000 BCE).
• The figurine is known as the "Paisra woman" and is considered to be one of the most important archaeological finds in India.
• ​Bhimbetka:
• ​Bhimbetka is an archaeological site in central India that spans the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, as well as the historic period.
• It exhibits the earliest traces of human life in India and evidence of the Stone Age starting at the site in Acheulian times.
• It is located in the Raisen District in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southeast of Bhopal.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that consists of seven hills and over 750 rock shelters distributed over 10 km (6.2 mi).
• At least some of the shelters were inhabited more than 100,000 years ago.
• ​Anangpur:
• ​Anangpur is a village located in the Faridabad district of Haryana, India.
• It is home to a number of prehistoric sites, including rock art, tools, and other artefacts.
• The rock art at Anangpur is thought to date back to the Mesolithic period, between 10,000 and 5,000 years ago.
• The tools and other artefacts found at Anangpur are thought to date back to the Paleolithic period, between 2.5 million and 10,000 years ago.
• ​Hunsgi:
• ​Hunsgi is an archaeological site in the Yadgir district of Karnataka, India.
• It is famous for its early Paleolithic tools and weapons, which were made from a reddish-brown chert found in the area.
• The tools were used for a variety of purposes, including hunting, butchering, and woodworking.
• The Hunsgi tools are some of the oldest in India, and they provide important insights into the early history of human occupation in the region.
• They also show that early humans were capable of making sophisticated tools and weapons, even in the Stone Age.

​​So the correct matching is 

The correct matching is A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III.

Key Points

• Darśa-Paumamāsas:
• ​Darśa-Paumamāsa are the Vedic lunar sacrifices performed during the full moon (Pournami) and the new moon (Amavasya).
• They are considered to be the most important sacrifices in the Vedic tradition and are said to have the power to cleanse the performer of sin and to bring about prosperity.
• The Darśa-Paumamāsa sacrifice is a two-part ritual.
• The first part, the Darśapūrnamasya, is performed on the day of the full moon.
• The second part, the Pūṇamāsapūrnamasya, is performed on the day of the new moon.
• ​Agnyādheya:
• ​Agnyādheya is a Vedic ritual for the establishment of sacred fires.
• It is one of the most important rituals in Hinduism and is considered to be the foundation of all other Vedic rituals.
• The Agnyādheya is a complex ritual, and there are many different versions of it found in the Vedas and other Hindu texts.
• The Agnyādheya is a lifelong commitment, and the fire must be maintained and offered oblations to on a regular basis.
• The fire is seen as a symbol of the divine presence, and its maintenance is seen as a way of maintaining a connection with the divine.
• The Agnyādheya is also seen as a way of purifying oneself, and of creating a sacred space in the home.
• ​​​Agrayaña:
• ​Agrayana is a Vedic ritual performed by farmers to offer the first fruits of the harvest to the gods.
• The ritual is described in the Rig Veda, one of the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.
• The Agrayana ritual is typically performed in the month of Vaisakha (April-May), which is the beginning of the agricultural season.
• The farmer would first select the best grains from his harvest and then offer them to the gods in a fire sacrifice.
• The sacrifice would be accompanied by prayers and hymns to the gods, asking for their blessings for a bountiful harvest.
• ​Chāturmāsyas:
• ​Chāturmāsyas are a set of four-month periods in the Hindu calendar, which are considered to be times of heightened spiritual significance.
• The three seasons in which Chāturmāsyas occur are:
• ​Vasanta Chāturmāsya (spring)
• Grihi Chāturmāsya (summer)
• Vasanta Chāturmāsya (autumn)
• ​Chāturmāsyas are a time for Hindus to focus on their spiritual practice and to reconnect with the divine.
• By performing these rituals and practices, Hindus can purify their minds, bodies, and souls, and prepare themselves for the coming year.

​​Thus the correct matching is

The correct matching is A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III.

Key Points

• Col. Tod:
• Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan is a two-volume work on the history and culture of the Rajputs, a warrior caste of Rajasthan, India.
• It was written by Lieutenant-Colonel James Tod, a British officer who served in Rajasthan from 1818 to 1822.
• Tod's work was based on a wide range of sources, including oral traditions, historical documents, and archaeological evidence.
• He also travelled extensively throughout Rajasthan, and he interviewed many Rajputs about their history and customs.
• ​G.H. Ojha:
• ​In 1894, Dr Ojha published his Bharatiya Prachin Lipimala (the first book devoted to the palaeography of India), a revised edition was published in 1918.
• Dr Ojha penned Solankiyon ka Itihasa (History of the Solanki) in 1907 and Sirohi Rajya ka Itihasa (History: Kingdom of Sirohi) in 1911.
• In 1926, Ojha published the first book of his History of Rajputana series.
• Histories of the princely states of Udaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Dungarpur, and Banswara were released over a twelve-year period (1929–1941).
• Shymaldas:
• ​Vir Vinod is a historical text written by Kaviraj Shyamaldas, a court poet of Maharana Sajjan Singh of Mewar.
• It is a comprehensive history of Mewar from its origins to the early nineteenth century.
• Vir Vinod is written in a poetic style, but it is also a reliable source of historical information.
• Shyamaldas used a wide range of sources, including oral traditions, historical documents, and archaeological evidence.
• He also travelled extensively throughout Mewar, and he interviewed many people about their history and customs.
• ​A.K. Forbes:
• ​Ras Mala is a historical and genealogical work on the Hindu dynasties of Gujarat, India, written by Alexander Kinloch Forbes.
• It was first published in two volumes in 1856.
• Forbes was a British colonial administrator who served in Gujarat from 1842 to 1865.
• He was interested in Gujarati history and culture, and he began collecting materials for Ras Mala during his time in Gujarat.
• Ras Mala is a valuable source of information on Gujarat's history.
• It is based on a wide range of sources, including oral traditions, historical documents, and archaeological evidence.
• Forbes's work is also notable for its sympathetic portrayal of the Gujarati people.

​​Therefore we conclude that the correct matching is

The correct answer is A-II, B - III, C - I, D - IV.

Key Points

• Jama:
• ​Jama is the assessed land revenue in the Mughal Empire.
• It was the main source of income for the Mughal state.
• The Jama was fixed by the state and was collected by zamindars, who were hereditary landlords.
• The zamindars were responsible for collecting the jama from the peasants and paying it to the state.
• The Jama was a major source of revenue for the Mughal state and helped to finance its military campaigns, administrative expenses, and public works projects.
• The Jama system was eventually replaced by the Permanent Settlement of 1793.
• ​Hasil:
• ​​Hasil-Real is the actual revenue collected from land revenue in the Mughal Empire.
• It was calculated by deducting the jama (assessed revenue) from the hasil (actual revenue).
• The hasil-real was a measure of the efficiency of the land revenue system.
• A high hasil-real indicates that the zamindars (hereditary landlords) were able to collect most of the jama from the peasants.
• A low hasil-real indicates that the zamindars were unable to collect most of the jama from the peasants, or that the peasants were able to evade paying the jama.
• ​Mahwar:
• ​Mahwar-Monthly scales are a type of weighing scale that was used in India and other parts of Asia.
• They were typically made of brass or copper and had a circular or rectangular base with a series of graduated weights.
• The scales were used to weigh a variety of goods, including grain, spices, and textiles.
• The mahwar-monthly scales were divided into 12 equal parts, each representing one month of the year.
• The scales were used to measure the amount of grain that was to be paid as rent or taxes.
• The scales were also used to measure the amount of grain that was to be traded.
• ​Qabz:
• ​Qabz-Security Money, also known as Qabz-ul-Mal or Qabz-ul-Dinar, is a type of security deposit that is required to be paid by a person who is seeking a loan or other financial assistance.
• The qabz-security money is held by the lender or financial institution as security against the borrower's default on the loan or other financial obligation.
• The amount of qabz-security money that is required to be paid will vary depending on the amount of the loan or other financial assistance that is being sought.
• The qabz-security money is usually refundable when the loan or other financial obligation is repaid in full.

Thus the correct matching is

The correct matching is A - IV, B - I, C - III, D - II.

Key Points

• Battle of Ghagra:
• The Battle of Ghagra took place in 1529 near the Ghagra River in modern-day Bihar, India.
• The battle was fought between the Mughal forces led by Babur and the combined armies of Afghan chiefs and Sultan Mahmud Lodi.
• This battle was one of the final engagements following Babur’s significant victories at the First Battle of Panipat (1526) and the Battle of Khanwa (1527).
• Babur achieved a decisive victory, effectively quelling major resistance from the Afghan forces and solidifying Mughal control over northern India.
• This victory was pivotal in establishing the Mughal Empire’s dominance in the region, ensuring the stability and expansion of Mughal rule.
• The battle helped lay the foundation for the Mughal Empire, which influenced Indian history, culture, and politics for centuries
• ​Battle of Dadrah:
• ​The Battle of Dadrah was fought in 1532 between the Mughal Empire under Humayun and the Afghans under Mahmud Lodi.
• The Mughals won the battle, which led to the Mughals gaining control of the region of Jaunpur.
• The battle was also a major victory for Humayun, who had previously lost the Battle of Kanauj in 1532.
• ​Battle of Surajgarh:
• ​In 1534, Sher Shah Suri defeated the combined forces of the Lohani chiefs of Bihar and Sultan Mahmud Shah of Bengal at the Battle of Surajgarh.
• This victory allowed Sher Shah to invade the whole of Bihar and establish himself as the dominant power in the region.
• The battle was a turning point in Sher Shah's career and helped to pave the way for his eventual conquest of the Mughal Empire.
• ​Sieze of Gaur:
• ​In 1537, Sher Shah Suri besieged the Bengal Sultanate's capital city of Gaur.
• The siege lasted for several months and resulted in the city's surrender.
• Sher Shah's forces looted and plundered the city, and many of its inhabitants were killed or enslaved.
• The fall of Gaur marked the end of the independent Bengal Sultanate.

​​So we can conclude that the correct matching is

The correct matching is A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV.

Key Points

• Leonard A. Gordon:
• ​Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose is a book by Leonard A. Gordon, published in 1990.
• It is a comprehensive biography of the Bose brothers, Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose, who were two of the most important leaders of the Indian independence movement.
• The book traces the lives of the Bose brothers from their childhood in Bengal to their involvement in the Indian independence movement.
• It discusses their political careers, their personal relationships, and their impact on Indian history.
• The book has been praised for its scholarship and its balanced portrayal of the Bose brothers.
• It is considered to be the definitive biography of the Bose brothers.
• Kitty Kurti:
• ​Kitty Kurti's book, "Subhas Chandra Bose as I Knew Him," is a personal memoir of her time as a close associate of the Indian independence leader.
• Kurti met Bose in 1933 when she was a young student at the University of Vienna.
• She was immediately drawn to his charisma and his passion for India's freedom.
• Kurti became a close friend and confidante of Bose, and she travelled with him to Germany and Japan during World War II.
• She was present when Bose founded the Indian National Army (INA), and she witnessed his final days in exile.
• ​Sisir K. Bose et al ed:
• ​A Beacon Across Asia: A Biography of Subhas Chandra Bose is a trilingual (English, German, and Japanese) biography of Subhas Chandra Bose, a Bengali Indian nationalist who was a leading figure in the Indian independence movement.
• The book was edited by Sisir K. Bose, the younger brother of Subhas Chandra Bose, and was published in **1996.**​
• A Beacon Across Asia is a comprehensive and well-researched biography of Subhas Chandra Bose.
• It is a valuable resource for anyone interested in Indian history and the Indian independence movement.
• ​Krishna Bose:
• Itihaser Sandhane" (In Search of History) is a book written by Krishna Bose, an Indian politician, academic, and author.
• Krishna Bose was a prominent figure in Indian politics and academia.
• She served as a Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, representing the Jadavpur constituency in West Bengal.
• Bose was associated with the Indian National Congress party. Apart from her political career, she was also an author and academician.

Therefore the correct matching is

The correct answer is A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II.

Key Points

• Dayanand Saraswati:
• ​In the book Gokarunanidhi, Swami Dayanand Saraswati has made some proposals regarding the protection of animals like cows and promoting agriculture and has announced a 'Gokrishyadirakshini Sabha' (cow agriculture etc. Rakshini Sabha).
• The language of the book is Sanskritised Hindi.
• In the review episode of this book, there is a call to the rulers of that time of India to do good governance.
• For example, kings, chieftains and wealthy people have been asked to contribute more than 100 per cent of their income to cow protection.
• Gopal Hari Deshmukh:
• ​Gopal Hari Deshmukh (1823-1892), popularly known as Lokhitwadi, was a Marathi writer, social reformer, and thinker.
• He is best known for his Satapatra (108 Letters), a series of essays on social, religious, and political reform.
• The Satapatra was written in the early 1850s, a time when India was under British rule.
• Deshmukh was deeply concerned about the state of Indian society, which he saw as being in a state of decline.
• He believed that the root cause of this decline was the caste system, which he saw as being oppressive and unjust.
• ​Vishnukrishna Chipulankar:
• ​Vishnu Shastri Krushnashastri Chiplunkar (1832-1882) was a Marathi writer, social reformer, and thinker.
• He is best known for his Nibandhamala (A Garland of Essays), a series of essays on social, religious, and political reform.
• The Nibandhamala was published in 12 volumes from 1874 to 1885.
• It contains essays on a wide range of topics, including the caste system, education, women's rights, and the role of religion in society.
• ​M.G. Ranade:
• ​M.G. Ranade's Note on the Growth of Marathi Literature is a seminal work that provides a comprehensive overview of the development of Marathi literature from its early beginnings to the late 19^th century.
• Ranade argues that Marathi literature has a long and rich history and that it has been shaped by a number of factors, including the influence of Hindu religious tradition, the impact of British colonialism, and the rise of social reform movements.
• Ranade's Note on the Growth of Marathi Literature is a valuable resource for anyone interested in Marathi literature, Indian history, or the development of social reform movements.
• It is a comprehensive and insightful work that provides a valuable overview of a rich and diverse tradition.

​​Thus the correct matching is

The correct matching is A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I.

Key Points

• Charter Act, 1793:
• ​​Charter Act of 1793 put municipal institutions on a statutory basis.
• This meant that they were now legally recognized and could function under the authority of the British East India Company.
• The Act also gave the municipalities the power to collect taxes and spend money on local improvements, such as roads, bridges, and schools.
• The Charter Act of 1793 was a significant step in the development of municipal government in India.
• It helped to create a more efficient and accountable system of local administration, and it laid the foundation for the modern municipal system that exists in India today.
• ​Royal Army Sanitary Commission Report - 1868:
• ​Royal Army Sanitary Commission Report of 1868 gave a fillip to the development of municipal institutions in India.
• The Report highlighted the importance of sanitation and hygiene in preventing disease, and it recommended that municipalities be given more responsibility for public health.
• The Report's recommendations were implemented by the British government, and as a result, municipalities in India began to take a more active role in public health.
• They built new hospitals and dispensaries, improved sanitation, and launched public awareness campaigns.
• The Royal Army Sanitary Commission Report was a landmark document in the history of public health in India.
• It helped to lay the foundation for the modern system of public health that exists in India today.
• ​Indian Council Act, 1861:
• ​Indian Councils Act of 1861 inaugurated the policy of legislative devolution in India.
• This meant that the British government began to devolve some legislative power to Indians.
• The Act created a new legislative council for the Governor-General, which included a number of Indian members who were nominated by the Governor-General.
• The Act also created legislative councils for the presidencies of Bombay and Madras, which included a few Indian members who were nominated by the respective governors.
• The Indian Councils Act of 1861 was a significant step in the development of representative government in India.
• It was the first time that Indians had been given a formal role in the legislative process.
• The Act was also significant because it marked the beginning of a gradual process of devolution of power from the British to the Indians.
• ​​The Bengal District Board Cess Act, 1871:
• Bengal District Board Cess Act, 1871 was the first step towards provision of local self government in rural Bengal.
• The Act established district boards in each district of Bengal, which were responsible for a range of local services, including roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals.
• The boards were composed of elected members, who were chosen by local landowners and taxpayers.
• The Bengal District Board Cess Act, 1871 was a significant step forward in the development of local self government in India.
• It was the first time that Indians had been given a formal role in the administration of local affairs.
• The Act also helped to promote the development of local democracy in India.

​​So the correct matching is

The correct matching is A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III.

Key Points

• "Men resemble their times more than they do their fathers":
• ​The Arab proverb "Men resemble their times more than they do their fathers" suggests that people are more influenced by the era in which they live than by their parents.
• This proverb can be interpreted in a number of ways.
• One interpretation is that people are shaped by the events and trends of their time.
• For example, people who grow up during a time of war may be more likely to be aggressive or fearful, while people who grow up during a time of peace may be more likely to be cooperative and trusting.
• **​​"The Past is a foreign country, they do things differently there":**​
• ​The quote, "The past is a foreign country, they do things differently there," is indeed attributed to L.P. Hartley.
• It is the opening line of his novel "The Go-Between," published in 1953.
• The novel explores themes of memory, nostalgia, and the contrast between the innocence of youth and the complexities of adulthood.
• The quote captures the idea that looking back on the past can be like visiting a foreign land.
• It suggests that the customs, attitudes, and behaviors of people in the past can be markedly different from those of the present.
• Just as we might encounter unfamiliar traditions and ways of life when visiting a foreign country, we may find the past to be a distinct and somewhat unfamiliar place.
• "Fellow Citizens, we cannot escape history":
• ​Abraham Lincoln said this in his Annual Message to Congress in December 1862.
• He was speaking about the Civil War, and he was trying to rally his countrymen to the cause of the Union.
• He said that the war was a "fiery trial" that would test the strength of the nation, and that the way they responded to the trial would determine their place in history.
• Lincoln's words are still relevant today.
• We all face challenges in our lives, and the way we respond to those challenges will shape our future.
• We cannot escape history, but we can choose to make it a history of progress and hope.
• ​A page of history is worth a volume of logic":
• ​The quote "A page of history is worth a volume of logic" by Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. is a reminder that the past can be a valuable source of wisdom and understanding.
• By studying history, we can learn from the mistakes and successes of those who came before us.
• We can also gain a better understanding of the forces that shape our world today.
• Logic is a powerful tool for reasoning and problem solving.
• However, it can be limited by our own biases and assumptions.
• History, on the other hand, can help us to see the world from different perspectives and to challenge our own preconceptions.

So the correct matching is

The correct answer is A, C, D.

Key Points

• Statement A:
• ​P.V. Kane wrote the History of Dharmashastra, a monumental seven-volume work consisting of around 6,500 pages.
• It is considered to be one of the most comprehensive and authoritative works on the subject of Hindu law.
• The first volume was published in 1930 and the last one in 1962.
• The book covers a wide range of topics, including the history of Hindu law, the sources of Hindu law, the principles of Hindu law, and the application of Hindu law.
• It also includes a detailed analysis of the major Dharmasutras, Smritis, and commentaries.
• The History of Dharmashastra is an essential reference work for anyone interested in Hindu law.
• Statement B:
• ​The Critical Edition of the Mahabharata was not published from the Oriental Institute of Baroda.
• The Critical Edition of the Mahabharata was actually compiled and edited by a team of scholars known as the Mahabharata Samiti, under the guidance of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (BORI) in Pune, India.
• The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute is renowned for its work in the field of Indology and has made significant contributions to the study and preservation of ancient Indian texts, including the Mahabharata.
• The Critical Edition of the Mahabharata was published by BORI between 1927 and 1971, and it is considered the most authoritative version of the epic text.
• ​Statement C:
• Valmiki Ramayana is divided into seven kandas, or books.
• The kandas are: 
• Bala Kanda (Childhood Book)
• Ayodhya Kanda (Ayodhya Book)
• Aranya Kanda (Forest Book)
• Kishkindha Kanda (Kishkindha Book)
• Sundara Kanda (Beautiful Book)
• Yuddha Kanda (War Book)
• Uttara Kanda (Later Book)
• The Valmiki Ramayana is one of the most important epics in Indian literature.
• It is a story of love, loss, adventure, and redemption.
• It has been translated into many languages and is still widely read today.
• ​Statement D:
• ​R.P. Kangle indeed translated the Arthashastra into English.
• The titled "The Kautiliya Arthashastra: An English Translation with Critical and Explanatory Notes," was translated by R.P. Kangle.
• This translation, published in 1965, is highly regarded and has been widely used by scholars and researchers studying the Arthashastra.
• R.P. Kangle's translation and commentary offer valuable insights into the text and its intricate details, making it an important resource for those interested in understanding Kautilya's ancient Indian treatise on statecraft and governance.
• ​Statement E:
• ​William Jones did not translate the Manusmriti into Persian.
• He translated it into English.
• The first Persian translation of the Manusmriti was made by Mulla Fathullah Shirazi in the 18^th century.
• William Jones was a British polymath who is best known for his work in comparative linguistics.
• He was the first to propose that Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin were all descended from a common ancestor, which he called the Indo-European language.
• He also founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal, which is one of the oldest learned societies in Asia.
• The Manusmriti is a Hindu law code that is believed to have been composed in the 2^nd century BCE.
• It is one of the most important texts in Hindu law, and it has been translated into many languages.

​​So the correct code is A, C, D..

The correct chronological order is D - E - A - C - B.

Key Points

• Ajatastru's War with Lichchhavis:
• This event took place around the 5^th century BCE.
• Ajatastru, the king of Magadha, engaged in a war with the Lichchhavi kingdom, which was located in present-day Bihar, India.
• Fight between Alexander and Porus:
• This event occurred in 326 BCE.
• Alexander the Great, the Greek conqueror, invaded the Indian subcontinent and faced Porus, a regional king in the Punjab region.
• The battle between Alexander and Porus is famously known as the Battle of the Hydaspes.
• Alexander's death:
• After his conquests in India, Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE in Babylon, at the age of 32.
• His death marked the end of his empire and the beginning of a period of political turmoil.
• Coronation of Aśoka:
• Aśoka, also known as Emperor Ashoka, ascended to the Maurya throne in 268 BCE.
• He is renowned for his conversion to Buddhism and his subsequent efforts to promote peace, welfare, and religious tolerance throughout his empire.
• Nahapana defeated and killed by Gautamiputra:
• This event occurred in the 1^st century CE.
• Nahapana was a powerful Indo-Scythian king who ruled in western India.
• Gautamiputra Satakarni, a ruler of the Satavahana dynasty, defeated and killed Nahapana, thus consolidating his own rule in the region.

​So the correct order is

Ajatastru's war with Lichchhavis

Fight between Alexander and Porus

Alexander's death

Coronation of Aśoka

Nahapana defeated and killed by Gautamiputra

The correct chronological order is A, D, C, E, B.

Key Points

• Prince Salim (Option A):
• Prince Salim was sent first to persuade Rana Amar Singh.
• He was the initial emissary in the sequence of individuals sent to negotiate with Rana Amar Singh.
• Prince Parvez (Option D):
• Prince Parvez was sent after Prince Salim.
• Therefore, he follows Prince Salim in chronological sequence.
• Mahabat Khan (Option C):
• Mahabat Khan was the next person sent to persuade Rana Amar Singh.
• Hence, he comes after Prince Parvez in chronological sequence.
• Abdullah Khan (Option E):
• Abdullah Khan was sent after Mahabat Khan.
• Therefore, he follows Mahabat Khan in the sequence.
• Prince Khurram (Option B):
• Prince Khurram, also known as Shah Jahan, was the last person sent to persuade Rana Amar Singh.
• Thus, he is the final person in the chronological sequence.

To summarize, the correct order is A (Prince Salim), D (Prince Parvez), C (Mahabat Khan), E (Abdullah Khan), B (Prince Khurram).

The chronological order is B, A, D, C, E.

Key Points

• Statement B:
• Shahu being crowned king refers to the coronation of Chhatrapati Shahu, who became the ruler of the Maratha Empire in 1708.
• ​Statement A:
• The Sikh uprising under Banda Bahadur occurred between 1709 and 1716.
• Banda Bahadur, a disciple of Guru Gobind Singh, led a revolt against the Mughal Empire in Punjab.
• Statement D:
• The death of Bahadur Shah took place in 1712.
• Bahadur Shah was the Mughal emperor who ruled from 1707 until his death.
• Statement C:
• Jai Singh was appointed as the governor of Malwa, a region in central India, by the Mughal Empire.
• This appointment occurred after the death of Bahadur Shah and during the early 18^th century.
• Statement E:
• Ajit Singh being appointed as the governor of Gujarat refers to Ajit Singh, the ruler of the princely state of Marwar, being appointed as the governor of Gujarat by the Mughal Empire.
• The exact timeframe for this appointment is not provided, but it took place after the events mentioned in statements A, D, and C.

Therefore, the correct chronological order is

Shahu crowned king.

Sikh uprising under Banda Bahadur.

Death of Bahadur Shah.

Jai Singh appointed as governor of Malwa.

Ajit Singh appointed as governor of Gujarat

The correct chronological order is A, D, C, B, E.

Key Points

• Grant of Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the British East India Company (Event A):
• After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the Treaty of Allahabad was signed in 1765, which granted the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the British East India Company.
• This event established the Company's control over the revenue and administration of these regions.
• Abolition of Dual Government (Event D):
• In 1772, the British Parliament passed the Regulating Act of 1773**,** which abolished the system of Dual Government in Bengal.
• The act centralized the administration of British territories in India and brought them under the control of the Governor-General of Bengal.
• Regulating Act (Event C):
• The Regulating Act of 1773, as mentioned above, was passed by the British Parliament.
• It aimed to regulate the affairs of the British East India Company in India, especially in relation to its administration and governance.
• Decennial Settlement in Bengal (Event B):
• The Decennial Settlement, also known as the Permanent Settlement, was introduced in 1793.
• It was a revenue settlement policy implemented in Bengal, which fixed the land revenue rates for the next ten years.
• This policy had a significant impact on landownership and agricultural practices in Bengal.
• Port of Surat annexed (Event E):
• The annexation of the Port of Surat occurred much later, in 1800.
• Surat was an important port city in Gujarat, and the British East India Company annexed it as part of its expanding control and influence in India.

Therefore we conclude that the correct order is

Grant of Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the British East India Company.

 Abolition of Dual Government

Regulating Act

Decennial Settlement in Bengal

Port of Surat annexed

The correct chronological order is A, C, B, D, E.

Key Points

• Atlantic Charter:
• The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration issued by the United States and the United Kingdom in August 1941.
• It outlined the goals and principles for a post-World War II world and served as the foundation for the United Nations.
• However, it predates the other events mentioned.
• Japan's attack on the American Naval base at Pearl Harbor:
• This event occurred on December 7, 1941, when the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
• The attack prompted the United States to enter World War II.
• Announcement of the Organization of Indian Independence League at Bangkok:
• The Organization of Indian Independence League was formed by Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose with the support of the Japanese during World War II.
• It was announced in Bangkok, Thailand, in 1942, after Japan's conquest of Southeast Asia.
• This event follows Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.
• First division of I.N.A. with 16,300 soldiers was formed:
• The Indian National Army (INA), also known as the Azad Hind Fauj, was formed by Subhas Chandra Bose in late 1942.
• The first division of the INA, consisting of 16,300 soldiers, was formed after the announcement of the Organization of Indian Independence League.
• Battalion of I.N.A. captured Mowdok:
• Mowdok is a place located in present-day Myanmar (formerly Burma).
• The INA's capture of Mowdok occurred during their military operations in Burma, which took place from 1942 to 1945.
• This event happened after the formation of the first division of the INA.

Therefore, the correct chronological order is A, C, B, D, E: Atlantic Charter, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Announcement of Organization of Indian Independence League at Bangkok, First division of I.N.A. formed, Battalion of I.N.A. captured Mowdok.

The correct chronological order is B, E, D, A, C.

Key Points

• The shifting of the Headquarters of the Theosophical Society to India at Adyar:
• This event occurred in 1882 when the headquarters of the Theosophical Society, an organization promoting spiritual knowledge and study of comparative religion, was relocated from New York to Adyar, Chennai, India.
• Establishment of the Anglo-Vedic School at Lahore:
• The Anglo-Vedic School was established in 1886 in Lahore (now in Pakistan).
• It aimed to provide an education system that combined Western education with Vedic knowledge.
• Ramakrishna Mission founded by Swami Vivekananda:
• Swami Vivekananda established the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897.
• This mission was founded as a spiritual and philanthropic organization based on the teachings of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa.
• Annie Besant laid the foundation of the Central Hindu College in Benaras:
• Annie Besant, a prominent Theosophist and social reformer, laid the foundation of the Central Hindu College in Benaras (now Varanasi) in 1898.
• This institution later became the Banaras Hindu University.
• Establishment of Gurukul Pathshala at Hardwar:
• The Gurukul Pathshala was established in 1902 by Swami Shraddhanand (previously known as Mahatma Munshi Ram Vij) in Hardwar, India.
• It aimed to revive the traditional Gurukul system of education.

Hence we conclude that correct order is 

The shifting of the Headquarters of the Theosophical Society to India at Adyar.

Establishment of the Anglo-Vedic School at Lahore.

Ramakrishna Mission founded by Swami Vivekananda.

Annie Besant laid the foundation of the Central Hindu College in Benaras.

Establishment of Gurukul Pathshala at Hardwar.

The correct chronological order is D, A, B, C

• In 1895 Tilak and his group ousted Ranade and Gokhale from the control of Poona Sarvajanik Sabah.

• In 1897 Bal Gangadhar Tilak was tried and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment.

• At the Lucknow session of the Congress (Dec. 1899). Tilak's attempt to move a resolution condemning Governor Sandhurst's administration of Bombay was also blocked.

• In 1908, Bal Gangadhar Tilak was sent to jail for six years

The correct code is A, E, B, C, D.

Key Points

• The Ryotwari experiment was a system of land revenue assessment introduced in the Ceded Districts of Madras Presidency by Thomas Munro in 1820.
• E. Thomas Munro was asked to take charge of the revenue administration of the Ceded Districts in 1822.
• The Bombay Survey System was a system of land surveying and mapping introduced in the Bombay Presidency by G. Wingate and H.E. Goldsmid in 1823.
• The Madras Torture Commission was a commission appointed by the British East India Company to investigate allegations of torture by the Madras Presidency police in 1825.
• The Code of Civil Procedure was a law codifying the rules and procedures for civil litigation in British India, introduced in 1859.

​Thus the correct order is

Ryotwari experiment was started by Alexander Reed

Thomas Munro was asked to take charge of the revenue administration of the Ceded Districts.

Bombay Survey System devised by G. Wingate and H.E. Goldsmid

Madras Torture Commission

Code of Civil Procedure was introduced

Lunkaransar one of the following sites in Rajasthan provides evidence of the onset of aridity around 2000 B.C.

Key Points

• Lunkaransar is one of the following sites in Rajasthan that provides evidence of the onset of aridity around 2000 B.C.
• The other sites are Sambhar and Didwana.
• Lunkaransar is a salt lake located in the Thar Desert in Rajasthan, India.
• It is one of the largest salt lakes in India and is a popular tourist destination.
• The lake is also an important archaeological site.
• Excavations at Lunkaransar have revealed evidence of human occupation dating back to the Harappan period (2600-1900 B.C.).
• One of the most significant finds at Lunkaransar is a series of wells that were dug during the Harappan period.
• These wells provide evidence of the onset of aridity in the region around 2000 B.C.
• The wells were dug to access groundwater, which became necessary as the climate became drier.
• The evidence of aridity at Lunkaransar is consistent with other evidence from the Thar Desert.
• For example, pollen analysis from lake sediments shows that the region became drier around 2000 B.C.
• This change in climate is believed to have led to the decline of the Harappan civilization in the region.
• The evidence of aridity at Lunkaransar is an important reminder of the impact that climate change can have on human societies.
• The Harappan civilization was one of the most advanced civilizations in the world at the time, but it was unable to adapt to the changing climate.
• This is a lesson that we should not forget as we face the challenges of climate change today.

​Hence we conclude that the correct option is Lunkaransar.

Additional Information

• The Kota, Arjunpura, and Mount Abu sites in Rajasthan do not provide evidence of the onset of aridity around 2000 B.C.
• In fact, these sites show evidence of continuous habitation and agricultural activity throughout the Holocene, including the period around 2000 B.C.
• This suggests that the onset of aridity in Rajasthan may have occurred later than previously thought, or that it may have not affected all parts of the region equally.
• It is important to note that the lack of evidence for aridity at the Kota, Arjunpura, and Mount Abu sites does not mean that aridity did not occur in other parts of Rajasthan during this period.
• It is possible that aridity was more pronounced in some parts of the region than others.
• Additionally, it is possible that the onset of aridity was gradual, and that it may not have been immediately apparent at all sites.

The correct answer is New English School.

Key Points

• The Fergusson College was developed from the New English School, which was founded in 1880 by four young men: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Vishnushastri Chiplunkar, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, and Madhavrao Namjoshi.
• The school was established to provide modern education to Indians, and it quickly became one of the most prestigious schools in the country.
• In 1884, the Deccan Education Society was formed to manage the New English School and to establish a college.
• The college, which was named after Sir James Fergusson, the then Governor of Bombay, opened its doors in 1885.
• The Fergusson College was one of the first colleges in India to offer a liberal arts education.
• It was also one of the first colleges to be established by Indians, and it quickly became a center of Indian nationalism.
• The college's alumni include many prominent figures in Indian history, including Lokmanya Tilak, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, and R.G. Bhandarkar.
• The Fergusson College has continued to be a leading institution of higher education in India.
• It is now a constituent college of the University of Pune, and it offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs.
• The college is also home to a number of research centers and institutes, and it has produced many notable scholars and scientists.
• The Fergusson College is a proud institution with a long and distinguished history.
• It is a testament to the vision and dedication of its founders, and it continues to play an important role in the development of India.

​So we can say that the Fergusson College was developed from New English School of 1880s.

Additional Information

• Deccan English School:
• ​There was no Deccan English School in India.
• The Deccan Education Society was founded in Pune, India by a group of Indian intellectuals, including Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, and Mahadev Govind Ranade.
• ​Anglo-British School:
• ​The Anglo-British School was a school for the children of British residents in India.
• It was founded in 1854 by the East India Company and was located in Simla, Himachal Pradesh.
• The school was co-educational and offered a British-style education. It was closed in 1947, after India gained independence.
• Poona English School :
• ​The Poona English School was founded in 1824 by the British East India Company.
• The school was located in Poona (now Pune), Maharashtra, India.
• The school was initially intended for the children of British officials and military personnel, but it was later opened to Indian students as well.
• The school offered a British-style education, including instruction in English, mathematics, science, and history.
• The school was a popular institution and had a good reputation.
• The school closed in 1947, after India gained independence.

The correct answer is Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.

Key Points

• Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya was the President of the 1929 Congress sub-committee on untouchability.
• The sub-committee was formed to investigate the problem of untouchability and to suggest ways to eradicate it.
• The sub-committee submitted its report in 1930, and its recommendations were adopted by the Indian National Congress.
• The sub-committee's report made a number of recommendations, including:
• ​The abolition of all laws that discriminate against untouchables.
• The establishment of educational and employment opportunities for untouchables.
• The promotion of social reforms that would improve the lives of untouchables.
• The creation of a public awareness campaign to educate people about the evils of untouchability.
• The sub-committee's report was a landmark document in the fight against untouchability.
• It helped to raise awareness of the problem and to spur the Indian National Congress to take action.
• The recommendations of the sub-committee were not fully implemented, but they did lay the groundwork for the eventual abolition of untouchability in India.
• Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya was a leading figure in the Indian independence movement.
• He was also a strong advocate for social reform.
• He was a member of the Hindu Mahasabha, a Hindu nationalist organization that was committed to the upliftment of untouchables.
• Malaviya believed that the eradication of untouchability was essential for the progress of India.
• He worked tirelessly to promote social reforms that would improve the lives of untouchables.
• His work helped to make India a more just and equitable society.

​Hence we conclude that Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya was the President of the 1929 Congress sub-committee on untouchability.

Additional Information

• Subhash Chandra Bose:
• ​Subhash Chandra Bose was an influential Indian nationalist leader during the 20^th century.
• He played a crucial role in India's struggle for independence from British rule.
• Bose believed in armed resistance and formed the Forward Bloc to challenge British dominance.
• He is known for his slogan "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom."
• Bose's mysterious death in 1945 continues to be a subject of debate and intrigue, leaving behind a legacy of bravery and patriotism.
• Jawaharlal Nehru:
• ​Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of independent India.
• He was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress and played a key role in the country's struggle for freedom.
• Nehru was known for his vision of a secular, socialist, and democratic India.
• He implemented significant reforms, focused on industrialization, education, and agrarian reforms.
• Nehru's leadership shaped India's foreign policy and non-aligned movement.
• His book "The Discovery of India" remains a classic work on Indian history and culture.
• Nehru's legacy as a statesman and nation-builder endures in modern India.
• N.G. Chandavarkar:
• ​N.G. Chandavarkar was an eminent Indian nationalist and social reformer in the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries.
• He played a vital role in advocating for social and political reforms in India, including education and women's rights.
• Chandavarkar was a founding member of the Indian National Congress and worked towards achieving self-governance.
• He was also a respected academic and served as the Vice Chancellor of the University of Mysore.
• Chandavarkar's contributions to India's socio-political landscape continue to inspire generations.

Herodotus born in Halicarnassus.

Key Points

• Herodotus, also known as "The Father of History," was born in Halicarnassus, an ancient Greek city located in present-day Bodrum, Turkey.
• Herodotus lived during the 5^th century BCE (c. 484-425 BCE) and is famous for his extensive historical work called "The Histories."
• This work is considered one of the earliest and most influential works of historical writing, providing valuable insights into the ancient world.
• Life and Background:
• Herodotus was born around 484 BCE in Halicarnassus, a city in Caria (part of present-day Turkey).
• He came from a prominent family and received a good education, which likely influenced his interest in history and travel.
• Travels and Research:
• Herodotus embarked on extensive travels to gather information for his historical work.
• He explored various regions, including Egypt, Persia, Greece, and Asia Minor.
• He conducted interviews with locals, consulted documents and archives, and observed different cultures and customs.
• "The Histories":
• Herodotus's most renowned work is "The Histories" (also known as "The Persian Wars" or "Historiae").
• It consists of nine books and covers the period from the legendary Trojan War to the late 6^th century BCE.
• Herodotus aimed to provide an account of the Persian Wars between the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states, but his work encompasses a broader scope, including cultural, geographical, and ethnographic aspects.
• Writing Style and Themes:
• Herodotus wrote in a narrative style, employing vivid descriptions and storytelling techniques.
• His work combines historical events, myths, legends, and personal anecdotes.
• Herodotus examined various themes, such as war, politics, religion, geography, culture, and the clash of civilizations.
• Historiography and Influence:
• Herodotus is considered one of the first historians due to his systematic approach to collecting and presenting historical information.
• However, his work also contains elements of mythology and folklore.
• Despite its flaws, "The Histories" had a significant impact on subsequent historians and writers, shaping the development of historiography.
• Legacy:
• Herodotus's work influenced later historians, including Thucydides, Polybius, and Livy.
• He is known for his emphasis on human agency and the exploration of cultural differences.
• Herodotus's work also had an impact on the development of the discipline of anthropology, as he observed and recorded various customs and practices of different cultures.
• Criticism and Controversies:
• Herodotus's work faced criticism from some ancient scholars who questioned the accuracy of his accounts and considered him overly focused on storytelling.
• Nevertheless, Herodotus's contributions to historical writing and the preservation of historical memory remain highly regarded.

So the correct answer is Halicarnassus.

The propounder of the theory of 'Utilitarianism' was J.S. Mill.

Key Points

• John Stuart Mill was the propounder of the theory of Utilitarianism.
• He was an English philosopher, economist, and civil servant.
• He was also a member of Parliament from 1865 to 1868.
• Mill's most famous work is Utilitarianism, which was published in 1861.
• In this work, Mill argues that the right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
• Mill's utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory, meaning that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its consequences.
• Mill argues that the only thing that is intrinsically good is happiness, and that the only thing that is intrinsically bad is pain.
• He also argues that happiness can be divided into two types: higher pleasures and lower pleasures.
• Higher pleasures are those that are associated with the use of one's higher faculties, such as reason and imagination.
• Lower pleasures are those that are associated with the body, such as eating, drinking, and sex.
• Mill argues that higher pleasures are superior to lower pleasures, even though they may not be as intense.
• He argues that this is because higher pleasures are more lasting and more satisfying.
• Mill's utilitarianism has been influential in both philosophy and politics.
• It has been used to justify a wide range of policies, from economic policies to social policies.

​Therefore based on the above discussion we conclude that The propounder of the theory of 'Utilitarianism' was J.S. Mill.

Additional Information

• Immanuel Kant:
• ​Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher known for his theory of knowledge, ethics, and aesthetics.
• He emphasized reason as the foundation for moral action and argued for the existence of objective moral principles.
• His works include "Critique of Pure Reason" and "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals."
• Jacques Derrida:
• ​Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) was a French philosopher associated with poststructuralism and deconstruction.
• He challenged traditional Western philosophy by analyzing language and questioning binary oppositions.
• Derrida's works, such as "Of Grammatology" and "Writing and Difference," influenced literary theory, cultural studies, and various disciplines across the humanities.
• ​Micheal Faucault:
• ​Michel Foucault (1926-1984) was a French philosopher and social theorist.
• He explored power relations and knowledge production, analyzing how institutions and discourses shape individuals and societies.
• His influential works include "Discipline and Punish" and "The History of Sexuality," contributing to fields such as sociology, history, and philosophy.

The correct answer is Nazi propaganda.

Key Points

• Leni Riefenstahl's film Triumph of the Will is a Nazi propaganda film that chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg.
• The film was directed, produced, edited and co-written by Riefenstahl, and it was commissioned by Adolf Hitler himself.
• Triumph of the Will is a masterfully crafted film that uses innovative cinematography and editing techniques to create a powerful and persuasive propaganda message.
• The film's use of aerial photography, low-angle shots, and carefully staged crowd scenes creates a sense of awe and grandeur, while the speeches by Hitler and other Nazi leaders are delivered in a way that is both mesmerizing and hypnotic.
• Triumph of the Will was a huge success in Germany, and it was widely used to promote Nazi ideology both domestically and abroad.
• The film is still considered to be one of the greatest propaganda films ever made, and it is a powerful reminder of the dangers of Nazi ideology.
• Here are some of the ways in which Triumph of the Will uses propaganda techniques:
• Selective editing: 
• Riefenstahl carefully edited the footage she shot to create a particular impression of the Nazi Party and its leaders.
• For example, she often cut away from shots of Nazi dissenters or protesters.
• ​Repetition: 
• Riefenstahl repeats certain images and phrases throughout the film, such as the Nazi salute and the slogan "Sieg Heil."
• This repetition helps to create a sense of familiarity and excitement among the viewer.
• ​Testimonials: 
• The film features testimonials from Nazi leaders and supporters, who praise Hitler and the Nazi Party.
• These testimonials are used to legitimize the Nazi regime and its ideology.
• ​Music: 
• The film's soundtrack is composed of stirring orchestral music that creates a sense of excitement and patriotism.
• The music helps to create a powerful emotional response in the viewer.
• Triumph of the Will is a powerful and persuasive propaganda film that uses innovative techniques to create a sense of awe, grandeur, and excitement.
• The film is a reminder of the dangers of Nazi ideology and the importance of being vigilant against all forms of propaganda.

R.G. Collingwood is the correct answer.

Key Points

• The quote from R.G. Collingwood's book The Idea of History.
• In it, he argues that history is not simply a matter of collecting facts, but rather of using imagination to reconstruct the past.
• He compares the historian's work to the novelist's, arguing that both are works of imagination, but that the historian's work is meant to be true.
• Collingwood's argument has been influential in the field of history, and it has been used to argue that history is not a science, but rather an art.
• However, not everyone agrees with Collingwood's argument.
• Some historians argue that history is a science, and that it should be based on evidence and objectivity.
• The debate over the nature of history is likely to continue for many years to come.
• However, Collingwood's quote remains a powerful reminder of the importance of imagination in the writing of history.
• Here are some additional thoughts on Collingwood's quote:
• The historian's use of imagination is not a license to make things up.
• The historian must still be guided by the evidence, and must be willing to revise their interpretations in light of new evidence.
• The historian's use of imagination can help them to understand the past in a more nuanced and complex way.
• By imagining the thoughts, feelings, and motivations of historical actors, the historian can get a better sense of why they did what they did.
• The historian's use of imagination can also help them to communicate their findings to a wider audience.
• By telling stories and using vivid language, the historian can make the past come alive for their readers.
• Collingwood's quote is a reminder that history is not simply a matter of collecting facts.
• It is also a matter of using imagination to reconstruct the past and to communicate its meaning to others.

​Therefore we conclude that R.G. Collingwood said, "As works of the imagination, the historian's work and the novelist's do not differ. Where they do differ is that the historian's picture is meant to be true".

Additional Information

• Will Durant:
• ​Will Durant was an American historian, philosopher, and writer.
• He is best known for his monumental work "The Story of Civilization," a series of books that covers the history of human civilization from ancient times to the 20^th century.
• Durant's writing style was engaging and accessible, making complex historical events and ideas understandable to a wide audience.
• He believed in the importance of studying history to gain insight into the human condition and to guide present and future actions.
• Durant's contributions to historical scholarship and his ability to bring history to life through his writing have made him a respected figure in the field of history.
• ​E.H. Carr:
• ​E.H. Carr, whose full name was Edward Hallett Carr, was a British historian and international relations theorist.
• He is best known for his influential work "The Twenty Years' Crisis," which examined the interwar period and the failure of the League of Nations.
• Carr's approach to history emphasized the importance of understanding the political and social context in which events occurred, challenging traditional notions of objectivity and highlighting the role of power and ideology.
• He advocated for a nuanced and critical analysis of historical narratives, and his ideas continue to shape the field of international relations and historical scholarship to this day.
• William H. Dray:
• ​William H. Dray was a British historian and philosopher of history.
• He made significant contributions to the philosophy of history, focusing on concepts such as causation, historical explanation, and historical understanding.
• Dray emphasized the importance of context and interpretation in historical analysis and argued against overly deterministic approaches.
• His work explored the complexities of historical causation, highlighting the role of human agency and the contingent nature of historical events.
• Dray's ideas continue to influence the field of history and philosophy, providing valuable insights into the methodology and interpretation of historical scholarship.

The correct answer is Umaji Raje.

Key Points

• The Ramoshi Rebellion of 1831 was led by Umaji Raje Naik.
• He was a Ramoshi chief who led an armed revolt against the East India Company in the western Deccan region of India.
• The rebellion was motivated by the Company's decision to abolish the Ramoshis' traditional right to collect taxes from certain villages.
• The rebellion lasted for nearly eight years and ended with Umaji's death in 1832.
• The company abolished the Ramoshis' right to collect taxes from certain villages.
• This led to widespread resentment among the Ramoshis, and in 1824, Umaji Raje Naik led an armed revolt against the Company.
• The Ramoshi Rebellion was a major challenge to the Company's authority in the Deccan.
• Umaji Raje Naik was a skilled guerrilla fighter, and he used his knowledge of the terrain to his great advantage.
• The Company's forces were often unable to track him down, and he was able to inflict heavy casualties on them.
• The Ramoshi Rebellion was a significant event in the history of the Deccan.
• It showed that the Company's authority was not absolute, and it helped to inspire other rebellions against the Company in the years to come.
• The rebellion also had a lasting impact on the Ramoshis.
• They were forced to abandon their traditional way of life, and they became increasingly marginalized in society.
• However, they never forgot their struggle against the Company, and they continued to demand justice for their community.

Therefore we conclude that the Ramoshi Rebellion of 1831 was led by Umaji Raje.

Additional Information

• Devi Chouharani:
• ​Devi Chouharani is a Bengali novel written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and published in 1884.
• It tells the story of a young woman named Prafulla who is abandoned by her husband and takes up the life of a dacoit.
• She becomes known as Devi Chouharani, or "the goddess queen," and is feared by the British and the local zamindars alike.
• However, she is also loved and respected by the poor and oppressed, who see her as a champion of justice.
• In the end, Devi Chouharani is betrayed by one of her own men and is killed by the British.
• However, her story lives on as an inspiration to those who fight for freedom and justice.
• ​Ram Singh:
• Ram Singh was a tribal leader who led a revolt against the British in 1857.
• He was a Gond, a tribal group that lived in the central India.
• The Gonds were poor and oppressed people, and they were resentful of British rule.
• Ram Singh was a charismatic leader, and he was able to rally the Gonds to his cause.
• He promised to overthrow the British and establish a Gond kingdom.
• Shah Mal:
• ​Shah Mal was a tribal leader who led a revolt against the British in 1860.
• He was a Kol, a tribal group that lived in the Chhota Nagpur region of India.
• The Kols were poor and oppressed people, and they were resentful of British rule.
• Shah Mal was a charismatic leader, and he was able to rally the Kols to his cause.
• He promised to overthrow the British and establish a Kol kingdom.

The correct answer is Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

Key Points

• Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., a Supreme Court Justice from 1902 to 1932, said that "History has to be rewritten because history is the selection of those threads of causes or antecedents that we are interested in."
• This means that history is not a fixed record of events, but rather a series of interpretations that are shaped by the interests and biases of the historian.
• This is because historians are limited by the sources that are available to them.
• They can only use the evidence that has survived, which may be incomplete or biased.
• Additionally, historians must make choices about what to include in their narrative and what to leave out.
• These choices can be influenced by their own personal beliefs and values.
• As a result, no two histories of the same event will be exactly alike.
• Each historian will select different threads of causes and antecedents, and each will weave them together in a different way.
• This is why it is important to read multiple histories of the same event, in order to get a more complete and nuanced understanding of what happened.
• Here are some examples of how history can be rewritten:
• In the 19^th century, historians often wrote about the American Revolution as a glorious victory for freedom and democracy.
• However, in recent years, historians have begun to focus on the darker side of the Revolution, such as the violence and the displacement of Native Americans.
• In the Soviet Union, history was rewritten to glorify the Communist Party and its leaders.
• Any mention of dissent or criticism was suppressed.
• In Nazi Germany, history was rewritten to justify the Holocaust and the Nazi regime.
• Jews were portrayed as subhuman and the Holocaust was denied.
• These are just a few examples of how history can be rewritten.
• It is important to remember that history is not a fixed record of events, but rather a series of interpretations that are shaped by the interests and biases of the historian.

Hence the correct answer is Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

Additional Information

• Max Burbohn:
• ​Max Beerbohm (1872-1956) was an English essayist, caricaturist, and parodist.
• He was known for his witty and sophisticated drawings and writing, which often satirized the social and cultural trends of his time.
• His most famous works include the novel Zuleika Dobson (1911) and the essay collection Seven Men (1919).
• Beerbohm was a popular figure in the late Victorian and Edwardian eras, and his work continues to be read and enjoyed today.
• ​William Zinsser:
• ​William Zinsser was a renowned American writer, editor, and teacher.
• He is best known for his book On Writing Well, which has sold over 1 million copies and is considered a classic guide to nonfiction writing.
• Zinsser also wrote several other books on writing, including Writing to Learn and Writing About Your Life.
• He taught writing at Yale University and the New School, and his students included many notable writers, such as Nora Ephron and David Maraniss.
• Zinsser was a champion of clear and concise writing, and his work has inspired generations of writers.
• Henry Adams:
• ​Henry Adams was an American historian, novelist, and diarist who was born in Boston in 1838.
• He was the great-grandson of John Adams and the grandson of John Quincy Adams, both of whom served as U.S. presidents.
• Adams's most famous work is The Education of Henry Adams, an autobiography that chronicles his intellectual and spiritual development from his youth to his old age.
• Adams died in 1918 at the age of 80.