UGC NET Paper 2: English 22nd Dec 2018 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is "Unbidden pain afflicts us, but we are lured by love.​"

Key Points

• The given excerpt is taken from the poem 'The Broken Heart' by John Donne.
• The poem summarizes the agony of a lover's broken heart and emotions.
• The first part of line 5, "They come to us," implies that other sorrows or troubles simply happen to individuals.
• The second half of the line, "but us love draws," implies that, unlike other griefs, love has a magnetic or attractive quality - it pulls or 'lures' individuals towards it.
• Thus, the 3^rd option successfully encapsulates the dual ideas expressed in line 5 – the passive arrival of other griefs and the active, enticing aspect of love.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Important Points

• John Donne is an important seventeenth-century English poet. He later became the Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral in London.
• Donne's poetry was based on the themes of love, sex, religion, and death.
• He was one of the important metaphysical poets, a term associated with the poets of this century by Samuel Johnson.
• Metaphysical poets made use of conceits and emphasized the language rather than the quality of the lyric.
• Thus metaphysical poetry is characterized to be intellectual with complex thoughts.

The correct answer is "The Women's Suffrage Act"

Key Points

• Victorian era began with the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901 until her death.
• In this era, a series of reform acts were passed that enabled rules and regulations for labor, taxes, trade, marriage, property, and others.
• Women lost their right to vote in the Victorian era due to the Reform Act of 1832.
• According to this Act, only male citizens could legitimately vote. Women were not included in this Act as well as in the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835.
• This issue became a national movement in the Victorian era and the bill was passed finally in 1918.
• Thus, the Woman Suffrage Act was passed in 1918 and 1928.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Additional Information

• The first Factory Act was passed in 1833 by Whig Government that regulated the working hours for women and children in the family.
• Factory Acts dealt with textile factories, labor manuals, labor welfare, trading licenses, and taxes.
• The Custody of Infants Act was passed in 1839. This was influenced by author Caroline Norton's life who had a failure with her husband.
• In her pamphlet she talked about the mother's sole custody of her child.
• The Married Women's Property Act of 1882 allowed all married women to be the owners and administrators of their own property after marriage.

The correct answer is "Synecdochic use; names for their respective works.".

Key Points

• In the given line the plural form of the authors, Chaucers and Shakespeares refers to the use of Synecdoche.
• In synecdoche, a part is made to represent the whole.
• The speaker in this line is referring to the different works by Chaucer and Shakespeare.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Important Points

• Synecdoche is a figure of speech where a part represents the whole.
• For example, She works to feed the hungry mouths in her home.
• Here, the mouth is a part that represents human being as a whole.

The correct answer is "Juvenal".

Key Points

• London (1738) by Samuel Jonson is inspired by the Third Satire of Juvenal.
• This is his first imitation of Juvenal.
• The poem features the character Thales who leaves London for Whales. In Juvenal's version, it was Umbricius leaving Rome to live in Cumae.
• The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749) by Samuel Jonson mentions in its subtitle that it is inspired by the Tenth Satire of Juvenal.
• This work is the second imitation of Juvenal by Johnson.
• This poem focuses on the futility of humans and their quest for something of greater worth. This part resembles Juvenal tenth satire.
• However the ending is made different by Johnson where he concludes with Christian values of living.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Important Points

• Juvenal was a famous Latin author during the reign of King Augustus in Rome.
• He was a satirist and followed the poetic tradition of Lucilius, Horace, and Persius.
• The Satires (Latin name Saturae) by Juvenal are a collection of satirical poems written in dactylic hexameter.
• It was written between the end of the first and the early second centuries A.D.
• The book is divided into five parts and focuses on society and social mores.

The correct answer is "(a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)".

Key Points

• The given plays are famous works by Samuel Beckett. The following are the settings of the plays:
• The play Krapp's Last Tape opens with Krapp's birthday in his room.
• The play is set in the future on the 69^th birthday of the Krapp in his bare room with white lights.
• The play Happy Days opens with Winnie the central character. She was buried in a low mound of grassland under the blazing light.
• In Act I she was buried waist-deep and she continues her daily routine. In Act II she is buried up to her neck when she only talks about her happy days.
• Waiting for Godot opens in the middle of a country road and a tree, where Estragon and Vladimir wait for Godot.
• In Endgame, the characters of the play Hamm, Nagg, Clov, and Nell all live in a room with a bare interior, only two windows, and grey light entering.

Therefore, the correct option is "option 1".

The correct answer is "instead of revealing England's divisions, it reveled in its diversity"

Key Points

• In Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, the speakers are from different diverse groups.
• The work depicts the social classes, customs, and language of 14^th-century England.
• Instead of concentrating only on this social division, this masterpiece builds the narrative that highlights this diversity.
• The speakers here range from Knights, Squire, Nun, Friar, and Wife of Bath. This shows the shifting dynamics of social power as the wife of bath is from the lower social class.
• The stories shared by the speakers further elaborate on the faith and doubt predominant among different social classes in late medieval Christianity.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Important Points

• Canterbury Tales is Geoffrey Chaucer's magnum opus. It is estimated that it has been composed in Middle English between 1387 and 1400.
• It is a collection of twenty-four stories in 17,000 lines told by 30 pilgrims.
• The work opens with the pilgrims who gathered to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral.
• While they gather at Tabard Inn in London, the pilgrims are asked to participate in the storytelling contest, and the winner would get a free meal in the inn.
• In the Prologue, Chaucer's intention of writing a total of 120 tales is mentioned (4 tales from each of the pilgrims).
• However, the work is left incomplete with only 24 tales. The text however is considered an important Middle English literary work.

The correct answer is "A work of literature is "beautiful" insofar as it offers an accurate representation of its subject matter, with fully realized characters and vivid description of events."

Key Points

• The term mimesis refers to the imitation or representation of real life in art or literature.
• The line 'beauty is truth, truth beauty' is taken from the poem Ode on a Grecian Urn by John Keats.
• The poem reflects on the beauty of a Grecian urn and the artwork engraved in its body.
• The  given line refers to the artwork engraved in the body that brings forth events from real life.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4". 

Important Points

• Negative capability is one of the important concepts by Keats.
• This refers to the capacity of the greatest writers to pursue a vision of artistic beauty over philosophical certainty.
• Often pursuing this artistic beauty causes intellectual confusion, and great writers like Shakespeare had 'negative capability' which made him accept “uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason.”

The correct answer is "(a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)"

Key Points

• The given poems are composed by John Keats around 1819.
• "O Goddess! hear these tuneless numbers, wrung/ By sweet enforcement and remembrance dear" is the opening line of the poem Ode to Psyche.
• The poem is the first poem of the 1819 ode series. The poem is a re-imagination of the goddess Psyche and Eros and a meditation on the nature of love.
• "Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness/ Thou foster-child of silence and slow time," is the opening line of Ode on a Grecian Urn.
• The poem vividly describes the beauty of nature and the artwork engraved in the urn. The poem is addressed to those frozen moments of time depicted on the urn.
• Ode to a Nightingale opens with the line "My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains / My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk".
• The poem is addressed to a nightingale and is a fine example of negative capability. The nightingale and its songs highlight the theme of nature, transience, and mortality
• Ode on Melancholy opens with the following lines "No, no, go not to Lethe, neither twist / Wolf's-bane, tight-rooted, for its poisonous wine". The poem is based on classical themes, characters, and places such as Psyche, Lethe, and Proserpine.
• Lethe is the river of the underworld and classical myths refer to Lethe as transience to hell.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct option is "(R) does not follow logically from (A).".

Key Points

• In the given assertion and reason, they are not logically related to each other.
• The statement given in the assertion section describes trends in Cultural studies and not Gender studies.
• Cultural studies investigate the cultural practices in a larger system of operating power associated with social phenomena.
• It look at the cultural produces and the political dynamics related to it.
• Racism, ethnocentrism, and cultural relativism are all addressed under cultural studies.
• Gender studies on the other hand deals with gender identity and gendered representation in the existing condition of society.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "The Death of the Author" by Roland Barthes"

Key Points

• The Death of the Author is an important essay by Roland Barthes.
• The essay is a critical work that rejects the authorial intention for analysis of a literary work.
• According to Barthes, the text contains a plethora of meanings that should be understood independently.
• Considering the author's fixed meaning and relating the text with the personal information of the author closes the expanse of the text.
• Barthes considers the readers more important than the authorial intent to analyze the meaning of the text.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2''

Important Points

• Roland Barthes is a French critic, theorist, essayist, and semiotician.
• His works are important to Western literary criticism.
• He contributed largely to concepts of sign, meaning, and textual analysis.
• Of his notable works, in S/Z he talks about the five important codes that bear certain meanings in the text.

The correct answer is "(a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)"

Key Points

• Collocation is a predictable combination of words.
• For example, heavy makeup forms a greater combination than the word combination of strong makeup.
• Corpus is a collection of texts or an entire body of work on a particular subject.
• For example a 'Freudian corpus', means an entire body or collection of works on Freud.
• Hyponymy is a semantic relationship of one-to-many. It is the relation between hyponym (specific semantic field) and hypernym (more generic or wide semantic field).
• Matrix is a grid used in lexical analysis.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "John Webster".

Key Points

• The lines are taken from Act II, scene I in the Duchess of Malfi by John Webster.
• The play was published in 1623 and is a Jacobean revenge tragedy.
• It revolves around the tragic fate of the Duchess who marries a man of lower social order and is avenged by her two brothers.
• The given lines are said by the character Bosola in this scene.
• Bosola is the spy planted by Duke Ferdinand. He is appointed as the estate manager in Duchess's estate.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

Important Points

• John Webster was a celebrated English Jacobean dramatist.
• He is famous for his two important tragedies The White Devil and Duchess of Malfi.
• He wrote his plays mostly in blank verse like his other contemporaries.

The correct answer is "Thomas de Quincey".

Key Points

• "On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth" by Thomas De Quincey is an essay on Shakespearean criticism.
• The work was published in 1823, and the first edition appeared in London Magazine.
• The essay focuses on Act II, scene three in The Tragedy of Macbeth. In this, the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth takes place.
• Act II ends with knocking at the gate which opens to the Porter scene.
• De Quincey attempts a psychological interpretation of this scene and Shakespeare.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

Important Points

• Thomas De Quincey was an important Romantic-era English writer, essayist, and literary critic.
• He is known for his important work Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821).
• His writing style was mostly imaginative, convoluted prose style that is reflected in Confessions of an English Opium-Eater.

The correct answer is "Graham Swift's Waterland".

Key Points

• The line is taken from the novel Waterland (1983) by Graham Swift.
• The work contains a new historicist and postmodernist influence of literature.
• The story revolves around the narrator Tom Crick.
• He is a middle-aged history teacher who narrates the story with a shift from the present to the past.
• The story is told in a fragmented narrative style on themes like murder, suicide, abortion, incest, and madness.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "(ii) and (iii)".

Key Points

• Kitchen Sink Drama is a cultural movement in England that developed during the 1950s.
• These dramas are social realism that emphasizes the domestic life of working-class people in an urban area.
• The term was used by David Sylvester to describe painters who depicted scenes from domestic life.
• Eminent playwrights who wrote Kitchen Sink drama are John Osborne and Arnold Wesker.
• Chicken Soup with Barley (1958) and Roots (1959) are two plays from Arnold Wesker's trilogy series.
• The third drama of this series is I am Talking About Jerusalem (1960).

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Important Points

• Kitchen Sink Drama is associated with the Angry Young Man Movement.
• This movement was associated with the group of working- and middle-class British playwrights and novelists who came in prominence in the 1950s.
• Key figures in this movement include John Osborne and Kingsley Amis, John Braine, Alan Sillitoe, and John Wain.
• The famous John Osborne's 1956 play Look Back in Anger promotes the characteristic of this movement.

The correct answer is "Old English practice of making plural nouns"

Key Points

• The plurals children and brethren were popular in the 12^th century.
• This invention of the uncommon -en ending was added to words that already had an uncommon plural like childru, brether, etc.
• This is one of the inflections in the English language that survived since the Old English period.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1". 

Important Points

• Inflections in a language is the change which can be an addition to the form of a word.
• It on the whole changes the way of using the word in the sentences.
• There are several kinds of inflections in English-
• the genitive ('s)
• the plural (-s)
• the third-person singular (-s)
• the past tense -d, -ed, or -t
• the negative particle ('nt)
• (-ing) forms of verbs
• the comparative (-er) and the superlative (-est).
• For example, in the case of plural inflection in the English language "-s" is added to cat and we get cats.

The correct answer is ‘Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden".

Key Points 

• The White Man’s Burden (1899) was a poem by Rudyard Kipling.
• The poem is about the Philippine-American War (1899-1902).
• The poem exhorts the United States to take control of the Filipino people and their land.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Important Points 

• Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) was an English poet, novelist, short-story writer and journalist.
• He was born in British India.
• His other works of fiction include The Jungle Book (1894), The Second Jungle Book (1895) and Kim (1901).  ​

Additional Information

• The Englishwoman in India by Maud Diver was published in 1909.
• Hindoo Holiday is a comic memoir by the English author J.R. Ackerley published in 1932.
• The Garden of Fidelity is an autobiography by Flora Annie Steel.
• The original title of the book is The Garden of Fidelity: Being the Autobiography of Flora Annie Steel 1847-1929.

The correct answer is ‘William Cullen Bryant, H.W. Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes’. 

Key Points 

• The term Fireside Poets is used to designate a group of five poets.
• These are W.C. Bryant, H.W. Longfellow, J.G. Whittier, O.W. Holmes and James Russell Lowell.
• The Fireside poets are also known as the schoolroom or household poets.
• They were a group of 19^th-century American poets.
• They presented domestic themes and messages of morality in conventional poetic forms.
• They were extremely popular both in the United States and overseas.
• They shaped their era until their decline in popularity at the beginning of the 20^th century.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is ‘Horace’. 

Key Points 

• Ars Poetica or The Art of Poetry is a poem written by Horace.
• In the book, Horace’s injunction that poetry should “instruct and delight” has often been repeated and has had a great influence on subsequent generations.
• It has come to be known as the Horatian platitude.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3. 

Important Points 

• Horace (December 8, 65- November 27, 8 BC) was the leading Roman lyric poet.
• He lived during the age of Augustus.
• His surviving works include Satires I, Satires II, Epistles I, Epistles II, Odes 1-3, Odes 4, and Epodes.

Additional Information

• Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath.
• Plotinus was a Greek philosopher in the Hellenistic tradition born and raised in Roman Egypt.
• Longinus is the name given to the Roman soldier who pierced the side of Jesus with a lance.
• The lance is called the Holy Lance in Christianity.

The correct answer is ‘Sense, Feeling, Tone and Intention’. 

Key Points 

• The four kinds of meaning was proposed by I.A. Richards in his seminal book Practical Criticism: A Study of Literary Judgement.
• The book appeared in the year 1929.
• The phrase Practical Criticism is borrowed from the poet and critic Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
• Richards identified four kinds of meaning, which finally unified into one meaning.
• The total meaning of a word depends upon four factors: sense, feeling, tone and intention.
• Sense refers to what is said or the items referred by a writer.
• Feeling refers to the emotion, will, desire, interest, attitude etc.
• Tone is the attitude towards the audience/reader/listener.
• Intention is the writer’s conscious/unconscious aim or the effect he/she is trying to produce.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2. 

Important Points 

• Ivor Armstrong Richards (1893-1979) was an English critic and Rhetorician.
• He was part of the movement New Criticism.
• His notable works are The Foundations of Aesthetics (1922), Science and Poetry (1926), and Coleridge on Imagination (1934).

The correct answer is ‘Pious devotion to religious virtues’. 

Key Points 

• The Cavalier Poets was a school of poetry during the 17^th century.
• They supported Charles I during the English Civil War (1642-1651).
• The cavalier poets had certain themes common to their poetry.
• Celebration of Beauty, Love, Nature, Sensuality, Drinking, Good fellowship, honour and social life were some of the topics common to their poetry.
• All these themes certainly mirror the motto of Carpe Diem.
• Most of the cavalier poets were courtiers but that is not what defined their poetry.
• Robert Herrick was not a courtier but his style is certainly that of the cavalier poets.
• The most notable Cavalier Poets were Richard Lovelace, Thomas Carew, and John Suckling.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is ‘It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others.’

Key Points 

• The concept of double consciousness is explored by Du Bois in his 1903 collection of essays The Souls of Black Folk.
• It describes the inward ‘twoness’ of black Americans.
• Double consciousness refers to the internal conflict experienced by African-Americans in a white-dominated racialised society.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2. 

Important Points

• W.E.B Du Bois (1868-1963) was an American sociologist, historian and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist.
• He was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
• Some of his notable works are The Souls of Black Folk (1903), Black Reconstruction in America (1935) and his autobiography Dusk of Dawn (1940).

The correct answer is ‘David Wilkie’.

Key Points 

• The painter who noted about Charles Dickens that there had been nothing comparable to him since the days of Samuel Richardson, was David Wilkie.
• David Wilkie (1785-1841) was a Scottish painter.
• He painted in a wide variety of genres, like historical scenes, portraits, scenes from his travels to Europe and the Middle East.
• He was sometimes known as the ‘people’s painter’.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information 

• John Cruickshank (1924-1995) was an Irish literary scholar on French language, literature and culture.
• Some of his notable works are Albert Camus and the Literature of Revolt (1960), The Novelist as Philosopher (1962), and Aspects of the Modern European Mind (1969).
• Leonard Woolf (1880-1969) was a British author, publisher and civil servant.
• He is the author of the novel The Village in the Jungle (1913).
• Ernest Dawson (1867-1900) was an English poet, novelist and short-story writer.
• He was associated with the Decadent Movement, a late nineteenth-century artistic and literary movement in Western Europe which was based on an aesthetic ideology of excess.

The correct answer is "Creeps, syllable, struts, heard"

Key Points

• The lines are taken from the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare.
• This celebrated Shakespearean play was published in 1606.
• The play centers around the tragic end of Macbeth whose ambitions become the cause of his misery.
• These lines are said by Macbeth himself as he finds life meaningless.
• Macbeth says - 
• "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow,

creeps in this petty pace from day to day,

To the last syllable of recorded time;

And all our yesterdays have lighted fools

The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!

Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player,

That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,

And then is heard no more: it is a tale

Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,

Signifying nothing.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is ‘(a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)’. 

Key Points 

• The Man of the Mode or Sir Fopling Flutter is a 1676 Restoration comedy written by George Etherege (1636-1692). 
• The play follows the womaniser Dorimant who tries to win over the young Heiress Harriet.
• The Country Wife is a Restoration comedy written by William Wycherley (1641-1716), first performed in 1675. 
• Lady Fidget is a character in the play The Country Wife.
• The Malcontent is an early Jacobean stage play written by the dramatist and satirist John Marston (1576-1634).
• Giovanni Altofronto/Malevole is the deposed Duke of Genoa, disguised as malcontent Malévole in the play.
• The Plain Dealer is a Restoration comedy by William Wycherley (1641-1716) first performed in December 1676.
• Vernish is a character in the play, The Plain Dealer.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is ‘Hope’.

Key Points 

• Crossing the Bar is a poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, written in 1889.
• The poem is about the poet’s acceptance of death and expresses his hope to see his ‘Pilot’ face to face when he has crossed the bar.
• Death Carol by Walt Whitman appears as part of the long poem When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d, written in 1865 on the assassination of the American President Abraham Lincoln.
• The poet welcomes death with the opening words of the poem—“Come lovely and soothing death”—and expresses his joy at the world.
• L’Envoi is a poem by Rudyard Kipling, written in 1896.
• The poem expresses hope even in death since death brings with it eternal rest and happiness.
• The three poems bear the same attitude towards death, which is that of hope.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is "a popular matador and writer"

Key Points

• Frederico Garcia Lorca was a Spanish poet who is known for his Andalusian works.
• ‘Lament for Ignacio Sanchez Mejias’ by Federico García Lorca is a long elegy.
• It is written in four parts to commemorate the death of a great bullfighter of Spain, ‘Ignacio Sanchez’.
• Sanchez is hence the central figure and was also a friend of the poet.
• The four parts of the elegy are –
• (a) Cogida and Death
• (b) The spilled Blood
• (c) The laid out Body
• (d) Absent soul

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "Tobias Smollett's Roderick Random".

Key Points

• The Adventures of Roderick Random is a novel by Tobias Smollett published in 1748.
• The novel is set in the 1730s and 1740s and tells the life story of the central character Roderick "Rory" Random.
• It is a picaresque novel and concentrates on the development of Roderick's character.
• The novel is partially based on Smollett's experience as a naval surgeon's friend in the Royal Navy.
• Smollett translated Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote (1605–15) and Alain-René Lesage's Gil Blas in English and took inspiration for this novel.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Important Points

• The picaresque novel is a genre of prose fiction.
• It depicts the adventures of a roguish character coming from a low social class and living in a corrupt society that is not fair to the character.
• Picaresque novels are written in a realistic style as a social comment.

Additional Information

• William Beckford's Vathek is a Gothic novel written in 1782. The novel is a  chronicle of the fall of the power of Caliph Vathek.
• Matthew Lewis's The Monk is a Gothic novel written in 1796. The story is about a monk named Ambrosio, who gets involved in a life of depravity by Matilda, a woman who entered the monastery disguised as a man.
• Ann Radcliffe's The Italian is a Gothic novel published in 1796. The novel deals with prevalent issues like religion, aristocracy, and nationality during French Revolution.

The correct answer is ‘The Castle of Crossed Destinies’. 

Key Points 

• The Castle of Crossed Destinies is a novel by the Italian writer Italo Calvino.
• The travellers in the novel are inexplicably unable to speak after passing through a forest.
• The characters then take recourse to tarot cards to recount their tales.
• The deck of the cards scatter at the end of the novel and so do their identities.
• The novel was published in 1969.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3. 

Important Points 

• Italo Calvino (1923-1985) was an Italian writer and journalist.
• His other works include The Path to the Spiders’ Nest (1947), The Cloven Viscount (1952), Italian Folktales (1956) and The Baron in the Tress (1957).
• Invisible cities was published in the year 1972.
• Our Ancestors was published in the year 1960.

The correct answer is ‘(i) and (ii)’.

Key Points 

• Doctor Faustus is an Elizabethan tragedy by Christopher Marlowe.
• It was probably written in 1592 or 1593 before Marlowe’s death.
• The play was originally titled The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus.
• In Scene I of the play, Faustus, after surveying various fields of knowledge, is not satisfied with them and wants to learn the art of necromancy.
• He, then, summons Valdes and Cornelius who will help him conjure up spirits.
• Valdes counsels Faustus to study the works of Bacon and Abanus, the Hebrew Psalter and New Testament.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Important Points 

• Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) was an Elizabethan playwright, poet and translator.
• He was a contemporary of William Shakespeare.
• Some of his best known plays are Tamburlaine (1587 or 1588), Dido, Queen of Carthage (1585-87), and The Jew of Malta (1589-90).

The correct answer is ‘The ideal audience envisioned by the author and to whom the work of literature is supposedly addressed’.

Key Points 

• The concept of the implied reader was discussed by Wolfgang Iser in The Implied Reader (1972).
• The implied reader refers to the hypothetical reader to whom a literary work is addressed to.
• The implied reader’s thoughts and attitudes differs from the actual reader.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

Important Points 

• Wolfgang Iser (1926-2007) was a German literary scholar.
• He proposed theories of reader-response, which were initially presented in a lecture titled The Affective Structure of the Text (1970).
• His notable works are The Implied Reader (1972) and The Act of Reading (1976).

The correct answer is ‘(a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)’.

Key Points 

• Inheritance (1997) is a novel by Indira Ganesan.
• It is a coming of age story, set on a small island named Pi, off the coast of India.
• Indira Ganesan is also the author of novels like The Journey and As Sweet as Honey.
• Listening Now (1998) is a novel by Anjana Appachana.
• The novel unfolds with the intensely personal worlds of its seven characters.
• There is the child Mallika and her mother Padma, and Parma’s contemporaries.
• The past events are revisited through the different perspective of each character in the story.
• Sister of My Heart (1999) is a novel by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni.
• The publication of the novel was followed by its sequel—The Vine of Desire, published in 2002.
• The story revolves around two Indian girls, Anju and Sudha, who narrate their stories in alternating chapters.
• The Hero’s Walk (2000) is a novel by Anita Rau Badami.
• This is the second novel by Anita Rau Badami.
• The story is set in Toturpuram, a small city on the Bay of Bengal, where a copywriter named Sripathi Rao struggles to make a living and support his family.

​Therefore, the correct answer is option 2. 

Important Points 

• Indira Ganesan was born in South India and immigrated to the United States when she was five years old.
• Born in 1972, Anjana Appachana is an Indian origin American writer.
• Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni is an Indian writer from Calcutta born in 1956.
• Anita Rau Badami is an Indian writer who emigrated to Canada in the year 1991.

The correct answer is ‘The Marriage of Heaven and Hell’. 

Key Points 

• The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is a book of essays, poems and illustrations by William Blake.
• The book was composed between 1790 and 1793.
• The book is a series of texts expressing the author’s Romantic and Revolutionary beliefs.
• In the book, Blake wrote about John Milton’s Paradise Lost that Milton was “ a true poet and the devil’s party without knowing it”.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3. 

Important Points 

1. William Blake (1757-1827) was an English poet, painter and print maker.
2. He is sometimes seen as the precursor to what later became known as the Romantic period of English literature.
3. He belonged to the first generation of Romantic poets.

Additional Information 

• The Chimney Sweeper and London are poems written by William Blake.
• They were included both in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
• They were published respectively in the year 1789 and 1794.

The correct answer is "(a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)".

Key Points

• Rupert Birkin is a character from Women In Love (1920) by D.H Lawrence.
• The novel is a sequel to The Rainbow and it revolves around the love relationship of the Brangwen sisters.
• Rupert Birkin is an introspective school inspector and reflects the character of the author. Birkin is in a relationship with Ursula who is a different personality than him.
• Lydia Lensky is a character from the novel The Rainbow (1915).
• The novel revolves around three generations of the Brangwen family living in a rural setup and the struggle to the growth of the characters within the confinement of English social life.
• Lydia Lensky is the love interest of the first central character of this work Tom Brangwen.
• Miriam Leivers is a character from the novel Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence.
• She is a country girl and Paul Morel's first love.
• Richard Somers is a character from the novel Kangaroo by Lawrence.
• He is an independent British essayist and poet who left England after having been detained during World War I.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is ‘distortions inherent in the rhetoricity of language’.

Key Points 

• Deconstruction refers to a set of approaches to understand the relationship between a text and its meaning.
• The philosopher Jacques Derrida introduced the concept of deconstruction in his 1967 book Of Grammatology.
• The work was inspired by literary theorists like Ferdinand de Saussure and Roland Barthes.
• Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) was a French philosopher, born in Algeria.
• He developed the philosophy of deconstruction.
• Derrida’s writings have had a remarkable influence on the humanities and social sciences, philosophy, anthropology, historiography, linguistics, psychoanalysis, law, architecture as well as political theory.
• Speech and Phenomena (1967) is considered by many critics to be his most important work.
• Other notable writings include Of Grammatology (1967), Writing and Difference (1967), and Margins of Philosophy (1972).

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is ‘Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe’.

Key Points

• The Plague is a novel by Albert Camus, originally published in 1947.
• Albert Camus opens his novel with an epigraph from Daniel Defoe’s preface to Robinson Crusoe.
• The Plague tells the story of a plague which affects the French Algerian city of Oran.
• Its French title is La Peste.
• The epitaph may refer to the plague described in the work as an allegory which represents something greater than itself.
• Robinson Crusoe is a fictional work by Daniel Defoe, originally published in 1719.
• Daniel Defoe also wrote The Journal of the Plague Year in 1722, which narrates a man’s experiences of the bubonic plague which afflicted London in 1665.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Important Points 

• Albert Camus (1913-1960) was a French philosopher, playwright and novelist.
• He was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature.
• Some of his best known works include The Stranger (1942), The Myth of Sisyphus (1942), and The Rebel (1951).

Additional Information 

• An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation is a book by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, originally published in 1789.
• The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner is a psychological novel by James Hogg, published anonymously in 1824.
• The Anatomy of Melancholy is a 1621 book by Robert Burton, presented as a medical work.

The correct answer is ‘the divine, Powers, our country’.

Key Points 

• The above epitaph is taken from Epitaphs of the War by Rudyard Kipling.
• Epitaphs are memorial inscriptions for tombstones.
• In the above epitaph, Kipling refers to the divine powers which the dead man may have prayed to in ‘our country’, France.
• These were first published in The Years Between in 1919.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Important Points 

• Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) is a Victorian poet, novelist and short-story writer.
• He was born in British India at the Malabar Hill, Bombay Presidency.
• He was awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Literature.
• Some of his best known works include The Jungle Book (1894), Kim (1901), and poems like “Ganga Din”, “If”, and “The White Man’s Burden”.

The correct answer is 'Amaryllis is a shepherdess mentioned in ancient pastoral poetry, notably in Virgil's Eclogues; Neaera, a nymph who appears in Virgil's Eclogues.'

Key Points

• Lycidas is a pastoral elegy by John Milton composed in 1637.
• The pastoral form is modelled after Virgil's Eclogues. Milton dedicates this poem to his deceased friend Edward King.
• Lycidas is a historical name, Herodotus in Book IX mentions Lycidas who was supposedly an Athenian councilor in Salamis.
• Amaryllis is a character in Roman Literature. She is a stock character, a young woman who is usually mentioned as a shepherdess.
• In classical poetry, notably in Virgil's Eclogues, she is mentioned as a shepherdess.
• Neaera is a mentioned as a nymph in Virgil's Eclogues and also in Milton's Lycidas.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Important Points

• John Milton was the celebrated English poet of 17^th century.
• He wrote mainly in blank verse and was also a pamphleteer.
• His celebrated works are Areopagitica (1644), Paradise Lost (1667), and Lycidas.

The correct answer is "The metaphysical poets' tendency to saunter away.".

Key Points

• The term Metaphysical Poets was used to describe a group of English poets of 17^th century.
• These group of poets made use of conceits and emphasized on rhetoric rather than the lyrical quality of their verse.
• The term was coined by Samuel Johnson.
• He used the term in his critical work 'Life of Cowley' (1779) where he talked about the metaphysical poets.
• Metaphysical poets were also called as baroque poets due to their diverse style in writing.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Important Points

• Abraham Cowley (1618 – 28 July 1667) was a celebrated 17^th century English poet and essayist.
• The Mistress; or, Several Copies of Love Verses (1647) is one of this notable collection of poem.
• Samuel Johnson was a famous 18^th century English writer, poet, playwright, essayist, moralist, critic, biographer, editor, and lexicographer.
• He is famous for his contribution to English language with his work A Dictionary of the English Language.

The correct answer is ‘Native speakerism’.

Key Points 

• According to Adrian Holiday, native speakerism is an ideology which upholds the idea that ‘native speakers’ are the best models and teachers of English.
• This is because they represent a ‘Western culture’, from which comes both the ideals of English and the methodologies for teaching it.
• It is an ideology which represents a distorted worldview and supports certain vested interests.
• The concept of the ‘native speaker’ as a superior model and teacher was constructed by American and British agencies in the 1960s in order to further their agenda of spreading English as a global product.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Important Points 

• Adrian Holiday (born 1950) is a Professor of Applied Linguistics and Intercultural Education at Canterbury Christ Church University.
• His research includes the politics of English language teaching, discourses of culture, ideology and cultural imperialism.
• He identified ‘native speakerism’ as a neo-racist ideology in English Language Teaching.

The correct answer is "Gerrard Winstanley".

Key Points

• The term 'Digger' is associated with the group of agrarian communists who flourished in England around 1649-50.
• The group was led by Gerrard Winstanley.
• In April, 1649, a group of poor men under the leadership of  Winstanley assembled at St. George Hill and began to cultivate the common land.
• This group considered English Civil War was fought against the monarch and great landowners.
• With the end of the war and execution of Charles I, they thought the land should be made available for the poor to cultivate.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "In representing the sensual aspects of reality, the poet fails to discern the transcendent reality behind mere appearance."

Key Points

• Plato banished the poet from his ideal state because they strayed away from reality.
• Plato preferred reality in poetry, but it was not truly presented by the poets.
• Poets use imagination and ornamented language to represent beyond the reality. The poetic works are three steps away from reality.
• While representing such imagination they transcend the reality and hence they should not be a part of ideal society.
• According to Plato, such poetry evoked the emotions among the audience and did not teach any moral lessons.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

 Important Points

• Plato discussed about the ideal state and attacks the poets in his work 'The Republic'.
• The book is Socratic dialogue by Plato. Socratic dialogue is a genre that includes Socrates as a main character in the work.
• The book focuses on the formation of an ideal state or a Republic and its structure.

The correct answer is ‘embodies values and gives rise to art that can be shared by people of all classes’.

Key Points 

• Gitanjali is a collection of poems by Rabindranath Tagore, translated into English by the poet himself as Song Offerings in 1912.
• W.B. Yeats wrote the Introduction to the English translation of Gitanjali—published as Song Offerings.
• In his introduction, Yeats praises India and its culture which embodies values which give rise to art which is accessible to people of all classes.
• Yeats says—“The work of a supreme culture, they yet appear as much a growth of the common soil as the grass and the rushes.”

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Important Points 

• Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was a Bengali poet, playwright, painter, composer, social reformer and philosopher.
• He was awarded the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature.
• Some of his best known works include novels like Gora, Char Adhyay, Ghare Baire, Noukadubi and Shesher Kobita.

The correct answer is "Francis Jeffrey".

Key Points

• The given line is the view point of Francis Jeffrey.
• He makes this comment while reviewing 'Thalaba' by Robert Southey.
• Jeffrey comments that 'They are dissenters from the established system in poetry and criticism'.
• By 'they' Jeffrey meant Wordsworth, Coleridge, Lamb, and Southey.
• According to him this group of poets 'liberated themselves from the bondage of ancient authority' and 'the most formidable conspiracy against sound judgement in matters political'.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Important Points

• Francis Jeffrey was critic of new literature.
• He was also a Scottish judge.
• He was founder and editor of the important critical journal 'The Edinburgh Review' (1802 - 1929).

Additional Information

• Henry Vaughan was one of the important metaphysical poets.
• He was also a translator in English, and a medical physician. His notable work is Silex Scintillians (1650).
• Ralph Vaughan was an English composer. He composed operas, ballets, chamber music, secular, and religious vocals.
• Francisco Franco was a general and the leader and an important name in Spanish Civil war.

The correct answer is "Pentameter".

Key Points

• Pentameter is a line of verse that contains five metrical feet.
• Pentameter is used as a poetic meter from Classical days (in Greek and Latin verse).
• A poem written in a particular pentameter means the poem contains five feet in a line.
• A foot is formed of the combination of unstressed and stressed syllable.
• Depending on the pattern of the feet, the pentameter can be of the following types:
• Iambic pentameter (two-syllable meters along with trochaic and spondaic. Total five feet in a line)
• Dactylic pentameter (anapestic along with a three syllable meter)

Therefore, the answer is "option 1".

Important Points

• Geoffrey Chaucer was the first to use iambic pentameter in most of his works.
• With Chaucer this became the major form in 14^th century literature.
• His famous work The Canterbury Tales was written in iambic pentameter.

The correct answer is ‘Shakespeare’s Tempest’.

Key Points

• The above passage is taken from Act III, Scene 1 of The Tempest, a play by William Shakespeare.
• These lines are spoken by Ferdinand, in praise of Miranda.
• Ferdinand praises Miranda as the perfect woman who surpasses every other woman.
• The play is set in a remote island, where Prospero lives with his daughter, Miranda, and two servants, Caliban and Ariel.
• It is considered to be one of the last plays by the playwright, probably dating around 1610-1611.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

Important Points 

• William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English playwright, actor and poet.
• He is also known as the ‘Bard of Avon’.
• He wrote a total of 30 plays, 154 sonnets and a few poems in his lifetime.
• He was the key figure of the **Elizabethan Age.**​

Additional Information

• Doctor Faustus is an Elizabethan tragedy by Christopher Marlowe, probably written around 1592 or 1593.
• Women Beware Women is a Jacobean tragedy by Thomas Middleton, first published in 1657.
• The Duchess of Malfi is a Jacobean revenge tragedy by John Webster, dating back to 1612-1613.

The correct answer is "(ii) and (iii)".

Key Points

• Journal to Stella is a series of letters by Jonathan Swift that was addressed to Esther Johnson and Rebecca Dingley.
• The series contains 65 letters addressed to Stella.
• The letters were written between 1710 and 1713 and contains vivid details of 18^th century England.
• Esther Johnson is the Stella here, whom Swift might have married.
• However, sometimes some letters were addressed to her friend Rebecca Dingley.

Therefore, the correct option is "option 1".

Important Points

• Jonathan Swift was a famous 18^th century satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer.
• He adopted different pen names for publishing his works, such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, and M. B. Drapier.
• His satire followed Horatian and Juvenalian style.
• His notable works are :
• A Modest Proposal
• A Tale of a Tub
• Drapier's Letters
• Gulliver's Travels
• A Modest Proposal

The correct answer is "The myth of the phoenix".

Key Points

• The lines are taken from the poem 'Lady Lazarus' by Sylvia Plath.
• The 4^th and 5^th lines talk about the myth of phoenix.
• Phoenix is a mythological figure.
• According to Greek mythology, phoenix can live long by cyclically regenerating or through rebirth.
• It is believed the bird obtains a new life by rising from its own ashes or the ashes of its predecessors.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

Important Points

• Sylvia Plath was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer. She won Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1982.
• She is known for writing confessional poetry.
• Her notable works includes 'The Bell Jar', 'Plath: Poems, Ariel', 'Lady Lazarus', and 'The Collected Poems'.

The correct answer is "A formal feeling".

Key Points

• 'After great pain,  A formal feeling comes' is a famous poem by Emily Dickinson.
• It describes the emotional state of one's existence, suffering, and loss.
• The poet does not specifically mention the great pain.
• The formal feeling after this great pain is stiffness, period of inactivity and numbness.
• The poem reflects the disorientation of poet's mind and numbness of loss.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Important Points

• Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was an American poet.
• She lived in seclusion and little is known about her life till her death.
• Her poems capture the eccentricity and depressive emotions.
• Her poems were later collected and published as List of poems.

The correct answer is "Philip Larkin"

Key Points

• The given line is taken from the poem 'A Study of Reading Habits' by Philip Larkin. The poem was published in his third popular collection The Whitsun Weddings (1964).
• The speaker in the poem describes how reading once offered him an escape from the real world and gave him visions of different kind of life.
• However, now the books no longer generates such feeling in him.
• He thus concludes with his present feeling towards reading book 'Get Stewed: Books are a load of crap'.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Important Points

• Philip Larkin is notable 20^th century English poet, novelist, and librarian.
• His notable poetry collections are The North Ship (1945), The Whitsun Weddings (1964) and High Windows (1974).

The correct answer is "an episode in the Trojan War".

Key Points

• The novel Ransom by David Malouf is based on the episode of Trojan War - the mourning of Achilles on the death of Patroclus.
• The Trojan War is an important war in Greek mythology that was fought between Troy and Greeks. The war was waged after prince of Troy took Helen, Queen of Sparta.
• It retells the story from Homer's Iliad from books 22 to 24.
• The poem opens with this scene of Achilles in rage and sorrow on the loss of dearest friend in the Trojan War.
• The narrative also covers details about King Priam, Hector, and other events of Troy.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "Regret".

Key Points

• The Coming of Wisdom With Age is a work written by William Butler Yeats.
• The poem is written in the last stage of his life and the given four lines correlates with the four quarters of his life.
• The lines reflect how he slowly moves towards the ultimate wisdom.
• With passing days the poet is heading towards the ultimate phase of his life. The truth here may denote  mortality and death.
• As the days of his youth is passed in oblivion, he regrets now that soon he is to 'wither into the truth'.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Important Points

• William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet, dramatist.
• He was one of the important figures of 20^th-century literature associated with the Irish Literary Revival and the founder of the Abbey Theatre.
• His notable works are The Countess Cathleen (1892), The Land of Heart's Desire (1894), Cathleen ni Houlihan (1902), The King's Threshold (1904), and Deirdre (1907).

The correct answer is "Black George".

Key Points

• The characters are from the famous work of Henry Fielding Tom Jones.
• Tom Jones is the central figure of this novel who was raised by the philanthropic Mr. Allworthy.
• Mr. Allworthy was a squire and was reputed throughout England. He was benevolent, and was unable to perceive the evil in others.
• Black George is the servant in the Squire's estate and is not a moralistic person unlike Allworthy.
• He was favored by Tom and gets him into trouble once.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "Jack Wilton, an English page".

Key Points

• **The Unfortunate Traveller  is a satirical work by Thomas Nashe.
• It is narrated by Jack Wilton who is an English page.
• The book presents a realistic picture of the economy and society through the theme of travel.
• The book vividly describes the adventure of journey through Germany and Italy by the character jack Wilton.
• He lives by his wits and shares the experience of travel and historical events.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "(a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (iv)".

Key Points

• Cry, the Beloved Country is a work by Alan Paton.
• The story is about a father's journey from rural South of Africa to the city of Johannesburg in search of his son.
• A Grain of Wheat is one of the notable work by Ngugi wa Thiong'o.
• It is a historical work, set during Mau Mau rebellion and Kenya's independence from Britain
• Teju Cole's Open City is about a Nigerian immigrant, Julius. It is set in the New York City.
• Wole Soyinka's The Interpreters talks about the time of 1960s, in post-independence and pre-civil war in Nigeria.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "Politics and the English Language".

Key Points

• "Politics and the English Language" is an important essay by George Orwell.
• The essay criticized the ugly inaccuracy in the language.
• Orwell associates all issues with the political setting of the time.
• According to Orwell, language is a political issue and slovenly use of language hides the unpleasant realities of politics.
• Bad or incorrect use of English he believes are a vehicle of oppressed ideology.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is They spoke Norman French (Anglo-Norman). Theirs was certainly not the standard French.

Key Points

• Norman Conquest, the military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, was primarily affected by his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings and resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles.
• Norman or Norman French is a Romance language which can be classified as one of the Oïl languages along with French, Picard and Walloon.
• The name "Norman French" is sometimes used to describe not only the Norman language but also the administrative languages of Anglo-Norman and Law French used in England.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• One of the most influential monarchies in the history of England began in 1066 C.E. with the Norman Conquest led by William, the Duke of Normandy. England would forever be changed politically, economically, and socially as a result.
• The conquest was personal to William. He was once promised a higher title, the king of England.
• But ultimately, before he died in 1066, England’s King Edward chose a different successor, Harold Godwinson, an English nobleman.
• The results of the Norman Conquest linked England to France in the years that followed.
• In addition to the introduction of French words to the English language, the French influence was also felt in politics**.**

The correct answer is Count Westwest

Key Points

• The Castle is the last novel by Franz Kafka.
• In it, a protagonist known only as K arrives in a village and struggles to gain access to the mysterious authorities who govern it from a castle supposedly owned by Count Westwest.
• The Castle is an allegory for Kafka's nightmare of the unconscious world.
• K finds himself in a vicious circle.
• He starts his journey into the dark jungle of the Unconscious.
• The more he tries to get closer to the village and the villagers, the more suspicious they get about him.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Franz Kafka was a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer based in Prague, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20^th-century literature.
• His work fuses elements of realism and the fantastic.
• He is famous for his novels The Trial, in which a man is charged with a crime that is never named, and The Metamorphosis, in which the protagonist wakes to find himself transformed into an insect.

The correct answer is Stephen Spender

Key Points

• Sir Stephen Harold Spender was an English poet, novelist and essayist whose work concentrated on themes of social injustice and the class struggle.
• He was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry by the United States Library of Congress in 1965.
• Spender was a pacifist, and he served as a fireman in London during most of World War II.
• He continued to write and to have works published as the war went on, including two collections of poems and his translations of work by other poets, including Rainer Maria Rilke and Federico Garcia Lorca.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Cecil Day-Lewis, often written as C. Day-Lewis, was an Irish-born British poet and Poet Laureate from 1968 until his death in 1972.
• He also wrote mystery stories under the pseudonym of Nicholas Blake.
• Christopher William Bradshaw Isherwood was an Anglo-American novelist, playwright, screenwriter, autobiographer, and diarist.
• Frederick Louis MacNeice was an Irish poet and playwright, and a member of the Auden Group, which also included W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender and Cecil Day-Lewis.
• MacNeice's body of work was widely appreciated by the public during his lifetime, due in part to his relaxed but socially and emotionally aware style.

The correct answer is Mary Prince - The History of Mary Prince

Key Points

• Mary Prince was a British abolitionist and autobiographer, born in the colony of Bermuda to a slave family of African descent.
• After being sold a number of times, and being moved around the Caribbean, she was brought to England as a servant in 1828 and later left her master.
• "The History of Mary Prince", a life narrative written by Mary Prince, is the first account published in Great Britain of a black woman's life; at a time when anti-slavery agitation was growing, her first-person account touched many people.
• As a personal account, the book contributed to the debate in a manner different from reasoned analysis or statistical arguments.
• Its tone was direct and authentic, and its simple but vivid prose contrasted with the more laboured literary style of the day

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, written herself is an autobiography by Harriet Jacobs, a mother and fugitive slave, published in 1861 by L. Maria Child, who edited the book for its author.
• Mattie Jane Jackson was an African-American author.
• She is known for her 1866 autobiography, The Story of Mattie J. Jackson: Her Parentage, Experience of Eighteen Years in Slavery.
• The Memoir of Old Elizabeth, a Colored Woman, is a story of the life of a former slave that was freed and became a preacher. The memoir was recorded when she was ninety-seven years old.

The correct answer is "James Thomson".

Key Points

• Ode on the Death of Mr. Thomson (1749) by Williams Collins in an elegy.
• The ode laments the death of his contemporary poet James Thomson.
• James Thomson (1700 – 1748) was a Scottish poet and playwright.
• He was known for his poems The Seasons and The Castle of Indolence, and for the lyrics of the work "Rule, Britannia!"
• In this opening line, Collins calls Thomson a 'Druid' which means a priest or a magician as per the Celtic religion.

Therefore, the correct option is "option 4".

Important Points

• William Collins (1721 – 1759) was an 18^th-century English poet noted for writing lyrical odes.
• As a poet, Collins was considered second in influence only to Thomas Gray who wrote a similar genre.
• The lyrical odes of Collins were a progression from Augustan poetry towards the lyrical poetry of the Romantic era.
• His important Odes are Persian Eclogues (1759), Odes on Several Descriptive and Allegoric Subjects (1746), and Verses humbly address'd to Sir Thomas Hanmer on his edition of Shakespeare's works (1743).

The correct answer is "William Godwin's Caleb Williams".

Key Points

• The alternate title of William Godwin's Caleb Williams is known as Things as They Are.
• Caleb Williams is a three-volume work that focuses on the tyrannical government.
• Godwin attempted to call an end to this abuse of power with this work.
• The work questions the contemporary justice system, and how legal and other institutions have the power to destroy an individual.
• Caleb Williams is the central character and first-person narrator of this novel.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Important Points

• William Godwin (1756 – 1836) was an English journalist, political philosopher, and novelist.
• He was one of the first exponents of the theory of utilitarianism and anarchism.
• His works concern political themes such as the critique of political institutions.
• His most important work An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice is an attack on the justice system and institutions.
• His political philosophies deeply influenced P.B Shelley, who also married Godwin's daughter Mary Godwin.

The correct answer is "Celebrating Cromwell's victories while inviting sympathy for the executed King."

Key Points

• 'An Horatian Ode' by Andrew Marvell has multiple themes.
• Conventionally it celebrates the military and political hero and his virtues.
• It can be inferred that Marvell praised Oliver Cromwell.
• Andrew Marvell admired the lord-protector and the poem inherently defends his act of execution of the king.

 Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Important Points

• Andrew Marvell was an important English metaphysical poet, satirist, politician, and member of the House of Commons.
• During the Commonwealth period he was in close association with John Milton.
• Marvell was a pamphleteer and his notable pamphlet is An Account of the Growth of Property and Arbitrary Government in England.

The correct answer is "On a Muggy Night in Mumbai*".*

Key Points

• Mango Souffle is a 2002 film written and directed by Mahesh Dattani.
• The film is an adaptation of his own play On a Muggy Night in Mumbai.
• It is tagged as the first gay film from India.
• The play deals with the homosexuality taboo in Indian society.
• The story centers around the character Kamlesh who is a young gay man and clinically depressed.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

Important Points

• Mahesh Dattani is an Indian director, actor, playwright, and writer.
• He is a Sahitya Akademi Award Winner playwright.
• His plays deal with social realism such as taboos and stereotypes.
• His notable works are: Final Solutions, Dance Like a Man, Bravely Fought the Queen, On a Muggy Night in Mumbai, Tara, and Thirty Days in September.

Additional Information

• Bravely Fought the Queen is an important play by Dattani.
• It explores sexual and moral depreciation as well as explores the patriarchal wrongs in the life of women characters Dolly, Alka, Baa, and Daksha.
• Do the Needful is a radio play by Mahesh Dattani that concerns the problems of the eunuch, homosexuality, transgender, child sexual abuse, and gender discrimination.
• Dance like a Man by Mahesh Dattani deals with patriarchal subjugation and gender stereotypes.

The correct answer is "the main line of a narrative, argument, etc., and the rhetorical, stylistic, metaphorical, and other devices respectively."

Key Points

• Allen Tate is an American poet, and critic, and associated with New Criticism.
• He makes an important distinction between structure and texture.
• According to Tate, the structure is the main of a narrative, argument, etc.
• Texture, according to him is the rhetorical, stylistic, metaphorical, and other devices.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Additional Information

• Allen Tate was a Poet Laureate from 1943 to 1944.
• He was a member of the Agrarian movement at Vanderbilt University along with New Critics like John Crowe Ransom and Donald Davidson.
• In 1922, together with this group, Tate started an important New Critic journal The Fugitives.

The correct answer is "Queen Victoria"

Key Points

• Adam Bede is the first novel by George Eliot published in 1859.
• The novel is concerned with the theme of motherhood.
• The novel follows concerns the lives of four characters in the fictional community of Hayslope in 1799.
• Adam is the central character among these four characters in the novel.
• According to The Oxford Companion to English Literature (1967), "the plot is founded on a story told to George Eliot by her aunt Elizabeth Evans, a Methodist preacher, and the original of Dinah Morris of the novel, of a confession of child-murder, made to her by a girl in prison".
• Queen Victoria highly appreciated this novel and introduced it to Prince Albert and other relatives.
• In May 1860, Queen Victoria commissioned Edward Conbould to paint two scenes from the book.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Important Points

• Mary Ann Evans known by her pen name George Eliot is an important 19^th-century women writer.
• She was also a poet, journalist, and translator.
• She wrote seven novels: 
• Adam Bede (1859)
• The Mill on the Floss (1860)
• Silas Marner (1861)
• Romola (1862–63)
• Felix Holt, the Radical (1866)
• Middlemarch (1871–72)
• Daniel Deronda (1876).

The correct answer is "(a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii)"

Key Points

• Negritude is a movement that developed in the 1930s among the African community and its diaspora. 
• The aim was to rise 'Black Consciousness'.
• This movement served as a framework for the development of Negritude as a literary and critical theory.
• Intellectuals and theorists like Aime Cesaire, Abdoulaye Sadji, Léopold Sédar Senghor, and Léon Damas.
• Womanism is a social theory based concerned with the Black Women movement.
• Alice Walker is an important figure who coined the term 'womanist' in her short story Coming Apart in 1979.
• It deals with issues of Black woman that is often not included in mainstream feminism led by white feminist figures.
• Interpellation is a philosophical concept by Louis Althusser that deals with Marxist criticism.
• According to Althusser, interpellation is an ideological state where an individual becomes a free subject of the capitalist ideology without realizing it.
• The two repressive apparatuses (ISA and RSA) in the society constantly normalize the subjection ideology and an interpellated subject freely accepts that subjection.
• Jurgen Habermas coins the term Public Sphere which is a social life concept.
• He defined it as "made up of private people gathered together as a public and articulating the needs of society with the state".

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

Additional Information

• Aime Cesaire (1913 - 2008) was a French poet, author, politician, and one of the founders of the Negritude movement in Francophone literature.
• His important work Une Tempête is a postcolonial response to Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
• Also his essay Discours sur le colonialisme (Discourse on Colonialism) describes the relationship between the colonizers and the colonized.
• Alice Walker is an American novelist, short story writer, poet, and social activist. 
• She receives Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her famous work The Color Purple.
• Her works reflected on Black lives, especially concerns of the Black woman in society.
• Her other notable works are In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women (1973) and Meridian (1976).
• Louis Althusser (1918 –1990) was a French Marxist philosopher.
• He was a strong critic of the French Communist Party and his arguments often were regarded as attacking the theoretical foundations of Marxism.
• Althusser is also known as a structural Marxist and his notable critical works For Marx, Reading Capital, and Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses.
• Jurgen Habermas is a German social theorist.
• His work addresses communicative rationality and the public sphere.
• His notable works are Theory of Communicative Action (1981) and The Structural Transformation of Public Sphere (1962).

The correct answer is "Post-structural recovery of authorial intent".

Key Points

• New Historicist Criticism is an approach adopted by Historical Criticism.
• The approach has the following rules:
• ​Cultural materialism is embedded in this approach.
• It exposes and deals with the archeology of social constructs.
• It looks into the fact that both literary and non-literary texts circulate inseparably.
• According to new historicists, discourse does not give access to unchanging truths or inalterable human nature.
• Any critical language and method that describes this culture under capitalism also participate in the process.
• The approach does not look into the post-structural textual analysis.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "John Donne's "Death's Duell"

Key Points

• The title of Dylan Thomas's work Deaths and Entrances (1946) was taken from John Donne's Death's Duell.
• It is a volume of poetry, where most of the poem dealt with World War II.
• Fern Hill is one of the notable poems in this collection.
• Death's Duell is the final sermon delivered by Donne as a dean in St. Paul's Cathedral.
• The work seems like the death sermon of Donne composed by himself.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Important Points

• Dylan Marlais Thomas (1914 –1953) was a Welsh poet and writer.
• His poetry was lyrical and emotional in style and reflected themes like nostalgia, life, death, and loss of innocence.
• His notable poems are 'Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night', "And death shall have no dominion" and Under Milk Wood.
• He also wrote radio broadcasts such as A Child's Christmas in Wales and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog.

The correct answer is "anonymously".

Key Points

• 'Evelina: or the 'History of a Young Lady's Entrance into The World' is a novel written by Fanny Burney and published in 1778.
• It was published anonymously. Later its authorship was revealed by the poet George Huddesford.
• It is a three-volume epistolary novel and Evelina is the titular character here.
• Evelina is an unacknowledged legitimate daughter of an English aristocrat.
• The novel is considered a sentimental novel, containing both sensibility and romanticism.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

Important Points

• Anonymous writers are the ones who hide their real identity as the author of their work.
• This was mainly adopted by authors during the 18^th century.
• The trend believed that secrecy would create a sense of mystery and interest among readers.
• Also it was common among women authors in order to publish their works in male predominant society.

Additional Information

• Fanny Burney was an English satirical novelist, diarist, and playwright.
• Her name was Frances Burney and was also known as Madame d'Arblay.
• Her four notable novel consists of Evelina (1778), Cecilia (1782), Camilla (1796), and The Wanderer (1814).

The correct answer is ‘Prospective husbands and wives see one another naked before agreeing to the match’. 

Key Points 

• Utopia is a book by Thomas More, which depicts the society, life and customs of people of an imaginary island.
• It was published in 1516.
• In Part II of Utopia, the rules regarding marriage are enumerated which are followed in order to ward off divorces.
• According to these rules, women must reach the age of 18 and men must be 22 before they are allowed to marry.
• The Bride and the Groom, in the presence of a chaperone, are shown to each other naked.
• It is to let them know what they are in for, a sort of preparation for what is to come after the marriage.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Important Points 

• Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) was an English lawyer, author and statesman.
• He was a key Renaissance humanist.
• His other works include Treatise Upon the Passion (1534), Treatise on the Blessed Body (1535), Instructions and Prayers (1535).

The correct answer is ‘Ballad of Sir Patrick Spence’. 

Key Points 

• Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poem “Dejection: An Ode” opens with an epigraph which is a reference to the ballad of Sir Patrick Spence.
• The epigraph begins as follows—“Well! If the Bard was weather-wise, who made / The grand old ballad of Sir Patrick Spence…”
• ‘‘Sir Patrick Spence’’ is a ballad of Scottish origin.
• The ballad speaks about a disaster at sea.
• It is among the most popular of Child Ballads, which are 305 traditional ballads from England and Scotland anthologised by Francis James Child in the nineteenth century.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3. 

Important Points

• S.T. Coleridge (1772-1834) was an English poet and philosopher.
• He was one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in literature.
• His other well-known poems include The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan and Christabel.

Additional Information

• La Belle Dame Sans Merci is a ballad by the English Romantic poet John Keats.
• Ballad of the Gibbet was written by Francois Villon.
• Ballad of the Goodly Fere was written by the English Modernist Ezra Pound, originally published in 1909.

The correct answer is ‘Nonfiction prose’.

Key Points 

• Walter Pater defined nonfiction prose as “the special and opportune art of the modern world” in his work Appreciations, With an Essay on Style.
• It is a collection of essays on literature by the author.
• Walter Pater wrote in defence of prose in his essay on “Style”.
• Pater wrote—*“*That imaginative prose should be the special and opportune art of the modern world results from two important facts about the latter: first, the chaotic variety and complexity of its interests…and secondly, an all-pervading naturalism, a curiosity about everything whatever as it really is, involving a certain humility of attitude, cognate to what must, after all, be the less ambitious form of literature.”

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Important Points 

• Walter Pater (1839-1894) was an English essayist, literary critic and writer.
• His best known work is Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873), wherein he discussed his approach to art which was considered by many as a manifesto of Aestheticism.
• Walter Pater was admired by many for his prose style in his works.

The correct answer is ‘Lollards’. 

Key Points 

• The Lollard Movement was a proto-Protestant religious movement.
• It lasted from mid-14^th century until the English Reformation in the 16^th century.
• It was initially led by John Wycliffe, a theologian who was expelled from the University of Oxford in 1381 for criticising the Roman Catholic Church.
• Lollardy was a religion which preached in vernacular scripture.
• The Bible was upheld as the only doctrine which was valid and legitimate.
• The New Testament was translated into English and the authority of priests and bishops of the Catholic Church was challenged by the Lollards.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information 

• Levellers was a political movement from July 1646- September 1649.
• Agnostics are the ones who believe that the existence of God or the supernatural is unknowable.
• A person who believes in Deism is called a Deist.
• Deism refers to what can be called natural religion and which can be acquired by the use of reason.

The correct answer is "Amanuenses"

Key Points

• The term Amanuenses means a literary assistant who takes dictation or copies manuscripts.
• The term is taken from the Latin words 'Amanu' and 'ensis'.
• Amanu in Latin means slave or someone serving at hand as secretary.
• Ensis means belonging to.
• The Afro-American narrative that were first hand narratives by a slave recording their experience were termed by this name.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "Harlem (A Dream Deferred)".

Key Points

• The lines from the poem Harlem (A Dream Deferred) by Langston Hughes is used as the epigraph in his play A Raisin in the Sun.
• The play A Raisin in the sun is an important work by Hansberry on the lives of black people.
• The poem is a critique of Harlem life and talks about the ramification of white society's actions to hold power with themselves and deprive the blacks of equal opportunity.
• The main purpose of this poem is to bring forth the idea that there could be serious consequences to such actions in the society.
• People in frustration may surrender to their dream or leave their dream.

 Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is "A minimal pidgin that emerged during colonial times in the Madras Presidency."

Key Points

• Butter English, also known as Bearer English or Kitchen English is a dialect of English.
• It was developed first in Madras Presidency in India as an occupational dialect.
• The origin of this term came from butlers who were the servants in British colonial households.
• These people used such pidgin English to communicate with their masters.
• Butler English persisted during the second half of the 20^th century after the Independent of India.

Therefore, the correct answer "option 2".

The correct answer is Lathi-charge

Key Points

• Braj Kachru (1932-2016) was an Indian linguist, he coined the term  'World Englishes' for addressing localized varieties of English chiefly known as hybrid words.
• He is also known for his model of ‘three circles of English’.
• A hybrid word is derived from at least two languages.
• ‘Lathi-charge’ emerges from the combination of ‘Hindi-English’.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Braj Bihari Kachru (15 May 1932 – 29 July 2016) was an Indian-American linguist.
• He was Jubilee Professor of Linguistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
• He published studies on the Kashmiri language.
• He researched the fields of World Englishes and Kashmiri languages and published several books and research papers related to the area.

The correct answer is "(a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)".

Key Points

• George Puttenham's The Art of English Poesy (1589) is an important work in the English poetics in Elizabethan era.
• It advices the couriers on proper courtly speech and conduct. The work attempts to classical poetry, prosody and rhetoric.
• The History of the Royal Society by Thomas Sprat is an account of the Royal Society that promoted the advancement of science in England.
• The Practice of Piety is a work by Lewis Bayly that contains scriptural and practical guidelines on the pursuit of holy living.
• Leviathan (1651) by Thomas Hobbes is about the structure of society and legitimate government.
• The work is considered as an important instance of social contract theory.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Additional Information

• Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher. He is also known for his contribution to different fields like history, jurisprudence, geometry, theology, and ethics, as well as philosophy in general.
• His notable work is Leviathan (1651) which is an important work on social structure.
• George Puttenham was an important 16^th century English writer and literary critic.
• He contributed mainly with his influential handbook on poetry and rhetoric.

The correct answer is Quentin Durward

Key Points

• Quentin Durward is a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott, first published in 1823.
• The story concerns a Scottish archer in the service of the French King Louis XI (1423–1483) who plays a prominent part in the narrative.
• The plot centres on the rivalry between Louis XI of France and Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.
• Louis incites the citizens of Liège to revolt against Charles, and, under the command of Louis's ally, William De La Marck, they seize and murder Charles's brother-in-law, the Bishop of Liège.
• Scott's idea may have been sparked by the recent return from France of his friend and fellow Advocate James Skene of Rubislaw, a talented amateur artist.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Sir Walter Scott, 1^st Baronet was a Scottish novelist, poet, historian, and biographer who is often considered both the inventor and the greatest practitioner of the historical novel.
• In the mid-1790s Scott became interested in German Romanticism, Gothic novels, and Scottish border ballads.
• Scott led a highly active literary and social life during these years.
• In 1808 his 18-volume edition of the works of John Dryden appeared, followed by his 19-volume edition of Jonathan Swift (1814) and other works.

The correct answer is Creative power should be ranked higher than critical power

Key Points

• The Function of Criticism at the Present Time is an essay published by Matthew Arnold in his first collection of critical writing Essays in Criticism in 1865.
• Arnold explains the basic task of critic criticising the false its critic because creative activity is the true function of man.
• Arnold believes that the ultimate function of humankind lies in exercising its creative powers.
• He delineates the function of criticism in this work saying that it filters the contents that will reach society..

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Matthew Arnold was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools.
• He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the celebrated headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.
• His poetry explored isolation and conflict with a dark and difficult world through themes like loneliness and isolation, classical characters and ideas, and the flaws of modern life.