UGC NET Paper 2: English 13 Oct 2022 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is "progressive values".

Key Points

• The Vachana movement made a significant impact on the social, religious and cultural spheres and has given a new dimension to Kannada literature.
• It was led by Basavanna who was spiritual as well as revolutionary in his ideas and actions.
• He united the downtrodden, de-classified and identified himself as a member of an untouchable community.
• He condemned the caste system, sex discrimination and superstitious beliefs and opposed the construction of temples and animal sacrifices.
• He also gave a sense of dignity to labour i.e. traditional occupations.
• He encouraged the untouchables and downtrodden people to voice their inner emotions and sufferings in their own dialect in the form of vachana.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Even now the impact of the Vachana movement is widespread amongst the toiling masses and a great source of inspiration to any progressive writer or movement.
• Even now vachanas are remembered, recited widely and are very much alive amongst people as well as literary circles.
• Purandara and Kanaka Dasas and Tatvapadakaras were successors of the Vachana movement in later centuries, although they never achieved the same heights.
• Vachana movement still is unique in Karnataka for combining socio-political, religious, and literary-cultural aspects into one comprehensive movement, and its wide continuing impact.

The correct option is "Aristotle"

Key Points

• Aristotle defends the purgative power of tragedy and, in direct contradiction to Plato, makes moral ambiguity the essence of tragedy. A perfect tragedy, he says, should imitate actions that excite “pity and fear.”
• Aristotle's writings cover a broad range of subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, drama, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, meteorology, geology, and government.
• Aristotle was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
• The most common definition of tragic hamartia is "tragic flaw", but we need to be careful with this term and understand what the Greeks meant by "flaw" and how it relates to a broadly defined sense of "fate".
• Aristotle used the word Hamartia only once in Poetics. The great man falls through--though not entirely because of--some weakness of

character, some moral blindness, or error. We should note that the gods also are in some sense responsible for the hero's fall.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Additional Information

• Samuel Johnson often called Dr Johnson, was an English writer who made lasting contributions as a poet, playwright, essayist, moralist, critic, biographer, editor, and lexicographer.
• Matthew Arnold was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the celebrated headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.
• Andrew Cecil Bradley was an English literary scholar, best remembered for his work on Shakespeare.

The correct option is "Frantz Fanon"

Key Points

• Frantz Omar Fanon also known as Ibrahim Frantz Fanon, was a Marxist, French West Indian psychiatrist, and political philosopher from the French colony
• Frantz Fanon was the seminal theoretician of postcolonial politics, culture, and identity; his two major books, Black Skin, White Masks and The Wretched of the Earth, have been widely read and have provided an important inspiration for liberation movements around the world.
• Frantz Fanon was born in Martinique and studied medicine in Paris and became a psychiatrist in Algeria during its wars of liberation from France. “The Fact of Blackness” is Fanon’s celebrated essay describing the consciousness of the “black” subject in a world of “white” power.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is an Indian scholar, literary theorist, and feminist critic. Spivak is best known for her essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" and her translation of and introduction to Jacques Derrida's De la grammatologie.
• Homi Kharshedji Bhabha is an Indian-British scholar and critical theorist. An important figure in contemporary postcolonial studies, and has developed a number of the field's neologisms and key concepts, such as hybridity, mimicry, difference, and ambivalence.
• Stuart Henry McPhail Hall was a Jamaican-born British Marxist sociologist, cultural theorist, and political activist. Hall was the founder of the influential New Left Review.

The correct answer is "William Wordsworth".

Key Points

• Wordsworth and his followers, particularly Keats, found the prevailing poetic diction of the late 18^th century stale and stilted, or “gaudy and inane,” and totally unsuited to the expression of their perceptions.
• It could not be, for them, the language of feeling, and Wordsworth accordingly sought to bring the language of poetry back to that of common speech.
• Wordsworth’s own diction, however, often differs from his theory.
• When he published his preface to Lyrical Ballads in 1800, the time was ripe for a change: the flexible diction of earlier 18^th-century poetry had hardened into a merely conventional language.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• William Wordsworth is one of the most significant poets of the Romantic Period (1785-1832).
• He was born in 1770 in Cockermouth, West Cumberland, an area in North West England, known as the Lake District.
• The Lyrical Ballads was a marked departure from the neoclassical poetry that preceded it.
• Feelings based on imagination, reflection, introspection and nature were declared to become important, worthy subjects for poetry.

The correct option is "Guyanese"

Key Points

• Gaiutra Bahadur is a Guyanese-American writer.
• She is best known for Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture, which was shortlisted for the Orwell Prize in 2014.
• Guyana officially the Co‑operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America.
• Guyana is an indigenous word that means "Land of Many Waters". The capital city of Guyana is Georgetown.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Gaiutra Bahadur was born in New Amsterdam, East Berbice-Corentyne in rural Guyana and emigrated to the United States with her family when she was six years old.
• She grew up in Jersey City, New Jersey and earned her bachelor's degree, with honors in English Literature, at Yale University and her master's degree in journalism at Columbia University.
• Gaiutra Bahadur's book Coolie Woman was published in 2013. It is partly a narrative history of indentured women in the Caribbean and partly a family history focusing on her great-grandmother.

The correct option is "German"

Key Points

• "Siddhartha" is an Indian novel by Hermann Hesse in 1922 that deals with the spiritual journey of self-discovery of a man named Siddhartha during the time of the Gautama Buddha.
• The book, Hesse's 9^th novel, was written in German, in a simple, lyrical style.
• The story takes place in the ancient Nepalese kingdom of Kapilavastu.
• Hesse dedicated the first part of it to Romain Rolland and the second part to Wilhelm Gundert, his cousin.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Siddhartha decides to leave his home in the hope of gaining spiritual illumination by becoming an ascetic wandering beggar of the Samaṇa.
• Siddhartha fasts become homeless, renounces all personal possessions, and intensely meditates, eventually seeking and personally speaking with Gautama, the famous Buddha, or Enlightened One.
• The major character of the novel are, Siddhartha, Govinda, Siddhartha's Father, The Samanas, Gotama, Kamala, Kamaswami, Vasudeva and Young Siddhartha.
• A major theme of Hesse of Siddhartha was to cure his "sickness with life", by immersing himself in Indian philosophy such as that expounded in the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita.

The correct option is "150 years"

Key Points

• Brij Vilash Lal Rama was an Indo-Fijian historian who wrote about the Pacific region and the Indian indenture system.
• Fiji is a biography of the great Fiji-Indian leader A. D. Patel and an account of constitutionalism in Fiji.
• Rama's "Banishment": is a theoretical footnote to Indo‐Fijian writing.
• More than a hundred years ago the first Indian indentured laborers came to Fiji. 1979.
• Subramani, Brij. V. Lal brings to the world this history of mass human transportation, transmission and displacement.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct option is "B, C and D only"

Key Points

• Magic realism is a narrative strategy that is characterized by the matter-of-fact inclusion of fantastic or mythical elements into seemingly realistic fiction.
• "One Hundred Years of Solitude" by Gabriel García Márquez is an exemplary piece of magical realism, in which the supernatural is presented as mundane, and the mundane as supernatural or extraordinary.
• Salman Rushdie uses magic realism in Midnight's Children in a very naturalistic manner to show readers the realities and harsh truths of the world.
• "Beloved" is a 1987 novel by American novelist Toni Morrison. The story, set in the nineteenth century among former slaves, reflects the style called magical realism.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• "The Shadow Lines" by Amitav Ghosh is a story told by a nameless narrator in recollection. It's a non-inear tale told as if putting together the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle in the memory of the narrator.
• Raja Rao’s Kanthapura is the story of how Gandhi’s struggle for independence from the British came to a typical village, Kanthapura,

The correct option is "A, B and D only"

Key Points

• Irvine Welsh is a Scottish novelist, playwright and short story writer.
• He has also written plays and screenplays and directed several short films.
• Trainspotting is the first novel by Irvine Welsh, first published in 1993.
• The Acid House is a 1994 book by Irvine Welsh, which was later made into a film of the same name.
• Filth is a 1998 novel by Irvine Welsh. A sequel, Crime, was published in 2008.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• "Beside The Ocean of Time"  by George Mackay Brown is about Thorfinn, a young boy growing up on Orkney Island in the 1930s.
• It is set in the Orkney Islands, on the fictitious island of Norday in the mid 1930s.

The correct option is "A and B only"

Key Points

• A film was made based on Yann Martel's 2001 novel "Life of Pi" that stars Suraj Sharma, Irrfan Khan, Rafe Spall, Tabu and Adil Hussain in lead roles.

1. The protagonist is Piscine Molitor "Pi" Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry, India who explores issues of spirituality and metaphysics from an early age.
2. He survives 227 days after a shipwreck while stranded on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger which raises questions about the nature of reality and how it is perceived and told.

• "The Remains of the Day" is a 1993 drama film adapted from the Booker Prize-winning 1988 novel "The Remains of the Day" by Kazuo Ishiguro. The film was directed by James Ivory.

1. The protagonist, Stevens, is a butler with a long record of service at Darlington Hall, a stately home near Oxford, England.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Milkman is a historical psychological fiction novel written by the Northern Irish author Anna Burns.
• The Sellout is a 2015 novel by Paul Beatty and in the UK by Oneworld Publications in 2016. The novel takes place in and around Los Angeles, California, and muses about the state of racial relations in the U.S. today.
• The Inheritance of Loss is the second novel by Indian author Kiran Desai. It was first published in 2006.

The correct answer is "B, C, and D only".

Key Points

• Dramatic monologue is a poem that is written in the form of a speech.
• It is delivered by an individual character and usually the audience is not directly mentioned.
• The narrator talks about a certain event or a scene.
• It reveals the speaker’s history and psychological insight.
• Robert Browning is chiefly associated with the use of this form.
• He made use of dramatic monologue the maximum in the nineteenth century.
• His important poems like "My Last Duchess,” “The Bishop Orders His Tomb at St. Praxed’s Church,” “Fra Lippo Lippi,” and “Andrea del Sarto" were dramatic monologues.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

 Additional Information

• Some earlier use of this poetic form was found in Old English poems like "The Wanderer” and “The Seafarer".
• Later poets after the popular use by Browning also used this form.
• Namely Ezra Pound's “The River Merchant’s Wife: A Letter”, T.S. Eliot's “Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”, and Robert Frost's “The Pauper Witch of Grafton” were dramatic monologues.

The correct option is "A, C and E"

Key Points

• Jacques Marie Emile Lacan also known as Jacques Lacan was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatri.
• Lacan gained an international reputation as an original interpreter of Sigmund Freud’s work.
• In 1936, Lacan presented a paper to the International Psychoanalytical Association in Marienbad, Germany on the Mirror Stage of development.
• Lacan has divided the Psyche into three major structures that control our lives and our desires. These are The Real, The Imaginary and The Symbolic Order.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the "Id" is the personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires.
• According to Sigmund Freud, the ego is part of personality that mediates the demands of the "Id", "the superego", and "reality".

The correct option is "D and E only"

Key Points

• "Visarjan" is a work by Rabindranath Tagore revolves around themes of religious devotion, and also its opposite of how religious orthodoxy and fanaticism consume human lives.
• "Chandalika" is a play by Tagore, the story revolves around a girl from the untouchable caste of India.
• The play "Muktadhara" by Tagore takes its name from mountain stream name Mukta-Dhara, which literally means a free-rivulet, it is a mountains spring, its waters rushes down the slopes of Uttarakut and irrigates the plains of Shiva-tarai.
• Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali polymath who worked as a poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• "Parineeta" a novel of social protest is a 1914 Bengali language novel written by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay and is set in Calcutta, India during the early part of the 20^th century.
• "Punarnava" is a book by Hazariprasad Dwivedi. Hazari was a Hindi novelist, literary historian, essayist, critic and scholar.

The correct answer is "A, B, C and D only".

Key Points

• Homi Bhabha was notably influenced by Jacques Derrida, Jacques Lacan, and Michael Foucault.
• In his work Nation and Narration (1990) Bhabha argues against the tendency to essentialize the Third World Countries into a homogenous identity.
• Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak was highly influenced by the deconstruction theory of Derrida. She has been often criticized for using Western theorists in her work.
• In her work 'Can the Subaltern Speak', Spivak expresses her view that theories by Derrida, Foucault, and Lacan have provided her with the conceptual framework.
• This enabled her to critically question the cultural and philosophical foundations of western imperialism.
• Edward Said was the originator of colonial discourse theory.
• In his work on colonial discourse he used Michel Foucault's notion of discourse.
• Based on Foucault's concept of discourse and its relation to power he projects his concept of Orientalism.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "A, B, and D only".

Key Points

• George Lamming was a Barbadian novelist, essayist, and poet.
• His works embraced the themes like race, migration, and cultural conflicts of emigrants.
• His most notable fictional works are In the Castle of My Skin (1953), The Emigrants (1954), The Pleasures of Exile (1960), and Natives of my Person (1972).
• Ben Okri is a Nigerian-British poet and novelist.
• He is considered one of the important post-modern and post-colonial authors.
• He won the Booker Prize with his famous novel The Famished Road in 1992.
• Other important works are Way of Being Free (1997), Starbook (2007), and A Time for New Dreams (2011).
• Wilson Harris was a Guyanese writer, poet, novelist, and essayist.
• He wrote postwar literature.
• He wrote in an abstract and densely metaphorical style on a wide range of subject matter.
• Palace of the Peacock (1960) and The Far Journey of Oudin (1961) are some of his novels.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

Additional Information

• Fred D Aguiar is a British-Guyanese poet, novelist, and playwright.
• His notable poems are Mama Dot (1985) and Airy Hall (1989).
• His important novel is The Longest Memory (1994).
• Zulfikar Ghose was a Pakistani-American novelist, poet, and essayist.
• His works are primarily magical realism fictions blending fantasy and realism.
• Don Bueno (1983), and Figures of Enchantment (1986) are some of his fictions.

The correct answer is "B, C, and E only "

Key Points

• "Uttararamcharita" is a Sanskrit play in seven acts in the Nataka style by Bhavabhuti.
• It talks about Lord Ram's life after his exile.
• The events include his coronation, his reunion with his wife Sita whom he abandoned after his coronation, and his two sons Lava and Kusha.
• The play covers a period of more than twelve years.
• "Urubhanga" is a Sanskrit play written by Bhasa in the 2^nd or 3^rd century CE.
• It is about the event from Mahabharat that talks about Duryodhana and Bhima's fight.
• Kathasaritsagara by the Shaivite Somadeva is a famous 11^th-century collection of Indian legends, histories, and folk tales written in Sanskrit.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "A, C and D only".

Key Points

• The History of Tom Jones also commonly called Tom Jones is a comic novel by Henry Fielding.
• It is a Bildungsroman and a picaresque novel as it focuses on the growth of the character.
• It was published in 1749 in London and is considered the earliest English works to be classified as a novel.
• Tom Jones was brave, generous, chivalrous, moralistic, and kind. There is no hypocrisy in his character.
• The main theme of the novel is the contrast between Tom Jones's good nature and his flawed lover Sophia Western, and his hypocritical half-brother Blifil.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "B, C, and D only".

Key Points

• "An Essay on Criticism" is an important work by Alexander Pope that explores the proper rules and etiquette for critics.
• The poem is in three parts and talks about the following:
• common mistakes made by the critics.
• Critics and writers should learn the rules from ancient Greek and Roman works.
• Good judgment and wit are the traits of a good critic and writer.
• Improper and inappropriate criticism affects great writing. Partial criticism is one such negative one.
• An ideal critic should possess the qualities of integrity, humility, and courage.
• Pope through this work talks about the contemporary critic and writing practices in the 18^th century.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is "A, B, and C only"

Key Points

• 'Carnivalesque' in literature talks about how popular style culture subverts and liberates the assumptions of the dominant style.
• Popular style here is characterized as humor and chaos.
• The concept originated as "carnival" in Mikhail Bakhtin's Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics.
• He further elaborates on the concept in his work Rabelais and His World.
• According to Bakhtin Carnival is a way which can break down barriers of the overcoming power of inequalities and hierarchies.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "A, B, D and E only".

Key Points

• Postcolonial Criticism is a critical approach that focuses on literature that is produced in countries that were once or presently colonies of other countries.
• It also looks into literature written by the colonizers.
• Critical theories under this approach rejects the claims of universalism made in canonical Western literature.
• It is a response against Eurocentrism and talks about the 'others' that were yet subverted under the dominance of one section.
• It focuses on cultural differences and diversity as represented in different literary texts.
• Important names like Edward Said, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Homi. K Bhaba are notable theorists and postcolonial critics.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "A, C, and E only".​

Key Points

• The Continent of Circe is a book of essays written by Indian author Nirad C. Chaudhuri.
• The book won the Duff Cooper Prize in 1966.
• This work focuses on Indian society from a socio-psychological perspective.
• It commented on Hindu society from Prehistory to modern times. Here he points out that militarism has been a way of life there from time immemorial.
• A Passage to England by Chaudhuri talks about the impression of English life and culture by an Indian writer who first ever visited England.
• The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian is an autobiography of Nirad C. Chaudhuri written by the same, and published in 1951.
• The book records the author's life from his birth in 1897 and his intellectual development, his life, and his growth in Calcutta.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "A, B, C, and E only".

Key Points

• Phenomenology is the philosophical concept that explores the structures of human experience and consciousness.
• As a 20^th-century philosophy it was developed by Edmund Husserl.
• Later his concept was studied, adopted, and criticized by different others philosophers and critics.
• Martin Heidegger was one of its leading proponents.
• Heidegger's concept was important to psychoanalysis.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "A, B, and D only".

Key Points

• "We Are Going" by Oodgeroo Noonuccal explores the consequences of British colonialism in Australia.
• It especially focuses on the aftermath of the colonialization of the Aboriginal community.
• Australia was once a British colony and is still part of the Commonwealth.
• Poet himself was a leader in the struggle for Aboriginal rights in Australia.
• Thus the poem focuses on how Aboriginal Australians have lost their lives and identities.
• Also it detailed how colonialism destroyed the original culture of the tribe.
• For instance, the “bora ground” was sacred to the community which was later ceased by the colonizers.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "A, B, D, and E only".

Key Points

• Jacques Derrida and Roland Barthes are poststructuralist theorists and critics.
• According to them, there exists an endless play in language and meaning in a literary text.
• Derived from the key concept of Structuralism, they believe in the poststructuralist concept of deferral of meaning.
• Essentially in Of Grammatology, Derrida highlights the concept of deferral and meaning is not final and keeps moving from the center.
• In S/Z Barthes highlights the same concept and highlights the intrinsic relationship between words, meanings, and texts.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "A, B, C, and D only"

 Key Points

• Gerard Genette in his theory of structural narratology has argued for the autonomous nature of the literary text.
• He argues that in a narrative the narrative voice is of many levels.
• According to him, the narrator may be of any type: homodiegetic, heterodiegetic, intradiegetic, extradiegetic, and autodiegetic.
• The heterodiegetic narrator is the narrator who does not participate in the story.
• An extradiegetic narrator is the one who is “above” the story.
• Intradiegetic narrators are the characters who become narrators in the story.
• If this intradiegetic narrator further involves in the narration of another mini-narrative then they become homodiegetic narrator.
• Autodiegetic narrators are characters narrating her/his own tale like autobiographies.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "A, B, and C only".

 Key Points

• Reader-response criticism is a literary approach that focuses on the reader and their experience of a literary work.
• The focus here shifts from the text and the author's role in the text.
• It refutes the earlier notion that the author is the key originator of the meaning of a text.
• It considers the reader as a key source of the meaning of a literary text. Reader's emotions, sociocultural context, and experiences play key roles in determining the meaning of certain texts.
• Reader-response theory is categorized by some scholars into several types of approaches by different theorists:
• “Transactional” approach used by Louise Rosenblatt and Wolfgang Iser.
• “Historical context” favored by Hans Robert Juass.
• “Affective stylistics” presented by Stanley Fish.
• “Psychological” approach employed by Norman Holland.
• “Subjective” approach in the work of David Bleich.
• “Social” approach in the later works of Stanley Fish.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "A, B, and C only"

Key Points

• New Criticism emerged in academic writing in the first half of the 20^th century.
• It considered texts as autonomous and the text is “closed" in nature.
• The text is self-sufficient and the meaning of a work is present within it.
• It focuses on the literary use of language in a literary text and how it generates meaning.
• Autobiographical elements are not required for understanding the text.
• It started with the works of I. A. Richards and the critical essays of T.S. Eliot.
• F.R. Leavis and Allan Tate are also important contributors to this approach.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "A, C, and D only".

Key Points

• Gynocriticism is a kind of criticism that deals with women as writers or producers of textual meaning.
• It is concerned with female subjectivity, language, and literary career that can create a female framework of literary analysis.
• The concept first emerged in the work of Elaine Showalter's Towards a Feminist Poetics.
• Patricia Meyer Spacks' The Female Imagination (1976) includes this concept of Gynocriticism.
• It focuses on women's writing, self-expression, nature of female thought and experience.
• The Madwoman in the Attic (1979) by Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar's is a famous work under gynocriticism.
• The work examines Victorian literature from a feminist perspective and talks about the concept of the absence of literary foremother.
• Ellen Moer's Literary Women (1976) is a pioneering text that separates women writers from mainstream literary history.
• It examines how these women were influenced both by their lives and their writing.
• It discussed important authors of Jane Austen, George Sand, Colette, Simone Weil, and Virginia Woolf.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is "A, B, C, and D only"

Key Points

• Ethnography in the field of academics is a research approach that relies on participant observation to study and interpret cultural behavior.
• It is a qualitative analysis where the researcher closely observes a particular ethnic group from in its natural habitat.
• In literature it explores the literary texts within defined social and historical settings.
• Reading the Romance (1984) by Janice A. Radway is an ethnographic study of a group of 42 romance novel readers.
• These readers selected were of the following type: white, middle-class, married women, who live in a suburb of a Midwestern city.
• Reading National Geographic (1993) by Catherine A. Lutz and Jane L. Collins is an ethnographic study that focuses on how photographers, editors, and designers mold the reality of Third World countries by representing selected pictures.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".observation and concerns itself in its most general sense with the study and interpretation of cultural behaviourqualitative research strategy that relies primarily on participant observation and concerns itself in its most general sense with the study and interpretation of cultural behaviour

The correct answer is "B and C only".

Key Points

• Eugenic is a set of beliefs and practices about heredity that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population.
• George Bernard Shaw was an Irish playwright, critic, polemicist, and political activist.
• His works promoted the views of eugenics and alphabet reform. He opposed vaccination and was against organized religion.
• Eugene O'Neil's work highly promotes the concept of eugenics.
• His play Beyond the Horizon intermingles the themes of hereditary, environmental, and psychological forces.
• In his play Strange Interlude, O'Neil both adopts and reconfigures the concept of eugenics in order to explore the theme of past and present.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "A, C, and E only".

Key Points

• The Barrytown trilogy by Roddy Doyle is an Irish comedy-drama media franchise.
• It revolves around a middle-class family named Rabbittes.
• The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis is a famous series of seven fantasy novels.
• These are a series of children's novels. The stories are as follows:
• The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)
• Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia (1951)
• The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952)
• The Silver Chair (1953)
• The Horse and His Boy (1954)
• The Magician's Nephew (1955)
• The Last Battle (1956)
• Artemis Fowl by Eoin Colfer is a series of eleven fantasy novels.
• It revolves around the Fowl family which includes a series of characters.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is fire in the village

Key Points

• The poem smoke by Thoreau deals with fire in the village
• It was written sometime between 1845-1847 while Thoreau was living at Walden Pond, only a year or two after the fire that damaged the woods in which he built his cabin.
• It first appears in the chapter “House-Warming” of Walden, after a discussion of ancient tree stumps and the different roots and bark of the wood that surrounded him, and the dry leaves and hickory he used to kindle the fire that warmed his cabin.
• The story of Icarus from Greek mythology is a tale of caution against hubris.
• For Thoreau, with his scorn for his contemporaries’ lack of veneration of nature, to burn down 300 acres of his beloved woods, albeit accidentally, is highly ironic—full scale Greek tragedy irony.
• Throughout Walden Thoreau makes many references to mythology, holds the classic Greek authors in high regard.
• “Light-winged” Smoke is not a metaphor for the care

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Henry David Thoreau, U.S. thinker, essayist, and naturalist.
• Thoreau graduated from Harvard University and taught school for several years before leaving his job to become a poet of nature.
• As a self-described Transcendentalist, Thoreau believes in the individual's power to live an everyday life charged with meaning, and he has faith in self-reliance over societal institutions, focusing instead on the goodness of humankind and the profound lessons it can learn from nature.

The correct answer is Apostrophe

Key Points

• Apostrophe is the figure of speech used "light winged smoke!"
• "Light-winged” Smoke is not a metaphor for the carefree flight of birds, it is read as a figure with wings literally made of fire.
• Apostrophe is used to address an abstract quality or idea and even a non-living object.
• The poem is filled with the imagery of opposites.
• The Lark, a songbird, has no song; the bright stars are masked; the sun is darkened.
• These are things that should not be. Yet in the end the speaker is asking for forgiveness, for causing these unnatural things to occur.
• At the moment in time where this poem is recorded in Walden, Thoreau needed to burn wood—burn the very sacred bits of nature of which he was just exalting—to warm his home.
• The incident of setting fire to acres of forest happened because Thoreau needed to burn wood to feed himself.
• Both of these occasions represent the human need to take care of oneself, to maintain one’s body and keep it alive.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Henry David Thoreau was an American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher.
• A leading transcendentalist, he is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay "Civil Disobedience", an argument for disobedience to an unjust state.
• He was a well-known advocate of transcendentalism, or the belief in the inherent goodness of people and nature, making a virtue of self-reliance.

The correct answer is destruction

Key Points

• "Icarian bird" connotes destruction
• “Smoke” was written sometime between 1845-1847 while Thoreau was living at Walden Pond, only a year or two after the fire that damaged the woods in which he built his cabin.
• It first appears in the chapter “House-Warming” of Walden, after a discussion of ancient tree stumps and the different roots and bark of the wood that surrounded him, and the dry leaves and hickory he used to kindle the fire that warmed his cabin.
• The story of Icarus from Greek mythology is a tale of caution against hubris.
• For Thoreau, with his scorn for his contemporaries’ lack of veneration of nature, to burn down 300 acres of his beloved woods, albeit accidentally, is highly ironic—full scale Greek tragedy irony.
• Throughout Walden Thoreau makes many references to mythology, holds the classic Greek authors in high regard.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) was an American philosopher, poet, and environmental scientist whose major work, Walden, draws upon each of these identities in meditating on the concrete problems of living in the world as a human being.
• He sought to revive a conception of philosophy as a way of life, not only a mode of reflective thought and discourse.
• Thoreau’s work was informed by an eclectic variety of sources.
• He was well-versed in classical Greek and Roman philosophy, ranging from the pre-Socratics through the Hellenistic schools, and was also an avid student of the ancient scriptures and wisdom literature of various Asian traditions.

The correct answer is skylark

Key Points

• The word "Lark" in the third line means skylark
• The Lark, a songbird, has no song; the bright stars are masked; the sun is darkened.
• These are things that should not be. Yet in the end the speaker is asking for forgiveness, for causing these unnatural things to occur.
• At the moment in time where this poem is recorded in Walden, Thoreau needed to burn wood—burn the very sacred bits of nature of which he was just exalting—to warm his home.
• The incident of setting fire to acres of forest happened because Thoreau needed to burn wood to feed himself.
• Both of these occasions represent the human need to take care of oneself, to maintain one’s body and keep it alive.
• More often than not, keeping yourself alive results in the subjugation of nature.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Henry David Thoreau, was an American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher.
• He is renowned for having lived the doctrines of Transcendentalism as recorded in his masterwork, Walden (1854), and for having been a vigorous advocate of civil liberties, as evidenced in the essay “Civil Disobedience” (1849).
• He sought to revive a conception of philosophy as a way of life, not only a mode of reflective thought and discourse.
• Thoreau’s work was informed by an eclectic variety of sources.

The correct answer is The speaker admits sin of setting the fire.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the poem -
• ''Light-winged Smoke! Icarian bird/Melting thy pinions in thy upward flight/......Darkening the light and blotting out the sun/ Go thou, my incense, upward from this hearth,And ask the gods to pardon this clear flame.''
• From the above lines, it is clear that Thoreau is seeking some sort of **pardon from “the gods” for having the **misfortune to be a creature that must rely on such things as burning wood in order to carry on his way of life.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Henry David Thoreau, was an American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher.
• He is renowned for having lived the doctrines of Transcendentalism as recorded in his masterwork, Walden (1854), and for having been a vigorous advocate of civil liberties, as evidenced in the essay “Civil Disobedience” (1849).
• He sought to revive a conception of philosophy as a way of life, not only a mode of reflective thought and discourse.
• Thoreau’s work was informed by an eclectic variety of sources.

The correct answer is Samuel Johnson 

Key Points

• Samuel Johnson (1709–1784) is perhaps best remembered for his two-volume Dictionary of the English Language, first published in 1755. Of almost equal renown are his Lives of the English Poets (1783) and his eight-volume edition of Shakespeare (1765).
• His most famous poem is The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749), a speculation on the emptiness of worldly pursuits.
• He also wrote drama and a fictional work, The History of Rasselas (1759), as well as numerous essays in periodicals such as the Rambler, the Adventurer, and the Idler.
• Johnson commends the absolute need to observe the rules of unity of action and unity of character.
• In judging which rules to follow, he states that it “ought to be the first endeavour of a writer to distinguish nature from custom”
• There seems to be an admission here, not that the foundations of classical precepts – adherence to nature, reason, and truth – were wrong, but that some rules have not been truly derived from these foundations.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Joseph Addison was an English essayist, poet, and dramatist, who, with Richard Steele, was a leading contributor to and guiding spirit of the periodicals The Tatler and The Spectator.
• Dryden the poet is best known today as a satirist, although he wrote only two great original satires: Mac Flecknoe (1682) and The Medall (1682).
• His most famous poem, Absalom and Achitophel (1681) contains several brilliant satiric portraits. But unlike satire, it comes to a final, tragic resolution.
• Alexander Pope was a  poet and satirist of the English Augustan period, best known for his poems An Essay on Criticism (1711), and The Rape of the Lock (1712–14).

The correct answer is Puritanism.

Key Points

• Hudibras, a satiric poem by Samuel Butler (1612 - 1680), was published in several parts beginning in 1663.
• The immediate success of the first part resulted in a spurious second part’s appearing within the year; the authentic second part was published in 1664.
• The work is directed against the fanaticism, pretentiousness, pedantry, and hypocrisy Butler saw in militant Puritanism.
• It is a vigorous satirical poem, written in a mock-heroic style by Butler.
• The action is set in the last years of the Interregnum, around 1658–60, immediately before the restoration of Charles II as king in May 1660.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is A commentary on a volume of Biblical illustrations.

Key Points

• Francis Quarles (8 May 1592 – 8 September 1644) was an English poet most famous for his emblem book entitled Emblems.
• It was originally published in 1635, with grotesque illustrations engraved by William Marshall and others.
• Each "emblem" consists of a paraphrase from a passage of Scripture, expressed in ornate and metaphorical language, followed by passages from the 'Christian Fathers', and concluding with an epigram of four lines.
• In the 19^th century, a new edition of the Emblems was published, embellished with new illustrations by Bennett and Rogers.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Francis Quarles was a popular poet of the time and often mentioned in the same breath as the illustrious John Milton who was one of his contemporaries.
• Quarles garnered more success with his long romantic poem Argalus and Parthenia which appeared in 1629 and which explored the triumph that love and hope could have over death.
• A year later he produced the equally popular collection Divine Poems before returning to his home town of Essex where he set about writing his most popular work Emblems.

The correct answer is "George Gascoigne"

Key Points

• George Gascoigne was a 16^th-Century English poet and soldier.
• He was considered one of the important poets of the early Elizabethan era until the emergence of Philip Sidney.
• He was the only poet who was not a courtier and defied Queen Elizabeth I. He wrote mostly about courtly affairs.
• The Steele Glass is a satirical verse by Gascoigne.
• The poem talks about the abuses and controlling personalities of both men and women in a relationship.
• The poem is written in hexameter and the poem's narrator is the third person here.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Additional Information

• Henry Howard or The Earl of Surrey was an English nobleman, politician, and poet. 
• He was one of the founders of English Renaissance poetry and introduced English sonnets.
• Thomas Sackville was the 1^st Earl of Dorset. He was an Elizabethan statesman, poet, and dramatist.
• He is famous for his tragedy Gorboduc (1563). It is the first English tragedy written in blank verse.
• Edmund Spenser was a 16^th-century English poet and considered important in building the new Modern English verse form.
• He is noted for his famous poem The Faerie Queene which celebrated the Tudor dynasty and Queen Elizabeth I.

The correct answer is "Bel Patra".

Key Points

• Geetanjali Shree is an Indian Hindi-language novelist and short-story writer.
• Her novel Mai was shortlisted for the Crossword Book Award in 2001.
• "Bel Patra" (1987) is her first short story.
• It was published in the literary magazine called Hans.
• This was followed by a collection of short stories named Anugoonj.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Additional Information

• Khali Jagah is the fourth novel of Geetanjali Shree. It is translated into English by Navita Menon as The Empty Space.
• Her notable novel Mai is about three generations of women and the men in a North Indian middle-class family.
• Hamara Shahar Us Baras is another notable novel by her.

The correct answer is "female militancy and political involvement".

Key Points

• Women of Palestine (1982) is written by Ingela Bendt and Jim Downing.
• It is about the lives of Lebanese women in refugee camps and how revolution and exile have altered their lives and role.
• Indian Women in Struggle (1980) by Gail Omvedt.
• The book talks about the struggle of women.
• Gail Omvedt has been active in Dalit and anti-caste movements, environmental, farmers, and women's movements.
• Both works embrace socio-political themes as a major theme.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2"

The correct answer is "Kiran Desai".

Key Points

• The line is taken from the novel The Inheritance of Loss.
• The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai is her second novel.
• It was first published in 2006.
• The novel won a series of awards
• Booker Prize (2006)
• National Book Critics Circle Fiction Award in 2007
• Vodafone Crossword Book Award in 2006.
• The story explores themes of cultural and national identity and the immigrant experience.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is The Old Man and the Sea.

Key Points

• The central character is an old Cuban fisherman named Santiago, who has not caught a fish for 84 days.
• The family of his apprentice, Manolin, has forced the boy to leave the old fisherman, though Manolin continues to support him with food and bait.
• Santiago mentors the boy, who cherishes the old man and the life lessons he imparts.
• Convinced that his luck must change, Santiago takes his boat far out into the deep waters of the Gulf Stream, where he soon hooks a giant marlin.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• The Old Man and the Sea, a short heroic novel by Ernest Hemingway, was published in 1952 and awarded the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for fiction.
• It was his last major work of fiction.
• The story centres on an ageing fisherman who engages in an epic battle to catch a giant marlin.
• He was noted both for the intense masculinity of his writing and for his adventurous and widely publicized life.
• His succinct and lucid prose style influenced American and British fiction in the 20^th century.

The correct answer is Anandmath.

Key Points

• The words Vande Mataram are taken from Anandamath, a popular Bengali novel by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, and its music composed by Bengal's greatest poet, Rabindranath Tagore.
• Anandamath is a Bengali historical novel, written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and published in 1882.
• It is inspired by and set in the background of the Sannyasi Rebellion in the late 18^th century.
• It is considered one of the most important novels in the history of Bengali and Indian literature.
• Its first English publication was titled The Abbey of Bliss

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Bankim Chandra Chatterjee also known as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was one of the greatest novelists and poets of India.
• He is famous as the author of Vande Mataram, the national song of India.
• Bankim Chandra Chatterjee began his literary career as a writer of verse. He then turned to fiction.
• Durgeshnandini, his first Bengali romance, was published in 1865. His famous novels include Kapalkundala (1866), Mrinalini (1869), Vishbriksha (1873), Chandrasekhar (1877), Rajani (1877), Rajsimha (1881), and Devi Chaudhurani (1884).
• Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wanted to bring about a cultural revival of Bengal by stimulating the intellect of the Bengali-speaking people through the literary campaign.
• With this end in view, he brought out a monthly magazine called Bangadarshan in 1872.

The correct answer is  "W.K. Wimsatt".

Key Points

• Intentional fallacy, a term used in 20^th-century literary criticism to describe the problem inherent in trying to judge a work of art by assuming the intent or purpose of the artist who created it. Introduced by W.K. Wimsatt, Jr., and Monroe C.
• Its premise is that readers cannot and should not attempt to evaluate an author's work through the author's intentions when reading literature, specifically poetry.
• Wimsatt and Beardsley begin with five propositions to introduce readers to this concept.
• The first proposition states that poetry does not come into existence by accident but by an author's intention.
• The second claims that readers have no way of obtaining a reliable answer to the question of what an author meant by their poem because if the author succeeded in their writing, the poem itself is the answer.
• The third claims that poetry has meaning through the fact that it exists in the first place, and it needs no meaning outside of simply being.
• The fourth states that readers can find personal meaning in relating to a poem, but readers should now attribute their personal feelings about a poem to what the author intended for the poem.
• Finally, the fifth proposition explains that if an author is able to revise their work and better achieve their original intention, this means that what they thought was their original intention was not truly their original intention.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• William Kurtz Wimsatt Jr. was an American professor of English, literary theorist, and critic.
• Wimsatt is often associated with the concept of the intentional fallacy, which he developed with Monroe Beardsley in order to discuss the importance of an author's intentions for the creation of a work of art.

The correct answer is The Power and the Glory

Key Points

• Graham Greene’s The Power and the Glory (1940), the story of a fugitive “whisky priest” in 1930s Mexico, is a short, pathos-laden novel about religious persecution after the Mexican Revolution.
• The Catholic Church at that time was under attack for its considerable wealth and social control.
• The unnamed priest at the centre of the novel is a complicated man, by no means a conventional hero, but his refusal to abandon the priesthood eventually endow him with a magnetic aura of spirituality, despite his many vices.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940.
• It tells the story of Robert Jordan, a young American volunteer attached to a Republican guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War.
• In Our Time, Ernest Hemingway's first collection of short stories and vignettes about the years before, during, and after World War I.
• The stories, which are titled, are separated by vignettes, each of which is a chapter.

The correct answer is J.D. Scott.

Key Points

• The Movement was a term coined in 1954 by J. D. Scott.
• The Movement was quintessentially English in character; poets from other parts of the United Kingdom were not involved.
• Although considered a literary group, members of the Movement saw themselves more as an actual literary movement, with each writer sharing a common purpose.
• To these poets, good poetry meant simple, sensuous content and traditional, conventional and dignified form.
• The Movement's importance includes its worldview, which took into account the collapse of the British Empire and the United Kingdom's drastically reduced power and influence over world geopolitics.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Ivor Armstrong Richards also known as I. A. Richards, was an English educator, literary critic, poet, and rhetorician.
• Frederick Wilse Bateson was an English literary scholar and critic.
• Frank Raymond "F. R." Leavis was an English literary critic of the early-to-mid-twentieth century.
• Leavis ranked among the most prominent English-language critics in the 1950s and 1960s.

The correct answer is A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II

Key Points

• 'Postcard from Kashmir' is the opening poem from the Volume The Half-Inch Himalaya (1987) by Agha Shahid Ali.
• In this poem, the poet stresses the distance and longing for home in the very first line.
• Kashmir- the beloved homeland has metaphorically shrunk and is now ironically reduced to a postcard.
• ‘Advice to Women’ by Eunice de Souza is a clever poem that suggests women should own a cat in order to understand relationships.
• “Postcards from god by Imtiaz Dharker gives the sense of being a visitor, the isolation, and the consolation from God are the major themes of this poem.
• The poet feels like a transient visitor of this world having interpreters and the vast world of streets that are battered and abandoned.
• Yasmine Goonarathne protests as a voice of the subaltern in the poem This language: This Woman
• As an affected one, she raises the issue in her poetry.
• This poem is a lover's reply which relates to a central metaphor.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Agha Shahid Ali was an Indian-born poet, of Afghan and Indian descent, who immigrated to the United States, and became affiliated with the literary movement known as New Formalism in American poetry.
• Yasmin Gunaratne is a popular Sri Lankan poet. Yasmin's poems carry a calm and serene tone.
• Imtiaz Dharker is a poet, artist and documentary filmmaker who divides her time between London and India.
• This mixed heritage and itinerant lifestyle is at the heart of her writing: questioning, imagistic and richly textured poems that span geographical and cultural displacement, conflict and gender politics.
• Eunice de Souza is one of the most famous confessional poets of the second half of the twentieth century.
• Her poetry allows us to peep into her sufferings and tortured psyche on the one hand and the paradox and complexity of the female psyche on the other hand.

The correct answer is "The Tempest".

Key Points

• Dev Virahsawmy's Toufann (1991) is a rewriting of Shakespeare's The Tempest in Mauritian Creole.
• In Virahsawmy's play the prominent juxtaposition of different languages, over and above different registers, fulfils important metaphorical functions.
• The strategic deployment of languages by Virahsawmy not only affects the perceived identity of his characters and his own narrative voice but also interacts with the wider ideological framework within which he writes.
• His codeswitching strategy sheds light on enabling the persistently ambivalent role of Shakespeare in a postcolonial context.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Dev Virahsawmy was a poet and playwright.
• Though he writes easily in both French and English, Virahsawmy is most renowned for his efforts to popularize the use of Creole.
• In addition to his own plays and poetry, he has also translated several of Shakespeare’s plays into Creole, which has been performed in Mauritius.

The correct answer is "Bhavabhuti".

Key Points

• Uttararamacarita is a Sanskrit play in seven acts in the Nataka style by Bhavabhuti.
• It depicts the later life of Hindu god Rama, from the coronation after Rama's return from exile to his reunion with his wife Sita whom he abandoned immediately after his coronation and his two sons Lava and Kusha, covering a period of more than twelve years.
• The Uttararamacarita occupies a very high place in the dramatic literature of the Hindus and it is accepted by common consent as a masterpiece of the author.
• Bhavabhuti appears to have possessed all the requisites of the true dramatist and poet-active imagination, an exuberant fancy, the appreciation of the sublime and the beautiful, high power in characterization, a thorough knowledge of the workings of the human heart and ready sympathy with suffering humanity.
• His Uttararamacarita is essentially a drama of pathos and his indirect boast that the one sentiment of pathos is depicted by him in many colours and varied phases are not at all unmerited.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Bhavabhuti was an Indian dramatist and poet, whose dramas, written in Sanskrit and noted for their suspense and vivid characterization, rival the outstanding plays of the better-known playwright Kalidasa.
• Bhavabhuti emerged at a time when critics were quite rigid in testing the worth of Kavya based on the rules of Sanskrit Dramaturgy.
• Bhavabhuti’s impatience to accept the onslaughts of his contemporary critics is evident in the famous stanza of Malati-Madhava.
• He trod his own path of poetry which earned eminence among later writers

The correct answer is "A - I, B - IV, C - II, D - III".

Key Points

• Between the Twilights by Cornelia Sorabji explores female life in India.
• Chapters of this work focus on Indian woman's relations to her gods, her husband, and her children.
• The Hindu Wife by Raj Lakshmi Debi is a narrative on the life of a married woman in India.
• Nector in a Sieve (1954) by Kamala Markandaya is set in the time of urban development in India.
• The story is about the marriage between Rukmani, who is the youngest daughter of a village headman, and Nathan, a tenant farmer.
• Saguna, A Story of Native Christian Life is an autobiographical novel by Krupabai Satthianadhan.
• She was a young woman in her twenties and this work was published after her untimely death.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is "A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III".

Key Points

• The Lion's Skin is a work by W. Somerset Maugham. The story centers around the character Robert Frostier and his life.
• The Man who liked Dickens is a fiction by Evelyn Waugh.
• The story is of an upper-class Englishman whose effort to win back his unfaithful wife made him join an expedition to follow the Uraricoera River in South America.
• Rip Van Winkle is one of the important works by Washington Irving. It depicts the vast industrial change in America.
• Rip Van falls asleep for 20 years and wakes up to find the change in his surrounding.
• The Bride comes to Yellow Sky is a short story by Stephen Crane.
• The story is about the central character called Jack Potter, who is returning to the town of Yellow Sky with his eastern bride.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3"

The correct answer is "A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV".

Key Points

• Bricolage is a concept by Levi-Strauss that he introduced in his work The Savage Mind (1962).
• This means the skill of creating something new from whatever is there in hand. He compared the working of the bricoleur (the one with the savage mind) and the engineer.
• Strauss used this concept to describe the characteristic patterns of mythological thought.
• Dasein is the German word for 'existence'. It is one of the fundamental concepts by Martin Heidegger.
• He describes this as an existence of being that is peculiar to human beings.
• Parapraxes is also called a Freudian slip. This concept according to Freud is an error in speech, memory, or physical action that occurs due to the interference of an unconscious or any subdued wish or internal thought.
• The theory of polyphony is developed in the work 'The Dialogic Imagination' (1975) by Mikhail Bakhtin.
• Here he says that language evolves dynamically and is affected by and affects the culture that produces and uses it.

The correct answer is "A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III".

Key Points

• The Zoya Factor is a 2006 novel by Anuja Chauhan.
• It is about a Rajput woman named Zoya Singh Solanki who ends up becoming a lucky charm for the Indian Cricket team for the 2011 Cricket World Cup.
• Love Over Coffee is a novel by Amrit N. Shetty published in 2010.
• It is about Anup who finds himself a misfit in an IT company and the life-changing decisions he takes.
• Almost Single (2007) by Advaita Kala is her debut novel that introduces a young woman searching for independence and matrimony in a culture that is bound by tradition.
• The Lost flamingoes of Bombay by Siddhant Dhanvant Shanghvil.
• It is about the photographer Karan Seth who is in Bombay to immortalize the city in a unique photo record. However, with the change of events he tragically gets drawn into a Fitzgeraldian world of sex, crime, and politics.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II.

Key Points

• “There's no art / To find the mind's construction in the face” is said by Duncan to Malcolm in Shakespeare's Macbeth (1606) Act I scene 4. Duncan means that there is no way of knowing what someone is thinking just by looking at him.
• "The time is out of joint; O cursed spite!/That ever I was born to set it right!" is said by Hamlet in Shakespeare's Hamlet.  Hamlet is lamenting that there seems to be so much wrong with the world. It hurts - like a dislocated limb (out of joint) - and still Hamlet is upset that he was born (destined, fated, chosen) to be the one to fix things
• "The better part of valor is discretion, in the which better part I have saved my life." is uttered by Shakespeare’s popular knight, Sir John Falstaff in Shakespeare’s play, Henry IV Part 1, Act V Scene 4. The line means that you would be foolish to act like a hero if it is going to disadvantage you and it’s better to stop yourself if an action you would like to take is going to hurt you.
• "A horse, a horse! My kingdom for a horse" is from act 5, scene 4 of Shakespeare’s Richard III. Those are the last words of Richard as he dies on the battlefield. He has lost his horse, which was a vital component of a fighter’s equipment in medieval times.

Therefore, the correct option is option 2.

The correct answer is "A, B and C only".

Key Points

• Bharati Mukherjee was an American author, critic, and author of modern novels and short stories. The struggles of an immigrant in a multicultural society are challenged by Bharati Mukherjee's fiction, which evokes the cultural tensions and identities that her south Asian characters experience. Tiger's Daughter, Jasmine, The Keeper of the World, Miss New India, and Wife are some of her best-known works.
• Rohinton Mistry was born in 1952 in Mumbai and is of Parsi descent. The Parsis are a small religious community in India, devoted to Zoroastrianism, whose ancestors fled Islamic persecution in Iran (ancient Persia) during the eighth century.
• Poet Sujata Bhatt is well-known in India, the United States, and Europe. The majority of her poems are concerned with cultural identity. Additionally, Bhatt has composed a number of poems about immigration and belonging. This can be traced to the immigration process she went through when she immigrated to the United States in 1968 with her family.

 Additional Information

• Farrukh Dhondy is an Indian-born British writer, playwright, screenwriter, and left-wing activist who resides in the United Kingdom. Dhondy highlights the cultural conflicts in British and American schools. Farrukh Dhondy is a Parsi writer and in his Bombay Duck, he writes about Parsis.
• G.S. Sharat Chandra was a poet from the Indian diaspora who lived in America. April in Nagaland, Once or Twice, Heirloom, Immigrants of Loss, and Family of Mirrors are among his five poem collections.

The correct answer is "Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect ".

Key Points

• M. N. Srinivas' 1976 ethnographic study The Remembered Village novel is about a local who resides in Rampura, a small village in the state of Karnataka, formerly known as Mysore.
• Srinivas' book, which was written entirely from memory after an arsonist obliterated his fieldwork notes and data, depicts life in an Indian village in 1948.
• Independence and abrupt changes to Indian politics, culture, society, and even academics characterized this time period.
• Srinivas recognized that this was a pivotal moment and decided that it was important to document rural Indian customs now, before they were replaced by new government promises of technological advancement, economic growth, and, most importantly, equality.
• This understanding of change is what distinguishes Srinivas's book as a seminal work in the development of ethnography in India.

Therefore, the correct option is option 1.

The correct answer is Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Key Points

• John Keats coined the term "negative capability" in a letter he wrote to his brothers George and Tom in 1817.
• Inspired by Shakespeare’s work, he describes it as “being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason.”
• The "dissociation of sensibility" phrase was used by poet and critic T. S. Eliot in his essay The Metaphysical Poets (1921) to refer to a divergence of thought and feeling that he claimed emerged in seventeenth-century English literature (particularly poetry) after the era of the metaphysical poets.
• In his work Hamlet and His Problems (1919), Eliot found that Hamlet's strong emotions overpowered the author's efforts to express them through an "objective correlative", rendering Shakespeare's play Hamlet an "artistic failure."
• Eliot believed that Shakespeare was unable to evoke in the audience the same emotions that Prince Hamlet felt through pictures, actions, and characters and instead was content to only inadvertently convey his emotional state through dialogue.
• The Imagist movement has a strong connection to Eliot's idea of the objective correlative.

 Therefore, the correct option is option 3.

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true  

Key Points 

• Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome is about three friends and a dog rowing their way along the Thames toward Oxford.
• The characters on the boat are George, Harris, and the author, Jerome.
• The dog, Montmorency, is a rat terrier.
• The three young men consider themselves capable outdoorsmen, though they have trouble with simple outdoor survival skills.
• Along the way, Jerome tells stories about the places they visit.
• His stories tend in the direction of his own fanciful preferences, which harken back to tales of knights and damsels in distress.
• He extols, or praises and reveres, chivalry, the code of conduct that once bound the knights of Medieval Europe and England.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Jerome Klapka Jerome was an English writer and humourist, best known for the comic travelogue Three Men in a Boat.
• Other works include the essay collections Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow and Second Thoughts of an Idle Fellow; Three Men on the Bummel, a sequel to Three Men in a Boat; and several other novels.
• Jerome translated many biblical texts into Latin from Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. His translations formed part of the Vulgate

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true  

Key Points 

• Indian English literature is the body of work by writers in India who write in the English language but whose native or co-native language could be one of the numerous languages of India.
• Its early history began with the works of Henry Louis Vivian Derozio and Michael Madhusudan Dutt followed by Rabindranath Tagore and Sri Aurobindo.
• R. K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao contributed to the growth and popularity of Indian English fiction in the 1930s.
• World wars made a magnificent impact on society.
• This impact developed a new approach of art, literature, philosophy and religion.
• For literature, it created a new genre of it about the war.
• Therefore, the wars had a big affect on the genre and style of novels that became published.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• One of the key issues raised in this context is the superiority/inferiority of Indian Writing in English as opposed to the literary production in the various languages of India.
• Key polar concepts bandied in this context are superficial/authentic, imitative/creative, shallow/deep, critical/uncritical, elitist/parochial and so on.
• Most of what was published during the world war was about the war and it's affects.
• Authors were disappointed by the experience of war and, although they did not write directly about the war, their writing reflects an anti-authoritarianism that derives from their experiences.
• Literature has changed to be as we know it today, from the beginning of World War I to the end or World War II.

The correct answer is "2^nd February, 1835 ".

Key Points

• T.B. Macaulay presented his "Minutes on Education” on 2^nd February 1835.
• On February 2, 1835, British historian and politician Thomas Babington Macaulay delivered his 'Minute on Indian Education,' which sought to establish the need for Indian 'natives' to receive an English education.
• The famous Lord Macaulay's Minute settled the dispute in favour of Anglicists—the limited government resources were to be devoted solely to the teaching of Western sciences and literature in English.
• Lord Macaulay believed that "Indian learning was inferior to European learning," which was correct in terms of physical and social sciences at the time.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron Macaulay of Rothley, English Whig politician, essayist, poet, and historian best known for his History of England.
• He secured his place as one of the founders of what has been called the Whig interpretation of history.
• He was raised to the peerage in 1857.

The correct answer is "Political and religious"

Key Points

• Sir David Lyndsay was a Scottish knight, poet, and herald.
• His works reflected the preoccupations of the Renaissance.
• Satire of the Three Estates is a satirical morality play. It is written in the Middle Scot language.
• It is a satire on Three important Estates represented in the Parliament of Scotland – the clergy, lords, and burgh representatives.
• In the play they are represented as Spiritualitie, Temporalitie, and Merchant.
• Therefore, the play alludes to political themes.
• However, the play has symbolic characters which are religious in nature such as King Humanity, Divine Correction, Sensuality, Spirituality, Temporality, Gude Counsel, and Chastity.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

Important Points 

• The morality play is a genre of Tudor drama.
• It was dominant from the fourteenth century until the sixteenth century.
• The feature of these plays are human vices and morality.
• It includes both angelic and demonic characters to portray the theme of the play.

The correct answer is "Evolution of Christianity and slavery of the Blacks".

Key Points

• Derek Walcott was a poet and playwright who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1992.
• He grew up in Saint Lucia, a former French and British colony that was rich in colonial history.
• The poem 'The Sea is History' by Derek Walcott explores the idea of the Bible as history and the history of the slavery of the blacks.
• The poem talks about how history resides only in memory if not recorded. He refers to the history of slavery of the blacks.
• The poem includes an important religious reference to the Bible, where Walcott sees the book as a historical text.
• He compares the journey of the Israelites to the Promised land with the journey of the African slaves to the Caribbean Island.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is "Charles Wilkins"

Key Points

• Charles Wilkins was an English typographer and Orientalist.
• He was the founding member of The Asiatic Society in India.
• Charles Wilkins translated Bhagavad Gita into English in 1785.
• It was "Bhagvat-geeta or Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon" by the British East India Company.
• The introduction was written by Lord Warren Hastings, the first British Governor-General of India.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "Samuel Pepys".

 Key Points

• Samuel Pepys English diarist of the 17^th Century.
• He was a naval administrator and served as an administrator of the Royal Navy and Member of Parliament.
• The dairy was kept from Jan. 1, 1660, to May 31, 1669.
• It became one of the most important works of literature in England's history.
• It provides descriptive detail about the following:
• coronation of King Charles II.
• some crucial events in history like the Great Fire of London.
• an outline of lives in mid-17^th century England.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "A, B, and D only".

Key Points

• The History of Man by Malcolm Bradbury is a campus novel.
• It is a satire on academic life in the "glass and steel" universities established in the 1960s and followed the "redbricks" culture.
• Rites of Passage by William Golding is the first book of the 'Sea trilogy' by the author.
• It is about Edmund Talbot recounting his voyage from England to the Antipodes.
• Dancing at Lughnasa (1990) by Brian Friel is a memory play on the theme of the world of duty and morality.
• It is set in the fictional town of Ballybeg.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is "A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III".

Key Points

• Doll Common is a character from the play 'The Alchemist' by Ben Jonson.
• She represents transformation within the play as her character keeps constantly changing and evolving.
• Malvolio is one of the important characters from Twelfth Night by Shakespeare.
• He is the villain, snob, jealous, and puritanical man in the play.
• Mortimer is a character from Edward II by Christopher Marlow.
• He was the 1^st earl of March. In the play, he was the lover of Edward II's queen, Isabella of France.
• Both Mortimer and Isabella contrived Edward's deposition and murder.
• Bosola is the character from The Duchess of Malfi by John Webster.
• He is the spy planted by Duke Ferdinand. He was set up as the stable master at the Duchess' estate.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III".

Key Points

• The Pylons by a poem by Stephen Spender.
• The poem depicts a realistic picture of hesitation and collision of sentiments with the arrival of technological advancements to the English countryside.
• The poem Consider by W H Auden is a criticism of modern society, which he found corrupt and devoid of all spiritual values.
• Auden in this poem thinks that evil in society has a psychological origin.
• Cargoes is a short poem by John Masefield that explores the history of cargo ships carrying different things across the seas.
• Adlestrop is a poem by Edward Thomas that talks about how beauty that appears where and when you least expect it.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV 

Key Points

• The Acharnians by Aristophanes follows a pragmatic farmer and Athenian citizen, Dicaeopolis, seeking “peace at any cost.” The satire's intent was to convince the public to end the very costly current war with Sparta, known later as the Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 BCE).
• The Clouds follows Strepsiades, an elderly Athenian mired in debt, who enrolls his son Pheidippides in Socrates’ philosophy school so that he might learn the rhetorical skills necessary to defeat their creditors in court, although all he really learns is cynical disrespect for social mores and contempt for authority, which leads to Strepsiades burning the school down in disgust.
• Aristophanes wrote the provocative anti-war comedy Lysistrata, which was a humorous account of one woman's extraordinary effort to put an end to the Peloponnesian War when Lysistrata persuades the Greek women to deny their husbands' access to their private parts in an effort to pressure the men into negotiating a truce.
• The Wasps is said to be one of the greatest comedies ever written, and it may be the piece that best illustrates the rules of Old Comedy. In a story about an elderly juror named Philocleon who is addicted to his jury duty and his son Bdelycleon's misguided efforts to reform him, it makes satirical fun of the Athenian demagogue Cleon and his power base, the legal system.

​Therefore, the correct option is option 4. 

Important Points

• Aristophanes, sometimes referred to as the Father of Comedy, was a prolific and highly regarded comedy playwright of ancient Athens.
• Eleven of his forty plays have practically survived to the present day, along with up to 1,000 brief fragments of other works. These eleven plays are the only authentic examples of the Old Comedy subgenre of comic drama that has survived to the present day.
• Though his biting satire and mockery of his peers frequently bordered on slander, Aristophanes' works recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than those of any other author.

The correct answer is A, C, B, D, E.

Key Points

• Mythologies is a 1957 book by Roland Barthes. It is a collection of essays taken from Les Lettres nouvelles, examining the tendency of contemporary social value systems to create modern myths.
• Culture and Society is a book published in 1958 by Welsh progressive writer Raymond Williams, exploring how the notion of culture developed in Great Britain, from the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries.
• Of Grammatology is a 1967 book by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida. The book, originating the idea of deconstruction, proposes that throughout continental philosophy, especially as philosophers engaged with linguistic and semiotic ideas, writing has been erroneously considered as derivative from speech, making it a "fall" from the real "full presence" of speech and the independent act of writing.
• Blindness and Insight by Paul De Man was published in 1983. Mann focuses upon the gap between a critic's view of a particular mark and his own literary method using the critical writings of Binswanger, Lukacs, Blanchot, Paulet, and Derrida.
• The Location of Culture by Homi K. Bhabha was published in 1994 were he uses concepts such as mimicry, interstice, hybridity, and liminality to argue that cultural production is always most productive where it is most ambivalent.

Therefore, the correct option is option 2.

The correct Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Key Points

• In the 18^th century, sentimental comedy, domestic Bourgeois tragedies like George Lillo's The London Merchant (1731), and an overwhelming interest in Italian opera took the place of the intellectual and provocative Restoration comedy.
• With fair-booth burlesque and mixed forms, which are the forerunners of the English music hall, popular amusement assumed greater significance during this time than it had ever done before.
• These genres thrived at the cost of authentic English drama, which experienced a protracted decline. Early in the 19^th century, it was primarily represented by "closet drama," or plays meant to be read in secret in a "closet," rather than any stage plays (a small domestic room).
• Davenant and the playwright Thomas Killigrew were given royal patents following Charles II's restoration to the throne in 1660, giving them a near-monopoly on the presentation of theatre in London. The abolition of these privileges did not occur until the 19^th century.

Therefore, the correct option is option 4.

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Key Points 

• Deconstruction does not appeal to a higher logical principle or superior reason, something which Derrida considered to be metaphysical.
• His goal was to upsets the system of hidden hierarchies that composed philosophy by producing an exchange of properties.
• His major target was the hierarchy between speech and writing, in which speech was presumed to have preceded writing, this giving to speech a (false) priority and the (false) presumption of origin.
• In inverting the hierarchies embedded in paired opposites
• Derrida insisted  neither element can occupy the position of origin (such as speech over writing) and the origin looses its metaphysical privilege, which is why he insisted on deconstructing the Structuralist system of polarities and oppositions.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Jacques Derrida was an Algerian-born French philosopher.
• He developed the philosophy of deconstruction, which he utilized in numerous texts, and which was developed through close readings of the linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure and Husserlian and Heideggerian phenomenology.
• Derrida states that deconstruction is an "antistructuralist gesture" because "structures were to be undone, decomposed, desedimented".
• At the same time, deconstruction is also a "structuralist gesture" because it is concerned with the structure of texts.

The correct answer is intellectual complexities  

Key Points

• "Imaginative prose should be special" implies intellectual complexities
• Pater was much admired for his prose style, which he strove to make worthy of his aesthetic ideals, taking great pains and fastidiously correcting his work.
• He kept on his desk little squares of paper, each with its ideas, and shuffled them about attempting to form a sequence and pattern.
• Walter Pater (1839–1894) is best known for his phrase “art for art's sake.”
• In his insistence on artistic autonomy, on aesthetic experience as opposed to aesthetic object, and on experience in general as an ever vanishing flux.
• Thus, he is a precursor of modern views of both life and art.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Walter Pater (1839–1894) is best known for his phrase “art for art’s sake.”
• In his insistence on artistic autonomy, on aesthetic experience as opposed to aesthetic object, and on experience in general as an ever vanishing flux, he is a precursor of modern views of both life and art.
• His subjectivist and “impressionistic” criticism, once attacked by the likes of Eliot and Pound, who called for a return to a depersonalized classical objectivity, is now regarded with renewed interest.
• Not only did it influence figures such as Oscar Wilde but it is now also seen as anticipating several strains of modern theory, including those which derive from Nietzsche and Derrida, as well as certain elements of reader-response theory

The correct answer is portraying feelings that are too strong

Key Points

• The adjective fervid comes from the Latin fervidus which means “glowing, burning, or boiling.”
• It is often used like the word fiery.
• You might hear a politician deliver a fervid speech if he or she is particularly worked up over an issue.
• Fervid can be used to describe something that is physically hot such as “a fervid day in August,” but it is more often used to describe heated emotions like anger, love, or desire.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Walter Horatio Pater was an English essayist, art and literary critic, and fiction writer, regarded as one of the great stylists.
• English critic, essayist, and humanist whose advocacy of “art for art's sake” became a cardinal doctrine of the movement known as Aestheticism.
• Pater was educated at King’s School, Canterbury, and at Queen’s College, Oxford.
• The primary influence on Pater’s mind was his classical studies, coloured by a highly individual view of Christian devotion and pursued largely as a source of extremely refined artistic sensations

The correct answer is facts transformed by human predilection in an array of forms

Key Points

• Artistic literature is the representation of facts transformed by human predilection in an array of forms
• Literature is not an art form that exists in a vacuum.
• It is intrinsically connected to the time period and culture in which it is written.
• Literature is also, in many cases, connected to other forms of art from the same time period.
• Art movements that impact painting and music, for instance, often also impact literature.
• Some artists create music or visual art in addition to written works, sometimes combining them to create multimedia works.
• Understanding how art and literature connect and how those connections enrich artistic expression and experience is a fundamental part of studying literature.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is literature reponsive to hightened state of human perception.

Key Points

• "Less ambitious form of literature" means literature reponsive to hightened state of human perception
• The 19^th century was a period of intellectual activity in England.
• The scientific development had a great effect on the literature of this period.
• There was the spirit of liberty and democracy everywhere on account of industrial progress, there were classes in the society, the capitalist and laborers.
• The rich exploited the poor. Some writers came to their help and presented this bitter social realty in their works.
• Against such writer, there were some writer who were in favour of art and beauty.
• They thought that the people were deprived of aesthetic tradition due to hard work and love for wealth.
• They also believed that the modern civilization spoiled the beauty; their artists sold their art for money only.
• They wanted to preserve the beauty and purity of art.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Walter Horatio Pater was an English essayist, art and literary critic, and fiction writer, regarded as one of the great stylists.
• English critic, essayist, and humanist whose advocacy of “art for art's sake” became a cardinal doctrine of the movement known as Aestheticism.
• As the concept of art has been changing through centuries, its purpose has been defined as to represent reality, communicate emotions or ideas, create a sense of beauty, explore the nature of perception

The correct answer is as varied as human experience

Key Points

• Prose should be as varied as human expirience.
• Walter Pater is the man behind ‘Art for Art’s sake’, which even Oscar Wilde advocated of, the glimpse of which can be found in their writings.
• He evaluates art and his writing is thus related to art on the basis of their moral and educational value.
• He exhibited in his work breadth of talents and interests. His most renowned work falls into cultural theory; art history including painting, sculpture, and architecture. He wrote on the critics of the old and modern English Literature too.
• He even wrote lecture articles, short stories etc.
• William E. Buckler says that Pater “is still one of the half-dozen indispensable critics in English; from, say, 1880 to 1920, he was without equal.”

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Walter Pater (1839–1894) is best known for his phrase “art for art’s sake.”
• In his insistence on artistic autonomy, on aesthetic experience as opposed to aesthetic object, and on experience in general as an ever vanishing flux, he is a precursor of modern views of both life and art.
• His subjectivist and “impressionistic” criticism, once attacked by the likes of Eliot and Pound, who called for a return to a depersonalized classical objectivity, is now regarded with renewed interest.
• Not only did it influence figures such as Oscar Wilde but it is now also seen as anticipating several strains of modern theory, including those which derive from Nietzsche and Derrida, as well as certain elements of reader-response theory

The correct answer is "Visual".

Key Points

• Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of semiotics, categorized signs as being one of three types.
• More recently professor Yvonne Rogers came up with four categories for iconic representation and they fit nicely with Peirce’s three types.
• An Icon has a physical resemblance to the signified, thing being represented. A photograph is a good example as it certainly resembles whatever it depicts.
• An Index shows evidence of what’s being represented. A good example is using an image of smoke to indicate a fire.
• A Symbol has no resemblance between the signifier and the signified.
• The connection between them must be culturally learned. Numbers and the alphabets are good examples.
• There’s nothing inherent in the number 9 to indicate what it represents. It must be culturally learned.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) was the founder of American pragmatism.
• A theorist of logic, language, communication, and the general theory of signs.
• he nevertheless considered scientific philosophy, and especially logic, to be his true calling, his real vocation.
• In the course of his polymathic research, he wrote voluminously on an exceedingly wide range of topics, ranging from mathematics, mathematical logic, physics, geodesy, spectroscopy, astronomy, psychology, anthropology, history, and economics.

The correct answer is "Paul Thompson".

Key Points

• Oral history is a method of historical and social scientific inquiry and analysis that includes life histories, storytelling, narratives, and qualitative research.
• “Oral History,” the British oral historian Paul Thompson said, “is a history built around people. It thrusts life into history itself and widens its scope.
• Thompson is regarded as one of the pioneers of oral history as a research methodology. '
• He is the founding editor of the journal Oral History and founder of the National Life Story Collection at the British Library National Sound Archive, London.
• Between 1994 and 2001, as Director of Qualidata, University of Essex, Thompson actively pursued his interest in the preservation of qualitative research materials for secondary use, depositing his own datasets and overseeing the development of this archival service.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Carolyn Kay Steedman is a British historian, specialising in the social and cultural history of modern Britain and exploring labour, gender, class, language and childhood.
• Esther Greenwood is the protagonist and narrator of The Bell Jar. The plot of the novel follows her descent into and return from -madness.
• Sylvia Plath was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer.
• She is credited with advancing the genre of confessional poetry and is best known for two of her published collections

The correct answer is "Derek Alton Walcott".

Key Points

• Derek Walcott's 'Goats & Monkeys' is a tribute to Shakespeare where he interprets the racial and sexist elements.
• In this poem, Walcott talks about a black man's racial problem
• For this he takes the character of Othello who was a black man.
• Here he traces the relationship between Othello and Desdemona and the concept of 'other' in their relationship.
• He draws an analogy between the whiteness of Desdemona and Othello as the dark ominous night.
• Also he talks about how the society where Othello lived was not prepared to accept a black prince.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

 Important Points

• Sir Derek Walcott was a 1992 Nobel Prize-winning poet and playwright.
• His works reflected the Postcolonial theme.
• His notable works are Dream on Monkey Mountain (1967), Omeros (1990), and White Egrets (2007)

Additional Information

• Edward Braithwaite was a Barbadian poet and academician.
• He was widely considered one of the major personas in the Caribbean literary canon.
• He won Griffin Poetry Prize in 2006 for his poetry volume Born to Slow Horses.
• Franz Fanon was a psychiatrist and political philosopher from the French colony of Martinique. 
• He is an influential contributor to the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism.
• His notable works, Back Skin, White Masks, and The Wretched Earth reflect the postcolonial theme highly.
• Ngugi wa Thiong'o is a Kenyan author and academic.
• He formerly wrote in English, but later started promoting his native language by writing in Gikuyu.
• His notable works are Weep Not, Child (1964), The River Between (1965), and A Grain of Wheat (1967).

The correct answer is "Quatrains of ten-syllable lines".

Key Points

• 'Elegy written in a Country Churchyard' by Thomas Gray is an important work by him.
• The work was published in 1751.
• The poem is dedicated to his deceased friend Richard West who died in 1742.
• Meter and rhyme scheme of this poem is a quatrain.
• A quatrain is a four-line stanza with the rhyme scheme as 'abac' or 'abcb'.
• The poem is written in iambic pentameter with ten syllables in each line.
• The syllables in the line follow the pattern of one unstressed syllable and a stressed syllable.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

Additional Information

• Thomas Gray was an English poet, letter-writer, classical scholar, and professor at Pembroke College, Cambridge.
• His writings are considered as pre-Romantic works.
• He wrote only 13 poems as he was highly self-critical.