UGC NET Paper 2: English 13 Oct 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is "Madness and Civilization - Roland Barthes".

Key Points

• Michel Foucault was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, writer, and political activist. He is famous for his theories on power and knowledge.
• Madness and Civilization is one of his important works.
• The book was his doctoral thesis and was later published in 1961.
• The book is subtitled 'A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason'.
• The text is about the complex treatment of madness in Western society.
• Foucault here emphasizes that madness is not a natural unchanging thing, it depends on the society where it exists.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Additional Information

• Criticism in Wilderness by Geoffrey Hartman puts forward the argument that literary criticism should be taken as seriously as a form of creative literature.
• Poetry and Repression by Harold Bloom is a reinterpretation and close reading of English and American romantic poetry.
• Strangers to Ourselves by Julia Kristeva is a book on the idea of consciousness of one's self. It talks about the notion of strangers and self-identity.

The correct answer is "Article 343".

Key Points

• Article 343 in Part XVII of the Indian Constitution is about the language of the Union.
• As per Article 343 (1), Hindi as in Devanagari is stated as the official language in Union.
• As per Article 343 (2), English is to be used for official works of the Union for 15 years from the date of commencement of the constitution, up to 25^th January 1965.
• Article 343 (3) allows English to be used even after 15 years.
• The 8^th schedule to the constitution of India lists the following 14 languages as the official in the Republic of India:
• Assamese
• Hindi
• Malayalam
• Punjabi
• Bengali
• Kannada
• Marathi
• Sanskrit
• Urdu
• Gujrati
• Kashmiri
• Odia
• Tamil
• At present total of 22 languages are there in the 8^th schedule of the Indian Constitution.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3"

The correct answer is "A work produced by an institution, an association or a government agency"

Key Points

• Corporate authors means the company, organization, name of a club or society, and the government department as the author of an article.
• Such authors are mentioned in a work when the work does not belong to any individual author.
• In the case of work with corporate authors, the organization is responsible for such published works.
• In research for citing such works, the name of the individual authors is replaced with the organization name.
• The citation is done in the following way:
• "Corporate Author. Title of Book. Publisher, Year."
• For example, "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Babies and Bosses: Reconciling Work and Family Life. OECD Publishing, 2002.".
• Here, the author's name is 'Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development'.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Additional Information

• Authors can be of two types, personal and corporate.
• In the case of personal authors, it can be one particular person or more than one author.
• Citation follows standard formats like APA, MLA etc.
• APA: ​Clarke, Kamari M.

2013. “Notes on Cultural Citizenship in the Black Atlantic World.” Cultural Anthropology 28, no. 3 (August): 464–474. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43898483.

• MLA: Davidson, Clare. “Reading in Bed with Troilus and Criseyde.” The Chaucer Review, vol. 55, no. 2, Apr. 2020, pp. 147–170. https://doi.org/10.5325/chaucerrev.55.2.0147.

The correct answer is "Roman Jacobson".

Key Points

• Roman Jakobson was a Russian-American linguist and literary theorist who extensively developed theories of language, communication, and semantics.
• In his essay 'Two Aspects of Language and-Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances' (1956) Roman Jakobson talked about the bipolar structure of language.
• Jakobson proposed that metonymy and metaphor are the two main operative forces in language and communication.
• In his model of communication, the metaphoric and metonymic poles stand for two essential types of linguistic operations.
• Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it's not literally applicable.
• It can be explained as a linguistic process where one term is substituted for another based on some kind of similarity or analogy.
• Metonymy, on the other hand, operates on the principle of  association.
• This is an instance of substituting one word for another with which it's closely associated (for example, "the crown" used to refer to the monarchy).
• The balance between these two forces provides the dynamics of language according to Jakobson's theory.
• Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

Additional Information

• Metaphor is a figure of speech by which an implicit comparison is made between two objects.
• For example, The trees are green blankets on the hills. Here the presence of a green tree is compared with the blanket.

The correct answer is "Reflects upon evolutionary faith". 

Key Points

• The given lines are taken from the poem Locksley Hall by Lord Alfred Tennyson.
• The poem is a comment against marriages done with the aim of material gain.
• The speaker is an unnamed soldier who visits his childhood play at Locksley Hall.
• The speaker muses about his past there and looks towards the future.
• It depicts the evolution of faith.
• The poem is a dramatic monologue written as a set 97 rhyming couplet.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "The Spanish Romance of Montemayor".

Key Points

• The Seven Books of the Diana by the Portuguese author Jorge de Montemayor is a pastoral romance in Spanish.
• The work functions as a major inspiration for Philip Sidney's in Arcadia.
• The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia or called Arcadia is a pastoral romance by Sir Philip Sidney.
• This poem was dedicated to his sister, Mary Herbert who was the Countess of Pembroke.
• It is a celebrated work and marks the new genre of prose romance.
• This pastoral talks about the adventures of the princes Pyrocles and Musidorus, and the fortunes of the Duke of Arcadia.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1". 

Additional Information

• Pastoral is a genre of literature, art, or music that depicts the lifestyle of the shepherd.
• It is also referred to as bucolic in Greek.
• Pastoral Romance is a new genre that mixed pastoral poems with narrative in prose.
• The genre was invented by Italian writers and had no classical predecessor.

The correct answer is "It is very particular about the form and structure of a poem".

Key Points

• Lyrical Ballads is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and S.T. Coleridge. The work was published in 1798.
• This work marked the beginning of the English Romantic Movement.
• The work contains nineteen poems by Wordsworth and four poems by Coleridge.
• In Preface to Lyrical Ballads published in 1800 is a manifesto of Romantic poetry.
• In the Preface it mentions that Romantic poetry aims to take poetry out of the confines of reason and intellect to the unravished and unspoiled beauties of nature.
• Romantic Movement aimed to turn English poetry away from the social and intellectual sophistication of seventeenth and eighteenth-century poetry.
• However, they were not rigid about the forms and structure of the poem, which was rigid in the neoclassical works of the 18^th century.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is "The Triumph of Life".

Key Points

• In his work, The Critic as Host, J.H Miller talks about Shelley's poem "The Triumph of Life".
• He argues that this poem 'contains within itself, jostling irreconcilably with one another, both logocentric metaphysics and nihilism'.
• It presents a mirror image, more like a photographic negative. The poem deconstructs each line.
• He finds Shelley to be an ardent reader of Rousseau.
• He finds the work to be the most darkest and shadowed poem of all.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1". 

Additional Information

• Ode to the West Wind is an ode by Shelley, published in 1820. The poem in five cantos spreads the message of reform and revolution spread.
• Revolt of Islam (1818) is a poem in twelve cantos by Shelley. The plot centers around the characters named Laon and Cythna who engage in a bloodless revolution against the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
• The Witch of Atlas (1820) revolves around the travel adventures of a mythical Witch who lives in a cave on Atlas.

The correct answer is "Critiques the rural institutions".

Key Points

• The Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith is a pastoral poem published in 1770.
• It is one of the famous poems of the 18^th century.
• The poem is written in heroic couplets which is traditionally used in epic and narrative poetry.
• It is a social critic condemning rural depopulation in pursuit of excess wealth.
• The poet talks about the decline in the village population and the growth of emigration to America.
• Here, he comments on the moral corruption found in the town, consumerism, and the lack of a vast landscape.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "George Chapman".

Key Points

• George Chapman was born in the year 1559 in London.
• He was an English dramatist, translator and poet.
• Chapman is known for his translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and the Homeric Batrachomyomachia.
• Chapman also translated:

1. The Homeric Hymns
2. The Georgics of Virgil
3. The Works of Hesiod
4. The Hero and Leander of Musaeus
5. The Fifth Satire of Juvenal.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

• Homer was a Greek poet, known as the author of The Iliad and The Odyssey.
• These two epic poems are considered foundational works of ancient Greek literature.
• Ben Jonson is among the best-known writers and theorists of English Renaissance literature.  A prolific dramatist and a man of letters highly learned in the classics, he profoundly influenced the Augustan age through his emphasis on the precepts of Horace, Aristotle, and other classical Greek and Latin thinkers.
• Thomas Dekker was an English Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer.
• Thomas Heywood was an English playwright, actor, and author. He is best known for his masterpiece A Woman Killed with Kindness, a domestic tragedy, which was first performed in 1603 at the Rose Theatre by the Worcester's Men company.

The correct answer is "Robert Buchanan".

Key Points

• ‘The Fleshly School of Poetry’, is Robert Buchanan’s vicious attack on Dante Gabriel Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelites.
• He castigated the poetry of Rossetti for its “morbid deviation from the healthy forms of life.”
• In Buchanan’s view, these poets exhibited “weary wasting, yet exquisite sensuality; nothing virile, nothing tender, nothing completely sane; a superfluity of extreme sensibility.”
• Robert Williams Buchanan was a Scottish poet, novelist and dramatist.

Therefore, the answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• Dante Gabriel Rossetti was an English poet, illustrator, painter, and translator.
• He founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais.

The correct answer is "Chandra Talpade Mohanty".

Key Points

• Chandra Talpade Mohanty is a prominent postcolonial and transnational feminist theorist.
• She became well-known after the publication of her influential essay, "Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses" in 1986.
• In "Under Western Eyes," Chandra Mohanty explores the concept of third-world women in Western scholarship. The third-world woman Mohanty sees defined by her contemporary feminist at the time is a woman from an underdeveloped country who is a victim of their society.
• Her main argument is that Western feminists such as Maria Cutrufelli, Fran Hosken, Beverly Lindsay, Patricia Jeffery, and Juliette Minces are treating third-world women as a homogenous group, or one where its members are nearly the same.
• Mohanty lends this binary logic of humanistic discourse and ideology a geometric metaphor to highlight her insight**:"It is not the center that determines the periphery, but the periphery that, in its boundedness, determines the center."**
• n applying this insight Mohanty summarizes, "I have suggested a parallel strategy in this essay in uncovering a latent ethnocentrism in particular feminist writings on women in the third world."
• Mohanty concludes in saying, "It is time to move beyound the Marx who found it possible to say: They cannot represent themselves; they must be represented."

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

• Ruth Vanita is a poet, editor, translator, academic and activist. She is deeply engaged in the fields of lesbian and gay studies, gender studies, and British and South Asian literary history.
• Kamla Bhasin was an Indian developmental feminist activist, poet and author.

The correct answer is "Iris Mudroch".

Key Points

• Under the Net is a 1954 novel by Iris Murdoch.
• It was Murdoch's first published novel. Set in London, it is the story of a struggling young writer, Jake Donaghue.
• The novel falls into the genre of the picaresque, a comedic form in which a clever, lower-class protagonist makes his way up in the world using his wits.
• A novel primarily about the serendipity of modern life, Under the Net uses its protagonist’s wandering to show how conflicts and resolutions arise unpredictably in the creative life.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• The Picaresque Novels are a genre of prose fiction.
• It revolves around the adventures of a roguish, but appealing hero, belonging to low social order.

The correct answer is "W.H. Auden".

Key Points

• Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice.
• The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 was awarded to Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values".
• Thomas Stearns Eliot OM  was a poet, essayist, publisher, playwright, literary critic and editor.
• He got Nobel Prize in Literature "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry" in the year 1948.
• Harold Pinter CH CBE was a British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor.
• The 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the British playwright Harold Pinter "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms."

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• Wystan Hugh Auden was a British-American poet.
• W. H. Auden won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his long-poem ‘The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue’ in 1948.

The correct answer is "A House for Mr. Biswas ∶ India ∶ An Area of Darkness ∶ India ∶ A Wounded Civilization ∶ India ∶ A Million Mutinies Now".

Key Points

• A House for Mr Biswas is a 1961 novel by V. S. Naipaul.
• This novel is about a man names, Mr Biswas, a poor West Indian Hindu and  his achievement  of success and independence by owning his own house.
• The travel trilogy written by VS Naipaul comprises
• An Area of Darkness (1964)
• India: A Wounded Civilisation (1977)
• India: A Million Mutinies Now (1990).
• These books were written based on his experiences from his first, third and fourth journeys to India respectively.
• An Area of Darkness is a book written by V. S. Naipaul.
• It is published in 1964.
• It is a travelogue detailing Naipaul's trip through India in the early sixties.
• India: A Wounded Civilization (1977), by V. S. Naipaul, is the second book of his "India" trilogy.
• India: A Million Mutinies Now is a nonfiction book by V. S. Naipaul published in 1990.
• It is the third volume of Naipaul's acclaimed Indian trilogy.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• V. S. Naipaul was born on 17 August 1932 in the sugar plantation-town of Chaguanas on the island of Trinidad.
• He published more than thirty books over fifty years.

The correct answer is "Sixteenth Century CE''.

Key Points

• The "Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns", a significant debate in Western literary criticism, began in the Sixteenth Century CE.
• While the roots can be traced back further, it formally emerged as a structured dispute around this time.
• It started on the continent in the sixteenth century, as noted by the music criticism of Gioseffo Zarlino and Vincenzo Galilei.
• It continued into the seventeenth century with authors such as Charles Perrault, becoming a part of the discourse in the Académie française.

So, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct answer is "1535".

Key Points

• Miles Coverdale was an English reformer, preacher, and Bishop of Exeter.
• His works led to the progress of the English Reformation from 1530 - 1532.
• The Coverdale Bible by Myles Coverdale was compiled and published in 1535. It was used as the official book of prayers in the Anglican Church.
• It is the first complete translation of the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament into Modern English.
• He build up this version from the work left incomplete by William Tyndale.
• His translation of the New Testament and Old Testament is based on the works of Tyndale.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Important Points

• English Reformation movement occurred in 16^th England under the rule of King Henry VIII.
• During this event the Church of England broke away fromcatholic beliefs and authority of the Pope
• The new church is established as Anglican Church that spread Protestant belief.
• With the works of Renaissance humanists, new ideas were ushered in.
• In 1527, Henry VIII disputed the ban on remarriage from Church. With the annulment of this rule, the new separate Church was decided.
• However, Reformation continued until Elizabeth I began her reign.

The correct answer is "Elaine Showalter".

Key Points

• Elaine Showalter is an American literary critic, feminist, and writer on socio-cultural issues.
• In her work 'A Literature of their Own' she traces the tradition of women’s literature in England from 1840 to the present
• She takes into account the great as well as minor novelists for her analysis.
• She looks into the lives and their works against the backdrop of their socio-cultural context and traces literary subcultures in female writing.
• She juxtaposes these works of women writers with the reality of the 'ordinary' women of their respective periods.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Additional Information

• Sandra Gilbert is an American literary critic and poet. She an important name in the fields of feminist literary criticism, feminist theory, and psychoanalytic criticism.
• Susan Gubar is an American author and Professor.
• Sandra and Susan are famous for their collaborated work The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination.
• Virginia Woolf was an important 20^th-century English writer. She is considered a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device.
• Her important feminist work A Room Of One's Own explores the independence of a female writer.
• Sylvia Plath was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer. She is best known for writing in the genre called confessional poetry.
• Her important collection The Colossus and Other Poems (1960) and Ariel (1965) was published posthumously.

The correct answer is "William Wordsworth".

Key Points

• William Wordsworth talks about the form and style of romantic poetry in 'Preface to Lyrical Ballad'.
• Here, Wordsworth talks about the language and the content of Romantic poetry.
• The aim of Romantic poetry was to take poetry out of the rigidity of metrical forms and ornamented language of the 18^th century.
• In the given line, he claims that the language of poetry should not be much different from that of prose except that facet that poetry utilizes metrical forms.
• The key factor in poetry according to him was the matter and the content. The language should be simple and natural, the language of the rustic people.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Additional Information

• S.T. Coleridge was the co-author of Preface in 1800. However, his thoughts about romantic poetry were less found in this work.
• He detailed his concept of imagination in his work Biographia Literaria.
• Here he talked about his concepts on primary and secondary imagination and fancy.
• In Lyrical Ballads, Coleridge contributed four poems and the rest were by Wordsworth.

The correct option is "Birmingham"

Key Points

• Stuart Henry McPhail Hall was born in February 1932  and was a Jamaican-born British Marxist sociologist, cultural theorist, and political activist.
• Hall, along with Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams, was one of the founding figures of the school of thought that is now known as the British Cultural Studies or the Birmingham School of Cultural Studies.
• Hall joined the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) at Birmingham University in 1964.
• Hall took over from Hoggart as acting director of the CCCS in 1968, became its director in 1972, and remained there until 1979.
• Hall is credited with playing a role in expanding the scope of cultural studies to deal with race and gender, and with helping to incorporate new ideas derived from the work of French theorists such as Michel Foucault.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• Herbert Richard Hoggart born in September 1918 was an English academic whose career covered the fields of sociology, English literature and cultural studies, with an emphasis on British popular culture.
• Hoggart wrote a "critical study" of the "whole range of Auden's works." This "range" included "the earlier poems of the thirties, the plays, and the long poems.
• Raymond Henry Williams born in August 1921, was a Welsh socialist writer, academic, novelist and critic influential within the New Left and in the wider culture. His writings on politics, culture, the media and literature contributed to the Marxist critique of culture and the arts.
• Inspired by T.S. Eliot's 1948 publication Notes towards the Definition of Culture, Williams began exploring the concept of culture.
• He first outlined his argument that the concept emerged with the Industrial Revolution in the essay "The Idea of Culture", which resulted in the widely successful book Culture and Society, published in 1958.

The correct answer is "2014".

Key Points

• "Men Without Women" is a 2014 collection of short stories by Japanese author Haruki Murakami.
• Across seven tales, Haruki Murakami brings his powers of observation to bear on the lives of men who, in their own ways, find themselves alone.
• They have lost women in their lives, usually to other men or death.

Therefore, the answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• Haruki Murakami is a Japanese writer.
• Most of Haruki Murakami's works use first-person narrative in the tradition of the Japanese I-novel.

The correct answer is "Edward Said".

Key Points

• Contrapuntal reading means understanding the intertwined histories and perspectives.
• It is developed by Edward W. Said in his work 'Culture and Imperialism'.
• He used this analysis for interpreting colonial texts and considering the perspectives of both the colonizer and the colonized.
• According to Said it is "an understanding of what is involved when an author shows, for instance, that a colonial sugar plantation is seen as important to the process of maintaining a particular style of life in England" (Said 66).
• The approach is helpful in making connections between the different important novels.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Important Points

• Edward Wadie Said was a public intellectual and the founder of the academic field of postcolonial studies.
• His notable contribution to 20^th-century philosophy are concepts like Occidentalism and Orientalism.
• His notable work Orientalism (1978), a critique of cultural representations, talking about West views the Orient.

The correct answer is "The Triumph of Life".

Key Points

• The Triumph of Life was the last major work by Percy Bysshe Shelley before his death in 1822.
• Shelley was working on the poem when he accidentally drowned on 8 July 1822 during a storm.
• The theme of the poem is an exploration of the nature of being and reality.
• The poem is narrated as a dreamlike vision by a speaker who finds himself waking up on a “slope of lawn” where he sees a great stream of people rushing forth, driven relentlessly upon a path by a chariot with a Janus-faced figure at the reins.
• It is a long fragment of 547 lines

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information

• ​“Ode to the West Wind” is a poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley, completed in October 1819 and published in August 1820.
• "Queen Mab" is a philosophical poem published in 1813 in nine cantos with seventeen notes, is the first large poetic work written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.

The correct answer is "1657".

Key Points

• Women Beware Women is a Jacobean tragedy by Thomas Middleton.
• It is estimated by scholars that it was written around 1612 -1627.
• Its first publication was in 1657.
• It is about the tragic turn of an event for a woman named Bianca who elopes her house with her love named Leantio.
• He was a poor man and locks Bianca out of fear and insecurity.
• However, she soon falls for the Duke of Florence who also woos her.
• With the tragic turn of fate, the drama ends with the death of both Duke and Bianca.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

Important Points

• Thomas Middleton was an English Jacobean playwright and poet.
• He wrote many works in collaboration with  John Fletcher and Ben Jonson.
• The Changeling and his satirical city comedy A Chaste Maid in Cheapside are his notable works.

The correct answer is "The Old Man and the Sea".

Key Points

• The line is taken from the novella 'The Old Man and the Sea' by Earnest Hemingway written in 1951 and published in 1952.
• It is one of his important works and the last major fiction by Hemingway published during his lifetime.
• It tells the story of Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman. He struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Cuba.
• The given line forms the essence of the entire writing. The plot attempts to depict the strength of willpower more than physical strength.
• The line is said by Santiago that summarizes his destiny in this work. At the end of the novel, we find that he is physically weathered but mentally still not defeated.

Therefore, the correct answer s "option 1".

Additional Information

• War and Peace is a fictional work by Leo Tolstoy, published in 1869.
• A Farewell to Arms is a novel by Ernest Hemingway, published in 1929. It is set during the Italian campaign of World War I.
• For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940. It is set during the Spanish Civil War.

The correct answer is "Christopher Marlowe".

Key Points

• The Admiral's Men also called the Earl of Nottingham's Men was a playing company or troupe of actors in the Elizabethan and Stuart eras.
• Christopher Marlowe, was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era.
• Marlowe is among the most famous of the Elizabethan playwrights.
• Christopher Marlowe’s most famous play is "The Tragicall History of D. Faustus".
• His other plays are:
• Tamburlaine the Great
• Dido, Queen of Carthage
• Edward II

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• The Globe is the theatre most commonly associated with the performance of Shakespeare’s plays.

The correct answer is "Ten-syllable lines that rhyme".

Key Points

• Couplet in general means two lines of the same length that forms a rhyme.
• Together the lines complete a thought.
• A Heroic Couplet is written in iambic pentameter and consists of a total of ten syllables in each line.
• In each line one unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed syllable [U /].
• This was mostly used by Shakespeare in his sonnets. He used a heroic couplet in his final lines which summarized his main thoughts.
• Geoffrey Chaucer in Canterbury Tales and as well as Alexander Pope used heroic couplets in their works.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "The Calcutta Chromosome".

Key Points

• The Ibis Trilogy is a set of historical fiction.
• It consists of three novels Sea of Poppies (2008), River of Smoke (2011), and Flood of Fire (2015).
• This trilogy is a work of postcolonial literature that reflects on the trade of opium between India and China and the trafficking of girmityas to Mauritius.
• The story is set across the Indian Ocean region during the 1830s following up to the First Opium War.
• The Ibis is a name taken from the schooner slave ship that was used for transporting opium and girmityas.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

Additional Information

• In Sea of Poppies, the Ibis sets off from Calcutta carrying servants and convicts to Mauritius.
• River of Smoke is set in China which is the opium's destination.
• Flood of Fire is the final outbreak of the First Opium War and its impact across the Indian Ocean region.
• The Calcutta Chromosome (1995) is a novel by Amitav Ghosh that is set in a future time in Calcutta and New York. It is a medical thriller story.

The correct answer is "Cyril Tourneur".

Key Points

• The Revenger's Tragadie (1607) is a Jacobean play attributed to Cyril Tourneur.
• Cyril Tourneur was an English soldier, diplomat, and dramatist.
• This particular work was before attributed to him, but presently it is attributed to Thomas Middleton.
• In a satiric tone the play provides a violent portrayal of lust and ambition in an Italian court.
• The play is set in an unnamed Italian court, where the character Vindice disguised as Piato is the revenger.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1". 

Additional Information

• John Webster was an English Jacobean dramatist who is known for his tragedies The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi.
• John Fletcher was a Jacobean playwright. Together with Beaumont, he wrote masterpieces like Philaster and The Maides Tragedy.
• Thomas Heywood was a famous Elizabethan and Jacobean playwright, actor, and author. His most notable play is A Woman Killed with Kindness.

The correct answer is "Geoffrey Chaucer".

Key Points

• "House of Fame" is a Middle English poem by Geoffrey Chaucer.
• It is estimated that the work was written between 1374 and 1385.
• It is a 2,005 lines long poem in three books written in octasyllabic couplets.
• It is written in the form of a dream vision where the poet falls asleep and gets the entire vision of the poem.
• He falls asleep and wakes up in a temple made of glass, filled with beautiful art, wealth, and image of Venus, Vulcan, and Cupid.
• He is then guided by an eagle to the temple of Venus, from where he further descends to the House of Fame full of famous deeds of heroes.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Important Points

• Geoffrey Chaucer was an English poet, author, and civil servant.
• He is called the "father of English literature" and also the "father of English poetry".
• He was the only Middle English poet to legitimately use the Middle English language for literary work when the dominant literary languages during his time were still Anglo-Norman French and Latin.
• His notable works are The Canterbury Tales, The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women, and Troilus and Criseyde.

​

The correct answer is "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak".

Key Points

• “Three Women’s Texts and a Critique of Imperialism” is written by Gayatri Spivak.
• In this essay Spivak examines three works by women
• Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte
• Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys
• Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
• She  focuses on being a woman in imperialist society.
• She highlights “what is at stake, for feminist individualism in the age of imperialism” as “childbearing and soul-making”

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

• Ania Loomba is an Indian literary scholar who works as a professor at the University of Pennsylvania.
• Meenakshi Mukherjee was a litterateur and Sahitya Akademi Award winner. She received the Sahitya Akademi award in 2003 for her book The Perishable Empire: Essays on Indian Writing in English.

The correct option is "1988".

Key Points

• The new multiculturalism policy with a clearer sense of purpose and direction came into effect in 1988 when the Canadian Multiculturalism Act was adopted by Parliament.
• Canada was the first country in the world to pass a national multiculturalism law.
• The Act acknowledges multiculturalism as a fundamental characteristic of Canadian society with an integral role in the decision-making process of the federal government.
• It also focuses on the eradication of racism and the removal of discriminatory barriers as ways to fulfil Canada's human rights commitments.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• In 1982, multiculturalism was recognized by section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Canadian Multiculturalism Act was subsequently enacted by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.
• The multiculturalism policy allows citizens to practice their religions and keep their identities without the fear of official persecution. It is believed that without this fear, Canadians are more willing to accept different cultures.
• The policy, therefore, emphasizes mutual respect between ethnicities and also acceptance of one's personal beliefs.
• This policy guarantees equality before the law and for pursuing opportunities whether personal, career, or in any other field. This means anyone of any race or ethnic origin is capable of pursuing his or her interests without persecution.

The correct option is "The Colie Woman"

Key Points

• "The Coolie Woman" is a book written by Gaiutra Bahadur.
• The book is a biography of Sujaria, the great-grandmother of the author.
• It is an exploration of the indentured labor system, which was practiced in the Caribbean.
• It is about tracing Sujaria's 1903 journey as a Brahmin caste woman from Bihar, India's poorest state, to the sugarcane plantations of British Guiana.
• The word coolie, which was used in the Atlantic World to refer to primarily Indian and Chinese indentured workers from Asia, is considered a pejorative.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• An Era of Darkness is a work of non-fiction by Shashi Tharoor, an Indian politician and diplomat, on the effects of British colonial rule on India.
• Dauka Puraan, written in Fiji Hindi, by Subramani, in the year 2001 caused bewilderment among those who had followed Subramani as a writer in the English language.  A novel in "broken Hindi" was seen as a transgression on the part of a Professor in English.
• Rama's Banishment is a collection of essays by Fiji Indian scholars and others who have worked on aspects of Fiji Indian life.
• The essays cover a variety of fields - history, politics, sociology, linguistics, religion, anthropology, literature and so forth - and, as a centenary tribute to Fiji Indians, aim to look afresh at the problems of being a Fiji Indian.

The correct option is "Tamil"

Key Points

• Tolkappiyam is the most ancient extant Tamil grammar text and the oldest extant long work of Tamil literature.
• Tolkappiyam, a unique work on grammar and poetics, in its three parts of nine sections each, deals with Eluttu (letter), Col (word) and Porul (subject matter).
• There is no firm evidence to assign the authorship of this treatise to any one author. Tholkapiyam, some traditionally believe, was written by a single author named Tolkappiyar, a disciple of Vedic sage Agastya mentioned in the Rigveda.
• Almost all levels of the human language from the spoken to the most poetic lie within the purview of Tolkappiyar’s analysis as he treats in exquisitely poetic and epigrammatic statements on phonology, morphology, syntax, rhetoric, prosody and poetics.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2 .

Additional Information

• Some in the Tamil tradition place the text Tolkappiyam in the mythical second Sangam, variously in the 1^st millennium BCE or earlier.
• The Tolkappiyam in Hindi translation in verse was translated by Dr H. Balasubramaniam and Prof. K. Nachimuthu and was published in hardbound with 1214 pages.
• Tolkappiyam is concerned with orthography, semantics, prosody, phonology, morphology, and the subject matter of literary works.
• The Tholkappiyam developed thirty phonemes as well as three dependent sounds for Tamil.

The correct option is "collection of short stories"

Key Points

• "The Fantasy Eaters", published in 1988, is a collection of nine short stories and a novella.
• The stories are set in the Indian community in Fiji.
• "The Fantasy Eaters" deals with their life and experiences on plantation, immigrants’ experiences, struggle for identity, existential dilemma, struggle for preservation of social, moral and cultural aspects of Indian way of life and unanticipated and unwilling violation of it.
• Psychological effects of multiculturalism and colonialism are among the major themes of "The Fantasy Eaters".
• The characters often fail to define themselves, their existence, their surroundings, their relations and emotions and their actions.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Short stories date back to oral storytelling traditions which originally produced epics such as the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Oral narratives were often told in the form of rhyming or rhythmic verse, often including recurring sections or, in the case of Homer, Homeric epithets. Such stylistic devices often acted as mnemonics for easier recall, rendition, and adaptation of the story. Short sections of verse might focus on individual narratives that could be told in one sitting. The overall arc of the tale would emerge only through the telling of multiple such sections.
• In Europe, the oral story-telling tradition began to develop into written form in the early 14^th century, most notably with Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron. Both of these books are composed of individual short stories, which range from farce or humorous anecdotes to well-crafted literary fiction, set within a larger narrative story (a frame story), although the frame-tale device was not adopted by all writers. At the end of the 16^th century, some of the most popular short stories in Europe were the darkly tragic "novella" of Matteo Bandello, especially in their French translation.

The correct option is "collection of essays"

Key Points

• "The Writer and the World" by V. S. Naipaul is a collection of essays and reportage.
• The book contains some of Naipaul's most notable essays on post-colonial India, Trinidad, and Zaire.
• Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001.
• The British author V.S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad, with family roots in India.
• Naipaul made his debut with the novel The Mysterious Masseur in 1957. Naipaul has devoted much of his life to traveling to different places in the world, which has come to be reflected in his novels as well as his travel writing and reportage.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• V.S. Naipaul is our most sensitive, literate, and undeceivable observer of the post-colonial world. In these pages, he trains his relentless moral intelligence on societies from India to the United States and sees how each deals with the challenges of modernity and the seductions of both the real and mythical past.
• Whether he is writing about a string of racial murders in Trinidad; the mad, corrupt reign of Mobutu in Zaire; Argentina under the generals; or Dallas during the 1984 Republican Convention, Naipaul combines intellectual playfulness with sorrow, indignation, and analysis so far-reaching that it approaches prophecy.

The correct option is "Homi K. Bhabha".

Key Points

• These lines belong to the concept of Hybridity developed by Homi K Bhabha.
• Homi Kharshedji Bhabha born in November 1949, is an Indian-British scholar and critical theorist.
• He is the Professor of the Humanities at Harvard University.
• He is one of the most important figures in contemporary postcolonial studies, and has developed a number of the field's neologisms and key concepts, such as hybridity, mimicry, difference, and ambivalence.
• Such terms describe ways in which colonised people have resisted the power of the coloniser, according to Bhabha's theory. In 2012, he received the Padma Bhushan award in the field of literature and education from the Indian government.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Salman Rushdie is an Indian-born British-American novelist. His work often combines magic realism with historical fiction and primarily deals with connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern and Western civilizations, typically set on the Indian subcontinent.
• Edward Wadie Said was a Palestinian-American professor of literature at Columbia University, a public intellectual, and a founder of the academic field of postcolonial studies. 
• Said's model of textual analysis transformed the academic discourse of researchers in literary theory, literary criticism, and Middle-Eastern studies—how academics examine, describe, and define the cultures being studied.
• Benedict Richard O'Gorman Anderson was an Anglo-Irish political scientist and historian who lived and taught in the United States. Anderson is best known for his 1983 book Imagined Communities, which explored the origins of nationalism.
• A polyglot with an interest in Southeast Asia, he was the Aaron L. Binenkorb Professor of International Studies, Government & Asian Studies at Cornell University.

The correct option is "It denotes a speaker's or character's deliberation on an irresolvable question"

Key Points

• "Aporia" is an irresolvable internal contradiction or logical disjunction in a text, argument, or theory.
• An Aporia can also be understood as a conundrum or state of puzzlement.
• The notion of an Aporia is principally found in Greek philosophy, but it also plays a role in post-structuralist philosophy, as in the writings of Jacques Derrida and Luce Irigaray, and it has also served as an instrument of investigation in analytic philosophy.
• Aporia is also a rhetorical device whereby the speaker expresses a doubt—often feigned—about his position or asks the audience rhetorically how he or she should proceed.
• One aim of Aporia may be to discredit the speaker's opponent. Aporia is also called Dubitatio.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Additional Information

• In Aristotle's Metaphysics, Aporia plays a role in his method of inquiry. In contrast to a rationalist inquiry that begins from a priori principles, or an empiricist inquiry that begins from a tabula rasa, he begins the Metaphysics by surveying the various aporias that exist.
• In Pyrrhonism, Aporia is intentionally induced as a means of producing ataraxia.

The correct option is "Seamus Heaney"

Key Points

• The "Angry Young Men" were a British group of mostly working- and middle-class British playwrights and novelists.
• They became prominent in the 1950s and expressed scorn and disaffection with the established sociopolitical order of their country.
• The group's leading figures included John Osborne and Kingsley Amis; other popular figures included John Braine, Alan Sillitoe, and John Wain.
• The New University Wits refers to Oxbridge malcontents who explored the contrast between their upper-class university privilege and their middle-class upbringings. These included Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin and John Wain, all of whom were also part of the poetic circle known as "The Movement".

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• John James Osborne was an English playwright, screenwriter and actor known for writing prose that criticized established social and political norms. Look Back in Anger (1956) is his best-known work.
• Osborne was also notorious for his violent language. Not only on behalf of the political causes he supported but also against his own family, including his wives and children. Osborne was one of the first writers to address Britain's purpose in the post-imperial age.
• Sir Kingsley William Amis was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than 20 novels, six volumes of poetry, a memoir, short stories, radio and television scripts, and works of social and literary criticism. Amis's first novel was Lucky Jim (1954), which according to many reflects the Angry Young Men temperament.
• Philip Arthur Larkin was an English poet, novelist, and librarian. His first book of poetry, The North Ship, was published in 1945, followed by two novels, Jill and A Girl in Winter, and he came to prominence in 1955 with the publication of his second collection of poems. 
• He wrote the play to express what it felt like to live in England during the 1950s.
• The main issues that Angry Young Men had were "impatience with the status quo, refusal to be co-opted by a bankrupt society, an instinctive solidarity with the lower classes".

The correct option is "Kingsley Amis"

Key Points

• These lines are from the poem "Something Nasty in the Bookshop" by Kingsley Amis.
• Sir Kingsley William Amis born in April 1922, was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher.
• He wrote more than 20 novels, six volumes of poetry, a memoir, short stories, radio and television scripts, and works of social and literary criticism.
• He is best known for satirical comedies such as Lucky Jim, One Fat Englishman, Ending Up, Jake's Thing and The Old Devils.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Philip Arthur Larkin was an English poet, novelist, and librarian. His first book of poetry, The North Ship, was published in 1945, followed by two novels, Jill and A Girl in Winter, and he came to prominence in 1955 with the publication of his second collection of poems. 
• He wrote the play to express what it felt like to live in England during the 1950s.
• Donald Alfred Davie was an English Movement poet and literary critic. His poems in general are philosophical and abstract but often evoke various landscapes.
• John Barrington Wain was an English poet, novelist, and critic, associated with the literary group known as "The Movement". He worked for most of his life as a freelance journalist and author, writing and reviewing newspapers and the radio.

The correct option is "B and E only".

Key Points

• Meena Alexander born in February 1951 was an Indian American poet, scholar, and writer.
• Born in Allahabad, India, and raised in India and Sudan, Alexander later lived and worked in New York City, where she was a Distinguished Professor of English at Hunter College and the CUNY Graduate Center.
• River and Bridge, Raw Silk, Stone Roots, The Bird’s Bright Ring, I Root My Name and Without Place are some of the poems she wrote.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• The poem "Articulate silences" is authored by Shiv Kumar Kumar.
• The poem "A Time to Change" is authored by Nissim Ezekiel.

The correct option is "C and D only"

Key Points

• Flash fiction compresses an entire story into the space of a few paragraphs.
• There is no defined word count for flash fiction, but some commonly used word limits in flash fiction range from just six words on the short end to around 1,000 words on the longer end.
• Any work of fiction with a word count between 7,500 and 19,000 is generally considered a Novelette.
• The average length of a Short Story ranges from 5,000 to 10,000 words.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Drabble and Postcard fiction are some examples of  Flash fiction.
• A Drabble is a short work of fiction of precisely one hundred words in length.
• Postcard fiction is typically around 250 words but could be as few as 25 words to as much as 500 words.
• Microfiction and nano fiction describe the shortest forms of flash fiction, including stories that are 300 words or less.

The correct option is " A, C and D only"

Key Points

• The pastoral elegy is a poem about both death and idyllic rural life. Often, the pastoral elegy features shepherds.
• "Lycidas" written by John Milton is a pastoral elegy that first appeared in a 1638 collection of elegies in English and Latin entitled Justa Edouardo King Naufrago.
• Adonais is an elegy in the pastoral convention in which Percy Bysshe Shelley commemorates John Keats who died young.
• "Thyrsis" written by Matthew Arnold is a pastoral elegy in honor of his friend Arthur Hugh Clough, who died in 1861, in the year of his death.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• "In Memory of W. B. Yeats" is an elegy which deals with the death of William Butler Yeats's and a tribute written in honor of his contribution to literature. The poem is an elegy that celebrates Yeats' writings and at the same time criticizes modernity.
• “In Memoriam” written by Alfred Tennyson was intended as an elegy or a poem in memory and praise of one who has died.

The correct option is "A, B and C only".

Key Points

• "Demons" sometimes also called The Possessed or The Devils is a novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky,
• "The Landlady" is a novella by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky, written in 1847.
• "The Crocodile" is a short story by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Additional Information

• A Writer's Diary" is a collection of non-fiction and fictional writings by Fyodor Dostoevsky.
• "Mary Stuart" is a verse play by Friedrich Schiller that depicts the last days of Mary, Queen of Scots.

The correct answer is A, B, and D only.

Key Points

• Arun Kolatkar employs colloquial speech in his poems, capturing the vernacular and everyday language.
• Kolatkar often uses abstract qualities and vivid imagery to reflect on life and human conditions.
• Dilip Chitre is the author of the poem "Private Poems in Public Garden."
• The poem "Boatride" by Kolatkar does not specifically talk about a ride in the Ganges.
• 'In Ethiopia' is not a poem by Arun Kolatkar on Africa.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• Arun Kolatkar is known for merging Marathi and English literary traditions, using a colloquial tone that appeals broadly.
• Dilip Chitre was also a noted translator and his contributions include translating major Marathi works to English.
• Kolatkar's imagery often juxtaposes the spiritual with the mundane, providing a unique vision of Indian life and spirituality.

The correct option is "C, D and E only"

Key Points

• The novel Shikasta is about the history of the planet Shikasta under the influence of three galactic empires: Canopus, Sirius, and their shared enemy, Puttiora. The book is a series of reports by Canopean visitors to Shikasta. They record what happens on the planet which is very similar to Earth.
• The book Alfred and Emily is based on the lives of Lessing's parents. Part one is a novella, a fictional portrait of how her parents' lives might have been without the interruption of the First World War. Part two is a retelling of how her parents' lives developed.
• The Grass Is Singing is the first novel by British author Doris Lessing. It takes place in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), in southern Africa, during the 1940s and deals with the racial politics between whites and blacks in that country (which was then a British Colony). It follows an emotionally immature woman's hasty marriage to an unsuccessful farmer, her ensuing mental deterioration, her murder, and the colonial British society's reactions to it.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• The Golden Notebook is a 1962 novel by the British writer Doris Lessing. The novel contains anti-war and anti-Stalinist messages, an extended analysis of communism and the Communist Party in England from the 1930s to the 1950s, and an examination of the budding sexual revolution and women's liberation movements.
• The Good Terrorist is a 1985 political novel written by the British novelist Doris Lessing. The book's protagonist is the naive drifter Alice, who squats with a group of radicals in London and is drawn into their terrorist activities.

The correct option is "B, C, D and E only".

Key Points

• Pyrrhic is a metrical foot consisting of two short or unaccented syllables.
• An Amphimacer is a unit of meter. It occurs when the poet places an unstressed beat between two stressed beats.
• Choriambus is a metrical foot consisting of two stressed syllables enclosing two unstressed; a trochee followed by an iamb.
• Trochee is a type of metrical foot consisting of two syllables—the first is stressed and the second is an unstressed syllable.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• A Spondee is a metrical foot consisting of two long syllables, as determined by syllable weight in classical meters, or two stressed syllables in modern meters.

The correct option is "B, C, D and E only"

Key Points

• A. He rejected the model for structural analysis of narratives.
• Although Barthes became associated with structuralism and even developed its concepts in his earlier work, he later moved beyond this stance, rejecting the determinism and inflexibility he felt it imposed on the literary work. He did not necessarily disregard the value of structural analysis, but rather its dogmatic and stagnant interpretations.
• B. He perceived “meaning" as an effect of various interconnections among linguistic codes.
• This statement is accurate. Barthes argued that texts are made up of a multitude of signs or codes. The interplay between these creates the richness of meaning within a text.
• C. He identified the various codes found in the process of structuration.
• Barthes did indeed lay out five key codes he believed were central to the understanding of narrative: the hermeneutic, proairetic, semantic, symbolic, and cultural codes.
• D. He played a significant role in the development of 'semiology'.
• This is correct. Barthes' work on semiotics/semiology, particularly his concepts of the signifier and signified, is considered foundational in the field.
• E. He questioned the concept of literary criticism as an act of uncovering some hidden truth intended by the "Author".
• Barthes famously stated the idea of "The Death of the Author," arguing that the author's intent should not be the primary focus of literary criticism. Instead, he believed the focus should be on the reader's creation of meaning.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3

The correct option is "B, C and D only"

Key Points

• The Oxford Movement was a movement of high church members of the Church of England that began in the 1830s and eventually developed into Anglo-Catholicism.
• The movement, whose original devotees were mostly associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of some older Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology.
• The movement's philosophy was known as Tractarianism after its series of publications, the Tracts for the Times, published from 1833 to 1841. Tractarians were also disparagingly referred to as "Newmanites" (before 1845) and "Puseyites" (after 1845) after two prominent Tractarians, John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey.
• Their best-known leaders were John Henry Newman, John Keble, and Edward Pusey.
• The Tracts were strongly opposed to the abuses which they saw in the Roman Catholic Church, but they were attacked as “papist” and rejected by many.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct option is "A, D and E only".

Key Points

• Elaine Showalter born in January 1941 is an American literary critic, feminist, and writer on cultural and social issues. She influenced feminist literary criticism in the United States academia, developing the concept and practice of gynocritics, a term describing the study of "women as writers".
• In 2007, Showalter served as chair of the judges of the Man Booker Prize, the most prestigious literary award of the British Commonwealth.
• Showalter says that the most constructive approach to future feminist theory and criticism lies in a focus on nurturing a new feminine cultural perspective within a feminist tradition that at the same time exists within the male tradition, but on which it is not dependent and to which it is not answerable.
• Elaine Showalter's three phases of feminism are the “feminine” (women writers imitate men), the “feminist” (women advocated minority rights and protested), and the “female” (the focus is now on women's texts as opposed to merely uncovering misogyny in men's texts).

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct option is "E only".

Key Points

• Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is a pseudoscientific approach to communication, personal development and psychotherapy.
• It appeared first in Richard Bandler and John Grinder's 1975 book "The Structure of Magic".
• NLP claims that there is a connection between neurological processes (neuro-), language (linguistic) and acquired behavioral patterns (programming) and that these can be changed to achieve specific goals in life.
• According to Bandler and Grinder, NLP can treat problems such as phobias, depression, tic disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, near-sightedness, allergy, the common cold, and learning disorders, often in a single session.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct option is "B and C only".

Key Points

• "Saint Joan of Stockyards" is a play lay by Bertolt Brecht which is laced with humor and songs as part of its epic dramaturgical structure and deals with the theme of emancipation from material suffering and exploitation. The most common are Self-Assuredness, Power, Gender, Holiness, Justice, Nationalism and Integrity.
• "Death of a Salesman" is a stage play written by American playwright Arthur Miller. The three major themes of Death of a Salesman are  Denial, contradiction, and the quest for order versus disorder.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• The major theme in the book "Loyalties" by John Galsworthy as the name of the book suggests, is Loyalty.

Every person in the play, and otherwise also, is loyal to something or someone and whatever they do, they do it to serve their loyalties.

• "Candida" is a comedy by playwright George Bernard Shaw. The main theme of Candida is feminism, in particular, the free choice that women should have to decide if they want to be housewives, wives, and mothers or if they want to have another kind of life.
• "Waiting for Godot" is a play by Samuel Beckett. The major themes include Humor and the Absurd, Waiting, Boredom,  Nihilism, Modernism and Postmodernism, Humanity, Companionship, Suffering, and Dignity.

The correct option is "A, D and E only"

Key Points

• "The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet" by Vandana Singh is a well-known story in the world of science fiction and fantasy writing.
• "Generation-14" by Priya Sarukkai Chabria is Intense, poetic and erotic, and a dazzlingly imaginative and bizarre political satire.
• Priya Sarukkai Chabria is an award-winning author known for her radical aesthetics.
• "Generation 14" is a serious and vivid reflection on repression and the fragility of freedom.
• "The Wall" a speculative fiction novel, set in a dystopian city called Sumer, which is guarded by impenetrable walls and has a strictly hierarchical society.
• The novel follows the chronicles of Mithila, a queer girl (and her cohort) who seeks to venture beyond those boundaries

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• "Blasphemy" by Tehmina Durrani is based on a true story that took place in Pakistan.
• This controversial novel is a searing study of evil.
• It is the tragic and shocking story of the beautiful Heer, brutalized and corrupted by Pir Sain, the so-called man of God to whom she is married at the age of fifteen.
• Tehmina Durrani is a Pakistani author, artist and activist on women's and children's rights and the current First Lady of Pakistan.
• Her first book, "My Feudal Lord", shocked conservative Pakistani society because of the sensational exposure of her politically famous but abusive husband, Mustafa Khar.
• "The Satanic Verses" is by the writer Salman Rushdie. The book was inspired by the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (pbuh).
• As with his previous books, Rushdie used magical realism and relied on contemporary events and people to create his characters
• ​"The Satanic Verses" and its perceived blasphemy motivated Islamic extremist bombings, killings, and riots and sparked a debate about censorship and religiously motivated violence.

The correct option is "B, D and E only".

Key Points

• Intersectionality is a term first coined in 1989 by American civil rights advocate and leading scholar of critical race theory, Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw.
• Crenshaw in a way to help, explains the oppression of African-American women.
• Crenshaw’s then somewhat academic term is now at the forefront of national conversations about racial justice, identity politics, and policing­ and over the years has helped shape legal discussions.
• Intersectionality is a lens through which you can see where power comes and collides, where it interlocks and intersects. It’s not simply that there’s a race problem here, a gender problem here, and a class or LBGTQ problem there.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct option is "A, C, E, B, D"

Key Points

• Lady Oracle is a novel by Margaret Atwood that parodies Gothic romances and fairy tales. It was first published by McClelland and Stewart in 1976.
• The Handmaid’s Tale, an acclaimed dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, was published in 1985.
• Alias Grace is a historical fiction novel by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. First published in 1996 by McClelland & Stewart, it won the Canadian Giller Prize and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.
• The Blind Assassin is a novel by the Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. It was first published by McClelland and Stewart in 2000.
• The Testaments is a 2019 novel by Margaret Atwood. It is the sequel to The Handmaid's Tale (1985).

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• In the novel "Lady Oracle" the protagonist, Joan Foster, is a romance novelist who has spent her life running away from difficult situations. The novel alternates between flashbacks from the past and scenes from the present. Through flashbacks, the reader sees her first as an overweight child whose mother constantly criticizes her, and later, hiding her career, her past as the mistress of a Polish count, and her affair with a performance artist called The Royal Porcupine, from her bipolar husband Arthur.
• The Handmaid’s Tale set in New England in the near future, posits a Christian fundamentalist theocratic regime in the former United States that arose as a response to a fertility crisis.
• Alias Grace is about the notorious 1843 murders of Thomas Kinnear and his housekeeper Nancy Montgomery in Upper Canada. Two servants of the Kinnear household, Grace Marks and James McDermott, were convicted of the crime. McDermott was hung and Marks was sentenced to life imprisonment.
• The Blind Assassin is set in the fictional Ontario town of Port Ticonderoga and in Toronto. It is narrated from the present day, referring to previous events that span the twentieth century but mostly the 1930s and 1940s. It is a work of historical fiction with the major events of Canadian history forming an important backdrop, for example, the On-to-Ottawa Trek and a 1934 Communist rally at Maple Leaf Gardens.
• The Testaments  is set 15 years after the events of The Handmaid's Tale. It is narrated by Aunt Lydia, a character from the previous novel; Agnes, a young woman living in Gilead; and Daisy, a young woman living in Canada.

The correct answer is "C and E only"

Key Points

• The theory of Sphota was formulated by Bhartrhari.
• According to this theory, the smallest unit of meaning in a speech is an entire sentence, not a single word.
• Sphota literally means "sudden opening" or "disclosure" which is taking place in both speaker and hearer.
• The sound of speech called Dhvani evokes the Sphota in the hearer.
• However, Bhartrhari makes a difference between Dhvani and Sphota.
• Dhvani is a particular sound whereas Sphota deals with universal sounds.
• Shabda Brahman means transcendental sound which has the power to convey meaning.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "A, C, and D only".

Key Points

• Ngugi wa Thiong’o was a Kenyan writer and was considered one of East Africa’s leading novelists.
• His popular work Weep Not, Child (1964) was his first major novel in English by an East African.
• Thiong'o advocated for the introduction of native literature and language in the classroom.
• The Western literature taught in school negatively affects the learning of third-world country students.
• The article reflects postcolonial sentiments.
• According to him, the cultural imperialism in Western texts distorts the reality and history of third-world countries.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is "A and C only".

Key Points

• Elizabeth Bowen was an Irish-British novelist and short story writer. She was known for her books about the 'big house' of Irish Protestants and her books about London during wartime.
• The Last September by Bowen is a novel published in 1929.
• The novel is about life in Danielstown, Cork during the Irish War of Independence.
• JG Farrell was an Anglo-Irish writer known for his novel series known as "Empire Trilogy".
• Troubles is a novel by Farrell published in 1970. It is the first book of his trilogy. It is followed by The Siege of Krishnapur and The Singapore Grip.
• The novel talks about the dilapidation of a majestic Irish hotel during a political upheaval at the time of the Irish War of Independence.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Additional Information

• The Divine Fire by Mary Sinclair was published in 1904. The work talks about the lives of artists.
• The Siege of Krishnapur by JG Farrell is the second novel of his trilogy. The story is written from the perspective of an Englishman about the siege of a fictional Indian town, Krishnapur, during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• Black Bartlemy's Treasure by Jeremy Farnol is an adventure of a man who escapes his five years of slavery in Spain.

The correct answer is "B, C, and D only".

Key Points

• Footnotes in Gaza by Joe Sacco is a journalistic graphic narrative. It was published in 2009.
• It presents the bloody incidents between Israelis and Palestinians in Gaza during the Suez Crisis.
• Art Spiegelman is an American cartoonist.
• Maus by Spiegelman is a graphic novel serialized from 1980 to 1991. It is about the author interviewing his father about his experiences as a Polish Jew and Holocaust survivor.
• In postmodern techniques the work represents Jews as mice and other Germans and Poles as cats and pigs.
• Sarnath Banerjee's Corridor is an Indian graphic novel both edited and illustrated by the creator.
• The plot is set in Delhi and talks about the collision of Indian culture with the rising influences of Western culture. I
• t depicts the socio-political ambience of India and people's reactions to it.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

Important Points

• Graphic novel is a form and a genre of writing. It can either be a serialized story or a shorter one.
• Graphic novels refer to works that blend the narrative with the illustration.
• It can be both a fictional and non-fictional novel.
• Graphic novel is different from comic as it contains more complex plot than comics which are excerpts from long narratives.

Additional Information

• Kari by Amruta Patil is a novel about homosexuality and features the search for one's identity in the dominant heterosexuality.
• Kari is a lesbian woman who is parted from her partner Ruth. The story reflects on Kari's alienation from the heterosexual culture around her.
• The Diary of a Teenage Girl is a diaristic graphic novel by Phoebe Gloeckner. The novel talks about the complex life of an adolescent girl named Minnie Goetze.

​The correct answer is "A, B, and C only"

Key Points

• The Circle of Reason by Amitava Ghosh is his first novel published in 1986. It reflects on the theme of postcolonial marginalization. 
• It is about the protagonist who is of Indian origin was suspected of being a terrorist. For this, he had to leave India for northern Africa and the Middle East.
• Red Earth and Pouring Rain is a novel by Vikram Chandra, published in 1995.
• The story is based on the theme of reincarnation and rebirth.
• The Ghosts of Vasu Master by Gira Hariharan is a novel published in 1994.
• It is a tale of a small-town schoolteacher named Vasu Master, an imaginary character by Hariharan.

Therefore, the correct option is "option 2".

Additional Information

• Miguel Street by V. S. Naipaul was published in 1959.
• It is a collection of linked short stories set in wartime Trinidad and Tobago.
• The Siege of Babylon by Farrukh Dhondy was published in 1978.
• It is about the four sullen hostages and their captors, Kwate, Hurly, and Rupert, three young blacks from Brixton.

The correct answer is "C and D only".

Key Points

• The line is taken from 'The Poetics' by Aristotle.
• Poetics is one of the earliest accounts by Aristotle that talks about Greek dramatic theory.
• Here he talks about poetry, its form, content, structure, and style. He mainly talks about epic poetry and tragedy.
• He defines poetry as the mimetic, or imitative, use of language, rhythm, and harmony, separately or in combination.
• About Tragedy, Aristotle writes 'is the imitation of an action'. Also, it must be as follows :
• It must be serious and have magnitude.
• Tragedy must be complete in itself,
• Must have the language with pleasurable accessories,
• each kind brought in separately in the parts of the work;
• must be dramatic,
• It must not be in a narrative form
• The incidents must arouse pity and fear, accomplishing the catharsis of such emotions.
• By 'language with pleasurable accessories' Aristotle meant rhythm or harmony and song superadded.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is B, C, and D only.

Key Points

• The Latin American literary tradition often draws analogies between plant growth and human movement, symbolizing a connection between the environment and human experiences.
• Dzul Poot's stories are known for depicting the geography and cultural context of the Chilam Balam towns, which are significant to the region's indigenous heritage.
• Quechua was one of the widespread indigenous languages in Latin America, prevalent across various nations and having significant cultural and literary influence.
• There hasn't been racial coherence or unity in literary representations of Latin America; instead, it reflects diverse cultural and racial experiences.
• Latin American literature is far from unitary and often engages in rich intertextuality, drawing from various influences and traditions.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Latin American literature is known for its diverse voices and themes, often reflecting a wide array of cultural, social, and political issues.
• The notion of "magical realism" is a hallmark of Latin American literature, blending the mystical with everyday life.
• This diversity is a result of the region’s rich history of indigenous cultures, colonial influences, and modern political movements.

The correct answer is "B, C, D, and E only".

Key Points

• Roland Barthes in his work S/Z talks about the five codes that are present in the narrative.
• The five codes are the Hermeneutic code, Proairetic code, Semic Code, Symbolic code, and Cultural Code.
• Hermeneutic code refers to the hidden meaning enigmas of the text.
• It is abbreviated by Barthes as 'HER'.
• These are the puzzles, and mysteries that are not answered in the text and make the reader keep guessing.
• Proairetic code means the actions or small sequences of the narrative that creates tension in the narrative.
• It is the narrative drive in the text, as the reader gets engaged and anticipates the follow-up actions.
• The Semic code is about the inherent meaning that is associated with the character.
• Cultural Code is the elements in the text that refers to the common knowledge background. These are shared knowledge or accepted truths by a body of people.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is "B, D, and E only".

Key Points

• Harold Pinter is one of the most important British playwrights of the 20^th century.
• He was a playwright, screenwriter, director, and actor.
• He was born on 10^th October, 1930.
• The works The Birthday Party, The Caretaker, and The Betrayal are some of his celebrated works.
• Stanley is the protagonist of his famous play The Birthday Party. It was Stanley's birthday party that turns into a nightmare.
• The play The Betrayal is about an extramarital affair and the dishonesty of the characters.
• Harold Pinter was a good acquaintance of Samuel Beckett who largely contributed to the "Theatre of Absurd".
• Beckett thus had a deep influence on Harold Pinter and his work The Birthday Party is often considered tagged under this genre.

Therefore, the correct option is "option 2".

Additional Information

• Harold Pinter is noted for his memory plays. Here, the plot develops from the memory of the central character.
• Memory play is coined by Tennessee Williams.
• The play 'Betrayal' is a memory play as the events in the play is developed from the memory of the character.
• His other important memory plays are Old Times and No Man's Land.

The correct answer is "A, C, and E only".

Key Points

• Plato in his Republic attacks poetry and poets.
• According to Plato, true poetry aims to teach moral values.
• Plato attacks poetry on the following grounds:
• Poets imitate reality and their created poetry is moved away from the original.
• Poetry is thrice removed from reality and makes men believe in imperfection.
• Poets fail to produce any reason through poetry and evoke passions and emotions only that veil rational thinking.
• Poets do not have knowledge of the world. Thus the poetry fails to teach the audience any moral values.
• Therefore, Plato does not consider the poet to be a part of important events like state affairs.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

Additional Information

• Aristotle in his Poetics helps counter Plato's thoughts about poetry and the position of the poet.
• Here, he attempts to elevate the position of poet. He defines epic and tragic poetry in detail.
• There he claims that poetry helps in the purgation of emotions by evoking pity and fear.

The correct answer is "(A), (C), and (D)".

Key Points

• The Boyfriend and Other Short Stories is written by Juliette Banerjee.
• The Other woman and Other Stories is written by Dina Mehta and published in 1981.
• The Yankee and the Yogi is written by B.G. Siddarth.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

The correct answer is "(A), (B), and (E)".

Key Points

• Tristan Tzara is an important Dada artist and the founder of the Dada Movement.
• He was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist, playwright, literary and art critic, composer, and film director.
• The Gas Heart (1921) and Handkerchief of Clouds (1924) are his important dadaist plays.
• Guillanne Apollinaire coined the term Surrealism. It first appeared in Paris in 1917.
• He was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic. He also termed coined 'Cubism' in 1911.
• His play The Breasts of Tiresias (1917) is one of the earliest surrealist works.
• Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev was one of the proponents of Nihilism.
• He was a  Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, and translator. He popularized Russian Literature in the West.
• His famous work 'Father and Sons' popularized Nihilism through the character Barazov.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Important Points

• Dadaism was a 20^th-century art movement of the European avant-garde.
• It developed as a reaction to World War I.
• Dada artists rejected logic, reason, and aestheticism and depicted anti-bourgeois thoughts.
• Tristen Tzara, Marcel Duchamp, and Hugo Ball are important names in this movement.
• Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe as a response to the aftermath of World War I. 
• The surrealist artworks depicted the expression of the inner unconscious and nonsense logical scenes.
• Notable Surrealist artists were Rene Magritte, Andre Breton, and Salvador Dali.
• Nihilism is a philosophy that rejects the key aspects of human existence such as moral values, meaning, knowledge, and truth.
• The term was first introduced to philosophy by Friedrich Heinrich Jacob while describing rationalism.
• However it got more popular in the 19^th century with the concepts and work of German philosopher Nietzsche.

The correct answer is "(A) and (B) only".

Key Points

• Alfred Austin was the poet laureate of England from 1896-1913.
• He was awarded the laureateship under the reign of Queen Victoria.
• He was an English poet noted for his poetry like The Season: a Satire.
• In his critical work, The Poetry of the Period in 1870, he attacked Tennyson, Browning, Matthew Arnold, and Swinburne
• Robert Bridges succeeded in the position after Austin.
• He was an English poet.
• He became the Poet Laureate in England from 1913 to 1930.
• Bridges became the laureate under the reign of King George V.
• Bridges' poems reflect deep Christian faith and he is well-known for many hymns.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

Important Points

• Poet Laureate is an award for the poet where the person is officially appointed by a government or conferring institution.
• These poets are expected to write for the special events of the institution.
• Albertino Mussato of Padua in 1315 and Francesco Petrarca ( known as Petrarch) in 1342 were the first poets laureate after the classical age.
• John Dryden was appointed poet laureate in 1668.

The correct answer is "(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)".

Key Points

• Donald Davie was a 20^th-century English poet and critic. The Shires is a poem by Davie published in 1974.
• Philip Larkin's The North Ship is a collection of poems published in 1945.
• The poem talks about the roughness of life which is compared with the journey of a ship on the sea.
• Against Romanticism is a poem by Kingsley Amis that criticizes aesthetics in the romantic movement.
• It accuses the romantics of disregarding the essence of realism in depicting illusions.
• Hurry on Down is a novel by John Wain.
• It is based on the angry young men theme, where the character is a young graduate trying to find self-identity in the changing postwar society.

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is "(A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)"

Key Points

• Irony is a figure of speech where the expression on the surface means something and means something else in reality.
• In the given line (B), it is an ironic situation that a man who has wealth will need a wife.
• The statement ironically referred to the association of marriage with money and inheritance.
• Simile is a figure of speech where a comparison is made explicitly, between two objects of a different kind.
• In the given line (D), the color of the floating ice is compared with the green color of the emerald.
• Antithesis is a figure of speech where contrasting oppositions are presented in a line.
• Here the first proposition negates or is the opposite of the action in the second proposition.
• In the given line (A), the person is willing to wound someone but is afraid to strike.
• These are two opposite actions as without striking a wound would not occur.
• Metaphor is a figure of speech that provide clarity or identify hidden similarities between two different ideas.
• In the given line (C), the comparison is made between an object and the pureness of an 'unravished bride'.
• Also, the comparison is made between the same object and the silent foster child.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is "(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I) ".

Key Points

• Hamlet was produced between 1599-1601 and published in a quarto edition in 1603.
• Macbeth by Shakespeare was produced in 1603 and mentioned in the First Folio in 1623. It is a tragedy of Macbeth who falls for his ambition.
• The play Julius Caesar by Shakespeare was produced in 1599 and mentioned in the First Folio in 1623.
• It is based on the tragic assassination of Julius Caesar at the hands of Brutus, a conspirator led by Cassius. He was assassinated to prevent him from becoming a tyrant.
• Othello by William Shakespeare was written and published probably in 1603.
• It is based on the Italian short story 'Un Capitano Moro' ('A Moorish Captain') by Cinthio published in 1565.
• The play is about Othello, Prince of Moore who falls for his hamartia of jealousy.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "(A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (III), (D) - (II)".

Key Points

• The Last Suttee is a poem by Rudyard Kipling, about the Sati ritual in India.
• The poem talks about how the woman tries to walk into the pyre of her husband but is restricted by the gatekeeper.
• Beauty is an essay by R.W. Emerson. 
• In this work, the author explores the concept of beauty and its relationship with human life.
• At Verona is a poem by Oscar Wilde that reflects on the heroes who fought bravely.
• Hard to Forget is a short story by O' Henry.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Additional Information

• Rudyard Kipling was born in British India and was a famous English author, novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist of the late 19^th and early 20^th century.
• He is noted for his famous work Jungle Book.
• Oscar Wilde was a famous Irish poet and playwright in the 19^th century. His writing reflected aestheticism. His notable works are The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) and his two comedies Lady Windermere's Fan (1892) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895).
• Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, abolitionist, and poet. He led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19^th century.
• William Sydney Porter is known by his pen name O' Henry. He is an American writer who primarily wrote short stories. His notable works are "The Gift of the Magi" and his novel 'Cabbages and Kings'.

The correct answer is "Both Statement I and Statement II are true."

Key Points

• "The Importance of Being Earnest" is a comedy by Oscar Wilde, which according to W.H.Auden, is "the purest example in English literature of a "Verbal Opera."
• In addition to becoming a published author and teacher, Wilde made his name as the face of the aesthetic movement, which has the motto "art for art's sake."
• Wilde preached hedonism to escape the oppressive Victorian society and culture by advancing the pursuit of aesthetics and pleasure through aesthetic theory.

Therefore, option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Earnest tells the tale of two young men in London who, to maintain some sense of equilibrium in their respective lives, each lead a dual existence.

The correct answer is "Both Statement I and Statement II are correct."

Key Points

• It is arid to teach a non-native language to English language students. In teaching English Literature in non-native contexts, the teachers and learners face certain difficulties and problems due to cultural, racial and linguistic differences. British or English cultural references are not known or familiar to the learners and hence many times they do not understand the matter as is viewed by the author.
• The negative responses in an ELT classroom will create an interesting classroom situation as it is believed that when students engage in the classrooms with their teachers or among peers, they are compelled to be involved in the ‘negotiation of meaning’, that is to express and clarify their intentions, thoughts and opinions.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Learning should consist of engaging activities in a classroom. Teachers can progressively introduce new techniques and resources into ELT classes while considering what is pertinent and acceptable for their teaching situation.

The correct answer is, "Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)."

Key Points

• Charlotte Perkins Gilman is well known for her critical opinions on women's financial dependence.
• Her role was unusual and rare at the time because it was associated with a belief in the influence of social powers over what appeared to be personal circumstances, such as marriage.
• Women of all classes were politically and socially powerless and compelled to submit to male influence in early nineteenth-century American history.

Therefore, option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The American experiment, which started as a republic in nineteenth-century American history just after the Constitution was ratified, provided political, sociocultural, and economic involvement for its people, but not for women.

The correct answer is, "Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)."

Key Points

• Roland Barthes was a French critic who coined the terms "readerly/writerly" to distinguish between two basic types of text: lisible "readerly" and scriptible "writerly" in his book S/Z.
• According to Barthes, "writerly" texts are more crucial than "readerly" texts because a text's harmony is frequently re-established by its structure, the identifiers that shape and constantly fall within the text.
• The reader of the readerly text is mostly silent, while the individual who interacts with the writerly text must make an intentional effort, even re-enacting the author's actions.

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Language, according to Saarikivi, is a window into the world. According to him, languages change one's perspective and widen prospects by opening new doors. Saarikivi wants people to see the world through lenses other than the ones provided by language.

The correct answer is "dramatic."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the poem:

                  "This was Mr Bleaney's room. He stayed

                         The whole time he was at the Bodies, till

                         They moved him.' Flowered curtains, thin and frayed.

                          Fall to within five inches of the sill.

• The lines are written in verse and can be performed in front of an audience.
• The lines address the subject in the poetry, which can be articulated in front of an audience.
• From the statement above, it is evident that the poem "Mr. Bleaney" is written in "dramatic" form.

Therefore, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "tenant."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the poem:

                  "This was Mr Bleaney's room. He stayed

                       The whole time he was at the Bodies, till

                       They moved him.' Flowered curtains, thin and frayed.

                        Fall to within five inches of the sill.

                        Whose window shows a strip of building land,

                        Tussocky. littered, 'Mr Bleaney took

                        My bit of garden properly in hand.'

• The lines depict that Mr. Bleaney was not living in his own house.
• The line "Mr. Bleaney took my bit of garden properly in hand" highlights that Mr. Bleaney lived on Tussocky's property.
• From the statement above, it is evident that Mr. Bleaney was the tenant.

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "employer."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the poem:

                     "This was Mr Bleaney's room. He stayed

                        The whole time he was at the Bodies, till

                         They moved him.'

• The lines depict that several people took Mr. Bleaney out of his room**, not the owner himself.**
• The people who moved Mr. Bleaney from the room were his employers.
• From the statement above, it is evident that "they" in the third line refers to "employer."

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "a sad and dull person."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the poem:

                    But if he stood and watched the frigid wind

                      Tousling the clouds, lay on the fusty bed

                      Telling himself that this was home, and grinned.

                       And shivered, without shaking off the dread

                       That how we live measures our own nature,

                       And at his age having no more to show

                       Than one hired box should make him pretty sure

                        He warranted no better, I don't know.

• The lines depict that Mr. Bleaney showed little or no interest in the adventures of daily life.
• The poet highlights Mr. Bleaney as a man of self-satisfied position who had "no more to show."
• From the statement above, it is evident that Mr. Bleaney was "a sad and dull person."

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "ordinariness."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the poem:

                    Bed, upright chair, sixty-watt bulb, no hook

                     Behind the door, no room for books or bags-

                      *'*I'll take it.'

• The lines centres on the poet's depiction of Mr. Bleaney as an ordinary man with no interesting or adventurous pursuits.
• The line "no room for books or bags- 'I'll take it" depicts the ordinary and typical life that Mr. Bleaney led.
• From the statement above, it is evident that the poem "Mr. Bleaney" deals with the portrayal of his "ordinariness."

Therefore, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "(A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III)"

Key Points

• Wild Beauty by Kailash Sankhala was published in 1973. Kailash Sankhala was a biologist, Director of Delhi Zoological Park, and Chief Wildlife Warden of Rajasthan. 
• He was noted for his work on tiger reservation. Wild Beauty is a text on wildlife.
• The Fall of a Sparrow by Salim Ali is an autobiographical book published in 1985.
• The book talks about the story and self-discovery of the author.
• Night and Days: My Book of Indian Wildlife by M. Krishnan was published in 1986.
• It is an anecdotal text with photographs that demonstrates the best of the author who is a wildlife photographer.
• My India is a work by Jim Corbett published in 1952. It is a collection of classic tales of Indian rural life.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".