UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 9th Jan 2025 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Calculation:

Calculation for city A:

Total employees = 80000 × (24/100) = 19200

Ratio of male and female employees of all cities = 9:7

Total number of Female employees in all cities = 80000 × (7/16) = 35000

Females employees of city A = 35000 × (15/100) = 5250

Male employees = 19200 - 5250 = 13950

Number of male graduates = 13950 × (26/100) = 3627

Number of female graduates = 5250 × (42/100) = 2205

Similarly, we calculate for B, C, D, and E:

Graduate male employees = 3627 + 1881 + 4264 + 468 + 1081 + 5448 = 16769

Graduate female employees = 2205 + 2331+ 2128 + 1610 + 2499 + 5292 = 16065

⇒ Difference = 16769 - 16065

⇒ 704

∴ The required difference is 704.

Calculation:

Calculation for city A:

Total employees = 80000 × (24/100) = 19200

Ratio of male and female employees of all cities = 9:7

Total number of Female employees in all cities = 80000 × (7/16) = 35000

Females employees of city A = 35000 × (15/100) = 5250

Male employees = 19200 - 5250 = 13950

Number of male graduates = 13950 × (26/100) = 3627

Number of female graduates = 5250 × (42/100) = 2205

Similarly, we calculate for B, C, D, and E:

Graduate female employees in city A = 2205

Graduate female employees in city D =  1610

Non-graduate female employees in city D = 3500 - 1610 = 1890

Ratio = \(\frac{2205}{1890}\)

⇒ Ratio = 49 : 42

⇒ 7 : 6

∴ The required ratio is 7 : 6.

Calculation:

Calculation for city A:

Total employees = 80000 × (24/100) = 19200

Ratio of male and female employees of all cities = 9:7

Total number of Female employees in all cities = 80000 × (7/16) = 35000

Females employees of city A = 35000 × (15/100) = 5250

Male employees = 19200 - 5250 = 13950

Number of male graduates = 13950 × (26/100) = 3627

Number of female graduates = 5250 × (42/100) = 2205

Similarly, we calculate for B, C, D, and E:

Male employees in city C = 10400 

Total female employees in city F = 9450

Calculation:

Percentage increase = \(\frac{10400 - 9450}{9450} \times 100\)

= \(\frac{950}{9450} \times 100\)

= 10.05%

∴ The number of male employees from city C is approximately 10% more than the number of female employees from city F.

Calculation:

Calculation for city A:

Total employees = 80000 × (24/100) = 19200

Ratio of male and female employees of all cities = 9:7

Total number of Female employees in all cities = 80000 × (7/16) = 35000

Females employees of city A = 35000 × (15/100) = 5250

Male employees = 19200 - 5250 = 13950

Number of male graduates = 13950 × (26/100) = 3627

Number of female graduates = 5250 × (42/100) = 2205

Similarly, we calculate for B, C, D, and E:

Total employees in all six cities = 80000

Male employees in city B = 5700

Percentage of male employees from city B = \(\frac{5700}{80000} \times 100\)

= \(\frac{5700}{800}\)

= 7.125%

∴ The number of male employees from city B is 7.13% of the total number of employees from all six cities together.

Calculation:

Calculation for city A:

Total employees = 80000 × (24/100) = 19200

Ratio of male and female employees of all cities = 9:7

Total number of Female employees in all cities = 80000 × (7/16) = 35000

Females employees of city A = 35000 × (15/100) = 5250

Male employees = 19200 - 5250 = 13950

Number of male graduates = 13950 × (26/100) = 3627

Number of female graduates = 5250 × (42/100) = 2205

Similarly, we calculate for B, C, D, and E:

Graduate male employees from city D = 468

Graduate male employees from city B = 1881

Required percentage = \(\frac{468}{1881} \times 100\)

= 24.88%

∴ The number of graduate male employees from city D is approximately 24.88% of the number of graduate male employees from city B.

The correct answer is - Buddhist learning

Key Points

• Nalanda University
• Founded in the 5^th century AD in ancient India.
• Located in present-day Bihar, India.
• Recognized as a prominent center for Buddhist learning.
• Attracted scholars from various parts of the world such as China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.
• Curriculum
• Focused on Buddhist teachings and philosophy.
• Also included subjects like logic, grammar, medicine, and mathematics.
• Major Figures
• Renowned scholars like Aryabhata, the mathematician-astronomer, were associated with Nalanda.
• Famous Buddhist monk Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) studied and taught here.

Additional Information

• Structure and Facilities
• The university had an extensive library known as Dharmaganja, consisting of three large multi-storied buildings.
• It included hundreds of thousands of manuscripts, making it one of the largest libraries in the ancient world.
• Residential facilities were provided for students and teachers within the university premises.
• Destruction
• Nalanda was destroyed in the 12^th century by Bakhtiyar Khilji, a Turkic chieftain.
• The library was set on fire, and the university ceased to function thereafter.
• Revival Efforts
• Efforts to revive Nalanda University have been undertaken in recent times.
• The modern Nalanda University was established in 2010 and aims to revive the ancient tradition of learning.

The correct answer is - E, B, A, D, C

Key Points

• Maslow's Hierarchical Structure of Needs
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs is structured in a specific order, starting from the most basic to the most advanced.
• The correct order is:

1. Physiological Needs (E): Basic needs such as food, water, warmth, and rest.
2. Safety Needs (B): Security and safety.
3. Esteem Needs (A): Prestige and feelings of accomplishment.
4. Aesthetic Needs (D): Appreciation and search for beauty, balance, and form.
5. Self-Actualization (C): Achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities.

Additional Information

• Maslow's Theory of Motivation
• Abraham Maslow proposed this theory in 1943 through his paper "A Theory of Human Motivation."
• It suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs.
• Maslow’s hierarchy is often depicted as a pyramid, with the more basic needs at the bottom.
• Applications of Maslow’s Hierarchy
• This theory is widely used in psychology, business, education, and healthcare.
• In business, it helps in understanding employee motivation and improving workplace productivity.
• In education, it aids in developing teaching strategies that address various student needs.

Given:

Speed of man in still water = V km/hour

Speed of stream = 2 km/hour

Distance covered upstream = 2 km

Distance covered downstream = 3 km

Formula Used:

Time = Distance / Speed

Upstream speed = (V - 2) km/hour

Downstream speed = (V + 2) km/hour

Calculations

According to the question, time taken to cover 2 km upstream is equal to the time taken to cover 3 km downstream:

2 / (V - 2) = 3 / (V + 2)

Cross-multiplying the equation:

2(V + 2) = 3(V - 2)

2V + 4 = 3V - 6

Rearranging the terms:

3V - 2V = 4 + 6

V = 10

∴ The value of V is 10 km/hour

The correct answer is - B, C and E only

Key Points

• B, C and E only
• The Government of Karnataka has established a separate State Education Policy commission under Sukhdeo Thorat.
• The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 was chaired by K. Kasturirangan, a renowned missile scientist.
• The NEP 2020 promotes private-philanthropic participation in the education sector to foster innovation and quality improvement.

Additional Information

• Government Spending on Education
• As of recent data, the Government of India has not yet achieved spending 6% of GDP on education. Current spending remains below this target.
• NEP 2020
• The NEP 2020 aims to overhaul the Indian educational system by introducing various reforms:
• Focus on foundational literacy and numeracy.
• Flexible and multidisciplinary curriculum with a focus on critical thinking and creativity.
• Increased investment in technology and digital infrastructure for education.
• Commission Leadership
• K. Kasturirangan, the chairperson of the NEP 2020, is a prominent space scientist and former head of ISRO.
• Krishna Kumar, mentioned in option D, is a well-known educationist but was not the chairperson of NEP 2020.

The correct answer is - Social networking sites

Key Points

• Social networking sites
• Social networking sites are platforms that allow users to create profiles, connect with friends, and share content.
• These platforms include popular sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn.
• Users can share ideas, activities, events, and interests with other people.
• They facilitate communication and interaction between individuals, groups, and organizations.

Additional Information

• Adware
• Adware is a type of software that automatically displays or downloads advertising material when a user is online.
• It is often considered intrusive and unwanted.
• Cookies
• Cookies are small pieces of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser.
• They are used to remember information about the user, such as login details and site preferences.
• Open source software
• Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance.Examples include the Linux operating system and the Apache HTTP Server.

The correct answer is - RAM

Key Points

• Optical Storage Devices
• CD - ROM: Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, a type of optical disc that can store data and read by a computer.
• DVD - ROM: Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory, another type of optical disc with larger storage capacity than a CD-ROM.
• CD - R: Compact Disc-Recordable, an optical disc that allows data to be written once and read multiple times.
• Non-Optical Storage Device
• RAM: Random Access Memory, a type of volatile memory used for temporary data storage in computers. It is not an optical storage device.

Additional Information

• Types of Storage Devices
• Optical Storage
• Uses lasers to read and write data.
• Common examples include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.
• Magnetic Storage
• Uses magnetic fields to store data.
• Examples include hard drives and magnetic tapes.
• Solid-State Storage
• Uses flash memory to store data.
• Examples include USB flash drives and solid-state drives (SSDs).
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• Volatile memory used for temporary data storage while a computer is running.
• Data in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.
• Essential for running applications and the operating system efficiently.

The correct answer is - A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV

Key Points

• Square of Opposition
• The Square of Opposition is a diagram representing the different ways in which each of the four propositions of the traditional categorical logic (A, E, I, O) relate to each other.
• These relationships are defined by the truth values of the propositions.
• Specific Matchings
• A - II: If 'I' is given as true, 'E' is false, and 'A' is undetermined.
• B - III: If 'I' is given as false, 'A' is false, and 'E' is true.
• C - I: If 'O' is given as true, both 'E' and 'I' are undetermined.
• D - IV: If 'O' is given as false, 'E' is false.

Additional Information

• Propositional Forms
• 'A' Proposition: Universal Affirmative (All S are P)
• 'E' Proposition: Universal Negative (No S are P)
• 'I' Proposition: Particular Affirmative (Some S are P)
• 'O' Proposition: Particular Negative (Some S are not P)
• Logical Relationships
• Contradiction: Opposite truth values (A and O, E and I)
• Contrariety: Cannot both be true (A and E)
• Subcontrariety: Cannot both be false (I and O)
• Subalternation: Truth of universal implies truth of particular (A to I, E to O)

The correct answer is - A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

Key Points

• Everett Rogers - Diffusion of Innovation
• Everett Rogers is known for his Diffusion of Innovations theory, which explains how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures.
• Paul Baran and Andre Gunder Frank - Original Version of dependency and under development theory
• Paul Baran and Andre Gunder Frank are associated with the dependency and underdevelopment theory, which critiques the modernization theory and focuses on the economic exploitation of developing countries.
• Daniel Lerner - The passing of Traditional society
• Daniel Lerner authored The Passing of Traditional Society, which studies modernization and the impact of mass media on social change in the Middle East.
• Wilbur Schramm - Mass Media and National Development
• Wilbur Schramm is noted for his work on Mass Media and National Development, which examines the role of communication in the development process.

Additional Information

• Diffusion of Innovations Theory
• This theory outlines a process for how innovations are adopted and includes stages such as knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation.
• It identifies five adopter categories: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards.
• Dependency Theory
• This theory argues that resources flow from poor and underdeveloped states to wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.
• It challenges the notion that underdevelopment is simply an initial stage of development.
• Modernization Theory
• Modernization theory suggests that economic development follows a linear path from traditional to modern stages.
• It emphasizes the role of cultural and social changes in achieving economic progress.
• Mass Media and Development
• Studies in this field examine how mass media can influence societal norms, values, and behaviors, contributing to national development.
• It also explores the impact of media on literacy, education, and public awareness.

The correct answer is - National Policy on Education-1986

Key Points

• National Policy on Education-1986
• The Navodaya Vidyalayas were established to provide quality education to rural poor students.
• This initiative was recommended by the National Policy on Education-1986, aiming to address educational disparities in rural areas.
• Navodaya Vidyalayas offer free education with a focus on all-round development including academics, sports, and extracurricular activities.

Additional Information

• PM-SHRI schools
• PM-SHRI (Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India) is a more recent initiative aimed at upgrading existing schools to showcase the components of the National Education Policy 2020.
• These schools are expected to be model schools that offer high-quality education.
• National Education Policy 2020
• The National Education Policy 2020 is a comprehensive framework aimed at transforming the Indian education system by 2030.
• It emphasizes a holistic, flexible, and multidisciplinary approach to education, with a focus on ethics and human values.
• Secondary Education Commission 1950
• The Secondary Education Commission of 1950 aimed to improve secondary education in India, focusing on curriculum reforms and teacher training.
• It did not directly recommend the establishment of Navodaya Vidyalayas.

The correct answer is - Plants

Key Points

• Plants
• Plants are the largest natural source of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
• They emit various VOCs such as isoprene, terpenes, and methanol into the atmosphere.
• These emissions play a significant role in atmospheric chemistry, influencing the formation of ozone and other photochemical oxidants.
• The emission rates of VOCs from plants can be affected by factors like temperature, light intensity, and plant species.

Additional Information

• Anthropogenic Sources of VOCs
• Human activities such as industrial processes, transportation, and use of solvents also contribute to VOC emissions.
• These sources are significant in urban and industrialized areas, contributing to air pollution and health problems.
• Strategies to reduce VOC emissions from anthropogenic sources include regulations, technological improvements, and alternative products.
• Environmental Impact of VOCs
• VOCs play a critical role in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs).
• High concentrations of VOCs can lead to smog formation, which affects air quality and human health.
• Some VOCs are also greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change.
• Health Effects of VOCs
• Exposure to high levels of VOCs can cause adverse health effects including respiratory problems, headaches, and eye irritation.
• Long-term exposure to certain VOCs has been linked to more serious health issues such as liver and kidney damage, as well as cancer.
• Regulations and guidelines are in place to limit occupational and residential exposure to harmful VOCs.

The correct answer is - 10 percent

Key Points

• UGC Guidelines on Plagiarism
• According to the University Grants Commission (UGC) guidelines, plagiarism is a serious academic offense.
• The guidelines specify different levels of penalties based on the percentage of similarity in the text.
• A similarity of up to 10 percent does not invite any penalty.

Additional Information

• Plagiarism Levels and Penalties
• UGC guidelines categorize plagiarism into four levels:
• Level 0: Similarities up to 10% - No penalty.
• Level 1: Similarities above 10% and up to 40% - Written warning and resubmission of the work.
• Level 2: Similarities above 40% and up to 60% - Debarment from submitting a revised script for 1 year.
• Level 3: Similarities above 60% - Cancellation of registration.
• Understanding these levels helps in maintaining academic integrity and avoiding severe penalties.
• Academic Integrity
• Academic integrity is crucial for maintaining trust and credibility in educational institutions.
• Students and researchers are encouraged to produce original work and properly cite sources to avoid plagiarism.

The correct answer is - B, C and D only

Key Points

• B - Equal interval properties
• A ratio scale has equal intervals, meaning the difference between measurements is consistent and meaningful.
• C - True zero
• A defining feature of a ratio scale is the presence of a true zero point, where zero indicates an absence of the measured attribute.
• D - Numerals have the qualities of real numbers
• On a ratio scale, numerals can be meaningfully added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided because they represent real quantities.

Additional Information

• Characteristics of Ratio Scale
• Ratio scales allow for a full range of statistical operations.
• Examples include measurements of weight, height, and time.
• Ratio scales provide the highest level of measurement precision.
• Comparison with Other Scales
• Unlike ordinal scales, ratio scales have equal intervals and a true zero.
• Nominal scales categorize without any order, while ratio scales provide precise quantitative comparisons.
• Interval scales have equal intervals but lack a true zero, unlike ratio scales.

The correct answer is - Compiler

Key Points

• Compiler
• A compiler is a type of system software that translates high-level programming languages into machine code that a computer's processor can execute.
• It is not designed for end-user tasks but rather to facilitate the development and execution of application software.
• Examples of application software include spreadsheet programs, word processors, and computer-aided design software.

Additional Information

• Application Software
• Spreadsheet
• An application used for organizing, analyzing, and storing data in tabular form.
• Examples include Microsoft Excel and Google Sheets.
• Word Processor
• Software used for creating, editing, formatting, and printing documents.
• Examples include Microsoft Word and Google Docs.
• Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
• Software used for creating precision drawings or technical illustrations.
• Examples include AutoCAD and SolidWorks.
• System Software
• Includes operating systems, device drivers, and utilities that manage computer resources at a low level.
• Examples include Windows, Linux, and compilers.

The correct answer is - False Alternatives

Key Points

• False Alternatives
• This fallacy occurs when only a limited number of alternatives are considered, ignoring other viable options.
• In the given statement, the speaker assumes there are only three types of base hits and excludes any other possibilities.
• The conclusion that Slugger must have gotten a triple because he didn't get a single or double is an example of this fallacy.
• This reasoning fails to consider other potential explanations, such as an error in the categorization or additional types of hits.

Additional Information

• Questionable Cause
• This fallacy involves assuming that because one event follows another, the first event must have caused the second event.
• It is different from false alternatives as it deals with cause and effect rather than limited options.
• Loaded Question
• A loaded question contains a presupposition that implies something but does not allow the respondent to dispute the presupposition.
• It is not the same as false alternatives, which deals with the limitation of choices.
• Appeal to Ignorance
• This fallacy occurs when it is argued that a proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false.
• It focuses on the lack of evidence rather than the limitation of choices.

Correct Answer - Genus

Key Points

• Genus
• A genus is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms.
• It is above species and below family.
• Organisms within a genus share common characteristics and are divided into species.

Additional Information

• Taxonomy
• Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.
• It involves hierarchical classification ranks such as species, genus, family, order, class, and phylum.
• Species
• A species is the most specific level of organism classification, containing individuals that can interbreed.
• Species within the same genus share similar traits but are distinct in their genetic makeup and reproductive capabilities.

The logic followed here is:

‘CLASS’ is written as ‘XOZHH’

And,

‘CABIN’ is written as ‘XZYRM’

Similarly,

‘TABLE’ will be coded as:

Hence, the correct answer is "GZYOV".

The correct answer is - A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III

Key Points

• A - FTP
• FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.
• It is a program that enables users to transfer files from one computer to another.
• B - Ping
• Ping is a utility that checks the connectivity between the local host and a network device.
• A message is sent to check if a server is running.
• C - HTML
• HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language.
• It is used to create hypertext documents for use on the web.
• D - HTTP
• HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol.
• It is a set of rules to exchange documents on the web.

Additional Information

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• FTP operates on the application layer of the TCP/IP model.
• It commonly uses ports 20 and 21 for data transfer and control commands, respectively.
• Ping
• Ping uses the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) to send echo request messages and wait for echo reply messages.
• It helps diagnose network issues and measure round-trip time.
• HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
• HTML is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser.
• It can be assisted by technologies such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and JavaScript.
• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
• HTTP is a protocol for fetching resources, such as HTML documents.
• It is the foundation of any data exchange on the Web and a protocol used for transmitting hypertext requests and information.

The correct answer is - Transparencies

Key Points

• Transparencies
• The Over-Head Projector (OHP) is specifically designed to project transparencies onto a screen or wall.
• Transparencies are clear sheets that can be written or printed on, allowing for the display of text, images, or diagrams.
• When placed on the OHP, the light source from the projector passes through the transparency, projecting the content onto a surface.

Additional Information

• Still Pictures
• While still pictures can be shown on an OHP, they need to be printed on transparencies for proper projection.
• Regular paper prints cannot be used directly on OHPs.
• Motion Pictures
• OHPs are not designed for projecting motion pictures; they are static projectors.
• For motion pictures, devices like film projectors or digital projectors are used.
• PPT (PowerPoint Presentations)
• PowerPoint presentations are typically shown using digital projectors or computer screens.
• To use them on an OHP, slides would need to be printed on transparencies.

The correct answer is - A and C only

Key Points

• Encourages Critical Thinking
• Communication facilitates the development of critical thinking by enabling the exchange of ideas and perspectives.
• It helps students to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information, promoting a deeper understanding of the subject matter.
• Allows Exchange of Diverse Perspectives
• Effective communication allows for the exchange of diverse perspectives, which can enhance learning by exposing students to different viewpoints and approaches.
• This exchange fosters a more comprehensive understanding of topics and encourages collaborative learning.

Additional Information

• Memorisation without Understanding
• Memorisation without understanding is often a result of poor communication strategies, where rote learning is emphasized over comprehension.
• This approach limits the ability to apply knowledge in practical situations and hinders long-term retention.
• Limits the Spread of Information
• Limited communication can restrict the flow of information, which is detrimental to learning and education.
• Effective communication ensures that information is disseminated widely and accurately, fostering a better educational environment.

The correct answer is - A, B and E only

Key Points

• A. DBMS is a software to create and manage databases.
• A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that uses a standard method to store and organize data, which can be retrieved and manipulated efficiently.
• Examples of DBMS include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, and SQLite.
• B. Database schema is the design of the database.
• A database schema refers to the structure and organization of data, including the tables, fields, relationships, views, indexes, and other elements.
• It defines how the data is stored, managed, and organized within the database.
• E. SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
• SQL is a standardized programming language used for managing and manipulating relational databases.
• SQL is used to perform various operations such as querying data, updating records, and managing database structures.

Additional Information

• Foreign Key
• A foreign key is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that uniquely identifies a row of another table or the same table.
• While it is not used for unique identification of tables, it establishes a link between the data in two tables, ensuring referential integrity of the data.
• Primary Key
• A primary key is a field (or collection of fields) in a table that uniquely identifies each row/record in that table.
• It is not used to relate two tables; that is typically the role of a foreign key.
• The primary key ensures that the data in the column is unique and not null.

The correct answer is - Option 2: A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV

Key Points

• Match the Level of Understanding with the Process:
• Autonomous Dependent Level (A) corresponds to Effects and Feelings (II).
• At this level, learners transition from dependence to independence, exploring their emotions and feelings as they process information.
• It emphasizes the personal impact of learning and development.
• Memory Level (B) corresponds to Recall of Facts and Information (III).
• This is the basic level of learning where students memorize and reproduce information.
• It primarily focuses on rote learning and factual recall.
• Reflective Level (C) corresponds to Peer Learning (I).
• At the reflective level, learners analyze and think critically, often through collaborative processes like peer discussions.
• This helps in deeper understanding and application of concepts.
• Understanding Level (D) corresponds to Seeing of Relationship (IV).
• At this level, learners comprehend and interpret information by identifying relationships between ideas and concepts.
• It is more advanced than rote memorization and involves logical reasoning.

Additional Information

• Levels of Understanding:
• Memory Level:
• Focuses on rote learning and simple recall.
• Used in early stages of education where basic facts are memorized.
• Understanding Level:
• Involves comprehension and reasoning.
• Students learn to interpret and apply knowledge.
• Reflective Level:
• Focuses on critical thinking and problem-solving.
• Often involves collaboration and discussion for deeper understanding.
• Autonomous Dependent Level:
• Transition level where learners gradually become independent thinkers.
• Requires exploration of personal feelings and self-awareness.
• Processes:
• Recall: Simple reproduction of facts and information.
• Seeing Relationships: Understanding connections between concepts.
• Effects and Feelings: Emotional and personal impact of learning.
• Peer Learning: Collaborative learning through discussions and group activities.

The correct answer is - Option 2: A, B and E only

Key Points

• Descriptive Research
• It may involve the procedure of Induction and Analysis.
• Induction refers to deriving general principles from specific observations.
• Analysis involves examining data to identify patterns and relationships.
• A study that describes and interprets what is/was the case.
• This involves detailed observation and documentation of phenomena as they naturally occur.
• Interpretation includes providing meaning and context to the observed data.
• Survey Studies is one of its types.
• Survey studies collect data from a sample population to describe characteristics, opinions, or behaviors.
• They often use questionnaires or interviews to gather information.

Additional Information

• Normative Research
• Normative research involves establishing norms or standards.
• Descriptive research can sometimes include normative elements, particularly in fields like education or health.
• Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
• Descriptive research can be both quantitative and qualitative.
• Quantitative descriptive research includes numerical data and statistical analysis.
• Qualitative descriptive research involves non-numerical data, such as interviews and observations.
• Types of Descriptive Research
• Case Studies: In-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event.
• Observational Studies: Systematic observation of subjects in their natural environment.
• Cross-sectional Studies: Analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time.

The correct answer is - Judgment sampling

Key Points

• Judgment sampling
• Also known as purposive sampling, it relies on the expertise or judgment of the researcher.
• Involves selecting samples that are believed to be representative of the population based on the researcher's or expert's opinion.
• Commonly used in situations where the researcher has specific knowledge about the population.
• Ensures that the selected units are relevant to the research objectives.

Additional Information

• Snowball sampling
• A non-probability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.
• Useful for studying hard-to-reach or hidden populations.
• Relies on the social networks of initial participants to expand the sample size.
• Quota sampling
• Involves dividing the population into exclusive subgroups and then selecting subjects from each group based on a pre-specified proportion.
• Aims to ensure that specific segments of the population are adequately represented.
• Not entirely random, as the researcher has control over the selection process within each subgroup.
• Convenience sampling
• Involves selecting samples that are easily accessible to the researcher.
• Often used for pilot studies or initial research phases due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness.
• May introduce bias as it does not provide a representative sample of the population.

The correct answer is - Samyoga

Key Points

• Samyoga
• In the context of Nyāya philosophy, Samyoga refers to the contact or conjunction between two entities.
• A substance like a 'pot' is perceived through the contact of the sense organs with the substance, which is termed as Samyoga.
• This concept is crucial in understanding how perception occurs through the interaction of sense organs with external objects.

Additional Information

• Samvāya
• Samvāya is the inherent relationship that exists between a whole and its parts, such as the relationship between a substance and its qualities.
• It is different from Samyoga because Samvāya is a permanent and inseparable relationship, whereas Samyoga is temporary and separable.
• Samyukta-Samavāya
• Samyukta-Samavāya refers to a conjunction that involves an inherent relationship through another conjunction.
• It is a complex form of relationship used to explain more intricate connections between entities in Nyāya philosophy.
• Samyukta-Samaveta-Samavāya
• This term refers to a three-layered relationship involving conjunction and inherence in Nyāya philosophy.
• It is used to describe more detailed and layered connections between objects and their properties.

The correct answer is - Methane

Key Points

• Methane
• Methane (CH₄) is the most abundant hydrocarbon in the atmosphere.
• It is a major component of natural gas and is produced by both natural and anthropogenic sources.
• Significant sources include wetlands, agricultural activities, and fossil fuel extraction.

Additional Information

• Atmospheric Methane
• Methane has a significant impact on climate change, contributing to the greenhouse effect.
• It is over 25 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere compared to carbon dioxide (CO₂) over a 100-year period.
• Other Hydrocarbons
• Ethane (C₂H₆) is the second most abundant hydrocarbon in the atmosphere, primarily produced from natural gas and oil extraction.
• Benzene (C₆H₆) is a volatile organic compound found in the atmosphere but at much lower concentrations compared to methane and ethane.
• Paraffin refers to a group of alkanes and is not a single compound, thus not typically measured as a single atmospheric component.

The correct answer is - Option 4

Key Points

• Sequence of Film Releases
• Pather Panchali (1955)
• Directed by Satyajit Ray, it was the earliest release among the given options.
• New Delhi (1956)
• A social comedy film directed by Mohan Segal, released shortly after "Pather Panchali".
• Mother India (1957)
• Directed by Mehboob Khan, this iconic film was released a year after "New Delhi".
• Kala Pani (1958)
• Directed by Raj Khosla, "Kala Pani" was released following "Mother India".
• Mughal-E-Azam (1960)
• This epic historical drama directed by K. Asif was the latest release among the given films.

Additional Information

• Mother India
• The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1958.
• It is considered one of the greatest films in Indian cinema history.
• Pather Panchali
• This film marked the directorial debut of Satyajit Ray and is the first film of his Apu Trilogy.
• It won several international awards, including the Best Human Document at the Cannes Film Festival.
• Mughal-E-Azam
• Known for its grandeur and elaborate production, it took over a decade to complete.
• The film was a commercial success and became the highest-grossing Indian film of its time.
• New Delhi
• The film is known for its portrayal of post-independence social issues in India.
• It featured popular actors of the time, including Kishore Kumar and Vyjayanthimala.
• Kala Pani
• The film is a noir thriller and features Dev Anand in the lead role.
• It won several awards, including a Filmfare Award for Best Actor for Dev Anand.

The correct answer is - A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I

Key Points

• Alluvial soil
• Found in the Indo-Gangetic plain and Bihar.
• Composed of silt, sand, clay, and gravel deposited by rivers, making it highly fertile.
• Supports major crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane.
• Desert soil
• Found in the Runn of Kutch, Gujarat.
• Characterized by sandy texture, low organic matter, and high salt content.
• Supports sparse vegetation like cacti and thorny bushes.
• Black soil
• Found in the Krishna Tungabhadra basin of Tamil Nadu.
• Also known as Regur soil, it is rich in iron, magnesium, and aluminium.
• Highly suitable for cotton cultivation due to its moisture-retentive properties.
• Laterite soil
• Found in the Western Ghats and Kerala.
• Rich in iron and aluminium oxides, formed under high temperature and rainfall conditions.
• Supports crops like tea, coffee, and cashew nuts.

Additional Information

• Soil Formation
• Soil formation is influenced by factors like parent material, climate, organisms, topography, and time.
• Different regions have distinct soil types due to variations in these factors.
• Importance of Soil in Agriculture
• Soil quality determines the types of crops that can be grown and their yield.
• Fertile soils like alluvial and black soils support high agricultural productivity.
• Soil Conservation
• Practices like crop rotation, contour plowing, and the use of organic fertilizers help maintain soil health.
• Preventing soil erosion is crucial for sustaining agriculture and preventing land degradation.

The correct answer is - Commits the Existential fallacy

Key Points

• Existential Fallacy
• This fallacy occurs in syllogistic logic when a conclusion asserts the existence of something that has not been established in the premises.
• In the context of categorical syllogisms, this fallacy arises when a particular conclusion is drawn from universal premises.
• For example, if both premises are universal (e.g., All X are Y, No Z are Y), a particular conclusion (e.g., Some X are not Z) would commit the existential fallacy.

Additional Information

• Undistributed Middle
• This fallacy occurs when the middle term in a syllogism is not distributed in at least one of the premises.
• For example, in the

Argument:

"All A are B, All C are B, therefore All A are C," the middle term "B" is not distributed.

• Conclusion Distributes its Subject Term
• When a conclusion term is distributed but not distributed in the premises, it leads to a logical error.
• Distribution means the term refers to all members of the category it describes.
• Fallacy of Exclusive Premises
• This fallacy occurs when both premises in a categorical syllogism are negative.
• For instance, "No A are B, No C are B, therefore No A are C" is invalid because it has two negative premises.

The correct answer is - Scientific method cannot be applied to humanities and social affairs

Key Points

• Positivist Research Paradigm
• The positivist research paradigm asserts that scientific knowledge is derived from the accumulation of data obtained in a theory-free and value-free manner from observation.
• According to positivism, anything that cannot be observed is considered to be of little importance.
• Science is viewed as the pursuit of foundational knowledge through empirical methods.

Additional Information

• Scientific Method and Humanities
• It is a common misconception that the scientific method cannot be applied to humanities and social affairs. In fact, positivist approaches advocate for the application of scientific methods to all fields of study, including the social sciences.
• Positivism supports the idea that social phenomena can be studied using empirical, observable, and measurable evidence, similar to the natural sciences.
• Empirical Research
• In empirical research, data collection and analysis are conducted in a way that is objective and systematic.
• This approach ensures that the findings are based on observable and verifiable evidence rather than on personal beliefs or theoretical speculation.
• Limitations of Positivism
• While positivism emphasizes empirical evidence, it has been criticized for neglecting the interpretive and contextual aspects of social phenomena.
• Critics argue that not all aspects of human experience can be quantified or measured empirically.

The logic follows here:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (3)".

The correct answer is - A and D only

Key Points

• A. Learning is a temporary change in behavior
• This statement is not true because learning generally results in a relatively permanent change in behavior.
• Temporary changes are typically due to factors like fatigue or drugs, not true learning.
• D. Learning happens only until the age of 18 years
• This statement is not true because learning is a continuous process that occurs throughout life.
• Humans continue to learn and adapt well beyond the age of 18 years.

Additional Information

• Learning as an enduring and permanent change
• Learning typically results in a lasting change in behavior or knowledge.
• This is why it's described as an enduring and permanent change.
• Learning as a lifelong process
• Humans learn continuously, from infancy through old age.
• Learning can occur through various experiences and interactions throughout life.
• Reconstruction of experiences
• Learning often involves reconstructing and reinterpreting past experiences.
• This helps in forming new connections and understanding in the brain.

The correct answer is - D, C, A, B, E

Key Points

• D, C, A, B, E
• The London Convention was adopted in 1972.
• The Basel Convention was adopted in 1989.
• The Bamako Convention was adopted in 1991.
• The Waigani Convention was adopted in 1995.
• The Rotterdam Convention was adopted in 1998.

Additional Information

• London Convention
• The London Convention, also known as the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, aims to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention.
• Basel Convention
• The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal aims to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects of hazardous wastes.
• Bamako Convention
• The Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa is a treaty of African nations prohibiting the import of any hazardous (including radioactive) waste.
• Waigani Convention
• The Waigani Convention is a treaty that bans the export of hazardous and radioactive waste to Pacific Island Forum countries and prohibits Forum island countries from importing such waste.
• Rotterdam Convention
• The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade promotes shared responsibilities in relation to the importation of hazardous chemicals.

The correct answer is - A, C, B, D

Key Points

• Machine Language
• Considered the first generation of programming languages.
• Consists of binary code (0s and 1s) that the computer's central processing unit (CPU) can directly execute.
• Assembly Language
• Considered the second generation of programming languages.
• Uses symbolic names instead of binary codes, making it easier for humans to write and understand.
• Requires an assembler to convert it into machine language.
• High-Level Language
• Considered the third generation of programming languages.
• More abstract and user-friendly, closer to human languages (e.g., Python, Java).
• Requires compilers or interpreters to convert it into machine language.
• Very High-Level Language
• Considered the fourth generation and beyond of programming languages.
• Even more abstract and easier to use, often automating many aspects of programming (e.g., SQL, MATLAB).

Additional Information

• First Generation
• Machine language is the only language that is directly understood by the computer's hardware.
• Programs written in machine language are executed extremely fast, but writing and debugging them is difficult.
• Second Generation
• Assembly languages are specific to a particular computer architecture, making them less portable.
• While more understandable than machine language, they still require detailed knowledge of hardware.
• Third Generation
• High-level languages are designed to be easy to read and write.
• They are machine-independent, meaning the same code can run on different hardware platforms with minimal changes.
• Fourth Generation
• Very high-level languages are designed to be even more user-friendly and efficient.
• They often include database query languages and domain-specific languages.
• These languages aim to reduce programming effort and increase productivity.

The correct answer is - John McCarthy

Key Points

• John McCarthy
• He is widely recognized as the father of Artificial Intelligence.
• McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence in 1956 during the famous Dartmouth Conference, which is considered the birthplace of AI as a field.
• He made significant contributions to the field of AI, including the development of the LISP programming language, which became the standard programming language for AI research.

Additional Information

• Dartmouth Conference
• Held in the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College.
• Organized by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon.
• The conference brought together leading researchers in various fields and laid the groundwork for future AI research.
• LISP Programming Language
• Developed by John McCarthy in 1958.
• Stands for "LISt Processing" and is particularly suited for AI programming due to its excellent support for symbolic reasoning and recursive functions.
• Contributions to AI
• John McCarthy also worked on concepts such as time-sharing systems, which are essential for modern computing.
• His work laid the foundation for subsequent AI developments, influencing various subfields like machine learning, robotics, and natural language processing.

The correct answer is - D, A, B, C, E

Key Points

• D - Establishment of University of Allahabad (1887)
• Established in 1887, it is one of the oldest universities in India.
• A - Establishment of Delhi University (1922)
• Founded in 1922, it is a premier university in the capital of India.
• B - Establishment of University Grants Commission (1956)
• The UGC was established in 1956 to oversee the standards of higher education in India.
• C - Establishment of NCERT (1961)
• The National Council of Educational Research and Training was established in 1961 for educational research and training.
• E - Establishment of IGNOU (1985)
• The Indira Gandhi National Open University was established in 1985 to provide open and distance learning.

Additional Information

• University of Allahabad
• Known as the "Oxford of the East" for its historical significance in higher education.
• Delhi University
• It has grown into one of India's largest universities with numerous colleges and departments.
• University Grants Commission (UGC)
• Responsible for maintaining the standards of university education in India.
• National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)
• Plays a crucial role in developing educational policies and curriculum in India.
• Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
• Provides flexible and cost-effective education options for millions of students across India and abroad.

Given:

If each tree has one parrot, one parrot remains without a tree.

⇒ y = x + 1

If each tree has two parrots, one tree remains without a parrot.

⇒ y = 2(x - 1)

Calculation:

Solving the two equations:

y = x + 1

y = 2(x - 1)

Setting the two equations equal to each other:

x + 1 = 2(x - 1)

⇒ x + 1 = 2x - 2

⇒ 1 + 2 = 2x - x

⇒ 3 = x

Substituting x = 3 into y = x + 1:

⇒ y = 3 + 1 = 4

∴ The correct answer is option (3) C and D.

Given:

Income and Expenditure for Households A, B, C, and D are provided.

Formula Used:

Percentage of Expenditure = (E/I) × 100

where E → Expenditure, I → Income

Calculations:

For Household A:

Percentage of Expenditure = (4.0/5.0) × 100 = 80%

For Household B:

Percentage of Expenditure = (4.5/6.0) × 100 = 75%

For Household C:

Percentage of Expenditure = (5.0/8.0) × 100 = 62.5%

For Household D:

Percentage of Expenditure = (3.2/4.8) × 100 = 66.67%

∴ The households in increasing percentage of expenditure to their income are C, D, B, A.

The correct answer is - Qualitative Research

Key Points

• Triangulation
• Triangulation is a method used to increase the validity and credibility of research findings.
• It involves using multiple data sources, methods, or theories to cross-check and verify the results.
• Qualitative Research
• Qualitative research primarily involves exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.
• Triangulation is commonly used in qualitative research to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon being studied.

Additional Information

• Types of Triangulation
• Data Triangulation
• Involves using different data sources in the study of a phenomenon to ensure the data is comprehensive and reliable.
• Investigator Triangulation
• Uses multiple investigators or evaluators to gather and interpret data, reducing individual bias.
• Theory Triangulation
• Involves using multiple theories to interpret the data, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the research findings.
• Methodological Triangulation
• Combining multiple methods (qualitative and quantitative) to study a single problem, enhancing the reliability and validity of the results.
• Benefits of Triangulation
• Increases the credibility and validity of the research findings.
• Provides a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem.
• Helps to identify and overcome limitations and biases in single-method studies.

The correct answer is - A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

Key Points

• NCTE
• Stands for National Council for Teacher Education.
• Responsible for Teacher Education (A - III).
• Established in 1993 under the National Council for Teacher Education Act, 1993.
• Aims to achieve planned and coordinated development of the teacher education system throughout the country.
• NCERT
• Stands for National Council of Educational Research and Training.
• Responsible for publishing School Text Books (B - IV).
• Founded in 1961 by the Government of India.
• Provides advice and support for the improvement of school education.
• NAAC
• Stands for National Assessment and Accreditation Council.
• Responsible for Assessment and Accreditation of higher educational institutions (C - I).
• Established in 1994 as an autonomous body of the University Grants Commission (UGC).
• Provides quality status to accredited institutions.
• SWAYAM
• Stands for Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds.
• It is an Online Education portal (D - II).
• Launched by the Government of India to achieve the three cardinal principles of education policy, namely, access, equity, and quality.
• Offers courses from Class 9 till post-graduation.

The correct answer is - Option 2 (B and D only)

Key Points

• Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)
• NO₂ is a significant contributor to acid rain as it reacts with water vapor in the atmosphere to form nitric acid (HNO₃).
• This process leads to the lowering of pH in precipitation, resulting in acid rain.
• Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)
• SO₂ is another major contributor to acid rain formation.
• It reacts with water vapor to form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), which is a strong acid and significantly lowers the pH of rainwater.

Additional Information

• Acid Rain Formation
• Acid rain is primarily caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) from burning fossil fuels.
• These pollutants can travel long distances in the atmosphere before reacting with water vapor to form acids.
• The resulting acidic precipitation can have harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems, forests, and buildings.
• Environmental Impact
• Acid rain can lead to the acidification of lakes and streams, making them uninhabitable for many aquatic species.It also leaches essential nutrients from the soil, which can harm plants and reduce agricultural productivity.
• Buildings and monuments, particularly those made of limestone and marble, can suffer from erosion and structural damage due to acid rain.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The passage mentions that Mahapatra inveighs against something in Ezekiel's poetic credo in his prose pieces.
• To inveigh means to speak or write about something with great hostility, which indicates that Mahapatra opposes Ezekiel's approach.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Correct Sentence: "According to the passage, Mahapatra opposes Ezekiel's poetic approach."

Additional Information Option 1: This option is incorrect because the passage does not provide any indication that Mahapatra is inspired by Ezekiel's poetic approach.

• Option 2: This option is incorrect because Mahapatra's active opposition contradicts the idea of being indifferent.
• Option 4: This option is incorrect because the passage states that Mahapatra inveighs against Ezekiel's poetic credo, which implies a lack of corroboration.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• The passage states that Ezekiel pioneered post-independence Indian English poetry.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Correct Sentence: "Ezekiel can be credited with pioneering post-independence Indian English poetry."

 Additional Information

• Option 1: This option is incorrect because although Mahapatra gave Indian English poetry a new direction, the passage credits Ezekiel with pioneering it.
• Option 2: This option is incorrect because the passage does not mention R. Parthasarathy as a pioneer of post-independence Indian English poetry.
• Option 3: This option is incorrect because the passage does not mention Kamala Das as a pioneer of post-independence Indian English poetry.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The passage states that Ezekiel is from India's sophisticated Western metropolis.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Correct Sentence: "Ezekiel is the poet from a metropolitan area in western India."

 Additional Information

• Option 1: This option is incorrect because the passage mentions that Mahapatra is from an Eastern moffusil town.
• Option 2: This option is incorrect because the passage does not mention Kamala Das in relation to a western Indian metropolis.
• Option 4: This option is incorrect because the passage does not mention R. Parthasarathy in relation to a western Indian metropolis.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The passage describes Mahapatra's poetry as being written in "free-flowing, sense-or idea-governed lines."
• In contrast, Ezekiel's poetry is described as "formally mindful" and "realistic."

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct Sentence: "Mahapatra's poetry style is described as free flowing and governed by sense or idea in contrast to Ezekiel's style."

 Additional Information

• Option 1: This option is incorrect because it describes Ezekiel's poetry, not Mahapatra's.
• Option 3: This option is incorrect because the passage does not mention Mahapatra's poetry being written with complex rhyme schemes.
• Option 4: This option is incorrect because the passage does not describe Mahapatra's poetry as lyrical and simple.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The passage states that up to the eighties, Ezekiel was considered the foremost among Indian English poets but more recently he is being seen as highly inconsistent.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct Sentence: "After the 1980s, Ezekiel's reputation changed to being seen as highly inconsistent."

 Additional Information

• Option 1: This option is incorrect because the passage does not state that Ezekiel became increasingly popular after the 1980s.
• Option 3: This option is incorrect because the passage does not mention that Ezekiel was no longer read in literary circles.
• Option 4: This option is incorrect because the passage states that Ezekiel was considered the foremost among Indian English poets up to the eighties, but does not mention him being the most influential poet of his time after the 1980s.