UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 8 Oct 2022 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Concept Used:-

The percentage is the number or ratio which can be expression in the fraction of hundred.

For example, if we have to find out the x% of 50. Then, we have to divide x with 100 and multiplied with 50.

\(x% \text{ of }50=\dfrac{x}{100}\times50\)

Explanation:-

Total Literate males of city D,

\(\Rightarrow 16%\text{ of }4000000=\dfrac{16}{100}\times4000000\ \Rightarrow 16%\text{ of }4000000=640000\)

Total illiterate females of city D,

\(\Rightarrow 16%\text{ of }2500000=\dfrac{16}{100}\times2500000\ \Rightarrow 10%\text{ of }2500000=400000\)

Suppose, the number of literate males of City D is x% more than the number of literate females of City D. Thus,

\(⇒ x=\dfrac{640000-400000}{400000}\times100\ ⇒ x=60%\)

So, the number of literate males of City D is 60% more than the number of literate females of City D.

Hence, the correct option is 2.

Concept Used:-

The percentage is the number or ratio which can be expression in the fraction of hundred.

For example, if we have to find out the x% of 50. Then, we have to divide x with 100 and multiplied with 50.

\(x% \text{ of }50=\dfrac{x}{100}\times50\)

Explanation:-

Total population of city A using the above formula,

\(\Rightarrow \rm Total \ Population=\dfrac{16}{100}\times15000000\ \Rightarrow \rm Total \ Population=2400000\)

Total literate population of city A,

⇒ Literate population = Literate Males + Literate Females\(\Rightarrow \rm Literate \ Population= \dfrac{18}{100}\times4000000+\dfrac{24}{100}\times2500000\ \Rightarrow \rm Literate \ Population= 720000+600000\ \Rightarrow \rm Literate \ Population= 1320000\)

Now, total illiterate population,

⇒ Illiterate population = Total population - Literate population

⇒ Illiterate population = 2400000- 1320000

⇒ Illiterate population = 1080000

⇒ Illiterate population = 10.8 lakh

So, the illiterate population of City A is 10.8 lakh.

Hence, the correct option is 1.

Concept Used:-

The percentage is the number or ratio which can be expression in the fraction of hundred.

For example, if we have to find out the x% of 50. Then, we have to divide x with 100 and multiplied with 50.

\(x% \text{ of }50=\dfrac{x}{100}\times50\)

Explanation:-

Total population of city E using the above formula,

\(\Rightarrow \rm Total \ Population=\dfrac{20}{100}\times15000000\ \Rightarrow \rm Total \ Population=3000000\)

Total literate population of city E,

⇒ Literate population = Literate Males + Literate Females

\(\Rightarrow \rm Literate \ Population= \dfrac{19}{100}\times4000000+\dfrac{20}{100}\times2500000\ \Rightarrow \rm Literate \ Population= 760000+500000\ \Rightarrow \rm Literate \ Population= 1260000\)

Suppose Literate population of City E is x% of the population of E. Thus,

\(\Rightarrow x= \dfrac{1260000}{3000000}\times 100\ \Rightarrow x= 42%\)

So, Literate population of City E is 42% of the population of E.

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Concept Used:-

The percentage is the number or ratio which can be expression in the fraction of hundred.

For example, if we have to find out the x% of 50. Then, we have to divide x with 100 and multiplied with 50.

\(x% \text{ of }50=\dfrac{x}{100}\times50\)

Explanation:-

Total population of city C using the above formula,

\(\Rightarrow \rm Total \ Population=\dfrac{21}{100}\times15000000\ \Rightarrow \rm Total \ Population=3150000\)

Total literate population of city C,

⇒ Literate population = Literate Males + Literate Females\(\Rightarrow \rm Literate \ Population= \dfrac{20}{100}\times4000000+\dfrac{12}{100}\times2500000\ \Rightarrow \rm Literate \ Population= 800000+300000\ \Rightarrow \rm Literate \ Population= 1100000\)

Now, total illiterate population,

⇒ Illiterate population = Total population - Literate population

⇒ Illiterate population = 3150000 - 1100000

⇒ Illiterate population = 2050000

difference between the illiterate population and the literate population,

⇒ 2050000 - 110000 = 950000

⇒ 2050000 - 110000 = 9.5 lakh

So, the difference between the illiterate population and the literate population of City C is 9.5 lakh.

Hence, the correct option is 2.

Concept Used:-

The percentage is the number or ratio which can be expression in the fraction of hundred.

For example, if we have to find out the x% of 50. Then, we have to divide x with 100 and multiplied with 50.

\(x% \text{ of }50=\dfrac{x}{100}\times50\)

Explanation:-

Total Literate males of city E,

\(\Rightarrow 19%\text{ of }4000000=\dfrac{19}{100}\times4000000\ \Rightarrow 19%\text{ of }4000000=760000\)

Total Literate females of city F,

\(\Rightarrow 10%\text{ of }2500000=\dfrac{10}{100}\times2500000\ \Rightarrow 10%\text{ of }2500000=250000\)

Suppose, the number of literate males of City E as a percentage of number of literate females of city F is x. Thus,

\(⇒ \dfrac{x}{100}\times250000=760000\ ⇒ x=\dfrac{7600}{25}\ ⇒ x=304%\)

So, the number of literate males of City E as a percentage of number of literate females of city F is 304%.

Hence, the correct option is 3.

​Prior to the arrival of the British Empire, Hindus, and Muslims received their education through Pathshala and Madrassa. 

Key Points

• ​Warren Hastings founded the Calcutta Madrasah in 1781 to study Islamic law and related topics.
• Jonathan Duncan founded Sanskrit College in Benaras to study Hindu law and philosophy.
• In a well-known minute from 1853, Lord Dalhousie argued vehemently in favour of vernacular education.
• ​In 1857, universities at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established on the model of the University of London.
• The Saddler University Commission was established to investigate and report issues at Calcutta University.

Thus, the Acts of incorporation passed in 1857 provided for the establishment of the Universities of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras on the model of the University of London. 

Additional Information

• Wood's Despatch suggested using English as the primary language of instruction for both higher education and school-level vernaculars.

LOGIC in the given series is:

5 + 4 = 9

9 + 5 = 14

14 + 6 = 20

20 + 7 = 27

27 + 8 = 35

35 + 9 = 44

So, the missing number is 44.

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation tool that was developed by Dennis Austin and Robert Gaskins. 

Key Points

• It was initially only available for Macintosh computers when it was published on April 20, 1987.
• A PowerPoint slide show is what happens when all of a PowerPoint presentation's slides are organized into a series.
• A PowerPoint presentation is a collection of various slides that show a graphical and visual interpretation of data.
• It was shown to a crowd in which each slide is shown one after the other according to a predetermined sequence.
• MS PowerPoint Slide Orientation are two types Portrait and Landscape.

Thus, Portrait and Landscape are two types of slide orientation that are supported. 

Additional Information

• Microsoft Word is a word processing tool that enables the generation of both straightforward and intricate papers.

Creative Commons is a worldwide nonprofit organization. 

Key Points

• The symbol

signifies Creative Commons.

• It is committed to increasing educational access.
• The variety of creative works that are available for people to use and lawfully build upon.
• It offers free legal instruments to encourage the sharing and reuse of ideas and knowledge.
• Creative Commons lets writers of creative works specify which rights they waive and which rights they reserve.

Thus, the symbol

 signifies creative commons. 

Additional Information

• Creative Commons licences provide basic releases in place of the unique discussions for specific rights between the copyright owner and licensee.

Cybersecurity is the defence against cyber threats for systems connected to the internet, including their hardware, software, and data.

Key PointsStatement I: The concept of cyber technology is described as a wide range of networked communication devices.

• Cyber technology includes the hardware, software, services, and connections that make up the internet.
• There has been a significant impact of these new technologies on both corporate processes and regular people's daily lives.
• They have also given educational institutions and individual educators access to a wealth of new opportunities.

So, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: Many sociologists are concerned with people becoming too dependent on technology.

• Technology undoubtedly makes life simpler and more convenient.
• It is very difficult to recall a time before smartphones, computers, tablets, and other gadgets became commonplace.
• Sociologists are concerned with people becoming too dependent on technology.

Thus, Statement II is true. 

Hence, both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Key Points

• The IF function is one of the most popular functions in Excel, and it allows one to make logical comparisons between a value and what to expect.

Syntax 

=IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])

So an IF statement can have two results. The first result is if your comparison is True, the second if your comparison is False.

Example:

=IF(C2>B2,”Over Budget”,”Within Budget”)

In the above example, the IF function in D2 is saying IF(C2 Is Greater Than B2, then return “Over Budget”, otherwise return “Within Budget”)

Similarly in the given example:

If a user wants to do the following:

(i) Print "Within Budget" in cell B3 if the value in cell A2 is less than or equal to 100.

(ii) Print "Over Budget" in cell B3 if the value in cell A2 is greater than 100:

Thus, in order to achieve the above stated goals the user have to type =IF (A2 < = 100. "Within Budget". "Over Budget")

Institutes of Eminence (IoE) is a recognition scheme for higher education institutes in India, set by the University Grants Commission in 2017. 

Key Points

• Institutions of Eminence scheme has been launched in order to implement the commitment of the Government to empower the Higher Educational Institutions and to help them become world class teaching and research institutions.
• The administrative and academic autonomy of recognised institutes is increased.
• It laid down the criteria to become Institutes of Eminence: 
• Top 50 in the National Institution Ranking Framework (NIRF).
• Top 500 in internationally recognised rankings.
• There are 10 universities have been recognised as Institutes of Eminence.
• They are:
• Banaras Hindu University,
• Amrita Vishwa Vidya Peetham,
• University of Hyderabad,
• Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
• Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru,
• Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur,
• Jadavpur University Kolkata,
• University of Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.

Thus, A, B and D Only is correct answer. 

Additional Information

• It also laid down the provision of funding which only avilable tot public University.
• They are permitted to establish offshore campuses and they have stronger options for working with international universities.

Research is a systematic inquiry process that includes data gathering, documentation of important information, analysis, and interpretation. 

Key Points

• There are various types of research based on the objective: 
• Descriptive Research, Correlation Research, Exploratory Research and Experimental Research.
• Exploratory research is a methodology that looks at research questions that haven't been thoroughly examined before.
• This kind of study is typically done to investigate a topic that hasn't yet been precisely defined.
• Exploratory research frequently has a qualitative primary focus.
• It is done to identify the problem's nature.

Thus, when a research study is conducted to know about an unknown area and collect information. It is known as exploratory research. 

Additional Information

• Pilot Study: It is to assess the possibility of a future, full-scale project before doing any large-scale quantitative research.
• Feasibility study: It is an initial investigation of a prospective project or endeavours to assess its merits and viability.
• Explanatory research: It is a technique created to look into a phenomenon that hasn't been thoroughly researched or explained.

Mass communication is the process of transferring and distributing information to a broad population. 

Key Points

• It is a process through which a person, group of people or organisation generates a message and transmits it.

Elements in the mass communication process:

1. Selective exposure: It is the phenomenon whereby people choose to focus on information in their environment that is congruent with and confirms their current attitudes in order to avoid or reduce cognitive dissonance.
2. Confirmation of bias: It is the human tendency to search for, favor, and use information that confirms one's pre-existing views on a certain topic.
3. Cognitive dissonance: The theory of Cognitive Dissonance implies that when there is tension we change a belief or an action. Many times selective exposure is used which focuses one's attention on only certain aspects so that tension will not be created. This selective exposure prevents dissonance.
4. Selective attention: It is the process of focusing on a particular object in the environment for a certain period of time.
5. Congruent information

Thus, Selective exposure ⇒Confirmation of bias ⇒Cognitive dissonance ⇒Selective attention ⇒Congruent information. 

Additional Information

• The sender, the receiver, the medium, and the feedback are the four fundamental components of mass communication.

In Logic, any categorical statement is termed as the Proposition.

A proposition consists of a subject (about which something is said), predicate (states something about the subject) and copula (denotes the relation between subject and predicate).

Key PointsCategorical Proposition: 

• A proposition concerning quality is either affirmative or negative and concerning the quantity, they are either universal or particular.
• A categorical proposition can be interpreted as asserting a relation of inclusion or exclusion, complete or partial, between two classes.
• The standard form of a proposition is: Quantifier + Subject + Copula + Predicate.
• For example, All/No/Some (quantifier) flowers (subject) are (copula) pink (predicate).

Important Points

Additional Information 

Types of Terms:

A class is a collection of all objects which has some common characteristic.

Distributed:

• A term is distributed if it refers to all members of the class designated by that term.
• For example, All men are mortal.
• In this example, we refer to all men without any exception. So the term ‘man’ is distributed.

Undistributed:

• A term is undistributed when it refers to less than all the members of its class (not fully occupied).
• In the above example, in addition to men, there are birds and animals which are mortal.
• The given statement does not refer to all the mortal creatures.
• So the term ‘mortal’ is undistributed.

Important PointsThis question was dropped by UGC NET. All options are correct and no such option was given, hence we have made a slight change in the option 1(that does not match the official paper)

Electronic mail is a feature of the Internet that enables users with email addresses to send and receive electronic messages.

Key Points

• An Internet service provider gives people and companies access to the internet and other associated services.
• An ISP has the tools and telecommunications network access necessary to maintain an online presence in the region it serves.
• ​Post Office Protocol is the full name of the protocol.
• POP3 and IMAP are the two types of protocols that are included in the Message Access Agent.

Thus, the acronym POP stands for Post Office Protocol. 

Additional Information

• The POP3 protocol is straightforward and has only a few features.

The teaching method allows for the application of theory to real-world situations.

Key Points

• In the border category, there are three different approaches to the method of Instruction: Teacher-centred method, Mixed method, and Individualized method.
• There are various Teacher-centred methods that can be utilized by teachers to effectively impart knowledge and skills to students in a classroom setting. 
• Lectures
• Team teaching
• TV or Video Presentation
• Dialogic or Direct method
• Demonstration

Thus, the Demonstration method is the teacher-centred method. 

Additional Information

• Problem-solving: Students learn about a subject by working in groups to find a solution to an open-ended problem.
• Discussion method: It describes a teaching strategy that gives students the chance to verbally express their views or opinions on various subjects.
• Inquiry approach: Student-centered learning strategy that centres on the idea of students actively participating in the teaching and learning process while being observed and guided by teachers.

Confusion PointsThere is a misprint in the official question paper correct option is blank.

Triangulation is the process of using several techniques or data sources in research to create a thorough understanding of a phenomenon. 

Key PointsStatement I : Triangulation is described as that of researchers taking different perspectives in answering research questions.

• Triangulation refers to the use of various datasets, methodologies, theories, and/or investigators to answer research questions.
• Triangulation is the process of merging several points of view on a study topic.
• This refers to mixing many qualitative or quantitative methodologies, or both qualitative and quantitative methods.

So, Statement I is correct.

Statement II: Triangulation is expected to produce knowledge from different insights to promote quality research.

• It's a research technique that can help one improve the reliability and validity of your conclusions while minimising the impact of any study biases.
• In mixed-methods research, triangulation is always used.
• It is used to improve the validity and trustworthiness of research findings.

Thus, Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct .

Bioconcentration of the accumulation of a water-borne chemical by an aquatic organism.

Key PointsStatement I: Bioconcentration in humans can occur due to the consumption of fish.

• Bioconcentration refers to the accumulation of a chemical by an aquatic creature.
• It happens when an increase in chemical concentration in human tissues.
• A chemical or metal undergoes a process in which its concentration increases as it passes up a food chain or the dietary connections between single-celled plants and progressively bigger animal species.

So, Statement I is false. 

Statement II: Bioconcentration is the tendency of hazardous substances to accumulate in human tissues.

• Bioconcentration is a process when a chemical's concentration inside an organism surpasses.
• The presence of a hydrophobic or lipophilic molecule is indicated by a bioconcentration factor greater than 1.
• It serves as a gauge for the likelihood that a chemical may bioaccumulate.

Thus, Statement II is true. 

Hence, Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Concept Used:-

Ratio is the relation among two or more numbers, which tells that how much one number is bigger than the others. To solve the questions based on ratio, we assume a variable for the shared part among quantities.

Explanation:-

Suppose, that x need to be added in both the numbers of ratio. So, according to the question,

\(\begin{aligned} & \Rightarrow \dfrac{(13+x)} {(25+x)}=\dfrac{7}{10} \ & \Rightarrow 130+10x=175+7x \ & \Rightarrow 3x=45\ & \Rightarrow x=15 \end{aligned}\)

So, the required number is 15.

Hence, the correct option is 2.

Renewable energy comes from natural sources that replace themselves more quickly than they are used up.

Key Points

• There are many different types of renewable energy.
• Examples of such sources that are continuously replenished are the sun and the wind.
• Wind energy is the process of using the wind to produce mechanical or electrical energy.
• It is clean energy.
• Wind energy resources are referred to as intermittent energy resources.
• Wind energy is easily integrated in rural or remote areas.
• Wind energy development and operations can negatively affect wildlife thus can potentially impact environment.
• The amount of energy generated by a wind turbine depends on wind speed (main factor) the area swept by the blades. Also, the sun's uneven heating of the atmosphere, the earth's irregular surfaces (mountains and valleys), and the planet's revolution around the sun all combine to create wind. Thus wind energy depends upon weather.

Hence, the most appropriate answer from the options A, B, D Only. 

Additional Information

• In comparison to burning fossil fuels, wind energy is a well-liked, environmentally friendly, renewable energy source.

Confusion Points 

In official answer key, correct answer is not printed.

Malware is a programme that is made to access computer systems without the user's consent. 

Key Points

• Examples of malware are Ransomware, spyware, Trojan horses, and worms.
• Trojan typically appears as a harmless email attachment or free download.
• A Trojan is a programme that has been downloaded and installed on a computer that pretends to be harmless but is actually harmful.
• The email attachment's concealed virus gets downloaded to the user's computer when they click on it or download the free programme.
• Trojans cannot propagate or replicate themselves.

Thus, a destructive computer program that masquerades as a useful application is called a Trojan. 

Additional Information

• Firmware: It is software that offers fundamental machine instructions so that hardware can run and interact with other programmes that are installed on a device.
• Virus: It is a little piece of software that travels from computer to computer and obstructs normal operation.
• Worm: A computer worm is a subset of Trojan horse malware that, once infiltrating a system, can spread or self-replicate from one computer to another

The word "curriculum" is a Latin word which refers to a "racecourse" that chariot utilized. Curriculum is a standards-based sequence of planned experiences where students practice and achieve proficiency in content and applied learning skills. 

Key Points

• The curriculum emphasises inquiry, problem solving, and active engagement between students and teachers.
• Curriculum should be modified regularly.
• The historical, economic, political, and contemporary social frames of reference must be integrated into curriculum creation.
• Curriculum should be derived from constitutional imperatives of the country.
• It encompasses the foundations of curriculum, its domain, and its theoretical and practical principles.
• Curriculum should be made as per the needs of industry & society.

Thus, the correct answer from the options is A, C and D Only. 

Additional Information

• A curriculum approach expresses a viewpoint about the development and design of curriculum, the role of the learner, teacher, and curriculum specialist in planning curriculum.

The test could be useful as a tool or a technique for evaluating psychological and educational qualities.

Key Points

• It is also regarded as a tool or methodical process for evaluating a sample of behaviour uniformly.
• A test is a procedure for determining a person's capacity to carry out specific tasks.
• The common criteria of tests are: 
• Administrative condition
• Scoring
• Time limit
• Nature of questions
• Marks allocation
• Standardization

Thus, common criteria of tests are administrative conditions, a time limit, the nature of questions, and mark allocation. 

Additional Information

• Bean defined a test as “an organized succession of stimuli designed to measure quantitatively or to evaluate qualitatively some mental process, trait or characteristics.”

A scale is a tool or something that is used to gauge or quantify a situation or something else.

Key Points

• Measuring scales are used to define and categorize variables.
• There are four different scales of measurement Ordinal scale, Nominal scale, Interval scale and Ratio scale.
• Ratio scales have all four scales of measurement represented by attributes.
• The ratio scale allows for the addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication of data.
• Ratio scales have a real zero point which sets them apart from interval scales.
• The data has no value point if the number is 0.

Thus, A true zero point is the feature of the Ratio scale. 

Additional Information

• Nominal scale: The identity property of data.
• Interval scale: The characteristics of nominal and ordered data are present in the interval scale.
• Ordinal scale: Data is placed in a particular order.

Higher education is tertiary instruction that results in the award of a degree.

Key PointsAssertion (A): One of the objectives of higher education is to promote critical and creative thinking abilities in students.

• The objective of higher education has actively pursued the spirit of truth without fear and to look for and develop fresh information.
• ​Critical thinking not only represents the ability to think according to the laws of logic and probability.
• The objective of higher education is to promote critical and creative thinking abilities in students.

Thus, (A) is true.

Reasons (R): Critical and creative thinking abilities are developed by rote learning.

• The fundamental components of critical thinking are self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective.
• Critical thought is one that is conducted in a self-directed manner.
• It also boosts creativity and improves how we use and manage our time.

So, (R) is false.

Hence, (A) is true and (R) is false.

The Sanskrit word hetvabhasa in English means fallacy.

Key Points

• Savyabhichara Hetvabhasa is of three types: -
• Sadharana Savyabhichara
• Asadharana Savyabhichara
• Anupasamhari Savyabhichara
• Anupasamhari Savyabhichara occurs when the middle term is non-exclusive.
• The minor word is all-inclusive and excludes sapaksha and vipaksha completely.
• For example, 'all things are non-eternal because they are knowable'.
• The middle term is connected to a minor term that doesn't refer to a specific person or group of people but rather universally to all objects.

Thus, the proposition- 'all things are non-eternal because they are knowable' is fallacious because the middle term is non-exclusive.

Additional Information

• Sadharana: The hetu is too wide. It is present in both sapaksa and vipaksa. `The hill has fire because it is knowable'.
• Asadharana: The hetu is too narrow. It is only present in the Paksha, it is not present in the Sapaksa and in the Vipaksha. `Sound is eternal because it is audible'.
• Anupasamhari: Here the hetu is non-exclusive. The hetu is all-inclusive and leaves nothing by way of sapaksha or vipaksha. e.g. 'All things are non-ternal, because they are knowable'.
• Viruddha: contradictory middle term.

Communication is the practice of exchanging information between persons through a system of signs and symbols. 

Key Points

• The communication is sent by the sender, and it is received by the recipient.
• There are different types of Barrier Linguistic Barriers, Psychological Barriers, Emotional Barriers, Semantic barriers, Physical Barriers, and Cultural Barriers.
• Semantic barriers can occur occasionally as a result of the sender's unclear or convoluted information-delivery method.
• Semantic barriers happen due to bad expressions, symbols, or words with different meanings, faulty writing, unclarified assumptions, denotations and connotations.

Thus, Redundancy in writing is a semantic barrier. 

Additional Information

Greenhouse gases are those gases in the atmosphere that have an influence on the earth's energy balance.

Key PointsAssertion (A): Large-scale dams also cause Green House Gas emissions.

• The five main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of Earth are ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour.
• Significant amounts of carbon dioxide and methane are produced by hydroelectric dams.
• It uses fossil fuel-powered power plants.

So, (A) is true.

Reasons (R): When submerged vegetation decays, it produces carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas.

• Plants decompose after being submerged in water; greenhouse gases are released.
• The ozone layer is destroyed as a result of the generation of these greenhouse gases.
• A significant amount of methane is created.

Thus, (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). 

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Important PointsAs per the official answer key, this question was dropped by UGC NET.

Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages through both verbal and non-verbal means.  

Key Points

• Channel richness is the quantity of nonverbal communication available and the promptness of feedback.
• Face-to-face communication occurs when two or more people engage while being in close proximity to one another.
• Individuals can communicate and receive important information one-on-one through this type of communication procedure.
• It gives both the sender and the recipient of messages a chance to communicate effectively.
• Face-to-face communication conversation has higher information richness because of instant response and the inclusion of nonverbal communication.

Thus, in communication, channel richness is highest in the case of face-to-face conversation. 

Additional Information

• A formal report is a piece of writing that evaluates data, draws conclusions, and provides solutions to issues.

Concept Used:-

The formula to calculate Simple Interest (I), on principal amount P with rate of interest (R) and time period T(in years) is,

\(I=\dfrac{PRT}{100}\)

Explanation:-

Given that total amount invested = Rs. 16800

Total amount received = Rs. 19000

Thus, total simple interest,

\( \Rightarrow \text { S.I. }={19000-16800} \ \Rightarrow \text { S.I. }=\text { Rs. } 2200 \)

Suppose that the sum lent at 6% interest rate is Rs. x.

Now, according to question,

\( \Rightarrow \frac{x \times 6 \times 2}{100}+\frac{(16800-x \times 8 \times 2)}{100} =2200 \ \Rightarrow 12 x+16800 \times 16-16 x =220000 \ \Rightarrow 4 {x}=268800-220000 \ \Rightarrow 4 {x}=48800 \ \Rightarrow {x}=\text { Rs. } 12200 \)

Now, the part of money which is lent at 8% is the remaining amount. Thus, amount lent at 8% interest,

⇒ 16800 - 12200 = Rs. 4600

So, the sum lent at the rate of 6% and 8% is, 12200 and 4600 respectively.

Hence, the correct option is 1.

The SDGs are designed to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls. The creativity, knowhow, technology and financial resources from all of society is necessary to achieve the SDGs in every context.

Key Points

• The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations General Assembly suggested a set of 17 goals to be accomplished by 2030.
• Some Sustainable Development Goals are mentioned: 
• No Poverty
• Zero hunger
• healthy lives and promote well-being
• Quality education
• Gender equality
• availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation

Thus, no poverty, zero hunger, Quality education and Gender equality are Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 

Additional Information

Concept Used:-

The average of the group of numbers is the ratio of the sum of all the numbers given to the total number.

The formula to found the average is given below.

⇒ Average (A) = (sum of all the observation, S) / (Total number of observation, n)

Explanation:-

Given that,

Total person = 30

Average weight increased by 2 kg

Weight of replaced person = 40 kg

So, weight increased of 30 person,

⇒ 2 × 30 = 60 kg

Thus, the weight of a new person,

⇒ 60 + 40 = 100 kg

So, the weight of the new person is 100 kg.

Hence, the correct option is 2.

Key PointsStatement I : Language and other symbolic means of communication are surely social products.

• Language is heavily influenced by culture and language will represent everything about the culture.
• The relationship between the sign and the signified concept is arbitrary, much like in verbal symbolic communication.
• The signalling systems used in nonverbal symbolic communication are taught and socially accepted.

So, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: Communication media always provide a feel-good factor to their users. 

• Communication media is a means, channel, or method used to transport messages from the sender to the receiver.
• The communication medium serves as a conduit to connect different computing devices so they can communicate with one another.
• Communication media and its association with emotional well-being can be positive and negative.

Thus, Statement II is false. 

Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Kinesic communication means communicating by body movement, i.e. body language. For example, eye movements, how we move our limbs, and facial expressions.

Key Points

• Nonverbal conduct may highlight specific aspects of verbal communication.
• There are different types of non-verbal communication which are Kinesics, Paralanguage, Haptics, Chronemics and artefacts.
• Kinesics is the interpretation of nonverbal behaviour connected to the movement of the body.
• Kinesics communication in which used of body language or movement of the body.
• It includes social status, level of involvement and emotional quotient.

Thus, Kinesics when used will communicate a person's includes social status, level of involvement, and emotional quotient. 

Additional Information

• Kinesics is the interpretation of nonverbal behaviour connected to movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole, including facial expressions, gestures, and body motion communication.

Research is a systematic inquiry process that includes data gathering, documentation of important information, analysis, and interpretation. 

Key Points

• On the basis of objective research, it is divided into qualitative and quantitative research.
• There are a lot of differences between qualitative and quantitative research but also similarities between qualitative and quantitative research.
• The similarity elements in both qualitative and quantitative research: 
• Answering research questions
• Importance to transparency
• Carrying out an investigation
• Exploration of variation
• Data Gathering
• Both develop theories and hypotheses

Thus, similarity elements in both qualitative and quantitative research are Answering research questions, the importance of transparency and exploration of variation.

Additional Information

• The foundation of both qualitative and quantitative research is a logical, repeatable method.

Calcutta Madarasa was founded in 1781 by Governor-General of Bengal Warren Hastings to study Islamic law.

Key Points

• Many commissions, including Hunter, Raleigh, Saddler, and others, made reform proposals for the Indian educational system.
• Viceroy Curzon established the commission to assess India's whole university education system.
• He considered that universities were the factories turning forth students with revolutionary beliefs.
• The Universities Act of 1904 was a result of the commission's suggestion.

Thus, Curzon was the first official announcement of the future education policy of the Government of India to reduce the tension created among the educated Indians by the process of his university reforms. 

Additional Information

• In 1882 Hunter commission on Indian education, advocated stepping up government efforts to enhance public education through regional languages.
• Primary education will be handed up to the new district and municipal boards.
• Promote female education also outside of presidential towns.

A logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that reduces the strength and persuasiveness of an argument. 

Key Points

• There are two main types of fallacies: Formal fallacy and informal fallacy.
• An informal fallacy is an error in the argument's form, content, or context.
• Argument from ignorance is a mistake in informal logic when ignorance stands in for a lack of evidence to prove.
• It claims that the statement is true because its falsity has not yet been shown.
• In above Questions, no one can prove that aliens did not create crop circles.

Thus, Appeal to Ignorance informal logical fallacy is committed in the argument - No one has shown that aliens did not create the crop circles. So, the crop circles must have been made by the aliens.

Additional Information

• Begging the question: the premises of an argument assume that conclusion instead of supporting them.
• Fallacy of accident: It occurs when an argument that appears in a statistical syllogism when an exception to a general rule is disregarded.
• Appeal to authority: It occurs is the mistaken belief that something is true just because an authoritative person said it.

Rajiv Gandhi introduced the National Policy on Education was announced in 1986. 

Key Points

• The new policy called for special attention to the eradication of inequities and to equalise educational opportunities.
• The policy also advocated for the development of the Mahatma Gandhi-inspired rural university model to further economic and social advancement at the local level in rural India.
• The National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986's envisaged the holding of a unified entrance examination for admission to professional and technical programmes across the nation.
• In 1992, The P. V. Narasimha Rao administration changed the National Policy on Education of 1986.

Thus, the Previous National Education Policy on Education-1986 was modified in the year 1992. 

Additional Information

• The policy added the 1985-founded Indira Gandhi National Open University to the system of open universities.
• A 6% GDP investment in education was envisioned by the 1986 education policy.

The correct answer is 'Contradictory concept'.

Key Points

• Let's have a look at the first two sentences from the given passage.
• From these sentences, ''There is a new movement called libertarian paternalism which is not attractive. Both words are characterised by stereotypes from popular culture and politics that make them unappealing to many. Even worse. the concepts seem to be contradictory......................''.
• From the highlighted sentences it is understood that the new movement isn't attractive among the people because the two words 'libertarian' and 'paternalism' constitute stereotypes influenced by popular culture and politics which don't appeal to people.
• To top it all both the concepts are contradictory to each other.
• Libertarian concepts let people to choose according to their wish.
• Paternalism concepts influences people to follow choice architects.
• As both the concepts are contradictory to each other it failed to attract people.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Therefore, the answer is -'Contradictory concept'.

The correct answer is 'Steer people's choices for improving their lives'.

Key Points

• Let's understand the given passage.
• From the passage ".......................It is to make people's lives longer. healthier and better. Insitutions in private sector and also the government should make conscious efforts to steer people's choices to improve their lives. A policy is paternalistic, if it tries to influence choices that make choosers better off..........................................".
• It is said that the government and private institutions should make an effort to guide people to make healthy choices that would improve their life.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

Therefore the correct answer is -'Steer people's choices for improving their lives'.

The correct answer is 'Freedom of choice'.

Key Points

• Let's understand the passage.
• From the passage ".....................................According to the libertarian strategy. people should be free to do what they like. It is also to opt out of undesirable arrangements. if they want to do so. The libertarian paternalists urge that people should be free to choose. Policies are designed to maintain or increase freedom of choice...................................................".
• Libertarian strategy vouch for the freedom of choice among the people.
• It doesn't insist people to do anything they don't wish to. Their policies are such a way that don't hinder anybody's freedom.
• Moreover, it's policy is designed such a way that it increases a person's freedom to choose.
• Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

Therefore, the correct answer is -'Freedom of choice'.

The correct answer is 'The freedom of choices for a better society.'.

Key Points

• The passage describes a new movement called libertarian paternalism.
• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:
• ​According to the libertarian strategy. people should be free to do what they like. It is also to opt out of undesirable arrangements. if they want to do so. The libertarian paternalists urge that people should be free to choose.
• It gives an understanding of what the movement means literally.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Preserve the people's liberty of choice'.

Key Points

• Let's understand the given passage.
• From these sentences, '..............................................The libertarian paternalists urge that people should be free to choose. Policies are designed to maintain or increase freedom of choice. The paternalistic aspect lies in the claim that it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behaviour...............................................'.
• From the highlighted sentence, it is understood that the libertarian paternalists seek policies aimed at preserving the peoples's liberty of choice'.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

​Therefore, the correct answer is -'Preserve the people's liberty of choice'.

National Ambient Air Quality Standards are standardized air quality standards for the entire country.

Key Points

• The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is empowered to establish standards for the quality of the air under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.
• In 2009, the CPCB declared the current National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
• The 2009 standards uniformized the national standards and considerably reduced the maximum allowed values for contaminants.
• According to 2009 standards, National Ambient Air Quality standards stipulate the maximum permissible limit of the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 to be 40 μg/m3.

Thus, Indian National Ambient Air Quality standards stipulate the maximum permissible limit of the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 to be 40 μg/m3. 

Additional Information

From the Vedic and Buddhist periods to the Islamic and British eras, one could clearly identify developments in the Indian educational system.

Key Points

• The first attempt to envision widespread education in India was made in Wood's Despatch.
• It is also known as the Manga Carta of British Education in India.

The recommendations made by Wood's Despatch are as follows:

• It called for the regularisation of the educational system at all levels, i.e., from elementary school through university.
• Education for women is important.
• The government should give 'frank and cordial support' to female education and take effective measures for its expansion
• In 1857, the Universities of Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras were founded.
• According to Wood's Despatch, it was requested that the government oversee citizens' education.

Thus, The Wood's Despatch recognised for the first time that the government should give 'frank and cordial support' to female education and take effective measures for its expansion. 

Additional Information

• The 1813 Charter Act gave missionaries permission to visit India and share knowledge.
• The Company had assumed some responsibility for education in India.

Given word:

UNIVERSITY

Logic followed here is,

We have arranged all the letters in the word in increasing alphabetical order.

So, we get,

UNIVERSITY - EIINRSTUVY

Similarly,

INSTITUTION can be coded in the increasing alphabetical order as IIINNOSTTTU.

So, the code for INSTITUTION is IIINNOSTTTU.

Aristotle defines syllogism as "a discourse in which certain (specific) things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things is so."

Key PointsStatement I : Aristotelian syllogism has three terms.

• The Aristotelian syllogism is purely formal and deductive.
• The verbalistic Aristotelian syllogism.
• The main and minor terms in the Aristotelian syllogism are distinct in the premises even though they are linked to one another via the middle term.

So, Statement I is correct.

Statement II : Nyaya syllogism has five terms.

• In Nyaya Syllogism contains three terms: Middle term, Major term, and Minor term.
• In Nyya Philosophy, the phrases sadhya, paksa, and hetu are used interchangeably to refer to major, minor, and medium terms.
• An inference is composed of a minimum of three sentences, each of which is made up of three distinct terms.

Thus, Statement II is incorrect. 

Hence, Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

The square of opposition is a diagram used in categorical logic to depict the logical relationship. 

Key Points 

• Contrary: A and E propositions are contrary. and Propositions are contrary when they cannot both be true.
• 'All women are honest" represents A proposition.
• No Women are honest represents E proposition.

Thus, no women are honest proposition is contrary to the proposition 'All women are honest".

Research is a systematic inquiry process that includes data gathering, documentation of important information, analysis, and interpretation. 

Key Points

• The Nuremberg trials, which were held in 1945–1946, led to the discipline of research ethics.
• Some of the unethical in the context of research are mentioned below: 
• Submitting a study to two or more journals.
• Offering incentives to respondents.
• Coercing respondents for sensitive personal information.
• Tamper with the findings.
• Incorporating someone else's ideas or research
• Hiding the research purpose from respondents.

Thus, unethical in the context of research is Offering incentives to respondents, coercing respondents for sensitive personal information and hiding the research purpose from respondents. 

Additional Information

• Ethical considerations in research in this field centre on

relationships and goals