UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 7th Dec 2023 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Key Points 

List I contains internet terms, while List II contains their definitions. We need to match each term in List I with its correct definition in List II.

• A. HTTP
• HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the main protocol that governs the transmission of data using the Internet. When you visit a website, your browser sends an HTTP request to the web server. The web server then sends an HTTP response back to your browser, which includes the HTML code for the website.
• B. URL
• URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the address of a specific web page on the Internet. When you type a URL into your browser's address bar, the browser sends an HTTP request to the web server at that address.
• C. MAC Address
• MAC address stands for Media Access Control address. It is a unique address given to a device on a network. The MAC address is typically assigned by the manufacturer of the device.
• D. IP address
• IP address stands for Internet Protocol address. It is an address given to each device on a network. The IP address is used to identify the device on the network and to route traffic to and from the device.

Therefore, the correct matching is:

A - II: HTTP is the main protocol that governs the transmission of data using the Internet.

B - IV: URL is the website address that is typed into the address bar.

C - I: MAC address is a unique address given to a device on a network. It is provided by the manufacturer.

D - III: IP address is an address given to each device on a network. It is provided by the network.

Key Points

Statement (I): Exposure to mercury can be either through food chain or in the work place.

• Statement (I) is true:
• Exposure to mercury can occur through the food chain (e.g., by consuming fish that have accumulated mercury) or in the workplace (e.g., by inhaling mercury vapours in industrial settings).

Statement (II): Poisoning by inorganic mercury (particularly vapours) results in the damage to the central nervous system.

• Statement (II) is true:
• Inorganic mercury, particularly in the form of vapours, can cause damage to the central nervous system. This damage can manifest as a range of neurological symptoms, including tremors, impaired coordination, and cognitive deficits.

Therefore, both statements are true and the correct answer is 1) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.

Key PointsStatement (I): Qualitative research lays emphasis on contextual understanding. 

• Statement (I) is correct:
• Qualitative research emphasizes contextual understanding. This means that qualitative researchers seek to understand the phenomenon they are studying within its social and cultural context. They use methods such as interviews, observations, and document analysis to collect data that is rich in detail and meaning.

Statement (II): Quantitative research is typically highly unstructured.

• Statement (II) is incorrect:
• Quantitative research is typically highly structured. This means that quantitative researchers use standardized methods to collect data that can be quantified and analyzed statistically. They use methods such as surveys, experiments, and content analysis to collect data that is objective and generalizable.

Therefore, the correct answer is 3) Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.

The best software for a teacher who wants to assess student performance and give immediate feedback are: A. Kahoot and E. Quizziz.

Key Points

• Kahoot: 
• This interactive quiz platform allows teachers to create engaging and real-time quizzes with multiple choice, true/false, and open-ended questions. Students can answer individually or compete in teams, and results are displayed instantly, providing immediate feedback on their understanding.
• Quizziz: 
• This online assessment platform offers various question types, including multiple choice, matching, open-ended, and even polls. Students receive instant feedback after submitting their answers, allowing the teacher to address misunderstandings quickly and reinforce learning.

Additional Information

• Plotagon: This animation creation software isn't designed for assessments. While it could be used for presentations or explanations, it doesn't offer real-time feedback functionalities.
• Screen-casto-matic: This screen recording tool allows capturing presentations or tutorials, but it's not specifically for assessments and lacks features for immediate feedback.
• Animaker: This animation platform, similar to Plotagon, focuses on creating animated videos and doesn't provide assessment capabilities with immediate feedback.

Therefore, for immediate feedback after an assessment, Kahoot and Quizziz are the most suitable options due to their real-time features and focus on interactive quizzes.

The correct response is B, A, E, C, D.

Key Points 

Interactive Whiteboard:

• An interactive whiteboard is a large interactive display that connects to a computer and a projector.
• It allows users to interact with the content displayed on the board using a pen or finger. Users can write, draw, and manipulate objects on the board, and the input is captured electronically and can be saved for later use.
• Interactive whiteboards are commonly used in educational settings for teaching and collaboration, as well as in business environments for presentations and brainstorming sessions.

Inkjet Printer:

• An inkjet printer is a type of printer that produces hard copies of documents by spraying tiny droplets of ink onto paper.
• It works by propelling ink droplets from a cartridge onto the paper substrate. Inkjet printers are versatile and can print both text and images with high resolution and color accuracy.
• They are commonly used for home and office printing tasks, including documents, photos, and graphics.

Thermal Bubble:

• Thermal bubble technology is a method used in inkjet printers to heat the ink within the print head, creating bubbles that propel the ink onto the paper.
• When an electrical current is applied to the print head, it heats up, causing the ink to expand and form a bubble. The bubble forces a small amount of ink through the print head nozzle onto the paper, resulting in the formation of printed characters or images.
• Thermal bubble technology enables precise control over the placement and size of ink droplets, allowing for high-quality printing.

Laser Printer:

• A laser printer is a type of printer that produces high-quality text and graphics by using a laser beam to create an electrostatic image on a rotating drum.
• The drum is coated with a photosensitive material that becomes charged in specific areas when exposed to the laser beam. The charged areas attract toner particles, which are then transferred to the paper and fused onto the surface using heat.
• Laser printers are known for their fast printing speeds, sharp output, and suitability for high-volume printing tasks in both home and office environments.

Rotating:

• In the context of the paragraph, "rotating" likely refers to the rotating drum used in laser printers.
• The drum rotates as it receives the electrostatic image created by the laser beam. This rotation allows the charged areas on the drum to come into contact with the toner particles, facilitating the transfer of the image onto the paper during the printing process.
• The rotating drum is a key component of laser printing technology, enabling precise and efficient printing of documents and images.

Key Points 

• The eighth five-year plan (1992-97) of India focused on the expansion and improvement of higher education.
• One of the key objectives of the plan was to encourage the involvement of the private sector in higher education. This was seen as a way to increase the capacity of the higher education system and to provide more choices for students.

Additional Information

• Expansion of public sector: The eighth five-year plan did not focus on the expansion of the public sector in higher education.
• Establishment of foreign campuses: The eighth five-year plan did not mention the establishment of foreign campuses in India.
• Entry of foreign Universities: The eighth five-year plan did not mention the entry of foreign universities in India.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2) Involvement of private sector.

Formula Used:

M = P × (1 + (r / n)) ^{(n × t)}

Where "M" is the maturity amount,

"P" is the principal amount, which is Rs. 10,000.00,

"r" is the rate of interest per annum, which is 8%,

"n" is the number of times the interest is compounded per year, which is 2 (since the interest is compounded half-yearly),

"t" is the time period in years, which is 1.5 years.

Calculation:

⇒ M = 10000 × (1 + (0.08 / 2))^{(2 × 1.5)} 

⇒ M = 10000 × (1.04)³

⇒  A = 11248.64 (approx)

∴ The correct answer is "11248.64".

Key Points 

• Framing is a communication strategy that involves presenting information in a way that influences how people think about and respond to an issue. In the context of election campaigns, spin doctors use framing to tailor political issues in a way that is most favorable to their candidate or party.
• Spin doctors are individuals who are hired by political candidates or parties to manage their public image and media relations. They use a variety of communication strategies, including framing, to influence public opinion and shape the media coverage of their candidate or party.

Additional Information

• Media audience: The media audience is not responsible for framing political issues in election campaigns.
• Security agencies: Security agencies are not involved in framing political issues in election campaigns.
• The Election Commission: The Election Commission is responsible for overseeing elections and ensuring that they are conducted fairly. It does not frame political issues in election campaigns.

Therefore, the correct answer is 4) The Spin doctors

Key Points 

• The University of Navadwip was a renowned center of learning in ancient India. It was established in the 12^th century and flourished for several centuries. The university was known for its teaching in a wide range of subjects, including:
• Logic (Nyaya)
• Literature (Sahitya)
• Tantra

The other options are not correct:

• Archaeology: Archaeology was not a subject taught at the University of Navadwip.
• Physics: Physics was not a subject taught at the University of Navadwip.

Therefore, the correct answer is 3) C, D and E only.

The correct answer is: 3) A, C, D and E only

Key Points

• Accentuation: Non-verbal cues like facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice can emphasize the meaning of the spoken words, making them more impactful.
• Repetition: Non-verbal cues can repeat the message conveyed through words, reinforcing understanding and memory.
• Substitution: In some cases, non-verbal communication can completely replace verbal communication, conveying emotions, attitudes, or messages without spoken words.
• Contradiction: Sometimes, non-verbal cues can contradict the meaning of the spoken words, creating confusion or expressing hidden feelings.
• Supervision: This isn't typically a recognized role of non-verbal communication in relation to verbal communication.

Therefore, only options A, C, D, and E represent accurate functions of non-verbal communication in relation to verbal communication.

Additional Information

• "Supervision" typically refers to overseeing or managing activities and people, ensuring that tasks are completed correctly and efficiently.
• It is a concept more relevant to management and leadership contexts rather than the specific roles of non-verbal communication in relation to verbal communication.

Key Points Statement (I): An output device that creates an object by building layer upon player of material is called 3D printer. It is widely used in CAD applications.

• Statement (I) is true:
• A 3D printer is an output device that creates an object by building layer upon layer of material. It is widely used in CAD (Computer-Aided Design) applications, where it is used to create prototypes and models.

Statement (II): Laptops can be used even when not plugged into an electricity socket.

• Statement (II) is true:
• Laptops are portable computers that can be used even when not plugged into an electricity socket. They have built-in batteries that allow them to operate for several hours without being plugged in.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.

Key Points

• The argument "It is so obvious that this world was created by an intelligent God. Just look at the amazing degree of organization that the world displays" commits the fallacy of begging the question.
• This fallacy occurs when the conclusion of an argument is assumed in one of the premises. In this case, the premise "Just look at the amazing degree of organization that the world displays" assumes that the world was created by an intelligent God.
• This is the same as the conclusion of the argument, so the argument is circular and does not provide any real evidence to support its claim.

Additional Information

• Fallacy of composition: This fallacy occurs when the properties of the parts of a whole are assumed to be the same as the properties of the whole. It is not committed in the given argument.
• Straw man: This fallacy occurs when an argument is misrepresented so that it is easier to attack. It is not committed in the given argument.
• False cause: This fallacy occurs when an event is assumed to be the cause of another event without sufficient evidence. It is not committed in the given argument.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2) Begging the Question.

The correct answer is: 3) Latent learning

Key Points

• Latent learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge or skills that are not immediately demonstrated or expressed but become evident when there is an incentive or motivation to do so.

Additional Information

• Observational learning: This involves acquiring new behaviors by observing and imitating others, but it often leads to immediate demonstration of the learned behavior.
• Social learning: This is a broader term encompassing various ways individuals learn through social interaction, including observational learning, but it doesn't specifically focus on the delayed demonstration of acquired knowledge.
• Moral learning: This refers to the development of moral values and behavior, which may involve elements of latent learning, but it is not an exact equivalent.

The key aspect of latent learning is the absence of immediate behavioral change despite acquiring the knowledge or skill. The behavior remains "latent" until reinforcement or a specific situation triggers its demonstration.

Key Points Statement (I): As per Dewey's vision of learning, learners should demonstrate their knowledge through creativity and collaboration.

• Statement (I) is correct:
• According to Dewey's vision of learning, learners should demonstrate their knowledge through creativity and collaboration. Dewey believed that learning is an active and social process, and that learners learn best by doing and by interacting with others.

Statement (II): According to Piaget, learning is independent of the developmental stages of learner.

• Statement (II) is incorrect:
• According to Piaget, learning is not independent of the developmental stages of learner. Piaget believed that children's cognitive development progresses through a series of stages, and that learning is most effective when it is tailored to the child's current stage of development.

Therefore, the correct answer is 3) Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.

Key Points

• The square of opposition is a diagram that shows the relationships between four types of categorical propositions:
• A: All S is P.
• E: No S is P.
• I: Some S is P.
• O: Some S is not P.
• Propositions A and E are contradictories, which means that they cannot both be true, but they can both be false. Propositions I and O are subcontraries, which means that they cannot both be false, but they can both be true.
• In this case, the given statement "Some birds are apes" is false. This means that the contradictory statement "No birds are apes" must be true. Additionally, the subcontrary statement "All birds are not apes" must also be true, because it cannot be false if "Some birds are apes" is false.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1) C and D only.

Calculation:

The first letter of each term in the series is in alphabetical order, i.e., and so on, the next term is "E"

The second letter of each term is obtained by adding an odd number starting from 3 to the previous letter, i.e., A + 3 = D, D + 5 = I, I + 7 = P, and so on, so the next term is P + 9 = Y.

∴ The correct answer is "EY".

Key Points 

• The argument "Sound is quality because it is visible" is fallacious according to the classical Indian view of logic because the middle term "visible" cannot by its very nature be present in the minor term "sound". In other words, it is impossible for something to be both sound and visible.
• This is because, according to the classical Indian view of logic, the middle term in a syllogism must be able to be present in both the major and minor terms. In this case, however, the middle term "visible" cannot be present in the minor term "sound" because sound is not visible.
• Therefore, the argument is fallacious because it violates one of the basic rules of logic.
• The reason (R) correctly explains the assertion (A) because it states that the middle term "visible" cannot by its very nature be present in the minor term "sound". This is the same reason that the argument is fallacious.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Key Points 

• The University of Calcutta, the University of Bombay, and the University of Madras were all modelled on the lines of the University of London.
• These universities were established in the mid-19^th century, during the British colonial period in India. They were modelled on the University of London in terms of their structure, governance, and curriculum.
• The University of Andhra and the University of Mysore, on the other hand, were established later in the early 20^th century.
• They were influenced by the University of London to some extent, but they also had their own unique features and were not directly modelled on the University of London.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1) A, B and C only.

In academic writing, the abbreviation "fn." most commonly stands for 2) footnote.

 Key Points

• Footnote: This refers to an explanatory note placed at the bottom of a page. It's used to provide additional information, cite sources, or clarify points beyond the main text. "Fn." acts as a convenient abbreviation within the text to indicate where the reader can find the related footnote.
• Forenoon: While "fn." might be used informally to reference the morning period, it wouldn't be used in academic writing.
• Forward page number/Following page number: These terms wouldn't be abbreviated as "fn." in academic writing. They would either be written out fully or represented by "fp. and "pn." respectively, if needed.

Therefore, based on common conventions and usage in academic writing, "fn." most definitively refers to footnote.

Calculation:

 The pattern followed by the series,

⇒ 1 + 2 = 3 

⇒ 3 + 4 = 7

⇒ 7 + 8 = 15

⇒ 15 + 16 = 31

⇒ 31 + 32 = 63

∴ The correct answer is "63".

Key Points Statement (I): The non-directive model of teaching nurtures students rather than controlling the sequence of learning.

• This statement is correct.
• The non-directive model of teaching is a student-centered approach that focuses on providing students with the support and resources they need to learn at their own pace and in their own way.
• Teachers in non-directive classrooms do not control the sequence of learning or tell students what to learn. Instead, they create a supportive learning environment and provide students with opportunities to explore their interests and learn in a way that is meaningful to them.

Statement (II): In the non-directive model of teaching the teacher's role is that of a facilitator who has counselling relationship with students and who guides their growth and development.

• This statement is also correct.
• In the non-directive model of teaching, the teacher's role is to facilitate learning rather than to direct it. Teachers in non-directive classrooms are not the experts who tell students what to learn.
• Instead, they are facilitators who help students to learn by providing them with resources, support, and guidance. Teachers in non-directive classrooms also have a counseling relationship with students, which means that they are there to support students' emotional and social development as well as their academic development.

Therefore, both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.

The correct answer is 4) University College, Lahore.

Key Points

• Mayo College, Ajmer: 
• Established in 1875, it was a British-run public school that provided education to the sons of Indian princes and other elites. The medium of instruction was English.
• St Stephen College, Delhi: 
• Founded in 1881, it was a Christian missionary college affiliated with the University of Delhi. The medium of instruction was English.
• St. Xavier College, Calcutta: 
• Established in 1860, it was a Jesuit-run college affiliated with the University of Calcutta. The medium of instruction was English.
• University College, Lahore:
• Founded in 1864, it was a government-run college affiliated with the University of Punjab. It was the first college in India where European education was imparted through the medium of mother tongue (Urdu).

Additional Information

• The University of Calcutta was the first university in India to offer courses in the vernacular languages.
• The Hunter Commission (1882) recommended that education in India should be imparted through the medium of mother tongue.
• The Indian National Congress (INC) also supported the use of mother tongue in education.

Key Points 

Statement (I): Buddhists consider the language of communication as a divine gift.

• Statement (I) is false: Buddhists do not consider the language of communication as a divine gift. They believe that language is a human creation that has evolved over time through social interaction and cultural exchange.

Statement (II): Buddhists are of the view that the language for communication evolves according to social contexts and conditions.

• Statement (II) is true: Buddhists believe that the language for communication evolves according to social contexts and conditions. They recognize that language is a fluid and dynamic system that is shaped by the social, cultural, and historical contexts in which it is used.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4) Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Key Points 

• Explicit metacommunication: 
• This involves directly stating your thoughts, feelings, or intentions about the communication itself. It uses clear and unambiguous language to clarify your message and prevent misunderstandings.
• Silent remorse: 
• This can be interpreted in various ways and doesn't explicitly communicate your feelings or intentions. It falls under non-verbal communication.
• Avoidance of eye contact:
• Similar to silent remorse, this is a non-verbal cue that could have different meanings depending on the context. It's not explicit communication.
• Apologies: 
• These directly address a mistake or offense, making them explicit metacommunication.
• Excuses: 
• They attempt to justify or explain your actions, explicitly conveying your perspective on the situation.
• Explanations:
• These clarify your reasoning or intentions directly, falling under explicit metacommunication.

Therefore, options C, D, and E directly convey your thoughts or intentions about the communication, making them clear examples of explicit metacommunication. While A and B might hint at emotions, they lack the clear and direct expression needed for explicit communication.

3) Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false is the most accurate answer.

Key Points

• Statement (I): There is evidence to suggest that the current rating system for higher educational institutions in India, primarily the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), focuses heavily on parameters like research output, faculty publications, and infrastructure, potentially overlooking the diverse structures and missions of different institutions.
• These may include specialized colleges, community colleges, and vocational training centers, each with unique approaches and goals.
• Statement (II): Implementing a single, universal, and completely holistic ranking system for all types of higher educational institutions in India might be challenging due to the sheer diversity of the system.
• Considerations like regional variations, varying institutional focuses, and diverse student populations create complexities that might not be effectively captured by a single set of metrics.

While attempts have been made to expand the scope of NIRF to include different types of institutions, concerns about its ability to truly capture the structural diversity remain.

Key Points

• The square of opposition is a diagram that shows the relationships between four types of categorical propositions:
• A: All S is P.
• E: No S is P.
• I: Some S is P.
• O: Some S is not P.
• Propositions A and E are contradictories, which means that they cannot both be true, but they can both be false. Propositions I and O are subcontraries, which means that they cannot both be false, but they can both be true.
• In this case, propositions A and C are subcontraries. Proposition A states that "some apes are monkeys", while proposition C states that "some apes are not monkeys". These propositions cannot both be false, because if all apes were monkeys (proposition A), then there would be no apes that are not monkeys (proposition C). However, both propositions can be true, if some apes are monkeys and some apes are not monkeys.

Therefore, the correct answer is 3) A and C only.

The correct response is (160, 20).

Key Points

1. Important conversion:

• 1 byte = 8 bits
• So 20 MB = 20 × 8 = 160 megabits

2. Calculate upload time (P):

• Upload speed = 1 Mbps
• File size = 160 megabits
• P = 160 ÷ 1 = 160 seconds

3. Calculate download time (Q):

• Download speed = 8 Mbps
• File size = 160 megabits
• Q = 160 ÷ 8 = 20 seconds

4. Therefore, (P, Q) = (160, 20)

Looking at the options, this matches option 4 (160, 20).

Additional InformationThis makes sense because:

• The upload takes longer since the upload speed is slower (1 Mbps)
• The download is faster since the download speed is higher (8 Mbps)
• The ratio of times (160:20 = 8:1) matches the inverse ratio of speeds (8:1)

Key Points

• Quantitative research is a research strategy that emphasizes the use of quantitative data to test hypotheses and theories. Quantitative data is data that can be measured and analyzed using statistical methods. Quantitative research is often used in social science research, such as psychology, sociology, and economics.
• Quantitative research typically follows a deductive approach to the relationship between theory and research. In a deductive approach, the researcher starts with a theory or hypothesis and then collects data to test the theory or hypothesis. This approach is often used in quantitative research because it allows researchers to test the validity of their theories and hypotheses.
• Inductive research, on the other hand, starts with data and then uses the data to develop a theory or hypothesis. Inductive research is often used in qualitative research, such as ethnography and grounded theory.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1) Entails a deductive approach to the relationship between theory and research.

Key Points 

• Leachates are indeed contaminated liquids that drain from landfills. As rainwater or other liquids percolate through the waste in landfills, they dissolve various harmful substances, including heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients. This contaminated liquid collects at the bottom of the landfill and is referred to as leachate.
• Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are a specific group of organic chemicals that are resistant to degradation, bioaccumulate in living organisms, and have harmful effects on health and the environment. While leachate can contain some POPs, it's not synonymous with all POPs.
• Algae found on eutrophic lakes are a consequence of excessive nutrient pollution in the water. While leachate might contribute to nutrient pollution in nearby bodies of water, it's not the same as the algae itself.
• Ozone depleting substances (ODS) are chemicals that contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Leachate is not known to contain these types of chemicals.

Therefore, based on the definition and description, the most accurate answer for leachates is contaminated liquid draining from landfills.

Key Points

• From a communication viewpoint, a completely predictable situation is considered to have negentropy.
• Negentropy is a measure of the order or predictability of a system. A system with high negentropy is highly predictable, while a system with low negentropy is less predictable.
• In a completely predictable situation, the outcome is known in advance. There is no uncertainty or ambiguity. This means that the situation has high negentropy.

The other options are not correct:

• Less fidelity: Fidelity refers to the accuracy or faithfulness of a communication. It is not related to the predictability of a situation.
• Fluidity: Fluidity refers to the ease with which a communication can be changed or adapted. It is not related to the predictability of a situation.
• Less sensitivity: Sensitivity refers to the ability of a communication to evoke a response. It is not related to the predictability of a situation.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2) Negentropy.

All four statements, A, B, C, and D, are logically equivalent. Here's why:

Key Points

Understanding statements:

• "Some apes are not non-monkeys." This means at least one ape exists that is not classified as a non-monkey.
• "Some monkeys are not non-apes." This means at least one monkey exists that is not classified as a non-ape.
• "Some monkeys are apes." This directly claims that some monkeys belong to the category of apes.
• "Some apes are monkeys." This states that some apes also belong to the category of monkeys.

Logical equivalence:

• These statements are equivalent because they all convey the same information about the potential overlap between the categories of apes and monkeys. While some statements (C and D) explicitly express overlap, others (A and B) do so by negating the category of "non-apes" and "non-monkeys," ultimately implying the same possibility of shared members.

Therefore, all four statements are logically equivalent, meaning they share the same truth value under any interpretation of the categories "ape" and "monkey."

Key Points

• ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of computer memory that stores programs and data that are permanently stored on the chip. It is non-volatile, which means that its contents are retained even when the power is turned off.
• ROM is primarily used to store the firmware that is required to boot up the computer. This firmware includes the instructions that are needed to load the operating system and other essential programs into RAM.
• RAM (Random Access Memory), on the other hand, stores the programs and data that are currently being used by the computer. RAM is volatile, which means that its contents are lost when the power is turned off.

Therefore, the correct answer is 4) B and C only.

Key Points 

If 2 is added to each observation, the mean will also increase by 2. Therefore, the new mean will be 45 + 2 = 47.

• The standard deviation is a measure of how spread out the data is. Adding 2 to each observation will not change how spread out the data is. Therefore, the standard deviation will remain the same, which is 10.
• Therefore, the new mean and standard deviation will be 47 and 10, respectively.

The other options are not correct:

• 47, 12: This option is incorrect because the standard deviation will not change when 2 is added to each observation.
• 47, 14: This option is incorrect because the standard deviation will not increase by 4 when 2 is added to each observation.
• 46, 12: This option is incorrect because the mean will increase by 2 when 2 is added to each observation.

Therefore, the correct answer is 3) 47, 10.

Key Points Statement (I): Kyoto protocol only binds developed countries and places heavier burden on them.

• Statement (I) is true:
• The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that commits developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries are not bound by the treaty, and developed countries have different targets for emission reductions. Therefore, the Kyoto Protocol does bind only developed countries and places a heavier burden on them.

Statement (II): Kyoto protocol has nothing to do with United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC).

• Statement (II) is false:
• The Kyoto Protocol is directly related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC is an international treaty that sets out a framework for international cooperation to combat climate change. The Kyoto Protocol is one of the protocols that has been adopted under the UNFCCC.

Therefore, the correct answer is 3) Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.

Given:

Total number of candidates = 78000

Total number of boys = 24000

Calculation: 

Total number of girls including all cities ⇒ 78000 - 24000

⇒ 54000

Total number of candidates from city F = 26% of 78000

⇒ 26/100 × 78000 

⇒ 20280

Number of boys from city F = 9% of 24000

⇒ 9/100 × 24000 

⇒ 2160

So, number of girls from city F ⇒ 20280 - 2160 

⇒ 18120

∴ Required percentage ⇒ 18120/54000 × 100 = 33.55%.

Given:

Total number of candidates = 78000

Total number of boys = 24000

Calculation:

Number of candidates from city A = 17% of 78000

⇒ 17/100 × 78000 

⇒ 13260

Number of boys from city A = 23% of 24000

⇒ 23/100 × 24000 

⇒ 5520

Number of candidates from city B = 13.5% of 78000

⇒ 135/1000 × 78000

⇒ 10530

Number of boys from city B = 20% of 24000

⇒ 20/100 × 24000 

⇒ 4800

∴ Required percentage ⇒ (5520 - 4800)/4800 × 100 = 15%.

Given:

Total number of candidates = 78000

Total number of boys = 24000

Calculation:

Number of candidates from city C = 15% of 78000 

⇒ 15/100 × 78000 

⇒ 11700

Number of boys from city C = 17% of 24000

⇒ 17/100 × 24000 

⇒ 4080

So, number of girls from city C ⇒ (11700 - 4080) = 7620

Number of candidates from city D = 20% of 78000

⇒ 20/100 × 78000 

⇒ 15600

∴ Required percentage ⇒ 7620/15600 × 100 ≈ 49%.

Given:

Total number of candidates = 78000

Total number of boys = 24000

Calculation:

Number of candidates from City E = 8.5% of 78000 

⇒ 85/1000 × 78000

⇒ 6630

Number of boys from city E = 21% of 24000

⇒ 21/100 × 24000

⇒ 5040

Number of girls from city E ⇒ 6630 - 5040 = 1590

∴ Required difference ⇒ 5040 - 1590 = 3450.

Given:

Total number of candidates = 78000

Total number of boys = 24000

Calculation:

Number of candidates from city A = 17% of 78000

⇒ 17/100 × 78000

⇒ 13260

Number of boys from city A = 23% of 24000

⇒ 23/100 × 24000

⇒ 5520

Number of girls from city A =  Total candidates from city A - Boys from city A

⇒ 13260 - 5520 = 7740

∴ Total Number of girls who appeared from city A is 7740.

Key Points 

Statement (I): International Solar Alliance's vision: 'Let us together make the sun brighter.'.

• Statement (I) is the vision of the International Solar Alliance (ISA). The ISA is an intergovernmental organization that was founded in 2015 by India and France. The ISA's vision is to promote the use of solar energy around the world.

Statement (II): International Solar Alliance's mission: 'Every home how far away, will have a light at home.

• Statement (II) is the mission of the ISA. The ISA's mission is to ensure that every home in the world has access to electricity, even in remote areas where there is no access to the grid.
• The ISA is working to achieve this mission by providing financial and technical assistance to developing countries to help them adopt solar energy.

Therefore, both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.

The correct answer is "Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false."

Key Points

• Statement (I) is supported by the line from the passage that says, "Chandrayaan-3's touchdown which completed an extraordinary arc of decades of scientific perseverance also opened new vistas for the country's space programme..." This clearly indicates that the success of Chandrayaan-3 is a result of years of scientific efforts, making Statement (I) true.
• Statement (II), however, is contradicted by the information in the passage. The text says, "The watershed moment came mere days after Russia - a space veteran - crashed its moon craft while attempting to reach the same territory." From this line, it is clear that Russia's Luna-25 did not land on the moon. Rather, it crashed while attempting the landing, making Statement (II) false.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "The Chief of ISRO."

Key Points

• This fact is evidenced by the passage line that says, "'India is on the Moon!' S. Somnath, the chief of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) said."
• This quotation directly shows that the words "India is on the Moon" were spoken by S. Somnath, the chief of ISRO.

Hence**, option 3** is the correct choice.

The correct answer is "$75 million."

Key Points

• From the line in the passage: "At an estimated budget of $75 million, Chandrayaan-3 was built..."**, it is clear that the estimated cost of building Chandrayaan-3 was **$75 million.

So, option 4 is the correct answer$.

The correct answer is "B, C and D only."

Key Points

• Option (B) finds support in the following line: "India became the first country to land near the Moon's uncharted south pole region... offering irrefutable evidence of the astronomical abilities and galactic ambitions of a nation that on Wednesday announced itself as one of the world's foremost space powers." This confirms that the success of the mission has made India one of the world's foremost space powers.
• Option (C) is substantiated by a passage line that states, "Chandrayaan-3's touchdown which completed an extraordinary arc of decades of scientific perseverance also opened new vistas for the country's space programme..." This attests to the mission opening new avenues for space exploration for India.
• Option (D) is supported by the above-quoted line and the following: "in the lucrative market of space exploration and commerce." This suggests that the mission has opened new vistas in the profitable field of space exploration and commerciality.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "Land near the south pole of the Moon."

Key Points

• The passage clearly states: "India became the first country to land near the Moon's uncharted south pole region...offering irrefutable evidence of the astronomical abilities and galactic ambitions of a nation that on Wednesday announced itself as one of the world's foremost space powers." This shows that India is indeed the first nation to successfully land a spacecraft near the Moon's south pole.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct response is the Independent variable.

Key Points

• Independent variable:
• This is the variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher to see its effect on the dependent variable. It is the cause in a cause-and-effect relationship.

Additional Information

• Dependent variable: 
• This is the variable affected by the changes in the independent variable. It is the outcome you are measuring in an experiment or observation.
• Confounding variable: 
• This is an external variable that interferes with the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
• It makes it difficult to discern whether it's the independent variable causing the observed changes in the dependent variable, or if it's due to the confounding variable.
• Extraneous variable: 
• These are variables, other than the independent variable, that could potentially affect the outcome (dependent variable) in a study or experiment.
• Unlike confounding variables, they do not necessarily mix with the independent variable but can still impact the results.

Therefore, in this case, the variable with a causal impact on another variable is rightly called the independent variable.

Given:

The train is initially moving at a speed of 90 km/hr. We need to convert this to meters per second (m/s) to use it in our calculations.

1 km/hr is equal to 5/18 m/s. Therefore, the initial speed of the train is 25 m/s.

Formula Used:

The train slows down at a constant rate of 2.5 m/s².

We can use the third equation of motion to calculate the distance covered by the train before it comes to a halt.

The third equation of motion is:

⇒ v² = u² + 2as

where u is the initial velocity, v is the final velocity (which is 0 in this case), a is the acceleration, and s is the distance covered.

Calculation:

Substituting the given values, we get:

⇒ 02 = 252 + 2(-2.5)s

⇒ s = 125 m.

∴ The correct answer is "125 m".

Given:

The total number of employees in the organization is 40, consisting of 5 Executive officers, 15 Senior Staff, and 20 Junior staff.

The monthly salaries of an Executive officer, a Senior staff, and a Junior staff are Rs. 2,50,000, Rs. 80,000, and Rs. 45,000, respectively.

Formula Used:

Average Salary = Total Salary​ / Total Number of Employees

Calculation:

The total salary of all employees can be calculated as follows:

⇒ (5 × 2,50,000) + (15 × 80,000) + (20 × 45,000) = 12,50,000 + 12,00,000 + 9,00,000

⇒  33,50,000

The average salary of an employee of the organization is:

⇒  33,50,000 ​/ 40

⇒  Rs. 83,750

∴ The correct answer is "Rs. 83,750".

Key Points

• Normal Water is water that has a pH value of 7. Pure water has a pH of 7, which means that it is neither acidic nor alkaline. Normal water can be found in lakes, rivers, and streams.
• Rain water is water that has a pH value of 5.6. Rainwater is slightly acidic because it dissolves carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
• Acid Rain Water is water that has a pH value of less than 5. Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. These pollutants react with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which then fall to the ground as acid rain.
• Ocean Water is water that has a pH value of 8.1. Ocean water is slightly alkaline because it contains dissolved salts, such as sodium chloride.

Therefore, the correct matching is:

A - Normal Water - IV - 7

B - Rain water - III - 5 - 6

C - Acid Rain Water - I - < 5

D - Ocean Water - II - > 7

The correct response is B, C, D and E only

Key Points 

B. Setting instructional outcomes:

• This component emphasizes the importance of teachers clearly defining what students should know and be able to do by the end of a lesson or unit.
• Setting instructional outcomes involves establishing specific learning objectives that guide teaching and assessment practices.
• These outcomes serve as the foundation for lesson planning and help ensure that instruction is aligned with desired student learning outcomes.

C. Designing student assessments:

• Designing student assessments involves creating various forms of assessment tools and strategies to measure student learning and understanding.
• This component focuses on developing assessments that align with instructional objectives and provide meaningful feedback to both students and teachers.
• Effective assessments may include formative assessments (e.g., quizzes, exit tickets) to monitor student progress during instruction and summative assessments (e.g., tests, projects) to evaluate overall student achievement.

D. Demonstrating knowledge of content and pedagogy:

• This component centers on the teacher's depth of understanding in the subject matter they teach (content knowledge) and their proficiency in instructional methods and strategies (pedagogical knowledge).
• Teachers must possess a strong grasp of the content they are teaching and be able to convey it effectively to students.
• Additionally, they should demonstrate expertise in employing diverse teaching techniques, differentiation strategies, and instructional technologies to meet the needs of diverse learners.

E. Demonstrating knowledge of resources

• In Danielson’s Framework for Teaching, "Demonstrating Knowledge of Resources" involves a teacher effectively using various resources—such as instructional materials, technological tools, community and professional resources, and support services—to improve teaching and support students.
• This enhances lesson quality, allows for differentiated instruction, and keeps teaching methods up to date, resulting in a richer and more effective learning environment.

Additional Information 

Charlotte Danielson's Framework for Teaching is a widely used tool for assessing and improving teaching quality.

It consists of four domains:

• Planning and Preparation, Classroom Environment, Instruction, and Professional Responsibilities.
• Each domain includes specific components that outline key aspects of effective teaching practice, such as setting instructional goals, creating a positive classroom environment, delivering instruction effectively, and fulfilling professional responsibilities.
• The framework serves as a guide for teacher evaluation, professional development, and fostering student learning.