UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 6th Dec 2023 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Calculation:

Expenditure in 2012 for Electricity and Diesel=  7.8% × Rs.30,864

⇒ 2,407.39

Expenditure in 2022 for Electricity and Diesel = 8.6% × Rs.70,698

⇒ 6,080.02

The increase in 2022, as compared to 2012,

⇒ 6,080.02 - 2,407.39 = 3,672.63

Now, increase factor

⇒ 3,672.63 / 2,407.39

⇒ 1.53 times (approx)

∴ The correct answer is "1.53 times".

Calculation:

The expenditure on Electricity and Diesel in 2022 = 8.6% of 70698

⇒ 6,080.028

The expenditure on Electricity and Diesel in 2012 = 7.8% of 30864

⇒ 2,407.392

Required difference,

⇒ 6,080.028 - 2,407.392

⇒ 3,673 (approx)

∴ The correct answer is "3,673".

Calculation:

Expenditure on Fertilizer in 2012 = 17.5% × 30,864 crores

⇒ 5,401.2 

Expenditure on Feed in 2012 = 29.5% × 30,864 crores

⇒ 9,104.88

Total Expenditure, 

⇒ 14,506.08 crores

∴ The correct answer is "14,506 crores".

Calculation: 

Expenditure on Feed in 2012 = 29.5% × Rs. 30,864

⇒ 9,104.88

Expenditure on Feed in 2022 = 19.5% × Rs. 70,698

⇒ 13,786.11

Percentage Change,

⇒ ( (13,786.11 - 9,104.88) / 9,104.88) × 100

⇒ (4,681.23 / 9,104.88) × 100

⇒ 51.31%

∴ The correct answer is "51% more" .

Calculation:

Expenditure on Fertilizer in 2012 = 17.5% × Rs. 30,864

⇒ 5,401.2

Expenditure on Fertilizer in 2022 = 28.6% × Rs. 70,698

⇒ 20,219.62

Increase Factor,

⇒ (20,219.628 -5,401.2) / 5,401.2 

⇒ 2.75 (approx)

∴ The correct answer is "2.75".

Key PointsTo add numbers in different bases, it's easiest to convert them to the same base first, and then perform the addition.

Let's first convert (124)₈ and (165)₈ to base 10: (124)₈ = 1* 8² + 2* 8¹ + 4* 8⁰ = 64 + 16 + 4 = 84 (165)₈ = 1* 8² + 6* 8¹ + 5* 8⁰ = 64 + 48 + 5 = 117

Now, adding them: 84 + 117 = 201

Now, let's convert the result back to base 8: 201 divided by 8: 201÷8=25 with a remainder of 1201÷8=25 with a remainder of 1201÷8=25 with a remainder of 1

201÷8=25with a remainder of1

25÷8=3 with a remainder of 125÷8=3 with a remainder of 125÷8=3 with a remainder of 1

25÷8=3with a remainder of1

3÷8=0 with a remainder of 33÷8=0 with a remainder of 33÷8=0 with a remainder of 3

3÷8=0with a remainder of3

Reading the remainders in reverse order, we get (311)₈.

So, the correct answer is 4) (311)₈.

Given:

The distance between both stations = 380 km.

Train- 1's speed = 80 km/hour.

Train- 2's speed = 90 km/hour.

Calculation:

Distance travelled by Train- 1 from 7:00 AM to 7:30 AM (half an hour) 

⇒ 1/2 hr × 80 km/hr = 40 km.

The remaining distance between both trains = (380 - 40) = 340 km.

Time when both trains meet = distance / speed of both trains

⇒ 340/(80 + 90)

⇒ 340/170 = 2 hour from 7:30 AM.

Hence, both trains will cross each other at 9:30 AM.

The logic follows here is:

• **‘DELHI’ is coded as ‘19’**​

• CHENNAI is coded as ‘27’.

​

similarly,

• ‘GUWAHATI’ be coded as:

Hence, the correct answer is "45".

Key Points 

Therefore, the correct answer is 1) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II.

Key Points 

Non-verbal practices of communication include:

• Posture: The way a person stands, sits, or holds their body can communicate a lot about their emotions, attitudes, and intentions. For example, a person who is standing up straight with their shoulders back is more likely to be perceived as confident and assertive than someone who is slouching or hunching their shoulders.
• Gait: The way a person walks can also communicate a lot about their personality and mood. For example, a person who walks with a brisk, confident stride is more likely to be perceived as being in a good mood and having a positive outlook on life than someone who walks slowly with their head down.
• Dress: The way a person dresses can also communicate a lot about their personality, social status, and intentions. For example, a person who dresses in a formal suit is more likely to be perceived as being professional and trustworthy than someone who dresses in casual clothes.

Mimicking speeches and accent are not considered to be non-verbal practices of communication, as they both involve the use of verbal language.

Therefore, the correct answer is C, D, and E only.

Key Points 

The Shannon and Weaver model of communication has the following characteristics:

• It is linear. It views communication as a one-way process, from sender to receiver.
• It focusses on transmission of information. It is concerned with how information is encoded, transmitted, and decoded.
• It is concerned with reproduction of messages from one point to another. The goal of communication is to ensure that the message that is sent is the same message that is received.

The Shannon and Weaver model does not offer a meta model of communication, and the feedback component is not circular.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1) A, B and C only.

Key Points 

Statement (I): Carl Rogers is a proponent of non-directive model of teaching.

• Statement (I) is correct:
• Carl Rogers is a proponent of non-directive counseling and psychotherapy. He believed that the client has the capacity to solve their own problems and that the therapist's role is to create a safe and supportive environment for the client to do so. Rogers also applied his non-directive approach to education, believing that students learn best when they are given the freedom to explore their own interests and develop their own understanding of the world.

Statement (II): Rogers extended to education his view of therapy as a mode of learning.

• Statement (II) is correct:
• Rogers believed that therapy is a mode of learning, and he extended this view to education. He argued that students learn best when they are actively involved in the learning process and when they are able to learn from their own experiences. Rogers also believed that teachers should create a supportive and non-judgmental environment for students to learn in.

Therefore, both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.

The answer is 3) Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

Key Points 

• Statement (I): Incorrect. Under the Montreal Protocol, developed and developing countries have different timetables for phasing out Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS). Developed countries had to completely phase out most ODS by 1996, while developing countries were given a grace period and had to phase them out by 2010.
• Statement (II): Correct. The Montreal Protocol does refer to developing countries as "Article 5 Countries". This is because Article 5 of the protocol outlines the specific provisions for developing countries, including the differentiated timetable for phasing out ODS.

Therefore, only Statement (II) is accurate. Statement (I) is incorrect because of the different timelines for developed and developing nations.

The correct response is A, C, and D only.

Key Points 

Statement A: All non-apes are non-monkeys.

• This can be rewritten as: If something is not an ape, then it is not a monkey.
• Formally, if ( x ) is non-ape (( \neg A )), then ( x ) is non-monkey (( \neg M )).
• Contrapositively, this is equivalent to: If something is a monkey, then it is an ape. ( M \rightarrow A ).

Statement B: No apes are non-monkeys.

• This statement means that if something is an ape, then it is a monkey.
• Formally, if ( x ) is ape (( A )), then ( x ) is a monkey (( M )).
• This doesn't necessarily imply that all monkeys are apes, meaning it doesn't cover the reverse relationship explicitly.

Statement C: No monkeys are non-apes.

• This can be rewritten as: If something is a monkey, then it is an ape.
• Formally, ( M \rightarrow A ).
• This is directly stating that all monkeys are included in the set of apes.

Statement D: All monkeys are apes.

• This directly states that if something is a monkey, then it is an ape.
• Formally, ( M \rightarrow A ).

Since statements A, C, and D all make the same point (( M \rightarrow A )), they are logically equivalent.

Statement B, however, which states "No apes are non-monkeys" (( A \rightarrow M )), while related, does not encompass the reverse and therefore is not logically equivalent to A, C, and D.

Thus, the correct answer is 1) A, C, and D only.

Key Points 

The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers are:

• Measurement: Quantitative researchers are concerned with measuring variables in a precise and objective way. This involves developing and using reliable and valid measurement instruments.
• Causality: Quantitative researchers are interested in establishing causal relationships between variables. This involves designing and conducting experiments or observational studies that allow them to control for confounding factors and make inferences about cause and effect.
• Generalization: Quantitative researchers aim to generalize their findings to a larger population. This involves selecting a representative sample and using statistical methods to estimate population parameters from sample data.
• Replication: Quantitative researchers value replication. This means that they try to replicate their studies or have their studies replicated by other researchers to ensure that the findings are reliable and valid.
• All of these preoccupations are essential for conducting rigorous and meaningful quantitative research.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, B, C, and D.

Key Points Statement (I): The National Accreditation Board, as per NEP report of 2016, must oversee the entire process of accreditation, set standards and define guidelines for the purpose.

• Statement (I) is true: The National Accreditation Board (NAB) was established with the responsibility of overseeing the accreditation process for higher education institutions in India. This includes setting standards and defining guidelines for various programs, as outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2016.

Statement (II): It can license the private agencies (preferable non-profit ones), who will do the actual evaluation of academic institutions.

• Statement (II) is also true: While the NAB sets the framework for accreditation, it can delegate the actual evaluation of institutions to licensed accreditation agencies (AAs). These AAs can be private entities, preferably non-profit organizations, with the expertise and capacity to conduct rigorous evaluations. This practice helps streamline the accreditation process and leverage external expertise.

Therefore, both statements align with the NAB's role and the approach outlined in the NEP 2016. So, the most appropriate answer is 1) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.

Key Points Statement (I): Communication is a symbolic process and as such depends upon symbols that are both arbitrary and conventional.

• Statement (I) is true:
• Communication is indeed a symbolic process. It involves the use of symbols to represent objects, ideas, and emotions. These symbols can be words, gestures, facial expressions, or any other form of representation.
• Symbols are arbitrary in the sense that there is no inherent connection between the symbol and the thing it represents. For example, the word "dog" has no inherent connection to the animal we call a dog. It is simply a symbol that we have agreed to use to represent that animal.
• Symbols are also conventional in the sense that they are agreed upon by a group of people. For example, the word "dog" is only meaningful to people who speak English. People who speak other languages use different words to represent the same animal.

Statement (II): Different symbols cannot be selected to represent an object or idea to communicate.

• Statement (II) is false:
• Different symbols can be selected to represent an object or idea to communicate. This is evident from the fact that different languages use different words to represent the same things. For example, the English word "dog" is equivalent to the Spanish word "perro" and the French word "chien."
• Even within the same language, different symbols can be used to represent the same thing. For example, the word "canine" can be used to represent the same animal as the word "dog."

Therefore, statement (I) is true, but statement (II) is false.

Key Points

• If we subtract 3 from each observation in a set, the mean of the new set will be 3 less than the mean of the original set.
• This is because subtracting a constant from each observation does not change the spread of the data, only the central tendency.

Therefore, the new mean will be 47 - 3 = 44. 

• The standard deviation, on the other hand, will remain the same. This is because the standard deviation measures the spread of the data, and subtracting a constant from each observation does not change the spread of the data.

Therefore, the new standard deviation will be 9.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2) 44, 9.

The correct response is 73 milliseconds.

Key Points 

To calculate the transmission time, we need to follow these steps:

• Convert kilobits to bits: 56 kilobits/second = 56 * 1000 bits/second = 56,000 bits/second.
• Convert packet size to bits: 512 bytes * 8 bits/byte = 4096 bits.
• Calculate transmission time: Transmission time = Packet size / Transmission rate = 4096 bits / 56,000 bits/second ≈ 0.073 seconds.
• Convert seconds to milliseconds: 0.073 seconds * 1000 milliseconds/second ≈ 73 milliseconds.

Therefore, the most likely transmission time for sending a 512-byte packet using a 56 kilobits modem is 3) 73 milliseconds.

Key Points 

Statement (I): Learning is also considered as a social construct.

• Statement (I) is correct:
• Learning is indeed considered as a social construct. This means that learning is not simply a matter of acquiring knowledge and skills, but also involves social interaction and participation in a community of learners
• . Learning is shaped by the social and cultural context in which it takes place, and it is influenced by the interactions between learners and their teachers, peers, and the broader community.

Statement (II): Social construct is characterised by development of socially desired behaviour.

• Statement (II) is also correct:
• A social construct is characterized by the development of socially desired behavior. This means that the norms, values, and expectations of a particular society or culture shape the way that people learn and behave. Individuals learn to conform to these social norms and expectations in order to be accepted and valued by their community.

Therefore, both statements are correct and they are related to each other. Learning is a social construct that is characterized by the development of socially desired behavior.

The statements given are about Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and based on the information provided:

A. This statement is partly false.

• Encryption is indeed the scrambling of data, but its purpose is to protect data from being accessed or understood by unauthorized individuals, not for destroying computer viruses.
• Therefore, this statement is misleading because the primary function of encryption is to secure data, not to deal with viruses.

B. This statement is true.

• A microblog is a type of platform that restricts the size of its posts.
• For instance, Twitter is a well-known example of a microblogging platform where the size of posts is limited.
• These platforms are indeed more limited in terms of customization compared to traditional blogs or websites.

C. This statement is false.

• A Local Area Network (LAN) does not always use wireless technology to transmit data.
• LANs can be connected using either wired methods (such as Ethernet cables) or wireless technologies (like Wi-Fi).
• Therefore, the statement that LAN always uses wireless technology is incorrect.

Given these explanations, the correct answer regarding the statements provided is: B. Microblog is very much restricted on the size of post and is very difficult to customize.

Key Points 

• The University of Vikramasila was a well-known centre of Tantric Buddhism.
• It was founded in the 8th century CE by King Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty in present-day Bihar, India.
• Vikramasila became one of the most important centres of Buddhist learning in the world, and it attracted scholars and students from all over Asia.
• Arabic language, Chinese philosophy, and Japanese art were not major areas of study at Vikramasila.

Therefore, the correct answer is C: Tantric Buddhism.

Key Points 

• Blue baby syndrome, also known as methemoglobinemia, is a condition in which the blood is unable to carry sufficient oxygen due to the presence of high levels of methemoglobin. Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that has been oxidized and can no longer bind to oxygen.
• Nitrates are a common cause of blue baby syndrome, particularly in infants. Infants are more susceptible to nitrates because their digestive systems are not fully developed and they have a higher proportion of fetal hemoglobin, which is more easily oxidized to methemoglobin.
• Nitrates can enter the body through drinking water, food, or medications. High levels of nitrates in drinking water can be a problem in areas where fertilizers are used extensively or where there is contamination from sewage or animal waste.
• Symptoms of blue baby syndrome include bluish skin, lips, and nails, as well as shortness of breath, lethargy, and irritability. In severe cases, blue baby syndrome can lead to seizures, coma, and even death.
• Treatment for blue baby syndrome typically involves administering oxygen and methylene blue, a medication that helps to convert methemoglobin back to hemoglobin.
• To prevent blue baby syndrome, it is important to ensure that infants are not exposed to high levels of nitrates. This can be done by testing drinking water for nitrates and using alternative sources of water, such as bottled water, if necessary.
• It is also important to avoid giving infants medications that contain nitrates, such as some cough syrups and teething gels.

Key Points

• A. Dioxins are a group of highly toxic chemicals that are formed as unintentional by-products of industrial processes, such as incineration and the production of certain pesticides.
• B. Poly-Chlorinated Benzenes (PCBs) are a group of man-made chemicals that were once widely used in electrical equipment, such as transformers and capacitors. However, their production and use were banned in most countries due to their environmental and health risks.
• C. Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas with a strong odor. It is used in a variety of products, including building materials, household cleaners, and some personal care products. Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen and can cause respiratory problems and other health issues.
• D. Organo Chlorine Pesticides are a group of pesticides that contain chlorine. Some examples include DDT, chlordane, and heptachlor. These pesticides were once widely used in agriculture, but their use has been restricted or banned in many countries due to their environmental and health risks.
• E. Furans are a group of chemicals that are formed as unintentional by-products of industrial processes, such as incineration and the production of certain pesticides. Furans are highly toxic and can cause a variety of health problems, including cancer, reproductive problems, and developmental disorders.

Out of the options listed, only dioxins, PCBs, organo chlorine pesticides, and furans are considered to be POPs. Formaldehyde is not a POP, although it is a known carcinogen and can cause other health problems.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2) A, B, D and E only.

Given:

Selling price = Rs. 7800

Profit = 20%

Formula used: 

Cost Price = 100/(100 + profit%) × Selling price

Calculation:

Cost price = 100/120 × 7800

⇒ 5/6 × 7800

⇒ 6500 

Hence, the correct answer is Rs. 6500.

The correct answer is indeed 3) B and C only.

Key Points

• Universal negative (E): No birds are apes.
• Particular affirmative (I): Some birds are apes.
• These two propositions directly contradict each other. If "no birds are apes" is true, then it's impossible for "some birds are apes" to be true as well. Conversely, if "some birds are apes" is true, then it cannot be true that "no birds are apes".
• Universal affirmative (A): All birds are apes. Some birds are not apes (O): This is not a contradictory pair.
• While A implies that all birds are apes, O only states that some birds are not apes. These statements don't necessarily contradict each other. It's possible that all birds are apes except for a specific subset that falls under the "not apes" category.

Therefore, the only propositions that are true contradictories based on the square of opposition are B and C, making 3) B and C only the correct answer.

Key Points 

Assertion (A): "According to classical Indian view of logic the argument - 'Fire is cold, because it is a substance' is fallacious."

• This statement is true. As you correctly pointed out, classical Indian logic emphasizes five-membered syllogisms with specific rules for valid arguments.
• The argument presented violates these rules by having a non-exclusive middle term ("substance").

Reason (R): "As per classical Indian view of logic the argument- 'Fire is cold, because it is a substance' involves a middle term that is not exclusive."

• This statement is partially true, but it's not the only reason why the argument is fallacious. While the non-exclusivity of the middle term is certainly a contributing factor, the argument could also be fallacious even if "substance" was defined exclusively, as long as it fails to establish a necessary connection between "fire" and "cold."

Therefore, (A) is true because the argument indeed violates classical Indian logic principles, but (R) is partially true as it only captures one aspect of the fallacy.

Key Points 

• Constructionism is an ontological position that asserts that social phenomena and their meanings are continually being accomplished by social actors. It is based on the idea that reality is not something that is fixed and objective, but rather something that is constructed and negotiated through social interaction.
• Constructionists argue that people do not simply passively receive information about the world, but rather actively interpret and make sense of it. They also argue that people's interpretations of the world are shaped by their social and cultural context.
• Constructionism has been influential in several fields, including sociology, psychology, and education. In sociology, constructionists have studied how people construct their identities, how they interact with others, and how they make sense of the social world. In psychology, constructionists have studied how people construct their memories, how they make decisions, and how they cope with stress.
• In education, constructionists have studied how students construct knowledge and how teachers can help students to learn.
• Constructionism is a valuable perspective for understanding the social world because it helps us to see how people actively create and shape their reality. It also helps us to understand how people's interpretations of the world can be different from our own.

Therefore, the correct answer to" is "Constructionism".

The Correct answer is: A and C only

Key Points

• Statement A – MDGs consisted of eight specific goals:
• This statement is correct.
• The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted by the United Nations in 2000 and included eight concrete goals aimed at addressing critical global development challenges such as poverty, education, gender equality, child mortality, maternal health, disease, environmental sustainability, and global partnerships.
• Statement B – MDGs had 40 targets:
• This statement is incorrect.
• The MDGs had 18 specific targets (not 40) under the eight goals. These targets were measurable benchmarks designed to track global progress in development.
• Statement C – MDGs were to be achieved by the year 2015:
• This statement is correct.
• The MDGs were established with a timeline to achieve them by 2015. Global monitoring reports assessed progress toward these goals at the end of 2015.
• Statement D – MDGs were the successors of SDGs:
• This statement is incorrect.
• MDGs preceded the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDGs were adopted in 2015 as successors to MDGs, expanding the scope to 17 goals addressing broader aspects of sustainable development.

Additional Information

• Importance of MDGs:
• MDGs played a crucial role in mobilizing global efforts to reduce poverty, improve health, education, and promote gender equality.
• They provided a framework for accountability and international cooperation in achieving measurable development outcomes.
• Transition to SDGs:
• SDGs, adopted in 2015, expanded the scope to 17 goals with 169 targets, addressing economic, social, and environmental sustainability more comprehensively.

Key Points 

• Buddhism contains a well-developed model of interpersonal communication.
• This model is based on the idea that communication is a process of exchange between two or more people, and that the goal of communication is to create understanding and connection.
• The Buddhist model of interpersonal communication emphasizes the importance of:
• Right speech: Speaking in a way that is truthful, kind, and beneficial.
• Right listening: Listening attentively and without judgment.
• Right intention: Communicating with a positive and compassionate intention.
• Right timing: Speaking and listening at the appropriate time.
• Right environment: Creating a conducive environment for communication.
• This model of communication is still relevant today and can be used to improve communication in all areas of life, including personal relationships, professional settings, and conflict resolution.
• Business, mass, and organizational communication are all types of communication that are focused on specific contexts and purposes. While Buddhism does offer insights into these types of communication, it does not have a specific model that is focused on them.

Key Points 

• Lord Auckland supported the idea of establishing central colleges in places with a large population.
• He believed that these colleges would provide higher education to a wider range of students, including those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Central colleges were intended to be located in central urban areas and to offer a variety of courses, including teacher training, engineering, and medicine.
• Community colleges, technical colleges, and science colleges are all types of higher education institutions, but they were not specifically mentioned by Lord Auckland in his support for establishing colleges in places with a large population.

Therefore, Lord Auckland supported the idea of establishing Central colleges  in places with a large population

Based on the square of opposition and the given statement "All apes are mammals," the only statement that can be immediately inferred to be false is 3) A and D only.

Key Points

• The square of opposition relates four types of categorical statements: Universal affirmative (All S are P), Universal negative (No S are P), Particular affirmative (Some S are P), and Particular negative (Some S are not P).
• The given statement "All apes are mammals" is a universal affirmative (A).
• In the square of opposition, the contradictory of a universal affirmative (A) is a particular negative (O). This means that if A is true, then O must be false.
• In this case, the particular negative (O) is "Some apes are not mammals." Therefore, if "All apes are mammals" is true, then "Some apes are not mammals" must be false.
• However, the other statements do not contradict the given statement:
• "No apes are mammals" (E) is the converse of the given statement. While not logically equivalent, it's not necessarily false if the given statement is true.
• "Some apes are mammals" (I) is the subalternate of the given statement. This means it can be inferred to be true, but it doesn't necessarily negate other possibilities.
• "Some mammals are apes" (I) is also a particular affirmative statement and doesn't directly contradict the given statement about all apes being mammals.

Therefore, the only statement that can be definitively declared false based on the square of opposition and the given statement is "Some apes are not mammals." So, the answer is 3) A and D only.

The correct memory type for general knowledge, facts, and logical rules is 2) Semantic memory.

Key Points

• Temporary memory: This refers to storing information very briefly, typically less than a minute. It's not suitable for long-term storage of general knowledge or facts.
• Iconic memory: This holds visual information for a fraction of a second, not suitable for general knowledge or logical rules.
• General memory: This is too broad and doesn't distinguish between different types of long-term memory.
• Semantic memory is a subtype of long-term memory that stores factual information about the world, concepts, and language. It includes knowledge about objects, events, people, places, relationships, and the meanings of words. It also encompasses abstract knowledge, including logical rules and principles.

Given:

First term of the A.P. = 7

Last term of the A.P. = 205

Formula used:

For finding the n^th term = a + (n - 1)d

where, a = first term and d = common difference.

Calculation:

According to the question,

100^th term = 7 + ( 100 - 1)d

⇒ 205 = 7 + (99)d

⇒ 198 = 99d

⇒ d = 2

So, accordingly

71^th term = 7 + (71 - 1)2

⇒ 7 + 70 × 2

⇒ 147 

∴ The correct answer is 147.

Key Points 

• The Lady Irwin College, Delhi was established in 1932 as the first women's college in India to offer a degree in education. It was founded by the Countess of Dufferin, the wife of the then Viceroy of India, Lord Dufferin. The college was initially affiliated with the University of Delhi and later became a constituent college of the university.
• The primary objective of the Lady Irwin College was to train women teachers for schools and colleges. The college offered a variety of courses in education, including a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree, a Master of Education (M.Ed.) degree, and a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) degree. The college also offered diplomas and certificates in education.
• In addition to its focus on teacher education, the Lady Irwin College also offered courses in other disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, and home science. The college had a strong emphasis on research and was actively involved in educational research projects.
• The Lady Irwin College played a significant role in promoting women's education in India. It provided women with the opportunity to pursue higher education and to become teachers and leaders in their communities. The college also contributed to the development of educational research in India.

Therefore, the correct answer is 4) Educational research.

Key Points 

• Mirroring another person's non-verbal behaviour facilitates compliance. This is because mirroring creates a sense of rapport and connection, which makes people more likely to agree with and cooperate with each other.
• Mirroring can be used intentionally or unintentionally. Intentional mirroring is a technique that can be used to build rapport and influence others. Unintentional mirroring is a natural human tendency that occurs when we are engaged in a conversation or interaction with someone else.
• Regardless of whether it is intentional or unintentional, mirroring can be an effective way to build trust, rapport, and compliance.
• Resistance, restriction, and regression are all terms that are used to describe negative or defensive behaviors. Mirroring is not likely to facilitate these types of behaviors.

Key Points All of the following are characteristics of a good test:

• Objectivity: The test should be free from bias and should yield consistent results regardless of who is administering or scoring it.
• Validity: The test should measure what it is supposed to measure.
• Comprehensiveness: The test should cover a representative sample of the content that is being tested.
• Diagnosticity: The test should be able to identify students' strengths and weaknesses.
• Practicability: The test should be feasible to administer, score, and interpret.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2) A, B, C, D and E.

Key Points 

• The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), and the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) are all autonomous research institutions under various government departments and agencies in India.
• CSIR is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Science and Technology. It is the largest research and development organization in India, with a network of 38 national laboratories, 39 outreach centres, and 3 innovation complexes.
• ICSSR is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Education. It promotes research in social sciences, including economics, political science, sociology, psychology, and education.
• IIA is an autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology. It is a leading center for research in astronomy and astrophysics in India.
• The Institute of Clinical Research, India (ICRI) and the Indian Biological Sciences and Research Institute (IBSri) are not autonomous research institutions under various government departments and agencies in India.
• ICRI is a private clinical research organization. IBSri is a private research institute focused on biotechnology and life sciences.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1) A, B and C only.

Key Points

• EndNote, Reference Manager, and Mendeley are all bibliographic software. Turnitin is a plagiarism detection software.
• EndNote, Reference Manager, and Mendeley allow researchers to create and manage bibliographies and citations. They can be used to insert citations into documents, format bibliographies in different styles, and search for and retrieve bibliographic information from online databases.
• Turnitin, on the other hand, is used to check for plagiarism in student papers. It compares submitted papers to a database of other papers and highlights any similarities that may indicate plagiarism.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, C, and D only.

Key Points 

The correct answer is 2) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III.

Here's a brief explanation of each domain and its components:

A. Planning and Preparation (Domain IV)

• This domain involves setting instructional outcomes, designing learning experiences, and selecting and organizing resources. It also includes assessing student needs and developing a plan to address those needs.

B. Instruction (Domain I)

• This domain involves communicating with students, delivering instruction, and providing feedback. It also includes managing student behavior and creating a positive learning environment.

C. Classroom Environment (Domain II)

• This domain involves establishing a culture for learning, managing student behavior, and creating a positive learning environment. It also includes arranging the physical classroom and selecting appropriate materials and resources.

D. Professional Responsibilities (Domain III)

• This domain involves reflecting on teaching, collaborating with colleagues, and engaging in professional development. It also includes maintaining a professional portfolio and demonstrating ethical behavior.

Concept Used:

Deviation from the mean is the difference between the actual value and the mean value.

Calculation:

Total expenses in all twelve months

⇒ 16 + 19 + 18 + 23 + 24 + 28 + 26 +19 +19 + 22 + 20 + 18

⇒ 252

Average monthly expense = 252/12 = 21

In October and November, the deviation of the expenses from the average is the least.

∴ In October and November, the deviation of the expenses from the average monthly expenses was the least.

Important Points

Deviation from the mean is the difference between the actual value and the mean value.

Here, we take the positive value of the difference.

Deviation in October = |21 - 22| = 1

 Deviation in November = |21 - 20| = 1

Key Points Statement (I): SPSS is an open-source software for data analysis.

• Statement (I) is incorrect:
• SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is not an open-source software. It is a proprietary software developed by IBM.

Statement (II): Turnitin is a very useful software for statistical data analysis.

• Statement (II) is also incorrect:
• Turnitin is a software used for checking plagiarism in student papers. It is not a statistical data analysis software.

Therefore, both statements are incorrect.

Key Points Statement (I): The Internet is not regulated in India; therefore, the information may be biased or inaccurate.

• Statement (I) is true:
• The Internet is not regulated in India in the same way that traditional media, such as television and radio, are regulated. This means that anyone can publish anything on the Internet, without having to worry about government censorship or oversight. As a result, there is a lot of misinformation and disinformation on the Internet.

Statement (II): The Internet is one of the services offered by World Wide Web (WWW).

• Statement (II) is false:
• The Internet is not one of the services offered by the World Wide Web (WWW). The WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. In other words, the WWW is a way of organizing and accessing information on the Internet.

Therefore, statement (I) is true but statement (II) is false.

Key Points 

• The statement commits the fallacy of false dichotomy because it presents only two options when there are actually more than two options available. The speaker says "Either you let me go to Las Vegas for a vacation or I will be miserable for the rest of my life." This implies that the only two options are to let the speaker go to Las Vegas or to have them be miserable. However, there are other options that could be considered, such as taking a different vacation, finding a way to make the speaker happy without going to Las Vegas, or compromising on the length or location of the vacation.
• Appeal to farce, false cause, and complex question are all other types of fallacies, but they are not committed in this statement.
• Appeal to farce is a fallacy in which someone tries to prove their point by making a joke or being funny.
• False cause is a fallacy in which someone assumes that because one event happened after another, the first event caused the second event.
• Complex question is a fallacy in which someone asks a question that assumes something that is not true.

Therefore, the correct answer is B: False Dichotomy.

Key Points 

• Dioxines are not responsible for the destruction of the ozone layer. CFCs, halons, and HCFCs are all ozone-depleting substances that have been phased out under the Montreal Protocol.
• Dioxins are a group of toxic chemicals that are produced as unintentional byproducts of industrial processes such as waste incineration and the production of certain chemicals. They can also be formed when organic matter is burned.
• Dioxins can have a number of harmful effects on human health, including cancer, reproductive problems, and developmental disorders. However, they do not contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer.

The correct answer is 'WWF'. 

Key Points

• The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is explicitly mentioned in the passage as actively working towards the protection of coral reefs.
• The organization is developing and testing conservation strategies to help safeguard these essential ecosystems.
• In addition to this direct conservation work, WWF is also campaigning to address global warming, identified in the passage as a key threat to coral reefs.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Although the United Nations Organization (UNO), and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) do work towards environment protection and conservation, they are not specifically mentioned in the passage.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) primarily focuses on public health, rather than the specific protection of coral reefs.

The correct answer is 'A, C and E only'.

Key Points

• According to the passage, there currently exist almost a thousand coral species (Option A).
• Coral reefs are confirmed in the passage to house fish, mollusks and urchins, making option C true.
• The passage also indicates that coral reefs are a source of natural beauty that attract tourists, thus validating Option E.

Therefore, the correct option is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• Coral reefs are indeed living entities formed by colonies of small animals called polyps (contradicting option B).
• The reference to cabbages in the passage describes the shapes that coral species can assume, not the presence of literal cabbages growing on the reefs (refuting option D).

The correct answer is 'B, C and D only'

Key Points

• The passage mentions that many people depend on living coral reefs for food (Option B).
• Coral reefs provide protection from storms and erosion (Option C).
• Coral reefs provide food for one billion people in Asia alone (Option D).

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• According to the passage, coral reefs contribute 25%, not 35%, of the total fish catch in developing countries, making Option A incorrect.
• Option E is also incorrect. The passage suggests that coral reefs are suffering due to global warming, but it does not suggest that they cause global warming.

The correct answer is 'Statement I is false, and Statement II is true.'

Key Points

• The passage provides evidence that contradicts Statement I. Coral reefs, rather than having just one shape, come in a variety of formations. The passage mentions, "Almost a thousand coral species currently exist in fantastic shapes ranging from mushrooms to moose antlers, cabbages, tabletops, wire strands and fluted pillars."
• According to the passage, Statement II is correct. It mentions, "human activities, including those associated with global warming are threatening these animals. Increasing sea temperatures stress corals and cause damage."

Therefore, the correct answer is 'D. Statement I is false, and Statement II is true.'

Additional Information

• Options A and C are incorrect since they assert that Statement I is true, which goes against the information given in the passage.
• Option B is also incorrect as it states that both statements are false, whereas the passage supports Statement II as true.

The correct answer is 'B, C and D only'.

Key Points

• Human activities are major contributors to the destruction of coral reefs.
• The passage clearly indicates that global warming are threatening these animals.
• Increasing sea temperatures stress corals and cause damage.

Therefore, the correct option is 'Option 2'.