UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 5th Dec 2021 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Given:

The number of students of college A and F.

The number of students in UG level is 27300

Calculation:

The number of students of college A in UG level = 17%

The number of students of college F in UG level = 14%

Total number of students of college A and F = 17% + 14%

Total number of students of college A and F = 31%

⇒ $\frac{31}{100} × 27300$

⇒ 0.31 × 27300

⇒ 8463

∴ Total students are studying at UG level is 8463.

Given:

The number of students of college B = 15%

The number of students of college C = 12%

Calculation:

Total number of students = 52000

Students of UG level = 27300

Students of PG level = 52000 - 27300

Students of PG level = 24700

Total number of students of college of B and C = 15% + 12%

 

Total number of students of college B and C = 27%

⇒ $\frac{27}{100} × 24700$

⇒ 0.27 × 24700

⇒ 6669

∴ The total number of students studying in PG level of college B and C are 6669.

Given:

The total number of students of UG level in college E = 18%

The total number of students of PG level in college E = 14%

Calculation:

Total number of UG students = 27300

Total number of PG students = 24700

Number of students in UG level

⇒ $\frac{18}{100} × 27300$

⇒ 0.18 × 27300

⇒ 4914

Number of students in

⇒ $\frac{14}{100} × 24700$

⇒ 0.14 × 24700

⇒ 3458

Total number of students in UG level and PG level 

⇒ 4914 + 3458

⇒ 8372

∴ The total number of students of UG level and PG level in the college E is 8372

Given:

The number of students studying at PG level in college F = 21%

The number of students studying at UG level in college F = 14%

Calculation:

Number of students in PG level = 24700

Number of students in UG level = 27300

Total number of students at PG level in college F 

⇒ $\frac{21}{100} × 24700$

⇒ 0.21 × 24700

⇒ 5187

Total number of students at UG level in college F

⇒ $\frac{14}{100} × 27300$

⇒ 0.14 × 27300

⇒ 3822

The ratio of PG students and UG students of college F 

⇒ 5187 : 3822

⇒ 19 : 14

∴ The ratio between number of students studying at PG level and UG level of college F is 19 : 14.

Given:

The number of students studying at PG level from the college F = 21%

The number of students studying at UG level from the college D = 13%

Calculation:

Number of students at PG level = 24700

Number of students at UG level = 27300

Total number of students at PG level from college F

⇒ $\frac{21}{100} × 24700$

⇒ 0.21 × 24700

⇒ 5187

Total number of students at UG level from college D

⇒ $\frac{13}{100} × 27300$

⇒ 0.13 × 27300

⇒ 3549

The ratio  of PG students from college F and the students at UG level form college D

⇒ 5187 : 3549

⇒ 19 : 13

∴ The ratio between the number of students studying at PG level from college F and the students studying at UG level from college D is 19 : 13

Key Points Podcasting:

• A podcast is a program made available in digital format for download over the Internet.
• Streaming applications and podcasting services provide a convenient and integrated way to manage a personal consumption queue across many podcast sources and playback devices.
• Podcasters require only a computer, microphone, headphones, and recording software to create audio content for listeners to enjoy. In fact, people probably already have some of the equipment needed to create a podcast.

Additional Information Microsoft Excel:

• Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations.
• In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms, and charts, with a minimal three-dimensional graphical display.
• It allows the sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors from different perspectives.

Hence, Microsoft excel is not related to podcasting.

Active Learning:

• Active learning is an approach to instruction that involves actively engaging students with the course material through discussions, problem-solving, case studies, role plays, and other methods.
• Active learning approaches place a greater degree of responsibility on the learner than passive approaches such as lectures, but instructor guidance is still crucial in the active learning classroom.
• Active learning activities may range in length from a couple of minutes to whole class sessions or may take place over multiple class sessions.
• Active learning is an approach to instruction in which all students are asked to engage in the learning process.
• Active learning stands in contrast to "traditional" modes of instruction in which students are passive recipients of knowledge from an expert.

Hence, the examples of active learning include when the students engage themselves in debates and brainstorm ideas during the class, work on problems and projects together, and generally get exposed to case-based studies.

According to the stages of cognitive development suggested by Piaget, the earliest period is called the Sensorimotor stage.

Key Points Stages of Cognitive Development suggested by Jean Piaget:

• Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years- During this earliest stage of cognitive development, infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects. A child's entire experience at the earliest period of this stage occurs through basic reflexes, senses, and motor responses.
• Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7- The foundations of language development may have been laid during the previous stage, but the emergence of language is one of the major hallmarks of the preoperational stage of development.
• Concrete operational stage: Ages 7 to 11- While children are still very concrete and literal in their thinking at this point in development, they become much more adept at using logic.
• Formal operational stage: Ages 12 and up The final stage of Piaget's theory involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas.

Additional Information Piaget's theory differs in important ways from those of Lev Vygotsky, another influential figure in the field of child development. Vygotsky acknowledged the roles that curiosity and active involvement play in learning but placed greater emphasis on society and culture.

Hence, According to the stages of cognitive development suggested by Piaget, the earliest period is called the Sensorimotor stage.

Key Points

 Exogenous Variable- 

• In an economic model, an exogenous variable is one whose measure is determined outside the model.
• An exogenous variable is a factor in causal modeling or causal system whose value is independent from the states of other variables in the system; that is, it is a factor whose value is determined by factors or variables outside the causal system under study.

Key Points

 'Do not expect to have everything buttoned up in your mind before hand'.

• This phrase is most suitable for conducting an interview.
• Conducting an interview consists of many steps that helps in knowing a person and judging them whether they are suitable for a job or not.
• The candidate interview is a vital component of the hiring process.
• To hire the most qualified candidates, human resource professionals and hiring managers must be well informed on how to conduct interviews effectively.

Additional Information Article Writing-  An article is a piece of writing which explicates ideas, thoughts, facts, suggestions and/or recommendations based on a particular topic.

Delivery of speech-  In the context of public speaking, delivery refers to the presentation of the speech you have researched, organized, outlined, and practiced. Delivery is important, of course, because it is what is most immediate to the audience.

Supplying background information- Incorporating background information into the introduction is intended to provide the reader with critical information about the topic being studied, such as, highlighting and expanding upon foundational studies conducted in the past, describing important historical events that inform why and in what ways the problem exists.

Key Points

• Persuasive communication is any message that is intended to shape, reinforce, or change the responses of another or others.
• Such responses are modified by symbolic transactions, which are sometimes, but not always, linked with coercive force and which appeal to the reason and emotions of the target.

Persuasion plan of the educational communicator involves:

(A) Sequencing of ideas - Sequencing of ideas in persuasive communication involves arranging the required information in a systematic and organized manner. The ideas need to be arranged which would help in getting the correct responses from the communicatee**.**

(C) Choice of words - The choice of words will help in creating a string impact on the listener. Incorrect words maybe the reason for fall out of communication. This becomes more crucial in case of strong ideological ideas.

(D) Reference line - Reference line is another important aspect that should be included in persuasive communication. It is more of a means to enhance of expertise and adds credibility to the information.

Hence, a persuasion plan of an educational communicator involves:

(A) Sequencing of ideas

(C) Choice of words

(D) Reference line-

Key Points Statement I: A blended course is a traditional course of instruction incorporated with online materials and/or intermittent online discussion.

• The Oxford dictionary defines blended learning as a style of education in which students learn via electronic and online media as well as traditional face-to-face teaching.
• This method of learning which combines classroom and online education is not only going places, but it is assisting in the emergence of new inferences about learning.
• One Of those inferences is that not only does online education supplement learning, but it can also transform and improve the learning process.
• Blended learning has the potential to transform a largely transmissive mode of learning into a largely interactive one.

Statement II: A wiki is not a representation of a collaborative tool and website where users assigned in groups can create content collaboratively and where a teacher can monitor their work.

• A Wiki can be defined as a web-based tool on which users collaboratively add/delete/modify content directly from the web browser.
• The most famous wiki is Wikipedia.
• Wikis are web pages that encourage user collaboration, allowing them to create, edit, delete, and publish information.
• For this reason, they are useful for a number of synergistic educational activities, including study guide creation and collaborating on group presentations and assignments.

Hence, Statement I is correct, while Statement II is incorrect.

Key Points

 Modelling process:

In observational learning, we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say. The individuals performing the imitated behavior are called models.

Bandura described specific steps in the process of modeling that must be followed if learning is to be successful: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

• Attention- First, we must be focused on what the model is doing- we have to pay attention.
• Retention- Next, we must be able to retain, or remember, what we observed; this is retention.
• Production- Then, we must be able to perform the behavior that we observed and committed to memory; this is reproduction.
• Motivation- Finally, we must have motivation. We need to want to copy the behavior, and whether or not we are motivated depends on what happened to the model.

Hence, the correct sequence of the modelling process is Attention, Retention, Production and Motivation.

Key Points

 The ethical considerations in research:

Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research designs and practices. Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from people. It includes:

Voluntary participation- Voluntary participation means that all research subjects are free to choose to participate without any pressure or coercion.

Informed consent- Informed consent refers to a situation in which all potential participants receive and understand all the information they need to decide whether they want to participate. This includes information about the study’s benefits, risks, funding, and institutional approval.

Anonymity- Anonymity means that the researcher does not know who the participants are and they can’t link any individual participant to their data.

Confidentiality- Confidentiality means that the researcher know who the participants are, but they remove all identifying information from the report.

Potential for harm- It means that physical, social, psychological and all other types of harm are kept to an absolute minimum.

Results communication- The way the researcher communicates the research results can sometimes involve ethical issues. Good science communication is honest, reliable, and credible. It’s best to make the results as transparent as possible. It includes avoiding Plagiarism. Plagiarism means submitting others’ works as your own. Although it can be unintentional, copying someone else’s work without proper credit amounts to stealing. It’s an ethical problem in research communication because they may benefit by harming other researchers.

Hence, The ethical considerations in research includes:

(B) Informed consent

(C) Avoiding plagiarism

(D) Proper referencing

Statement I : Reflexivity refers to the manner in which speech and action are part of the social world in which they are situated.

• Reflexivity refers to circular relationships between cause and effect, especially as embedded in human belief structures.
• A reflexive relationship is bidirectional with both the cause and the effect affecting one another in a relationship in which neither can be assigned as causes or effects.
• A high level of social reflexivity would be defined by individuals shaping their own norms, tastes, politics, desires, and so on. This is similar to the notion of autonomy.

Statement II : The term 'reflexivity' is a slippery concept because of 'For and against' arguments, and also because of different meanings.

• Reflexivity generally refers to the examination of one’s own beliefs, judgments and practices during the research process and how these may have influenced the research.
• If positionality refers to what we know and believe then reflexivity is about what we do with this knowledge.
• Reflexivity involves questioning one’s own taken for granted assumptions.
• Reflexivity is often termed as a "slippery" concept because its meaning can be interpretated in different manner.

Hence, both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Key Points

Conceptual Hypothesis:  

• A conceptual hypothesis is an educated guess about how variables relate.
• Conceptual hypotheses are “educated guesses” about the relationships between two or more variables.
• In other words, hypotheses reflect our best guesses about how the world operates.

Additional Information Directional Hypothesis- 

• A directional hypothesis is a prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables of a population.
• This prediction is typically based on past research, accepted theory, extensive experience, or literature on the topic.

Relational Hypothesis- A relational hypothesis is one that suggests variables are related in some way.

Operational Hypothesis- 

• An operational hypothesis in a research experiment clearly defines what the variables of interest are and how the different variables are related to each other.
• The operational hypothesis should also define the relationship that is being measured and state how the measurement is occurring.

Hence, A prediction regarding 'relationships involving theoretical constructs' is known as a Conceptual Hypothesis.

Hence, the correct matching is (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

Statement I: Frames can be a causal factor in decoding educational information.

• The Frame is a strategy designed to assist students as they organize topics, main ideas, and details about reading assignments.
• This technique includes a basic hierarchic graphic organizer called a “Frame” that can be used to help students think and talk about the key topic and essential related information.
• It can be only used as a causal factor in decoding the information related to education.

Statement II: The social background of the learners also influences their frames.

• Frames allow students to identify the main ideas and supporting details while reading texts.
• The Frame Routine is flexible and can be used with all content areas.
• The frames are also influenced by the social background of the learners.
• The Frame Routine can be particularly beneficial to many students with learning disabilities because it depicts the organization of the concepts that students are expected to learn.

Hence, both Statements I and II are correct.

Key Points

 The purpose of business writing is to communicate facts and ideas. In order to accomplish that purpose, each document has key components that need to be present in order for your reading audience to understand the message. 

Steps in organizing written material for communication are:

(C) Jot down points- The first step in organizing the written material is to jot down the important points that needs to be communicated to the sender.

(A) Read over- The next step involves reading over the steps that has been jotted down in the first step. If any important point is missed then it can be added back at this stage of organizing the information.

(B) Evaluate- The next step is to evaluate if there are any other requirements that has to be added. The evaluation helps in understanding whether the points jotted down are alligned with the objectives of the communication or not. 

(D) Construct an outline- The next step of the process is to construct an outline for the purpose of communicating. This step helps in getting an idea of how the information is going to be addressed to the communicatee.

(E) Describe- The final step is to describe all the points to the describe in details all the to the communicatee. This step is the main step as all the preparation of communication is done for this purpose only.

Hence, the correct matching is (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

Given:

Six bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 seconds respectively.

Concept used:

Least common multiplication 

Calculation:

A least common multiple of (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12)

we can write 2 = 1 × 2

4 = 22 

6 = 2 × 3

8 = 23 

10 = 2 × 5

12 = 22 × 3

A least common multiple of (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12) = 23 × 3 × 5

⇒ 8 × 3 × 5

⇒ 120 sec

Bells ring together after every 120 sec 

Required number of times in 30 minutes (30 × 60 seconds ) = [(30 × 60)/120]

⇒ 15

But we have to add 1 because at starting all bells will be rung once a time after that they ring 15 times.

⇒ 15 + 1

⇒ 16 times 

∴ The required number of times when they toll together is 16.

Given:

Cost price of two mobile phones are same. One is sold at a profit of 30% and the other of Rs. 6300 more than that of first. The net profit is 40%

Calculation:

Let C.P. of each mobile be Rs. x

Selling Price of first phone.

S.P. = C.P. + 30%of C.P.

$S.P. = x + \frac{30}{100}x$

S.P. = x + 0.3x

S.P. = 1.3x

Profit = S.P. - C.P.

Profit = 1.3x - x 

Profit = 0.3x

Selling Price of second phone.

S.P. = S.P. + 6300

S.P. = 1.3x + 6300

Profit = S.P. - C.P.

Profit = 1.3x + 6300 - x

Profit = 0.3x + 6300

Net Profit = 40%

Add profit of first and second phone and then divide them by 2.

⇒ $\frac{Profit of first phone + Profit of second phone}{2}$ = 40% of x

⇒ $\frac{0.3 + 0.3x + 6300}{2} = 40 \times \frac{x}{100}$

⇒ $\frac{0.6x + 6300}{2} = 0.4x$

⇒ 0.6x + 6300 = 0.8x

⇒ 0.8x - 0.6x = 6300

⇒ 0.2x = 6300

⇒ 2x/10 = 6300

⇒ 2x = 63000

⇒ x = 31500

∴ The cost price of each mobile is RS. 31500

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most common character encoding format for text data on computers and on the internet.

Key Points In standard ASCII-encoded data, there are unique values for 128 alphabetic, numeric or special additional characters and control codes.

Important Points

• A CSV file is a comma delimited ASCII text file. It will open in Excel automatically, because it is made in such a way that Excel can easily parse and display the information in a tabular format.
• The Rich Text Format (often abbreviated RTF) is a proprietary document file format with published specifications developed by Microsoft Corporation from 1987 until 2008 for cross-platform document interchange with Microsoft products
• ASCII files are plain text files. They can have extensions .txt or have no extension at all. BINARY files are programs or other non-text files saved in the file format of the application that created them or archived or compressed file formats.

Hence CSV, RTF, and TXT file formats contain exclusively the ASCII file format.

Therefore the correct options are (B), (D), and E only.

 Additional Information

• PDF : Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.
• JPG: JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography.

The Millennium Development Goals were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000.

Key Points

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) commit the international community to an expanded vision of poverty reduction and pro-poor growth, one that vigorously places human development at the center of social and economic progress in all countries.

Important Points

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

• Target 8. A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system.
• Target 8. B: Address the special needs of least developed countries.
• Target 8. C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States**.**
• Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries.
• Target 8. E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.
• Target 8. F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications.

Hence the given options A, C, and D are correct with respect to Millennium Development Goal 8 - 'To develop a global partnership for development.

Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O₃. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope O₂, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to O₂.

Important Points

• Ozone Depletion occurs when chlorine and bromine atoms come into contact with ozone in the stratosphere, they destroy ozone molecules.
• One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules before it is removed from the stratosphere. Ozone can be destroyed more quickly than it is naturally created.
• A type of hydrocarbons that are nonreactive, nonflammable organic molecules in which both chlorine and fluorine atoms replace some of the hydrogen atoms.
• The use of CFCs is one of the primary causes of stratospheric ozone depletion.
• Nitrogen oxides contribute most to ozone depletion just above where ozone concentrations are the largest.
• This leads to efficient ozone destruction from NO_x.
• The ODP of N₂O is lower than that of CFCs primarily because only ~10% of N₂O is converted to NO_x, whereas the CFCs potentially contribute all their chlorine.

Hence ozone layer depletion is on account of chlorinated hydrocarbons and Nitrogen-containing fertilizers.

Therefore options A and D are correct.

 

Additional Information

• Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless gas formed by the incomplete combustion of fuels. When people are exposed to CO gas, the CO molecules will displace the oxygen in their bodies and lead to poisoning.
• Sulfur Contain Compounds: Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, methanethiol, carbon disulfide, and carbonyl sulfide are produced by industries like aerobic wastewater treatment plants, composting plants, and rendering plants.

Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms.

• It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides neither food, energy, nor organic micronutrients.

Important Points

• Dissolved oxygen (DO) is considered to be one of the most important parameters of water quality in streams, rivers, and lakes.
• It is a key test of water pollution .
• The higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen, the better the water quality.
• Oxygen is slightly soluble in water and very sensitive to temperature.
• The actual amount of dissolved oxygen varies depending on the pressure, temperature, and salinity of the water.
• Dissolved oxygen has no direct effect on public health, but drinking water with very little or no oxygen tastes unpalatable to some people.

Hence high values of dissolved oxygen indicate good-quality water.

Additional Information

• The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) represents the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) consumed by biological organisms when they decompose organic matter in water.
• The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the amount of oxygen consumed when the water sample is chemically oxidized.
• **Both COD and BOD test methods aim **to give an indication of the amount of pollution in a water sample.
• Conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to pass an electrical current.
• Because dissolved salts and other inorganic chemicals conduct electrical current, conductivity increases as salinity increases.
• The reason that the conductivity of water is important is that it can tell how many dissolved substances, chemicals, and minerals are present in the water.
• Higher amounts of these impurities will lead to higher conductivity.

Solar cells are devices that use the photovoltaic effect to convert the energy of light directly into electricity, producing electrical charges that can move freely in semiconductors.

Important Points

• An ideal solar cell has a direct bandgap of 1.4 eV to absorb the maximum number of photons from the sun's radiation.
• Silicon, on the other hand, has an indirect bandgap of 1.1 eV.
• The energy band gaps of silicon and germanium are 1.1 eV and 0.7 eV respectively.
• Gallium arsenide (GaAs) has a bandgap of 1.42 eV, close to the value giving peak solar cell efficiency.
• CdS Cadmium Sulphide is a semiconductor with a bandgap of 2.42 eV and a maximum absorption peak of 514 nm wavelength which shows that CdS Cadmium Sulphide can absorb visible light and UV light within a wavelength of ≤ 514 nm.

Hence in order of the Bandgap energy, the correct arrangement of solar cell base materials is (D) > (C) > (A) > (B).

India is faced with the challenge of sustaining its rapid economic growth while dealing with the global threat of climate change.

Key Points

• The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) describes the features of the National Water Mission.
• A National Water Mission will be mounted to ensure integrated water resource management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure more equitable distribution both across and within states.

Important Points

• The Mission will take into account the provisions of the National Water Policy and develop a framework to optimize water use by increasing water use efficiency by 20% through regulatory mechanisms with differential entitlements and pricing.
• The National Water Policy would be revisited in consultation with States to ensure basin-level management strategies to deal with variability in rainfall and river flows due to climate change.

Hence The National water mission under the climate Action plan of the Government of India seeks to improve water use efficiency by 20%.

Additional Information

Goals of the National Water  Mission 

• Comprehensive water database in the public domain and assessment of the impact of climate change on water resources
• Promotion of citizen and state action for water conservation, augmentation, and preservation
• Focused attention to vulnerable areas including overexploited areas Increasing water use efficiency by 20% Promotion of basin level integrated water resources management.

Central universities or union universities in India are public universities established by an Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the Department of Higher Education in the Ministry of Education.

Key Points Universities in India are recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which draws its power from the University Grants Commission Act, of 1956.

Important Points

• The establishment of the Central Universities was influenced by the federal character of the state polity and the need to promote national integration and achievement in quality and performance comparable to international standards.
• As of 1 June 2020, the list of central universities published by the UGC lists 54 central universities.
• The President of India is the visitor of the central universities and has the power to appoint the VC.
• The President can nominate some members to the Executive Committee/Board of Management/Court/Selection Committees of the University in terms of the various statutes and provisions laid down in the University Act.
• The Ministry of Human Resources and Development MHRD helps the President to appoint Vice Chancellors, Court Nominees, and Selection Committee Nominees.

Hence the President of India is a visitor of the central universities

The University Grants Commission (UGC) came into existence on 28th December 1953 and became a statutory Organization of the Government of India by an Act of Parliament in 1956, for the coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination, and research in university education.

Important Points

Statement I: UGC has been established by an act of the Indian parliament to regulate the quality of higher education.

• Soon after Independence, the University Education Commission was set up in 1948 under the Chairmanship of Dr. S Radhakrishnan "to report on Indian university education and suggest improvements and extensions that might be desirable to suit the present and future needs and aspirations of the country".
• The University Grants Commission (UGC) was formally inaugurated by the late Shri Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the then Minister of Education, Natural Resources and Scientific Research on 28 December 1953.
• The UGC, however, was formally established only in November 1956 as a statutory body of the Government of India through an Act of Parliament.

Thus the statement I is correct. 

Statement II: The Executive Council of a Central University is empowered due to decide the minimum qualification for the recruitment of the faculty. 

• All the rules and regulations of the universities are made by UGC.
• Professional councils are responsible for the recognition of courses, promotion of professional institutions, and providing grants to undergraduate programs and various awards.
• Council doesn't decide the minimum qualification of the faculty.

Hence statement II is wrong. 

Thus we can conclude that statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.

A)

So, from above figure it is clear that when the hands are in opposite direction ,then they are 30 minutes space apart.

B)

Above figure shows when the hands are in the same straight line and when they are co incident or opposite to each other.

C)Third statement is wrong because if a clock indicates 8:45,when the correct time is 9:00 then, it is said too 15 minutes too slow.(If the clock indicates 9:15 and the correct time is 9:00 then, it is said to be 15 minutes fast.)

Hence, option "3" is correct.

Given:

Principal = Rs. 800

Rate = 10%

Amount = 926.10

Formula:

A = P(1 + r/100)^t

If interest compounded semi annually, then 

Rate = t/2

Time = 2t

Calculation:

As given interest compounded semi - annually then

Rate = 10/2 = 5%

Time = 2 × t

According to the question

$926.1 = 800[1 + \frac{5}{100}]^{2t}$

⇒ $[1 + \frac{1}{20}]^{2t} = \frac{926.1}{800}$

⇒ $(\frac{21}{20})^{2t} = \frac{9261}{8000}$

⇒ $(\frac{21}{20})^{2t} = (\frac{21}{20})^3$

On Comparing the power

⇒ 2t = 3

⇒ t = 3/2

∴ Required time = 3/2 years

Given:

A person covers a certain distance at x kmph

An remaining distance covered by him at y kmph

Ratio of speeds of x and y is a : b 

Formula:

Average Speed = Total distance covered/ Total time taken

Calculation:

Statement I:

Time = 2 hours

Average Speed = $\frac{x + y}{2}$

Hence, the statement is incorrect.

Statement II:

x : y = a : b

We know that,

Time is inversely proportional to the speed 

⇒ x : y  = b : a

Hence, the statement is correct.

∴ Statement I is false but statement II is true.

Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim.

Key Points

• Fallacies can be committed in many ways. Still, usually, they involve either a mistake in reasoning or the creation of some illusion that makes a bad argument appear good or bad (either).
• An argument is valid when the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

 Important Points

• Red herring: This fallacy is closely associated with missing the point.
• The arguer diverts the attention of the Reader or Listener by changing the subject to a different but subtly related one.
• To use the Red Herring fallacy effectively, the arguer must change the original subject of the argument without the Reader or listener noticing it.

Hence in the given example, *"*Environmentalists accuse us of blocking the plan to convert Antarctica into a World park. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Antarctica is a huge continent teeming with life. It is home to millions of penguins, seals, seabirds, and sea lions. Also, great schools of finfish and whales inhabit its coastal waters." the fallacy committed is red herring.

Additional Information

• Strawman: A straw man fallacy occurs when someone takes another person’s argument or point, distorts it or exaggerates it in some kind of extreme way, and then attacks the extreme distortion as if that is really the claim the first person is making.
• Hasty Generalization: Hasty generalization is a policy that affects inductive generalizations. The fallacy occurs when there is a reasonable likelihood that the sample is not representative of the group. Such a likelihood may arise if the sample is either too small or not when only selected.
• Slippery Slope: A slippery slope fallacy occurs when someone makes a claim about a series of events that would lead to one major event, usually a bad event. In this fallacy, a person makes a claim that one event leads to another event and so on until we come to some awful conclusion.

Nyaya school is one of the six astika schools of Indian Philosophy. This school's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were the systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, etc

Key Points

• According to Nyaya Philosophy, nothing is acceptable unless it is in accordance with reason and experience (scientific approach).
• Nyaya is regarded as a logical thinking technique.

Important Points 

Statement I:  The example (ud$\overline{a}$haran) is a special feature of the Nyaya syllogism and it illustrates the truth that the universal major premise is the result of a real induction.

• Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning in which a body of observations is analyzed to come up with a general principle. It consists of making broad generalizations based on specific observations. Inductive reasoning is distinct from deductive reasoning.
• If the premises are correct, the conclusion of a deductive argument is certain; in contrast, the truth of the conclusion of an inductive argument is probable, based upon the evidence given.

Thus statement I is true.

Statement II:  Induction in Nyaya's conception of inference is based on the law of causation and induction and deduction cannot really be separated

• Inference literally means knowledge that follows some other knowledge. Nyāya philosophy considers inference as the second source of valid knowledge.
• Inferential knowledge can be explained with the typical example of inferring the presence of fire from the perception of smoke.

Thus, this statement II is true.

Hence, both statements I and II are correct.

Logic: tiger, feline, mammal, animal

• Tigers (Panthera tigris) are mammals of the Felidae family and one of four "big cats" in the panthera genus.
• They are predatory carnivores and the largest and most powerful of all living cat species.

Kingdom Animalia 

    Class Mammalia Linnaeus

             Family Felidae

                    Species Panthera tigris – Tiger  

Hence, 

(B) It is in order of increasing extension

(C) It is in order of decreasing intension

A premise is a statement in an argument that provides reason or support for the conclusion. There can be one or many premises in a single argument.

Important PointsStatement  I:  An argument form that allows for a substitution instance having true premises and a false conclusion is an invalid form.

• A conclusion is a statement in an argument that indicates what the arguer is trying to convince the reader/listener.
• The argument really does have all true premises and a true conclusion, but still, it is invalid—because it is possible for an argument with this structure to have true premises and a false conclusion.
• eg: P1: All dogs are mammals. P2: All cats are mammals. C: All cats are dogs. True premises can lead to either a true or a false conclusion in an invalid argument.

Thus the statement I is correct. 

Statement II:  Every argument with true premises and a false conclusion is INVALID.

• A valid argument cannot possibly have all true premises and a false conclusion.
• If some argument really does have all true premises and a false conclusion, then it is obviously possible for such an argument to have true premises and a false conclusion.
• So the argument is invalid.

Thus statement II is correct.

Hence we can conclude that both Statement I and Statement II are true.

The institutions of higher learning need to reap the benefits of the internet revolution by integrating ICT into the learning environment.

Key Points

• The focus is to improve the quality of education and lay a good foundation at the higher learning institution and encourage the institution and its affiliated colleges to share the resources, knowledge content, promotion, and implementation of e-governance, faculty development and exchange of skills.
• Campus networks are interconnected with high speed Ethernet links operating over optical fiber such as Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
• Tiered hierarchal architecture is used to establish a Campus network with core, distribution & access segments for efficient flow of information & data traffic.

 Important Points

• A Firewall is a network security device that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on an organization's previously established security policies.
• At its most basic, a firewall is essentially the barrier that sits between a private internal network and the public Internet.

Hence the Campus Wide Network in a University includes a firewall. The main purpose of using a firewall is to restrict the access.

Additional Information

• Network encryption is the process of encrypting or encoding data and messages transmitted or communicated over a computer network. It is a broad process that includes various tools, techniques, and standards to ensure that the messages are unreadable when in transit between two or more network nodes.
• Transactional data, in the context of data management, is the information recorded from transactions.

The Nyaya school holds that there are four valid means of knowledge: perception (pratyaksha), inference (anumana), comparison (upamana), and sound, or testimony (shabda). Invalid knowledge involves memory, doubt, error, and hypothetical argument.

Key Points

• Nyaya school is one of the six astika schools of Indian Philosophy.
• This school's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were the systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, etc.
• According to Nyaya's Philosophy, nothing is acceptable unless it is in accordance with reason and experience (scientific approach). Nyaya is regarded as a logical thinking technique.

Important Points

• Upamana Pramana (Comparison):  It is a kind of knowledge we get by the assumption of similarity between the two different types of knowledge.
• It is basically based on comparison and not just only perception and assumptions.
• For example, a person who knows a four-legged animal that barks is called a dog. Therefore, when he goes to a jungle and see a similar-looking animal he can relate that it’s a wild dog that has also four leg and barks.
• This knowledge is possible when there is an earlier similarity with a particular thing which helps the person to compare both the similar things.

Hence according to the Nyāya school, the given argument exemplifies Upamana Pramana (Comparison)

 Additional Information

• Sabda (Verbal Testimony ): This is mainly through verbal indication. We get a lot of knowledge through verbal statements, symbols, texts, or words. 
• A verbal statement must have a valid cause for its information to be true.
• Arthpatti (Postulation): Arthapatti Pramana, we understand the knowledge which we get through the relation and its implications. It includes supposition, belief, and presumption.
• We get this type of knowledge either from what we have seen or heard and by pure assumption.
• Anumana (Inference): Here the knowledge is gained not through any sense organs but through anumana or assumption. We assume knowledge of what we don’t see from what we see.

A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file.

Important Points

Assertion: A bitmap file format (.BMP) is not suitable for graphics on a website.

• The BMP file format, also known as a bitmap image file, device-independent bitmap file format, and bitmap, is a raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap digital images, independently of the display device, especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems.
• BMP images are another example of an unsuitable image format for use on the web. BMP images do not compress graphical data.

Thus this assertion is true.

Reason:  Bitmap graphics store information about every individual picture element (pixel) making up an image, thereby giving quite large files.

• A bitmap is a method by which a display space (such as a graphics image file) is defined, including the color of each of its pixels (or bits). In effect, a bitmap is an array of binary data representing the values of pixels in an image or display.
• A GIF is an example of a graphics image file that has a bitmap.

       Thus the reason is true.

Hence both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Storage is a mechanism that enables a computer to retain data, either temporarily or permanently.

• Storage devices such as flash drives and hard disks are a fundamental component of most digital devices since they allow users to preserve all kinds of information such as videos, documents, pictures and raw data.

Important Points

Hard Disk : 

• A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electromechanical data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage and one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material.
• The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces.

Main Memory : 

• The main memory in a computer is called Random Access Memory. It is also known as RAM.
• This is the part of the computer that stores operating system software, software applications, and other information for the central processing unit (CPU) to have fast and direct access when needed to perform tasks.
• It is called "random access" because the CPU can go directly to any section of main memory, and does not have to go about the process in sequential order.

CD-ROM: 

• CD-ROM is a pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains data. Computers can read—but not write or erase—CD-ROMs, i.e. it is a type of read-only memory.
• Some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data is only usable on a computer.

Hence the correct order of the computer storage devices in order of speed of data retrieval from fastest to slowest is as follows: main memory, hard disk, and CD-ROM.

Therefore (B), (A), and (C) is the correct answer.

Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages ("mail") between people using electronic devices.​

Key PointsStatement I: A copy of the email is sent to a Cc (Carbon copy) address and other recipients can see that address.

• CC simply stands for the familiar term “carbon copy.” In the context of email, a CC  email is a copy sent to an individual other than the main recipient.
• The CC field allows you to send a copy of the email to any recipient of your choice.
• In most cases, the CC field is used to keep someone in the loop, or to share the same email with them.

Thus the statement I is true.

Statement  II:  A copy of the email is sent to a Bcc (Blind carbon copy) address but other recipients cannot see that address.

• BCC stands for “blind carbon copy,” which can be used to send an email to a recipient without the other recipients being able to see it.
• BCC allows you to hide recipients in email messages. Addresses in the To: field and the CC: (carbon copy) field appear in messages, but users cannot see the addresses of anyone you included in the BCC: field.

Thus this statement II is true.

Hence we can conclude that both statement I and statement II are correct.

The correct answer is 'Contracted inferiority feelings'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"Poor self-images of the worst kind are created, or enlarged, when teachers, people in authority or even the general public come in contact with the underprivileged members of the society in a manner that produces inferiority feeling in them."*​

• In the given statement, the author is speaking about situations when poor self-images are created.
• He has suggested that poor self-images are created, or enlarged when privileged members of society produce inferiority feelings among underprivileged members.
• Hence it is evident that poor self-images are the products of contracted inferiority feelings.

Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Projecting a single failure as failure in life'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"It does not take much imagination to know that the stereotype portrayed would lead to a feeling of inferiority. Another cause of a poor self-image is the tendency to confuse failure in a project with a failure in life."*​

• In the given statement, the author is speaking about the outlook of people toward failures in life.
• He has suggested that the cause of a poor self-image is the tendency to confuse failure in a project with a failure in life.
• Hence according to the author in the given passage, the normal reaction of the people to failures is projecting a single failure as a failure in life.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Self-feed the inferiority feeling'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"Once the poor self-image slide starts, the natural tendency is to feed the inferiority feeling. Many people do this when they castigate themselves because they can't remember everything they hear and everybody they meet, which brings us to the cause of an untrained memory."*​

• In the given statement, the author is speaking about the outlook of people toward failures in life.
• He has suggested that the cause of a poor self-image is the tendency to confuse failure in a project with a failure in life.
• Hence it is evident from the passage that when people start castigating themselves, they self-feed the inferiority feeling.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Trained or untrained mind'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

"Actually there is no such thing as a 'good' memory or a 'bad' memory. It is either trained or untrained. The choice of whether you train it or leave it untrained is up to you."​

• In the given statement, the author is trying to emphasize the point that a perfect memory does not indicate a great mind.
• He has suggested that there is no such thing as a 'good' memory or a 'bad' memory. It is either trained or untrained.
• Hence it is evident from the passage that a 'great mind' can be a trained or untrained mind.

Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Factors determining self-image.'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"The choice of whether you train it or leave it untrained is up to you. One more cause of a self-image is an unrealistic and unfair comparison of experiences. We exaggerate others' successful experiences and downgrade our own success. Experience has nothing to do with ability."*​

• In the given statement, the author is trying to emphasize the virtues of creating a self-image.
• In this passage, he has suggested that self-image is an unrealistic and unfair comparison of experiences.
• Hence the passage seeks to focus on the importance of factors determining the self-image.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The Department of Higher Education, MoE, is responsible for the overall development of the basic infrastructure of the Higher Education sector, both in terms of policy and planning.

Key PointsUnder a planned development process, the Department looks after the expansion of access and qualitative improvement in the Higher Education, through world-class Universities, Colleges, and Other Institutions

Assertion: The central government of our country is trying to increase access to higher education :

• The Central Government is planning to increase access to higher education by giving Scholarships, and economic and other funding to the student from the lower strata of the Society.
• Universities and colleges, in collaboration with EQUIP (Education Quality Upgradation and Inclusion Programme), another initiative of the Government of India, can channel the development of education in the right direction.

Hence assertion is correct. 

Reason: The Public Funded Colleges and Universities can accommodate only limited number of seats:

• In India there is no limit on the Colleges and universities for admission.
• Though the seats are fixed, anyone can get admission if they fulfill the criteria of the same.
• So this is not the reason that Government is trying to increase access to higher education.

Hence Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).

The University Grants Commission (UGC) is the largest and most prominent organization among these bodies.

Important Points

Hence the correct match is (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)- (I)

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework that demarcates the fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. 

Key Points

A preamble is an introductory statement in a document that explains the document’s philosophy and objectives.

Important Points

Statement I: As per the preamble of the constitution, India is a secular country. 

• It is indicated by the Preamble that the source of authority of the Constitution lies with the people of India.
• Preamble declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic.
• The objectives stated by the Preamble are to secure justice, liberty, equality to all citizens and promote fraternity to maintain unity and integrity of the nation.
• The term, secular means that all the religions in India get equal respect, protection, and support from the state.
• It was incorporated into the Preamble by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment, 1976.

Thus the statement I is correct. 

Statement II: Setting Up an Educational institution for Religious Minorities is Unconstitutional. 

• Article 29 and 30 of Indian Constitution contain provisions securing rights of minorities and minority-run institutions.
• Minority institutions have the fundamental right under Article 30 of the Constitution to establish and administer their educational institutions according to their choice.

Thus Statement II is wrong.

Therefore we conclude that statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.