UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 4th Nov 2020 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Threat mixed with something pleasant.

Key Points

• From the passage, 'Emotional behaviour usually accompanies extinction when reinforcement or punishment is withheld' we can say that emotional behaviour should be maintained to keep their internal satisfaction alive, hence there is a need for both punishment and reinforcement.
• Therefore threat mixed with something pleasant makes people continue working for internal satisfaction.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is evocation of negative emotions.

Key Points

• From the passage, 'We could predict, for example, with an excellent chance of being correct, that an employee will become surely, will complain more than before, or will have problems getting along with his co-workers. Emotional behaviour usually accompanies extinction when reinforcement or punishment is withheld' indicates that when reinforcement or punishment is stopped on a worker, it will result in negative emotions (complaining more, not co-operating with colleagues).
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is extinction of that behaviour​.

Key Points

• From the passage, 'If parents pay little or no attention when the children are behaving appropriately, they in sense, put the behaviour on extinction' denotes whenever a proper behaviour is not rewarded or appreciated such behaviour will get disappeared.
• Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is misbehaviour.

Key Points

• From the passage, the last sentence, 'Positively reinforcing inappropriate behaviour generally results in more unwanted behaviour' clearly says that positively reinforcing inappropriate behaviour will only give way to more complications like misbehaviour.
• From the previous sentence 'Now suddenly this style is not achieving results, and followers are being disruptive and making unreasonable demands' indicates how this method tends to change the behaviour in a negative way.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is the negative consequences of positive reinforcement.

Key Points

• The author is trying to convey how a positive reinforcement has an effect over a person (a worker or a child), She/he explains how some of the behaviours go extinct if they're not rewarded or paid attention to, also explains how positive reinforcement affects emotionally and in behaviour (mostly in a negative way). Focusing on only positive reinforcement to correct the person will only result in inappropriate behaviour.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.
• Option 1, 2 and 3 are not related to the context of the passage.

Communication: 

• The term communication is derived from a Latin verb ‘communicare’ which means ‘to share’
• Communication is the passing of information or sharing ideas from one person to another
• Communication constitutes of three things, encoding-transfer-decoding
• Sender encodes the message, the channel transfer it to the receiver and the receiver decode the message.
• Communication is two types based on the communication channel.
• Verbal communication
• Non-verbal communication

​

1. Verbal communication:

• Here the message is transmitted through words
• The word can be in oral or written form
• It makes the communication short and simple
• Generally, Verbal Communication takes place in real-time.
• The offline method of teaching is a good example of verbal communication
• There are two types of verbal communication
• Oral communication
• Written communication

2. Written communication:

• It is a written form of words and sentences.
• Written communication is asynchronous in character as it appears at different intervals.
• The receiver can receive the message of the sender at any time

1. Synchronous: Synchronous communication is communication that takes place in real-time, such as a conversation with a friend.
2. Asynchronous: Asynchronous communication is communication that is not immediate and occurs over long periods of time, such as letters, email, or even text messages.

Therefore, (A) is true but (R) is false.

The correct sequence of the emergence of the following publications:

Therefore, from the above explanation, we can conclude that Option 1 is the correct answer.

The below is the explanation of the correct answer:

The correct option is (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (II).

Three persons take 20, 30 and 40 minutes to complete one round.

L.C.M of 20, 30 and 40 minutes is 120 minutes.

120 minutes = 2 hours

So, again after 120 minutes or 2 hours, they will meet again at that point.

Hence, ‘2 hours’ is the correct answer.

Students who speak all the three languages = Students who can speak Hindi – (Students who can speak only Hindi + Students who speak only English and Hindi + Students who speak only Hindi and Bangla)

= 27 – (12 + 7 + 6)

= 27 – 25

= 2

Hence, ‘2’ is the correct answer.

The Venn diagram for the following question is given below:

Given:

The sum of four consecutive odd integers = 2160

Calculations:

Let the first integer be 'n'

The next three odd integers be 'n + 2', 'n + 4' , 'n + 6'

The sum number = n + n + 2 + n + 4 + n + 6

⇒ 4n + 12

4n + 12 = 2160

⇒ 4(n + 3) = 2160 

⇒ (n + 3) = 2160/4

⇒ n = 540 - 3 = 537

The greatest number n + 6 = 537 + 6 

⇒ 543

∴ The greatest of them is 543

• The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are 8 goals that the UN Member States have agreed to achieve by the year 2015.
• The (MDGs) range from reduction by half the extreme poverty rates to reduction by half the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education. this target form a blueprint of agreement to all the world’s countries and leading development institutions.
• The UNO(United Nations Organisation) is also working with governments, civil society, and other partners to build on the momentum generated by the MDGs.
• The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000, commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women.

The 8 Millennium Development Goals

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. Achieve universal primary education.
3. Promote gender equality and empower women.
4. Reduce child mortality.
5. Improve maternal health.
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development

 

• Globally, the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age fell from 12.7 million in 1990 to 6.3 million in 2013.
• In developing countries, the percentage of underweight children under 5 years old dropped from 28% in 1990 to 17% in 2013.
• Globally, new HIV infections declined by 38% between 2001 and 2013.
• Existing cases of tuberculosis are declining, along with deaths among HIV-negative tuberculosis cases.
• In 2010, the world met the United Nations Millennium Development Goals target on access to safe drinking water, as measured by the indicator of access to improved drinking-water sources, but more is to be done for achieving the sanitation target.

Important Points .

• As the MDGs era comes to a conclusion with the end of the year, 2016 in the official launch. 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development goals adopted by world leaders last September at the United Nations.
• The new Agenda calls on countries to begin efforts to achieve 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) over the next 15 years up to 2030.

Additional Information

• “The seventeen Sustainable Development Goals are our shared vision of humanity and a social contract between the world's leaders and the people,” said UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. “They are a to-do list for people and planet, and a blueprint for success.”

The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to transform our world: -

1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well-being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequality
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life on Land
16. Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships to Achieve the Goal

​Hence, we may say that  option 1 is the correct answer

The goals that are correct related to millennium Development Goals are as follows

(A) Improving maternal health

(C) Improving the life of slum dwellers (Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.)

(E) Promoting gender equality and empowerment of women

• Among the most notable universities that evolved during this period were situated at Takshashila, Nalanda, Valabhi, Vikramshila, Odantapuri, and Jagaddala.
• These universities developed in connection with the viharas.
• Benaras, Navadeep, and Kanchi developed in connection with temples.
• In ancient India, students went to viharas and universities for higher knowledge.
• Vihars are also known as monasteries, the places were set up for Buddhist monks and nuns to meditate, debate and discuss with the learned for their quest for knowledge during this period.
• Around these viharas, other educational centers of higher learning developed, which attracted students from China, Korea, Tibet, Burma, Ceylon, Java, Nepal, and other distant countries.

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

Values are an integral part of every culture. Along with beliefs, they generate and have an impact on the behavior of an individual. Most of us learned our values - or morals, at home, at school, or from our community (neighborhood). Mostly, the values which we follow come from parents, teachers, and religious leaders.

Value education is simply a matter of developing appropriate behavior and habits, involving the inculcation of certain virtues and habits. Education is a methodical effort towards learning basic facts about humanity. The core idea behind value education is to cultivate essential values in the students so that civilization that teaches us to manage complexities can be sustained and further developed.

The following are the steps involved in the process of value clarification:​

1. Choosing freely; (Students are presented with an issue)
2. Choosing from alternatives; (Students suggest alternative solutions)
3. Choosing after thoughtful consideration of the consequences of each alternative; (Students consider the consequences of each alternative)
4. Prizing and cherishing;
5. Affirming; (Students consider the consequences of each alternative)
6. Acting upon choices; and (Students express their preferences and make a choice)
7. Repeating

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER)

• GER stands for Gross Enrolment Ratio is used in the education sector. It is expressed as the number of students enrolled at various grade levels and the actual population of children of that age.
• Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) or Gross Enrolment Index (GEI) is a statistical measure used in the education sector, and formerly by the UN in its Education Index, to determine the number of students enrolled in school at several different grade levels (like elementary, middle school and high school), and use it to show the ratio of the number of students who live in that country to those who qualify for the particular grade level.
• The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), describes "Gross Enrolment Ratio" as the total enrolment within a country "in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population in the official age group corresponding to this level of education".
• Higher education is tertiary education leading to the award of an academic degree. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education.
• The purpose of higher education can encompass a wide variety of elements: labor market success; public service to society; and the development of students' social skills, critical thinking skills, empathy, and commitment to civic engagement, to name a few.

The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education has increased from 25.8 percent in 2017-18 to 26.3 percent in 2018-19, while in absolute terms the enrolment increased from 3.66 crores to 3.74 crore students, according to All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE).

Therefore Option 3 is the correct answer.

UGC portal "e-SARTS" (e-Scholarship-Fellowship Award Registration Tracking System) provides details of a single-window platform for all scholarship/fellowship available to students, scholars, and faculties under various schemes of the University Grants Commission.

• The scheme's various features and functionalities of the e-SARTS platform, methodology involved, the role of INFLIBNET Centre, and a brief write-up on each of the 13 scholarships/fellowships that are covered under e-SARTS.

The main aim is to reach out to eligible students, scholars, and faculties who can benefit from these schemes.

• E-SARTS is a web-based user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) for registration tracking that facilitates applicants to apply online and track the status of their application. The interface provides all necessary information for individual schemes including schemes, eligibility, amount of scholarship/fellowship, the link for registration, result, download award let current statutes of the application, etc.

Important Points 

Schemes and scholarships: -

• Swami Vivekananda Single Girl Child Scholarship for Research in Social Sciences
• Post-Graduate Indira Gandhi Scholarship for Single Girl Child
• Post-Graduate Merit Scholarship for University Rank Holder
• Post Graduate Scholarships for Professional Courses for SC/ST Candidates
• "Ishan Uday" for North Eastern Region single Girl Child, SC/ST, and University Rank Holders scholarships can be accessed on the National Scholarship Portal (NSP)
• Post-Graduate Indira Gandhi Scholarship for Single Girl Child is launched to support post-graduate education through scholarships to such girls who happen to be the only child or girl who is twin daughters/ fraternal daughter in the family.
• Post-Graduate Merit Scholarship for University Rank Holder: The Scholarship may be tenable for a period of two years to enable the rank holders of each university at the undergraduate level to pursue their Master’s Degree.
• Post-Graduate Scholarships for Professional Courses for SC/ST Candidates: The Scheme was initiated keeping in view the social background of the candidates from the deprived section of the society and to provide the opportunity to undertake postgraduate level studies in professional subjects like Engineering & Technology, Management, Pharmacy, etc. in IndianUniversities/Institutions/Colleges.
• Emeritus Fellowship to provide an opportunity to the superannuated teachers who have been actively engaged in research and teaching programs in the preceding years to undertake research, without any restriction of position or pay scales.
• Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Humanities and Social Sciences
• Post-Doctoral Fellowship to Women Candidates
• Post-Doctoral Fellowship to SC/ST Candidates
• National Fellowship for Scheduled Caste Students
• National Fellowship for Higher Education of ST Students
• National Fellowship for Persons with Disabilities
• Maulana Azad National Fellowship for Minority Students
• National Fellowship for OBC Candidate
• Raman Fellowship for Post-Doctoral Research for Indian Scholars in the USA

Hence, we may say that the UGC portal 'e-SARTS' is for Scholarship-Fellowship Award Registration Tracking System, which includes social science, and science fellowship programs.

Deemed university​:

• Deemed university, or deemed-to-be-university, is an accreditation granted to higher educational institutions in India, conferring the status of a university. It is granted by the Department of Higher Education.
• To quote the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), "An Institution of Higher Education, other than universities, working at a very high standard in a specific area of study, can be declared by the Central Government on the advice of the University Grants Commission (UGC), as an Institution 'Deemed-to-be-university'. Institutions that are 'deemed-to-be-university' enjoy the academic status and privileges of a university."

How does an institute become a ‘Deemed-to-be-University’:

• The status of deemed-to-be-university is awarded in accordance with Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956.
• For an institution to be eligible to be declared as ‘Deemed-to-be-University’ it should fulfill the following criteria:

1. Has been accredited with the highest grade by NAAC and/or by NBA continuously for two cycles and again gets the highest grade in the third cycle continuously (five-year cycle). In the case of the NBA, such accreditation should be for all its eligible courses. Or the institute should have the highest NAAC/NBA category at the time of application, and in the immediately previous NAAC/NBA cycle, and should be in the top 20 in any specific category or in the top 100 of the overall ranking of National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranking at the time of application and in immediately previous two years. In the case of the NBA, such accreditation should be for all its eligible courses.
2. Its NAAC CGPA is at least 3.26
3. According to the new rule, all deemed and autonomous colleges must have a student-faculty ratio of 15:1 from the academic year of 2020-21. Government colleges will continue to have a ratio of 20:1.

Therefore Option 2 is the correct answer.

The number of girls enrolled in the science = 11% of 1500 

⇒ (11/100) × 1500 = 165 

The number of girls enrolled in the Commerce = 21% of 1500

⇒ (21/100) × 1500 = 315

The total number of girls enrolled in the  Science and Commerce = 165 + 315

⇒ 480

∴The total number of students = 480

The number of girls enrolled in the Science initially = 11% of 1500

⇒ (11/100) × 1500 = 165

20% of the girl changed from Science to Management = 20% of 165

⇒ (20/100) × 165 = 33

Initially students enrolled in the management = 16% of 3500

⇒ (16/100) × 3500 = 560

The number of students in management after science students joined = 560 + 33

⇒ 593

∴ The total number of students enrolled in management after science students joined = 593

The number of girls enrolled in the arts = 38% of 1500

⇒ (38/100) × 1500 = 570

The number of girls enrolled in the science = 11% of 1500

⇒ (11/100) × 1500 = 165

The number of girls enrolled in the Commerce = 21% of 1500

⇒ (21/100) × 1500 = 315

The total number of girls enrolled in the arts, Science and Commerce = 570 + 165 + 315

⇒ 1050

The total number of students = 3500

Percentage = (1050/3500) × 100

⇒ 30% 

∴ The required percentage is 30%

The number of students enrolled in management = 16% of 3500

⇒ (16/100) × 3500 = 560

The number of girls enrolled in management = 12% of 1500 

⇒ (12/100) × 1500 = 180

The number of boys enrolled in management = total number of students - total number of girls

⇒ 560 - 180 = 380

The number of students enrolled in IT = 20% of 3500

⇒ (20/100) × 3500 = 700

The number of girls enrolled in IT = 18% of 1500 

⇒ (18/100) × 1500 = 270

The number of boys enrolled in IT = total number of students - total number of girls

⇒ (700 - 270) = 430

The total number of boys enrolled in Management stream and IT stream together = 380 + 430

⇒ 810

∴ The required answer is 810

Total number of boys enrolled in Management stream and IT stream together = (Total number of student enrolled in Management stream and IT stream together) - (Total number of girls enrolled in Management stream and IT stream together )

⇒ (20 + 16)% of 3500 - (18 + 12)% of 1500

⇒ 1260 - 450 = 810

∴ The required answer is 810

Calculation:

The number of girls enrolled in Arts = 38% of 1500 

⇒ (38/100) × 1500 = 570

The number of students enrolled in Science = 22% of 3500

⇒ (22/100) × 3500 = 770 

The number of girls enrolled in the Science = 11% of 1500

⇒ (11/100) × 1500 = 165

The number of boys enrolled in Science = total enrolled in science - girls enrolled in science 

⇒ 770 - 165 = 605

 The ratio of the number of girls enrolled in Arts to the number of boys enrolled in science = 570 ∶ 605

⇒ 114 ∶ 121

∴ The required ratio is 114 ∶ 121

Behavioural competencies:

• Behavioural competency refers to any behaviour attributes and personality traits a person might have, such as knowledge and skill set, which can help determine how successful he/she will be at the job they are applying for.
• Behavioural competencies encompass knowledge, skills, attitudes, and actions that distinguish excellent performers.

Types of behaviour competency:

• Adaptability/Decisiveness: Ability and confidence to vary between being flexible and holding firm on a decision, depending on what the situation requires
• showing leadership by adjusting one's approach to the demands of a particular task by taking and maintaining a position in a self-assured manner.
• Initiative/Perseverance: Ability to be willing to take action to address needs without being requested to do so.
• Staying on-task to completion, particularly in the face of obstacles or other trying circumstances.
• Interpersonal Skills: Ability to work effectively with different people and teams of people by putting others at ease.
• Acknowledging diverse opinions, addressing relevant concerns, minimizing conflict, promoting harmony.
• Organizational Skills: Ability to identify and set priorities, plan, and effectively allocate appropriate resources.
• Stress Management: Ability to work well under pressure or opposition, while maintaining effectiveness and self-control in the midst of any one or combination of stressors, including emotional strain, ambiguity, a risk to self, and fatigue.
• Valuing Service and Diversity: Ability to be sensitive to students and institution needs and perceptions by providing prompt, efficient, and equitable service, involving students and institutions in the resolution of problems that affect them.

Conclusion:

• Behaviour competency is related to behavioural attributes and personality traits, which a person might have, such as knowledge and skill set. It is related to knowledge, skill, attitudes, and actions. So, according to this discussion option (1) is correct.

Self-control, logical, clear and confidence are not the skill or actions in a job, though it is a personality trait that is not shown in the form of action. so these are not the correct options.

Normal Distribution Curve:

• A normal distribution, sometimes called the bell curve, is a distribution that occurs naturally in many situations.
• A bell curve is a graph depicting the normal distribution, which has a shape reminiscent of a bell. The top of the curve shows the mean, mode, and median of the data collected.
• Its standard deviation depicts the bell curve's relative width around the mean.
• A standard deviation is a measurement used to quantify the variability of data dispersion, in a set of given values around the mean. The mean, in turn, refers to the average of all data points in the data set or sequence and will be found at the highest point on the bell curve.
• The bell curve is symmetrical. Half of the data will fall to the left of the mean; half will fall to the right.
• The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is symmetrical on both sides of the mean, so the right side of the center is a mirror image of the left side.
• For a perfectly normal distribution the mean, median, and mode will be the same value, visually represented by the peak of the curve.

                         

                                                                    A normal distribution curve

Properties of normal distribution

• The mean, mode, and median are all equal.
• The curve is symmetric at the center (i.e. around the mean, μ).
• Exactly half of the values are to the left of the center and exactly half the values are to the right.
• The total area under the curve is 1.

Positively skewed curve

• In statistics, a positively skewed (or right-skewed) distribution is a type of distribution in which most values are clustered around the left tail of the distribution while the right tail of the distribution is longer.
• Unlike with normally distributed data where all measures of the central tendency (mean, median, and mode) equal each other, with positively skewed data, the measures are dispersed. The general relationship among the central tendency measures in a positively skewed distribution may be expressed using the following inequality:

Mean >  Median  >  Mode

Conclusion:

• The mean, mode, and median can be used to figure out if you have a positively or negatively skewed distribution.
• If the mean is greater than the mode, the distribution is positively skewed.
• If the mean is less than the mode, the distribution is negatively skewed.
• The Normal Distribution has, mean= median =mode, symmetry about the center.
• So both the statements are correct. Hence, option (1) is correct.

Fundamental research: It is a scientific research that aims to build or improve the theory.​

1. Fundamental research, also known as basic research or pure research does not usually generate findings that have immediate applications on a practical level.
2. Fundamental research is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand scientific knowledge in a specific research area.
3. This type of research makes a specific contribution to the academic body of knowledge by adding principles and laws in the research area.
4. Fundamental studies tend to make generalizations about the phenomenon, and the philosophy of this type of study can be explained as ‘gathering knowledge for the sake of knowledge’.
5. It focuses on enhancing the corpus of knowledge in a given field

Meaning of qualitative research:

• Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences.
• It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
• Qualitative research relies on data obtained by the researcher from first-hand observation, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, participant-observation, recordings made in natural settings, documents, and artefacts.
• Qualitative methods include ethnography, grounded theory, discourse analysis, and interpretative phenomenological analysis.
• The data sources include in-depth interviews, focus groups, standardized interviews, and artefacts such as books or works of art. The case study method exemplifies qualitative researchers' preference for depth, detail, and context.
• It is concerned with understanding human behaviour from the informant’s perspective.
• It is focused on the development of hypotheses and theories.

Qualitative research method

       Each of the research approaches involves using one or more data collection methods. These are some of the most common qualitative methods:

• Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes.
• Interviews: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.
• Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.
• Surveys: distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.
• Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or video recordings, etc.

Disadvantages of qualitative research

• The real-world setting often makes qualitative research unreliable because of uncontrolled factors that affect the data.
• Due to the researcher’s primary role in analyzing and interpreting data, qualitative research cannot be replicated.
• Small samples are often used to gather detailed data about specific contexts. Despite rigorous analysis procedures, it is difficult to draw generalizable conclusions because the data may be biased and unrepresentative of the wider population.
• Although software can be used to manage and record large amounts of text, data analysis often has to be checked or performed manually.

Conclusion:

• Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research.
• It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.
• It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research.
• This method is not only about “what” people think but also “why” they think so.
• Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. But this kind of research cannot be carried out in the controlled conditions.
• Hence, from the above discussion, we come to the conclusion that option (1) is correct.

Conclusion: From the above discussion, we can conclude that the population in research is a comprehensive group and the sample is a small representation of the population. Hence, both statements are true. So, option (1) is correct.

Research Ethics

• Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers. It is important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights, and welfare of research participants.
• Research ethics involve requirements on daily work, the protection of the dignity of subjects, and the publication of the information in the research.
• The scientific research enterprise is built on a foundation of trust. Scientists trust that the results reported by others are valid. Society trusts that the results of research reflect an honest attempt by scientists to describe the world accurately and without bias. But this trust will endure only if the scientific community devotes itself to exemplifying and transmitting the values associated with ethical scientific conduct.
• The research ethics is not a mere “formality,” which is required by academic journal editors, but it is a significant part of the research, which is influenced by both the general trust in scientists, data protection, anonymity, and confidentiality, and the ability to build a trust-based relationship with the respondents and retain it.
• Research ethics is not just requirements written in a digest or code of ethics, but also the researcher’s philosophical and value position, as well as the discussion continuing for many decades and learning from painful mistakes

Some of the expected ethics in research

• Honesty: Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public.
• Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.
• Integrity: Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
• Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.
• Openness: Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas

                               Three dimensions of research ethics

ICT in Research:

• Applications of ICT are mainly used by researchers for its ability to ease the knowledge-gathering process and to enhance resource development.
• ICT helps in identifying information sources, critically analyze information, manage information, use the information to communicate knowledge across subject fields, receive results in a common format, etc.

Conclusion:

• Ethics or moral values are something that we learn since childhood. In general, it is about differentiating between right and wrong.
• Ethics in research is necessary as they promote the aims of the research, such as expanding knowledge.
• They support the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness. This is essential because scientific research depends on collaboration between researchers and groups.
• On the other hand, the use of ICT in research is done with the purpose to ease the work of the researcher. It is helpful from identifying sources of information to the calculation of data.
• Hence, an assertion in the given sentence is right and the reason is wrong. So option (3) is correct.

Academic Communication:

• Academic communication refers to the methods in which ideas are distributed among scholars or students.

• It involves presenting ideas effectively and formally within a scholastic environment.

• In addition to this, academic communication refers to methods of communication that are highly structured and generally only used in pedagogical settings for example academic essays and delivering presentations.

• It can include words and structures, in order to express and generate ideas.

• Usually, academic communication is one to many, in person, via media, or via electronic media. The feedback is completed with a test to see if the lesson/communication was received and understood.

• Vertical communication: Vertical communication is a type of flow of information between members of an organization who are on different levels of its hierarchy. It can be used both in a downward and upward direction.

Conclusion:

• Well developed communication skills are vital to a child's academic success.
• At all levels of education, students must be able to communicate effectively.
• Without well-developed communication skills, children run the risk of falling behind their peers or becoming emotionally overwhelmed or withdrawn at school.
• So, to improve academic communication, it is necessary to train the students, remove the cultural and linguistic barriers by identifying students on that basis, and prevent them from gathering too much information. Hence, option (3) is correct.

In the figure of categorical syllogism, the Quantity and Quality of a proposition determine the Mood of the Syllogism.

Syllogism: It is an argument consisting of three statements: TWO premises and ONE conclusion.

Categorical proposition :

• In logic, the categorical proposition is also known as a categorical statement that asserts or denies that all or some of the members of one category are included in another.
• It is an important branch of deductive reasoning.
• The categorical proposition can be classified into four under two heads, based on their quality and quantity, and distribution of terms.
• Affirmative proposition (affirmo)
• A type
• I type
• Negative proposition (nego)
• E type
• O type
• There are three terms in an argument,
• Major Term: The predicate term of the conclusion
• Minor Term: The subject term of the conclusion
• Middle Term: The term that does NOT appear in the conclusion

Mood:

• The mood of a categorical syllogism is a series of three letters corresponding to the type of proposition the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion is (A, E, I, or O).
• The mode will help us to determine when such syllogisms are valid or invalid.

Figure: The figure of a categorical syllogism is a number that corresponds to the placement of the two middle terms. 

Quality of categorical proposition:

• It is the number of members of the subject class that are used in the proposition.
• It could be the universal or the particular categorical proposition.
• It will consider universal if all members of the subject class refer to it.

Quantity of categorical proposition:

• It is described as whether the proposition affirms or denies the inclusion of a subject within the class of the predicate.
• It could be affirmative or negative.

The below is the explanation of the correct answer:

Therfore the correct option is (A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III).

Full form of the abbreviation OCR is Optical Character Recognition.

• OCR (optical character recognition) is the use of technology to distinguish printed or handwritten text characters inside digital images of physical documents, such as a scanned paper document.
• The basic process of OCR involves examining the text of a document and translating the characters into code that can be used for data processing. OCR is sometimes also referred to as text recognition.

Important Points

OCR can be used for a variety of applications, including:

1. Scanning printed documents into versions that can be edited with word processors, like Microsoft Word or Google Docs.
2. Indexing print material for search engines.
3. Automating data entry, extraction, and processing.
4. Deciphering documents into text that can be read aloud to visually-impaired or blind users.
5. Archiving historic information, such as newspapers, magazines or phonebooks, into searchable formats.
6. Electronically deposit checks without the need for a bank teller.
7. Placing important, signed legal documents into an electronic database.
8. Recognizing text, such as license plates, with a camera or software.
9. Sorting letters for mail delivery.
10. Translating words within an image into a specified language.

Teaching means to teach in life, giving information, imparting knowledge, or instruct (students) as to how to do or learn something(subject or skills) not only for success or achievement but also for life experience, behaviour change, and personality building. 

Developing and delivering lessons by teachers are integral in the teaching process. It is hence important for teachers to ensure that the three-level of teaching uses a higher level of cognitive abilities as specified in Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy of the teaching-learning process.

There are three identifiable levels of teaching and learning activities which includes: 

• Reflective level of teaching
• Understanding level
• Memory level

Levels of Teaching: -

The reflective: 

• At this level, students reflect or show the theory in practice through their personality.
• They behave as they have learned previously.
• This type of meaningful education believes in the proper application of lesson plans during the teaching-learning process.

Understanding level: -

• Understanding level of learning refers to how much a student can know the concept or understand things.
• Where students can understand and get deep knowledge.
• Higher than memorizing and lower than reflecting.

Memory level refers to drilling, recalling, and memorization.

Hence, we may say that the level of teaching which uses a higher level of cognitive abilities as specified in Bloom's taxonomy is the reflective level.

Teaching strategy

• Teaching strategies, also known as instructional strategies, are methods that teachers use to deliver course material in ways that keep students engaged and practising different skill sets.
• Lawton defines teaching strategy as a generalized plan for a lesson(s) which includes the structure of desired learner behaviour in terms of goals of instructions and an outline of planned tactics necessary to implement the strategy.
• Mackenzie defined the terms strategy and teaching separately. For him, “Teaching refers to a system of actions involving an agent, a situation, an end-in-view and two sets of factors in the situation-one set over which the agent has no control and one set which the agent can modify with respect to the end in view.
• There are different types of teaching strategies used by the subject teacher. He /She manipulates them according to the need of the students, subject matter, and of course, the instructional objectives and then implements them in classroom teaching. Selection and manipulation of teaching strategies is done at the pre-active phase of teaching while implementation is done at an interactive phase of teaching.
• Teachers observe students and use formative assessment methods in order to make sure class experiences can be adjusted to individual skill and ability levels as appropriate.
• Active Learning encourages student agency in the learning process; active learning incorporates elements of project-based and inquiry-based learning in order to allow students to pursue their own learning paths.
• Project-Based Learning experiences allow students to engage in learning about a topic over a period of time and may help the development of deep understanding.
• Inquiry-Based Learning emphasizes the importance of effective questioning and thinking skills in the learning process.
• Blended Learning allows students to do part of their learning in an independent digital environment, and part of it in a face-to-face classroom setting.
• Flipped Classrooms invert the traditional teaching model. In flipped classrooms, students are assigned pre-learning before class, so that classroom time can be given over to problem-solving, one-to-one feedback, and student collaboration.
• Cooperative Learning encourages structuring classes into groups to foster communication and working together in smaller units.

Conclusion:

• An experienced teacher knows that not every teaching strategy that is used will be an effective one.

• There will be some hits and misses, and depending upon teaching style and the ways students learn, the teacher will figure out which strategies work and which do not.

• The effectiveness of teaching strategy will totally depend on the stakeholder of the particular teaching-learning process especially learner and teacher.

• For a reluctant learner, it is important to inculcate an interest in learning. That interest may arise because of some emotional support and positive feedback like recognition in the classroom. Hence, option (2) is correct.

• If any kind of task is assigned to a reluctant learner whether it is soft or challenging without any emotional support with lucrative recognition, the learner will remain unwilling. Hence, options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

Effective Teaching

• Effective teaching can be defined in many ways including teacher behaviour (warmth, civility, clarity), teacher knowledge (of subject matter, of students), teacher beliefs, and so forth. Here we define effective teaching as the ability to improve student achievement.
• Effective teachers strive to motivate and engage all their students in learning rather than simply accepting that some students cannot be engaged and are destined to do poorly. They believe every student is capable of achieving success at school and they do all they can to find ways of making each student successful.
• The classroom is a dynamic environment, bringing together students from different backgrounds with various abilities and personalities. Being an effective teacher, therefore, requires the implementation of creative and innovative teaching strategies in order to meet students’ individual needs.

The impact of planning on the teaching-learning process:

• Planning in the context of education entails the process of setting objectives and determining the means to achieving the objectives.
• It entails deciding in advance what to be taught, how to teach when to teach, who is being taught, and the evaluation of the recipient.
• Planning is the beginning of the teaching and learning process before a teacher goes to the class to deliver any lesson.
• Through planning for a lesson makes the teaching-learning encounter a valuable and productive impact. Conversely, no planning leads to a wasteful and unproductive lesson. The motion pervades education at all levels and in all subject areas

Conclusion:

• There appears to be a widespread agreement not only on the value of planning but also on the substance and format of plans.
• The plan that enlisted universal acceptance contains the purposes, experiences, and their organization and evaluation.
• If a lesson is to be effective, the teacher needs to make decisions in these areas before the lesson.
• Hence, both the statements are given are true and statement R is the true explanation of statement A.

Shortcut Trick

Check the conditions using options: For 36, the sum of digits is 3 + 6 = 9.

Condition 1: 4 × sum of digits = 4 × 9 = 36 (Matches).

Condition 2: Reversed number is 63. Difference: 63 − 36 = 27 (Matches).

∴ The correct answer is 36.

Alternate Method

Given:

Let the tens digit be x and the units digit be y.

Original two-digit number = 10x + y

Formula Used:

Number = 10 × (Tens digit) + (Units digit)

Calculations:

⇒ 10x + y = 4(x + y)

⇒ 10x + y = 4x + 4y

⇒ 6x = 3y ⇒ y = 2x

⇒ Reversed number = 10y + x

⇒ (10y + x) − (10x + y) = 27

⇒ 9y − 9x = 27 ⇒ y − x = 3

⇒ Substituting y = 2x into the equation:

⇒ 2x − x = 3 ⇒ x = 3

⇒ y = 2 × 3 = 6

⇒ Original number = 10(3) + 6 = 36

∴ The correct answer is 36.

Additional Information

Difference between Number and its Reverse

The difference between a two-digit number (10x + y) and its reverse (10y + x) is always 9 × |x − y|. This means the difference is always a multiple of 9.

Sum of a Number and its Reverse

The sum of a two-digit number and its reverse is always 11 × (x + y), which means the sum is always a multiple of 11.

Digit Interchange Rule

If a number increases by 'k' when digits are reversed, the difference between digits is k ÷ 9. Here, 27 ÷ 9 = 3, so the difference between digits is 3.

• Carbon neutrality refers to achieving net-zero carbon dioxide emissions.
• This can be done by having a balance between emitting carbon and absorbing carbon from the atmosphere in carbon sinks.
• It is used in the context of carbon dioxide-releasing processes associated with transportation, energy production, agriculture, and industry.

Assertion (A): Energy production from biomass has traditionally been considered carbon neutral.

• Biomass is a plant or animal material used as fuel to produce electricity or heat.
• For example, wood, energy crops, and waste from forests, yards, or farms, etc.
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from biomass combustion are traditionally assumed climate neutral  if the bioenergy system is carbon (C) flux neutral
• The CO₂ released from biofuel combustion approximately equals the amount of CO₂ sequestered in biomass.

​Reason (R): Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of biomass are sequestered by growing biomass.

• The plants that are the source of biomass for energy capture almost the same amount of CO₂ through photosynthesis while growing.
• This is released when biomass is burned, which can make biomass a carbon-neutral energy source.
• Biofuels are used as alternative energy sources to fossil fuels.

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Pratyaksa and  Anumana pramanas are accepted by Vaisheshika philosophy. So (A) and (B) only is the correct answers.

Vaisheshika philosophy:

• It is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy

• Kanada Kashyapa was the founder of this school

• The word “Vaisesika” is derived from “Vishesa,” which means “distinction,” or “distinguishing feature,” or “particularity.”

• Vaishesika is a system of pluralistic realism

• It is a system of physics and metaphysics and classifies all objects of experience into six categories

• ​Dravya

• Guna

• Karma

• Samanya

• Visesa

• Samavaya

• The Vaisesika school admits the reality of spiritual substances, the soul and God, and also the law of Karma

• It is not materialism but it is atomism

• It is independent and has its own logic, epistemology, metaphysics, stereology, and ethics

• Among six pramanas of Hinduism, Vaisheshika philosophy only accepts pratyaksa and anumana.

• Pratyaksa means the perception both internal and external. It acquires through sensory organs and the mind.

• Anumana means inference, which accepts the truth based on the observation and previous truths.

• Pramanas: Pramanas are proofs or 'means of knowledge'.

• It is the theory of knowledge and encompasses valid and reliable means of knowledge.

• The sis pramanas are 

• Pratyaksa: means the perception both internal and external. It acquires through sensory organs and the mind.

• Anumana: means inference, which accepts the truth based on the observation and previous truths.

• Sabda: means verbal testimony, A sentence that is a means of valid knowledge is called verbal testimony.

• Upamana: means comparison, It is knowledge derived from comparison and roughly corresponds to analogy.

• Arhapatti: means implication, It is the assumption of an unperceived fact in order to reconcile two apparently inconsistent perceived facts

• Anupalabdhi: means non-perception, the perception of the non-existence of a thing.

• In different schools of philosophy, they accept different means of knowledge or different pramanas.

According to the law of excluded middle, a proposition is either true or false.

Law of excluded middle:

• There are three fundamental law of thought
• Law of non-contradiction: A proposition could be true and false simultaneously
• Law of identity:
• Law of excluded middle: A proposition is either true or false
• The law of excluded middle states that a proposition is true or its negation is true.
• It means that a statement is either true or false.
• It excludes a middle ground between truth and falsity.
• There is no middle ground between being true and being false.

Key Points

• Inbox: It is an electronic folder in which emails received by an individual are held or An inbox is a folder on a computer or phone where emails are received.
• Spam: Spamming is the use of messaging systems to send an unsolicited message (spam) to large numbers of recipients for the purpose of commercial advertising, for the purpose of non-commercial proselytizing, or for any prohibited purpose (especially the fraudulent purpose of phishing).
• Virus: a computer virus is a type of malicious code or program written to alter the way a computer operates and is designed to spread from one computer to another. A virus operates by inserting or attaching itself to a legitimate program or document that supports macros in order to execute its code. In the process, a virus has the potential to cause unexpected or damaging effects, such as harming the system software by corrupting or destroying data.
• Attack: In computers and computer networks an attack is an attempt to expose, alter, disable, destroy, steal or gain unauthorized access to or make unauthorized use of an asset.

Conclusion:

From the above discussion, we can conclude that an inbox is a kind of folder to receive a message, spam is the use of the messaging system to send an unsolicited message to a large number of recipients**,** the virus is a type of malicious code that destroys system software and attack is an attempt to alter or gain unauthorized access to make unauthorized use of an asset. Hence, option (2) is correct.

• Operators are special symbols that are used to perform calculations, make comparisons and check logical conditions.
• There are various types of operators discussed in this appendix. The following types are provided:
• Arithmetic Operators are used to performing mathematical calculations.
• Assignment Operators are used to assigning a value to a property or variable. Assignment Operators can be numeric, date, system, time, or text.
• Comparison Operators are used to performing comparisons.
• Concatenation Operators are used to combining strings.
• Logical Operators are used to performing logical operations and include AND, OR, or NOT.
• Boolean Operators include AND, OR, XOR, or NOT and can have one of two values, true or false.
• The relational operator is a programming language that defines some kind of relation between two entities.
• It basically used to define equality or inequality of two entities. For example, 7 = 7, 4 ≥ 3

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is false.

​ International Solar Alliance (ISA):

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a treaty-based international organization that was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris by PM Narendra Modi and Mr. Francois Hollande (former France president).
• The First Assembly of the ISA was held in October 2018 which was inaugurated by Prime Minister of India Mr Narendra Modi and the UN Secretary-General, H.E. Mr. António Guterres.
• The headquarters of the International Solar Alliance is in Gurugram, Haryana, India.
• The main objective is: 
• To mobilize more than USD 1,000 billion into solar power by 2030 accelerate the development and deployment of over 1,000GW of solar generation capacity in member countries.
• To meet energy demands and to bring prosperity, energy security, and sustainable development through solar. Put simply, our goal is to make the sun shine brighter.
• There are 84 countries that have signed the ISA agreement. Recently joined Countries are the Republic of Botswana, St. Lucia, State of Eritrea, Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis.
• There are 62 countries that have signed and ratified the ISA Framework Agreement. Recently St. Lucia and the Republic of El Salvador ratified the ISA framework.

Important Points

India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi has urged the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) members at the recent 9^th BRICS summit to join the ISA and bridge the gaps of solar energy needs evident worldwide. Although they are official ISA members, South Africa, and China, have not signed the agreement yet, whereas Brazil has yet to uphold officially become one of the founding members of the alliance. Russia, for now, is not part of it.

Therefore, option 4 is the correct answer.

Historical research consists of the studies of the past happenings. In one sense, the study of history highlights causal relationships of past events and outlines enough background for understanding the social phenomena, past as well as present. 

The main feature of historical research is the evaluation of historical data. The backbone of historiography is the authenticity of data collected through different sources. Even when the data are collected through different sources, doubts can be raised about their validity, reliability and relevance. The process of judging validity, reliability and relevance of data is carried out through two devices viz. External Criticism and Internal Criticism. 

• External criticism is also called lower criticism. It is concerned with testing the authenticity and genuineness of sources of data. In other words, every historical researcher must examine whether a document or source really is what it seems to be. It helps to determine whether it is what appears or claims to be and whether it reads original so as to save the researcher from being the victim of a fraud. On the whole, the general criteria followed for such criticism depend on:
• A good chronological sense, a versatile intellect, good common sense, an intelligent understanding of human behaviour, and plenty of patience and persistence on the part of the researcher
• Contemporary reputation of the source
• Consistent reputation of the source over the years
• Internal criticism: Once the sources are verified for their authenticity and genuineness, the content of the data is subjected to verification which is known as internal criticism of the data. It is also called higher criticism and is concerned with the validity, credibility, or worth of the content of the document.

Hence, we conclude that internal and external criticism is associated with Historical Research.

Therefore the correct matching is, (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)

Local Area Network (LAN):

• A LAN (Local Area Network) is a group of computers that consists of several connected computers in an area. It is a client-server system.
• The area commonly is about thousands of meters.
• A LAN can achieve the targets, including Documents Management, Application Sharing, Printers Sharing, E-mail, and so on.
• The LAN is a closed network that can consist of 2 PCs or thousands of PCs in one company.
• The Local area network is generally owned by one department or unit.
• It is easy to build, maintain, and expand, and system flexibility is high.
• It uses the special laid transmission media for networking, delivering a high data transfer rate (10Mbs - 10Gbs)
• The communication delay time is short. High reliability.
• Devices used to set a LAN are Computer, A network switch, or a router and Cable
• LAN can support a variety of transmission media.

Peer-to-peer network: 

• Here two or more PCs connected and shares their resources with each other
• There is no central server instead each computer can act as a server as well as a client.
• Each PC is a client and also the server, no central machine is available.

 

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is false.

Computer network:

• A computer network enables two or more computers to share data and hardware resources.
• Computers are connected together so they can communicate with one another, they form a network.
• All types of computer network also enable two or more computer to share information and resources
• These are designed to establish internal communication.
• The computer and other important output units are called nodes and the personal computer of an individual is called a workstation.

Some of the important examples are:

• LAN: Local Area Network, uses a cable to connect a number of computers in close proximity.
• WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network, it links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method and provides a connection through an access point to the wider internet.
• WAN: Wide Area Network, use telephone lines or other telecommunication devices t link computers to widespread locations.
• PAN: Personal Area Network, Used for communication among computers and IT devices which is close to one person.
• SAN: Storage Area Network
• VPN: Virtual Private Network
• CAN: Campus Area Network
• MAN: Metropolitan Area Network

• Toxic effects that occur at multiple sites is known as systematic toxicity.
• There are various types of systematic toxicity as follows,
• Chronic toxic effects: cumulative damage to specific organ systems and takes many months or years to become a recognizable clinical disease. It results from a single dose of a very high toxic substance or continuous exposure to a sub-lethal dose.
• Acute toxic effects: occurs immediately after exposure, usually, a single dose or a series of doses is received within 24 hours. The survival rate is very low, death is a major concern.
• Carcinogenicity
• Developmental toxic effect
• Genetic toxicity

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is false.

Given:

The sum of the squares of three numbers = 83

The  sum of their products taken two at a time = 71

Calculations:

Let three numbers be 'a', 'b', and 'c'

The sum of the squares of a, b, and c = a² + b² + c²

⇒ a2 + b2 + c2

The sum of their products taken two at a time = ab + bc + ca

⇒ ab + bc + ca = 71

We know that,

(a + b + c)² = a2 + b2 + c² + 2(ab + bc + ca) 

⇒ (a + b + c)² = 83 + 2 × 71

⇒ (a + b + c)2 = 83 + 142

⇒ (a + b + c)2 = 225

⇒ (a + b + c)2 = 15²

a + b + c = 15     (∵ a^m = b^m  then, a = b)

∴ The sum of three number is 15

Immediacy in communication:

• Immediacy in communication is the way we signal closeness, willingness to communicate, and positive feelings to another person.
• According to Peter Anderson, 'immediacy behaviours are actions that simultaneously communicate warmth, involvement, psychological closeness, availability for communication, and positive affect.'
• Immediacy consists of both verbal and nonverbal behaviours.
• We exhibit verbal immediacy behaviours when we signal warmth and a willingness to connect to the receiver of the message and when we use language that expresses immediacy.
• Cultural differences make a few verbal communications inappropriate.
• Examples of verbal immediacy behaviors include the use of plural pronouns, the use of the informal manner of address, displaying openness, and the use of compliments.
• Examples of nonverbal immediacy cues include touch, distance, eye contact, body language, and vocal tone.

Immediacy Cues:

• Cues are internal or external events that have a signalling significance to an organism which subsequently affects learning and behavior. The cue may be verbal or nonverbal.
• Nodding head, smiling, eye contact, slower body movement, leaning forward, the natural pitch of voice, etc. are some of the immediacies of cues

Conclusion:

• Social psychologist Albert Mehrabian has been credited with defining the concept of immediacy in terms of his "principle of immediacy," which states "people are drawn toward persons and things they like, evaluate highly and prefer; and they avoid or move away from things they dislike, evaluate negatively, or do not prefer".
• Immediacy relates to approach and avoidance behaviours and can be thought of as the perceived distance between people. Since, immediacy is related to the behavior of a person before others belonging to different caste, creed, and race. So, it will be related to the cultural background of a person.
• Hence, option (2) is correct.

• Wind turbines work on a simple principle, instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan wind turbines use the wind to make electricity.
• The wind turns the propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator, which creates electricity.

Rotor:

• The portion of the wind turbine that collects energy from the wind is called the rotor.

• The rotor usually consists of two or more wooden, fiberglass, or metal blades that rotate about an axis (horizontal or vertical) at a rate determined by the wind speed and the shape of the blades.

• The blades are attached to the hub, which in turn is attached to the main shaft.

• This is the main part of a modern wind turbine design that collects the wind's energy and transforms it into mechanical power in the form of rotation.

• For wind power, electricity generation Propeller rotor is most commonly used.

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.