UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 30th Sep 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Given

The total number of children in 2016 = 7500

The total number of children in 2017 = 10500

The Percentage (%) of children who are not overweight in 2016 = (100 - 30) % = 70%

The Percentage (%) of children who are not overweight in 2017 = (100 - 28) % = 72%

Solution

The number of children who were not overweight in the year 2016:

⇒ 70% of 7500 = 5250 

The number of children who were not overweight in the year 2017:

⇒ 72% of 10500 = 7560

The total number of children who were not overweight in the year 2016 and 2017 together:

⇒ 5250 + 7560 = 12810

Given

The number of overweight women in 2018 = 25% 0f 30000

The number of overweight children in 2018 = 35% 0f 6000

The number of overweight men in 2018 = 30% 0f 31500 = 9450

Solution

The number of overweight women and overweight children together in the year 2018:

⇒ 25% 0f 30000 + 35% 0f 6000

⇒ 7500 + 2100 = 9600

The difference between the number of overweight women and overweight children together in the year 2018 and the number of overweight men in the same year:

⇒ 9600 - 9450 = 150

A food chain explains which organism in the ecosystem consumes another.

Key Points

Food Chain:

• The food chain is a succession of living things that transmit nutrients and energy from one organism to the next.
• Bioaccumulation is a process started when an organism absorbs a material more quickly than it is eliminated by catabolism and excretion.
• Pesticides are chemicals that can be used to kill fungi, bacteria, insects, plant diseases, etc.
• A substance from the carbamate family called carbaryl is mostly employed as an insecticide.
• Carbaryl is not anticipated to bioconcentrate appreciably.

Thus, Carbaryl pesticides would have the least chance of bioaccumulation in food chains. 

Hence, the correct answer is Carbaryl

Additional Information

• Bioaccumulation is the build-up of something in the body of an organism.
• In biology, bioaccumulation is typically associated with the build-up of damaging or harmful chemicals in a living thing. These chemicals will not break down in the body or are not able to be excreted. This will cause the chemical to accumulate over time.
• In India, pesticides must be registered with the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare's affiliated Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage.

Given

The number of overweight women in 2019 = 30% of 27000

The number of overweight children in 2019 = 30% 0f 8000

The number of overweight men in 2019 = 16% 0f 33000 

Formula

Average = Total sum of all values/No. of all values

Solution

The average of the number of men, women and chlidren who were overweight in the year 2019

⇒ (8100 + 2400 + 5280)/3

⇒ 5260

Given

The number of overweight men in the year 2021 = 37.5% of 39000

The number of non-overweight men in the year 2021 = 62.5% of 39000

Formula

A % B = A/B × 100

Solution

⇒ (37.5% of 39000)/(62.5% of 39000) × 100

⇒ 60%

The number of overweight men in the year 2021 was 60% of the number of men who were not overweight in the same year.

Given

The number of overweight women in 2018 = 25% 0f 30000

The number of overweight men in 2020 = 12% 0f 35000 

Solution

The ratio of the number of overweight women in the year 2018 to the number of overweight men in the year 2020:

⇒ 7500 : 4200 = 25 : 14

Communication is a process of achieving a shift in understanding between two or more individuals. 

Key Points

• Interpersonal communication is conversations between people that take place face-to-face.
• Compatibility refers to having the ability to coexist peacefully with someone or something.
• Communication compatibility between individuals is rooted in empathy.
• Empathy involves two things: perception and communication.
• Communicating without the proper, correct perception of the meaning of the message, leads to a decrease in the empathic character of the relationship or conversation.
• Empathic communication requires embracing and tolerating different viewpoints and feelings in them as well as sharing them with them.

Thus, Communication compatibility between individuals is rooted in empathy. 

Hence ,the correct answer is Empathy

Additional Information

• An effective communication system has five essential components:  
• Speaker or sender.
• Transmission
• Form of the communication
• Recipient
• Desired

A question paper is a basic instrument used in a test or examination. 

Key Points

• It is typical for a teacher to put together questions for a test on the spot without taking into account the qualities of an effective test.
• The characteristic of a good question paper: 
• The question paper should have Validity which it is intended to measure.
• It must have Reliability to measure accuracy.
• It is written in precise, unambiguous language.
• The question paper should also be objective, practical, and candidate-friendly.

Thus, Subjectivity is NOT characteristic of a good question paper. 

Additional Information

• Evaluation is the methodical evaluation and explanation of the anticipated or actual effects of ideas or outcomes.

Bloom's taxonomy is used to categorised educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity.

Key Points

Bloom's taxonomy:

• Bloom's taxonomy of learning Outcomes is divided into three parts: 
• Cognitive Domain
• Affective Domain
• Psychomotor Domain
• Bloom's taxonomy's greatest level of learning.
• The cognitive domain deals with the acquisition of knowledge and the growth of intellectual abilities.
• There are six major types of cognitive domains: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Evaluation and Synthesis.
• The synthesis level is the highest level where learners try to categorize, combine, compile, compose, Create, devise, design, explain, and generate.

Thus, according to the revised Bloom's taxonomy Create is considered to be the highest for the learner. 

Additional Information

• The affective Domain has sub-major types: Reservice, Value, Organize, Respond and Characterization.
• Psychomotor Domain has five different levels Imitation, Manipulation, Precision, articulation, and Naturalization.

SWAYAM stands for Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds. 

Key Points

• It is guided by the three guiding principles of education policy: access, equity, and quality.
• The goal of this initiative is to make the best teaching and learning tools available to everyone, even the most disadvantaged.
• Course hosted on SWAYAM is in 4 quadrants
• Video lecture
• Study Material
• Assessment
• Discussion
• SWAYAM aims to close the digital divide for students.
• The Ministry of Education handle SWAYAM Paltfrom.

Thus, SWAYAM tries to take the best teaching-learning resources to all students through Video lectures. 

Additional Information

• Seminar  may be defined as a gathering of people for the purpose of discussing a stated topic. Such gatherings are usually interactive sessions where the participants engage in discussions about the delineated topic.
• Classroom teaching and learning is a complex, multilayered, and social experience. Many things happen at the same time, and the students and teacher must interpret and process these events with considerable rapidity.
• Conference is  an event, sometimes lasting a few days, at which there is a group of talks on a particular subject, or a meeting which especially business matters are discussed formally:

The educational system provides teaching-learning opportunities outside of on-campus, scheduled classes.

Key Points

Non-Conventional learning:

• Non-traditional learning programmes include teaching-learning activities outside of on-campus, scheduled classes.
• It is developed by P.H. Coombs and Ahmed.
• The characteristics of non-Conventional learning: 
• Centered on students
• Cost-effective
• Continual Link to Employment
• For quality enhancement
• The classroom time is predetermined in this type of programme.

Thus, the correct answer from the options are B, C and D only. 

Additional Information

• Learning these affordable hobbies helps someone find work.

Hermeneutics is the study and application of interpretation, which entails a rationally supported understanding.

Key Points

Hermeneutics:

• It describes a theory of understanding as well as a corpus of historically varied strategies for interpreting texts, objects, and concepts.
• It deals with making the incomprehensible, understandable and communicative.
• The practice of interpretation particularly the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.
• Hermeneutics was initially used to interpret or exegete the Bible.

Thus, the term 'Hermeneutics' is drawn from theology. 

Additional Information 

• The history of hermeneutics spans eras, methodologies, and all of the humanities, social sciences, and even natural sciences disciplines.
• It has now been expanded to include concerns of general interpretation.

The Internet is a vast network of communication networks. 

Key PointsStatement I: The new system of communication has facilitated the emergence of an interactive society.

• The Internet has transformed how people live, study, work, earn, and communicate globally.
• The new media are technologically oriented communication channels that enable user-to-user interaction in modern culture.
• It has facilitated the emergence of an interactive society.

Thus, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: The new system of communication is digital and has integrated multiple modes of communication through networks.

• The social network was created through digital technology.
• The network is separated into various domains, with a domain manager and several agents in each domain.
• It has markets, data networks, and communication networks, which give the network a platform to adapt to business needs.

Thus, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, the correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement ll are true.

The square of opposition is a diagram used in categorical logic to depict the logical relationship. 

Key Points

 

Relationships between Propositions:

 

• Now, "Some plants are No Carnivorous" is given as false, A is True (Sub-alternation). E is False (Contradictory) and I is (Sub-contrary) True.
• So, "Some plants are carnivorous" is true, "No plants are carnivorous" is false, and "All plants are carnivorous' is true" is true.

Therefore, the correct answer from the options are A, C and D only.

​A dynamic approach to learning is that the students are engaged and active participants in their education.

Key Points

• The best way to teach by doing this is to get actively involved in the activities.
• They must engage in activities that make them think, such as reading, writing, talking, and discussions.
• It must take an active role in many ways.
• Teachers place a strong emphasis on student participation in learning activities.
• Students to be actively involved in their learning, roleplaying, and simulations.

Thus, Dynamic approach to teaching means students should learn through activities.

Additional Information

• They must engage in activities that make them think, such reading, writing, talking, and discussions.
• This implies adopting an entirely new approach to a lesson so that they are not just waiting and listening but they must actively participate in various ways.

Historical research involves gathering and analyzing data on past events or ideas.

Key Points

Historical Research:

• In addition to assisting scholars in making links between past and present occurrences
• In order to understand how particular events affected the ones that followed, it investigates potential causes for those events.
• Some of the Limitations of Historical research are mentioned below: 
• The content analysis imposes restrictions.
• Prejudice in the analysis of historical materials.
• Sample representation cannot be guaranteed by researchers.
• A universal generalization of the class of facts
• Lack of ability to regulate outside factors

Thus, Historical research has the limitation of Universal generalization. 

Additional Information

• The primary sources used in historical research include documents from the time period being studied, including historical records, books, pictures, letters, and other documentary evidence.

MOOC is the most common method for providing online courses. 

Key PointsAssertion A: MOOCs on the SWAYAM portal can be used for earning upto 40% credits per semester by students.

• The Government of India launched the SWAYAM as MOOC.
• The UGC is regulator of SWAYAM regarding the credits.
• UGC Credit Framework laid down that university will assign the credits earned through SWAYAM an equivalent credit weight of up to 40%.

Thus, A is true. 

Reason R: All MOOCs on the SWAYAM portal are credit-based MOOCS.

• It is designed to achieve the three cardinal principles of Education Policy viz., access, equity and quality.
• The Courses on the SWAYAM divided Credit-based MOOCs and SWAYAM certificate.
• It also offers students certification courses after the completion of a small fee.

So, R is false. 

Therefore, A is true but R is false.

Hazards that are anthropogenic are those brought on by human behavior or inaction. 

Key Points

• Environmental hazards are described as extraordinary occurrences or chemicals in the Earth's ecological system that could have a negative impact on people and their valuable possessions.
• It can be further divided into two parts 
• Man-made hazards or Anthropogenic hazards
• Environmental hazards
• An environmental hazard is anything that has the potential to endanger the environment around it or have a negative impact on people's health.
• Anthropogenic hazards are certain negative conditions created with the participation of man, which affect the environment and public health.

The statistics of incidents due to human fault are as follows:

1. Emergency situations at nuclear power plants and plants - 45%;
2. Objects with increased risk (places of storage, transportation, manufacture, or use of substances that may cause an emergency) - 60%;
3. Plane crashes and maritime transport accidents - 80%; car accidents - 90%.

• This includes pollution and natural disasters like storms and earthquakes.
• For example, earthquakes, nuclear disasters, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, drought, subsidence, tropical storms, and wildfires.

Thus, the correct answer from the options is B, C, and E only. 

Important Points B. Nuclear Disaster: Nuclear disasters, such as those caused by accidents at nuclear power plants or improper handling of nuclear materials, are hazards that can occur due to human actions.

C. Floods: While floods can also occur naturally, human activities such as deforestation, improper land use, and urbanization can exacerbate flood risks and increase their frequency and severity.

E. Forest Fires: Forest fires can be caused by human activities such as campfires, arson, discarded cigarettes, or improper land management practices.

Additional Information

• Hazards caused by humans, other living things, biomes, and ecosystems could be detrimental.
• Environmental risks are frequently defined as the product of a hazard and the likelihood of its occurring.

The correct option is 9. 

Key Points

• The $ symbol creates an absolute cell reference that won't change before the row and column coordinates. It can be written in different ways A1, $A$1, $A1, and A$1
• • sing symbolized Plus.
• So, $A$3 = 7

= $A$3 + B2 is equal to 9

= $A$3 + B2 = 7+2 = 9$

As per the given information,

Certain number of birds are sitting on two trees A and B.

Let,

Number of birds on tree A = a

Number of birds on tree B = b

• Birds sitting on tree A, tell to the birds sitting on tree B, that if 2 birds from tree B shift to tree A, then we are equal in number.

→ (a + 2) = (b - 2)

→ a = b - 4   -----(i)

• However, the birds sitting on tree B, tell those sitting on A, that if two birds from your side (tree A) shift to our side (tree B), then we become double than you (tree A).

→ (b + 2) = 2(a - 2)

→ b + 2 = 2a - 4

→ b = 2a - 4 - 2

→ b = 2a - 6 ------(ii)

Putting the value of equation (i) in (ii) we get:

→ b = 2(b - 4) - 6

→ b = 2b - 8 - 6

→ b = 2b - 14

→ b = 14

now, putting b = 14 in equation (i) we get:

→ a = 14 - 4

→ a = 10

Thus, the number of birds on tree A = 10 and the number of birds on tree B = 10.

Hence, the correct answer is "10, 14".

The correct response is that Indian citizens who sign up for a Digilocker account get a dedicated cloud storage space that is limited to their Aadhar number.

Key Points 

This statement is incorrect. Digilocker allocates 1 GB of dedicated cloud storage space to every registered user, irrespective of whether their Aadhaar number is linked to their account or not.

Aadhaar plays a role in account creation: While an Aadhaar card is mandatory for signing up for a Digilocker account, it doesn't determine the storage space a user receives.

 Additional Information

It aims to eliminate the use of physical documents and provide access to digital documents anytime, anywhere, and share it online.

• This statement is correct. Digilocker is indeed designed to reduce reliance on physical documents by providing a platform for individuals to store their documents digitally.
• Users can access their digital documents anytime, anywhere with an internet connection, and they can also share these documents online securely. By digitizing documents and making them accessible electronically, Digilocker aims to streamline administrative processes, reduce paperwork, and enhance efficiency in accessing and sharing documents.

 

Citizens can self-upload documents and digitally sign them using the e-sign facility.

• This statement is also correct. Digilocker allows users to self-upload their documents digitally.
• Additionally, it provides the option for users to digitally sign their documents using the e-sign facility. The e-sign facility enables users to electronically sign documents using Aadhaar-based authentication, thereby providing a legally valid digital signature.
• This feature enhances the authenticity and validity of digitally signed documents stored in Digilocker, making them suitable for various official and legal purposes.

 

The slogan of Digilocker is "My documents, Anytime, Anywhere."

• This statement is also correct. "My documents, Anytime, Anywhere" is indeed the slogan of Digilocker.
• This slogan encapsulates the core objective of Digilocker, which is to provide users with convenient access to their digital documents from anywhere and at any time.
• It emphasizes the platform's aim to offer users flexibility and convenience in managing and accessing their documents digitally, without being constrained by physical or geographical limitations.

Sustainable development is a development that meets the existing demands without risking the capacity of future generations to satisfy their own needs.

Key PointsStatement I: An ethical framework of sustainable development provides normative guidance regarding our relationship with the environment.

• ​An ethical framework for sustainable development offers normative direction.
• The model presented below illustrates the relationship between natural wealth and human happiness.
• Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss
• It is well-being in a hierarchy of human institutions, including technology, economy, politics, and ethics.

Thus, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: Anthropocentric model is misleading as evident from its environmental consequences.

• The environmental effects of the anthropocentric approach have made it clear that it is a deceptive and harmful framework.
• The sustainability hypothesis is based on the idea that both natural and human-made evolution have intrinsic worth.
• Anthropocentric models are misleading as evident from their environmental consequences.

So, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

A logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that reduces the strength and persuasiveness of an argument.

Key Points

• There are two main types of fallacies: Formal fallacy and informal fallacy.
• An informal fallacy is an error in the argument's form, content, or context.
• ​The false cause is a fallacy when an argument makes the incorrect claim that one condition of affairs causes another state of affairs to occur.
• The error is drawing a conclusion based on a purported causal relationship that is either not true.
• In the above argument, the claim "Sun shines when there is light anyway" is a factual wrong claim. This is one of the reasons for the convenience that we should value the moon.

Thus, the Fallacy of False Cause is committed in this argument. 

Additional Information

• False Dilemma is an informal fallacy based on a presumption that incorrectly restricts the options that are accessible.
• The fallacy of equivocation is a formal fallacy that happens when a crucial term or phrase is employed in an unclear manner
• Appeal to Emotion is the manipulation of the recipient's emotions in order to win an argument in the absence of factual evidence.

Given

The container gets completely filled with bacteria = 30 minutes

Concept

Every 1 minute = Number of bacteria in a container doubles

Solution

No. of bacteria intially in the cup =1

After 1 min no. of cells will be 2×1=2¹

After 2 min = 2×2 = 2²

After 3 min = 2×2×2 = 2³

So, after 30 min no. of cells will be 2³⁰

Quantity of whole cup = 230 cells

Quantity of 1/4^th a cup = 230/2² = 2²⁸

Thus, time taken to fill half of the cup = 28 min

Hence, it will be 1/4^th in 28 minutes.

Shortcut Trick

By using the Method of Alligation:

Ratio of (Original Students) : (New Boys) = (14.5 − 12.5) : (15 − 14.5)

⇒ Ratio = 2.0 : 0.5 = 4 : 1

Since the number of new boys is 5 (which corresponds to 1 part),

Original number of students (4 parts) = 4 × 5 = 20.

∴ The correct answer is 20 students.

Alternate Method

Given:

Average age of original students = 15 years

Number of new boys = 5

Average age of new boys = 12 years 6 months = 12.5 years

New average age = 15 years − 6 months = 14.5 years

Original (n)

New Boys (5)

15 12.5

14.5

2.0 0.5

Ratio = 4 : 1

Original students = 4 × 5 = 20

Formula Used:

Total Sum = Average × Number of Observations

Calculation:

Let the original number of students in the class be n.

⇒ Total age of original students = 15 × n = 15n

⇒ Total age of 5 new boys = 5 × 12.5 = 62.5 years

⇒ Total number of students after admission = n + 5

⇒ New total age of the class = 14.5 × (n + 5)

According to the given condition:

⇒ 15n + 62.5 = 14.5 × (n + 5)

⇒ 15n + 62.5 = 14.5n + 72.5

⇒ 15n − 14.5n = 72.5 − 62.5

⇒ 0.5n = 10

⇒ n = 10 ÷ 0.5 = 20

∴ The correct answer is 20 students.

Additional Information

Weighted Average

For two distinct groups with sizes n₁ and n₂ and averages A₁ and A₂ respectively, the combined overall average is calculated using the formula: (n₁A₁ + n₂A₂) ÷ (n₁ + n₂).

Method of Alligation

It is a shortcut method primarily used to determine the exact ratio in which two quantities or sets are mixed to achieve a desired combined average. The ratio is derived directly by cross-subtracting the combined average from each individual average.

Replacement in Averages

When an existing observation is substituted by a new one, the direct relation between the values is: New Value = Replaced Value + (Total Number of Observations × Net Change in Average).

Key Points

Assertion A: Most cyclones cause widespread damage in coastal areas.

• Cyclones are a phenomenon that happens due to a low-pressure area surrounded by swift inward air circulation.
• There are two types of cyclones: Tropical cyclones and Extra-Tropical cyclones.
• Coastal areas are more susceptible to destruction from tropical cyclones.

Thus, Assertion is correct but R is not correct

Reason R: Energy of most cyclones increases after landfall.

• Tropical cyclones originated in the region between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer.
• Extratropical cyclones are known to originate in polar regions, but they also occur in temperate zones and high-latitude regions.
• Tropical cyclones usually lose strength quickly over land because they are cut off from their main supply of energy.

So, Reason  is not correct. 

Therefore, A is correct but R is not correct.

Approaches are frameworks to study phenomena. 

Key Points

Therefore, A-IV, B - I, C - II, D - III is correct matching.

Malware is any programme that purposefully attacks a computer, network, or server. 

Key Points

Malware **:**​

• Malware is able to infect networks and devices and is designed with the intention of negatively affecting such devices, networks, and/or their users.
• Examples of Malware are Computer viruses, worms, Trojan horse ransomware, and spyware.
• These harmful applications steal, encrypt, and erase private information.
• They also change or hijack fundamental computer operations and track end users' online behaviours.

Thus, Worms and Viruses are two examples of malware. 

Additional Information

• Malware can have terrible effects in some situations while having very minor and innocuous ones in others.
• This harm may manifest itself to the user or endpoint in many ways depending on the type of malware and its objective.

Visual communication allows for real-time voice and video material transfer between two or more people. 

Key Points

VIdeo-conferencing system:

• There are two types of video conferencing that have emerged: point-to-point conferencing and multipoint conferencing.
• The essential component required for a video-conferencing system are: 
• Desktop or laptop computer
• Web camera
• Microphone
• Speakers or Headphones
• High-speed internet access
• Account with a video conferencing service.

Thus, the Telephone is not an essential component required for the video-conferencing system. 

Additional Information

• VoIP technology is mainly used in video conferencing software to transport audio and video signals.

Data collection is the act of acquiring and measuring information.

Key PointsStatement I: The qualitative data are powerful because they are collected from very sensitive social, historical and temporal context.

• Qualitative data is descriptive and conceptual information gathered through surveys, interviews, or observation.
• It is collected from text, audio and images and shared through data visualization tools.
• These data are very sensitive in a social, historical and temporal context.

Thus, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: Context sensitivity cannot be completely removed from the qualitative data.

• The context-sensitivity of data-gathering processes, and the method's alignment with the application context.
• Context-sensitive research puts findings in a social, historical, and temporal context.
• It cannot be completely removed from qualitative data.

So, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement ll are true.

A fallacy is known as Hetvabhasa in Indian logic. 

Key Points

• A fallacy occurs when the middle term appears to be the reason but it is not a valid reason.
• According to Nyaya School, there are five different types of fallacies considered to be material fallacies.
• The Nyaya syllogism recognizes the fact that verbal form is not the essence of inference and is required only to convince others.
• Material fallacies occur when the reasoning is unsound because of an error concerning the subject matter of the argument.

Thus, the correct answer from the options are A, B and D only. 

Additional Information

• They address errors in the formulation of arguments, the content of expressions, etc.
• Presumption fallacies are another name for material fallacies.

According to the given information:

The codes in tabular form :

Thus, the code for 'leaves' is '7'.

Hence, the correct answer is "7".

Indian philosophical and epistemological traditions served as the sole foundation for the development of ancient Indian education. 

Key Points

• The ancient Indian educational system was created to meet both individual and societal demands, making its development natural.
• The enduring and unending sources of Indian civilization and culture were the ancient educational institutions.

Thus, some of the most notable universities that evolved during the ancient period in India were situated at Takshashila, Vikramshila, Jagaddala, Odantapuri and Nalanda. 

Additional Information

• There were three different sorts of institutions at that time Gurukulas, Parishads (Academies), and Sammelans (Conferences).

Nyaya philosophy is a system of logical realism. 

Key PointsAssertion A: According to classical Indian Logicians (Naiyayikas), all fallacies are material fallacies.

• The fallacy is known as Hetvabhasa in Indian logic.
• According to Nyaya School, there are five different types of fallacies considered to be material fallacies.
• Material fallacies occur when the reasoning is flawed due to a mistake about the topic under discussion.

So, Assertion is true

Reason R: According to Nyaya, Syllogism is deductive-inductive and formal-material.

• The Nyaya syllogism is formal-material and deductive-inductive.
• The Nyaya syllogism acknowledges that verbal form is simply necessary to assure others.
• It does not constitute the substance of a conclusion.

Thus, Reason is true. 

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

A logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that reduces the strength and persuasiveness of your argument.

Key Points

• There are two main types of fallacies: Formal fallacy and informal fallacy.
• An informal fallacy is an error in the form, content, or context of the argument.
• Ignoratio elenchi also known as the irrelevant conclusion, is an informal fallacy.
• Irrelevant conclusion in which an argument may or may not be logically acceptable and sound but fails to address the subject in question.
• The above argument removes the hunger for knowledge we have to find solutions but the arguer draws the conclusion "one should stick to the food" is not a logical conclusion at all.

Thus, the Ignoratio elenchi (irrelevant conclusion) fallacy is committed in this argument. 

Additional Information

• False Dilemma is an informal fallacy based on a presumption that incorrectly restricts the options that are accessible.
• Begging the Question is an error in logic where the premises of an argument are predicated on the validity of the conclusion.
• Appeal to Emotion is the manipulation of the recipient's emotions in order to win an argument in the absence of factual evidence.

Validity refers to test measures which we are supposed to measure. 

Key Points

• Validity in research basically indicates the accuracy of methods to measure something. If specific devices or tools measure accurate things and outcomes are closely related to real values then it is considered being as valid.
• It means that they accurately reflect the genuine features, traits, and variations in the physical or social reality.
• On the basis of cause-and-effect relationships, the Validity is divided into Internal validity and External validity.
• Internal Validity is the level of assurance that the causal relationship under test is reliable and unaffected by other variables or factors.
• There are eight threats to internal validity in research: history, maturation, instrumentation, testing**, s**election bias, regression to the mean, social interaction and attrition.
• A method is probably invalid if it is not trustworthy.

Thus, Maturation, History and Instrumentation are threats to internal validity in research.

Additional Information

• External validity is the degree to which research findings can be generalised to different contexts, populations, or events.

Communication is transferring information or messages from one person or group to another. 

Key Points

Grapevine communication:

• Grapevine communication is informal communication that takes place within an organization without adhering to a recommended framework.
• It can be characterized as an informal and unofficial communication mechanism.
• The advantages of grapevine communication are mentioned below: 
• Rapid message delivery is possible within the company.
• It can enhance staff members' grasp of the company's culture.
• It can foster a sense of belonging among workers.
• It provides an emotional outlet for staff members.
• Quick feedback can be obtained
• The grapevine method helps a lot in resolving several issues and boosting up the relationship

Thus, the advantage of grapevine communication is Knowing the morale in the organization, knowing the important issues faced by the employees and Assessment of employee anxieties.

Communication is transferring information or messages from one person or group to another. 

Key Points

Non-verbal cues:

• On the basis of channels, Communication can be divided into two types Verbal and Nonverbal communication.
• Nonverbal communication is a means of communication without using words.
• It can be inferred from someone's physical appearance such as sounds, gestures and facial expressions.
• Interpersonal communication is an informational exchange between two or more people.
• It can be Verbal or Non-verbal, Informal or Formal.
• It is effective because it provides immediate feedback.

Thus, In face-to-face communication, the non-verbal cues provided by the receiver can be considered feedback. 

Additional Information

• Face-to-face communication has been demonstrated to promote mental health.

Given: 2, 10, 30, 68, 130, 222, ?

The logic follows here is:

Calculation:

1³ + 1 = 2

23​ + 2 = 10

33​ + 3 = 30

43​ + 4 = 68

53​ + 5 = 130

63​ + 6 = 222

73​ + 7 = 350

Hence, the correct answer is "350".

Digital computers are able to solve issues by processing data in discrete forms.

Key Points

• The four fundamental functional components of a digital computer system are the Input device, Output device, Main memory and Central Processing Unit.
• Central Processing Unit is the brain of the computer.
• The Central Processing Unit have Six main Components: 
• Control unit (CU)
• Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
• Registers
• Cache
• Buses
• Clock
• All processing for any attached peripheral devices was likewise finished by the central processing unit.

Thus, ALU (Arithmetic-Logic Unit), CU (Control Unit) and Processor Registers are the principal components of the CPU of a computer system. 

Additional Information

• Solid-State Drive is a non-volatile storage media that stores constant data on solid-state flash memory.
• VRAM (Video RAM) is RAM that is used to store image data for a computer display.

Communication across cultural barriers is challenging and difficult. 

Key Points

• Every culture has established norms that its people abide by.
• Suggestions for communication with people from different cultures can be:
• Study the culture before you arrive
• Expect variations
• Recognize hierarchies
• Promote mutual respect
• Be honest when expressing communication problems.
• Be tolerant and respectful
• Always state facts

Thus, The correct answer is C, D and E only

Additional Information

• A cultural barrier is a problem that results from miscommunication between sender and recipient due to cultural differences.

Water bodies are collections of water on the surface of the Earth. 

Key Points

Fresh Water:

Freshwater on the land surface is a vital part of the water cycle for everyday human life. On the landscape, freshwater is stored in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, creeks, and streams. Most of the water people use everyday comes from these sources of water on the land surface.

• The term is most frequently used in reference to oceans, seas, and lakes.
• It can also refer to smaller water bodies like ponds, marshes, or less frequently, puddles.
• Water bodies in increasing order of the quantity of freshwater: 

1. Rivers and streams
2. Freshwater lakes and reservoirs
3. Groundwater
4. Ice and snow

• The Earth is covered with 70% water.

Important Points

The World's Water - Distribution of Earth's Water

• About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered, and the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth's water. Water also exists in the air as water vapor, in rivers and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers, in the ground as soil moisture and in aquifers, and even in you.
• In the first bar, notice how only 2.5 percent of Earth's water is freshwater.
• The middle bar shows the breakdown of freshwater. Almost all of it is locked up in ice and in the ground.
• Only a little more than 1.2 percent of all freshwater is surface water.
• The right bar shows the breakdown of surface freshwater. Most of this water is locked up in ice, and another 20.9 percent is found in lakes.
• Rivers make up 0.49 percent of surface freshwater.
• Although rivers account for only a small amount of freshwater, this is where humans get a large portion of their water from.

Thus, the correct answer is D, B, C, A.

Education nourishes personality by improving all aspects of life as physical, mental, spiritual, vital, emotional, social, and cultural.

Key Points

Therefore, A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II is the correct matching.

The correct answer is "Radium"

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statement from the passage.
• Together with her husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied uranium and other radioactive substances.
• From the highlighted part of the above statement it is clear that, Radium is widely used in treatment of Cancer.

Therefore. the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is "11 years"

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statement from the above passage.
• Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and spent many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906.
• They were married in 1895, and her husband Pierre was killed in 1906. It means After 11 her husband was killed.

Thus, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is "36 years"

Key Points

• Let's consider the following points from the passage.
• Marie was born in Warsaw, Poland on 7 November 1867, the daughter of a Physics teacher.
• Together with her husband Pierre, she was awarded the Noble Prize for Physics in 1903.
• From the above statement it is clear that she was born in 1867. And, she was awarded her first Nobel prize in 1903. It means she was 36 years old when she received her first Nobel prize.

Thus, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is "University in Warsaw did not allow her admission."

Key Points

• Let's consider the following points from the passage.
• She became disgruntled, however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to women. Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a French University, where she earned her master's degree and doctorate in Physics.
• From the highlighted part of the above statement it is clear that the university in Warsaw was closed to women and so she was not allowed to study in Warsaw. This made her study at Sorbonne university.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is "had indomitable spirit and dedication to science."

Key Points

• The passage shows that Marrie Curie to be a great scientist who had indomitable spirit and dedication to science.
• The passage states that Marie Curie displayed a brilliant mind and a determined personality from an early age. She was determined to receive a higher education and defiantly left Poland to attend the Sorbonne. She and her husband Pierre worked together in the physics laboratory and made important discoveries. Despite her husband's death and her own later illness, she continued to work as a professor and never became disillusioned about her work. She dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical world.
• Therefore, the passage portrays Marie Curie as having an indomitable spirit and dedication to science.

 

Thus, the correct answer is Option 2

The National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) is a statutory body. 

Key Points

National Council of Teacher Education Act, 1993:

• It was established under the National Council for Teacher Education Act, of 1993.
• It was established in 1995 to formally regulate standards, practices, and processes in the Indian educational system.
• It serves as a resource for both the centre and state governments on matters pertaining to teacher education.
• It is located in the Department of Teacher Education and the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).

Thus, in pursuance of the National Council of Teacher Education Act, of 1993, NCTE was established in the year 1995. 

Additional Information

• Its objective is to ensure the planned and coordinated development of the nation's teacher preparation system.
• Its role is to control and correctly maintain the norms and standards in the system of teacher preparation.

The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 as part of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. 

Key Points

• The UNGA suggested a set of 17 goals to be accomplished by 2030, together with 169 targets and 304 indicators.
• Some of the targets are mentioned below: 
• By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information
• Prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds by 2025.
• By 2030, reduce by half the per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels.
• By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.
• By 2030, reduce by one-third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment.

Thus, by 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency is envisaged in the Sustainable Development Goals. 

Additional Information

• It aimed to design a new global development framework to replace the Millennium Development Goals.