UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 30th August 2024 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Given:

Total employees in Office A from 2018 to 2023 = 290 + 256 + 272 + 366 + 320 + 300

Total employees in Office B from 2018 to 2023 = 176 + 152 + 192 + 184 + 214 + 226

Formula used:

Ratio = Total employees in Office A / Total employees in Office B

Calculations:

Total for Office A: 290 + 256 + 272 + 366 + 320 + 300 = 1804

Total for Office B: 176 + 152 + 192 + 184 + 214 + 226 = 1144

Ratio = 1804 : 1144

⇒ Ratio = 41 : 26

∴ The correct answer is: 41:26 (Option 2).

Given:

Number of employees in Office C in 2020 = 264

Total number of employees in all offices (A, B, C, D, E, F) in 2020:

Formula used:

Percentage decrease = \(\frac{\text{Difference}}{\text{Total employees in all offices}} \times 100\)

Calculations:

Total employees in all offices = 272 + 192 + 264 + 248 + 316 + 280

⇒ Total employees in all offices = 1572

Difference = Total employees in all offices - Employees in Office C

⇒ Difference = 1572 - 264 = 1308

Percentage decrease = \(\frac{1308}{1572} \times 100\)

⇒ Percentage decrease ≈ 83%

∴ The number of employees in Office C in 2020 is  83% less than the total number of employees in all the six offices together.

Given:

Number of employees in Office D and Office E from 2018 to 2023

Formula used:

Average number of employees = \(\frac{\text{Total employees over the years}}{\text{Number of years}}\)

Difference between averages = Average employees in Office E - Average employees in Office D

Calculations:

Total employees in Office D = 240 + 224 + 248 + 270 + 236 + 258

⇒ Total employees in Office D = 1476

Average employees in Office D = \(\frac{1476}{6}\)

⇒ Average employees in Office D = 246

Total employees in Office E = 280 + 304 + 316 + 332 + 340 + 348

⇒ Total employees in Office E = 1920

Average employees in Office E = \(\frac{1920}{6}\)

⇒ Average employees in Office E = 320

Difference between averages = 320 - 246

⇒ Difference = 74

∴ The difference between the average number of employees working in Office D and Office E is 74.

Given:

Number of employees in Office F from 2018 to 2023

Formula used:

Percentage increase = \(\frac{\text{Employees in current year - Employees in previous year}}{\text{Employees in previous year}} \times 100\)

Calculations:

From 2018 to 2019:

Percentage increase = \(\frac{264 - 272}{272} \times 100\)

⇒ Percentage increase = -2.94% (decrease)

From 2019 to 2020:

Percentage increase = \(\frac{280 - 264}{264} \times 100\)

⇒ Percentage increase = 6.06%

From 2020 to 2021:

Percentage increase = \(\frac{252 - 280}{280} \times 100\)

⇒ Percentage increase = -10% (decrease)

From 2021 to 2022:

Percentage increase = \(\frac{292 - 252}{252} \times 100\)

⇒ Percentage increase = 15.87%

From 2022 to 2023:

Percentage increase = \(\frac{300 - 292}{292} \times 100\)

⇒ Percentage increase = 2.74%

∴ The percentage increase in the number of employees in Office F in comparison to the previous year is more than 6% for exactly 2 years (2019 to 2020 and 2021 to 2022).

Given:

Number of employees working in six offices:

2018: A = 290, B = 176, C = 222, D = 240, E = 280, F = 272

2019: A = 256, B = 152, C = 240, D = 224, E = 304, F = 264

Formula used:

Ratio = Sum of employees in 2018 : Sum of employees in 2019

Calculation:

Sum in 2018 = 290 + 176 + 222 + 240 + 280 + 272 = 1480

Sum in 2019 = 256 + 152 + 240 + 224 + 304 + 264 = 1440

⇒ Ratio = 1480 : 1440

⇒ Simplify = 37 : 36

∴ The ratio between the number of employees in 2018 and 2019 is 37:36.

The correct answer is 'C, D, E, A, B'

Key Points

• Chronological sequence of space-biased media:
• Harold Innis, a prominent Canadian scholar, identified different forms of media as either time-biased or space-biased. Space-biased media are more ephemeral and can cover larger geographical areas quickly.
• Papyrus (C): An early form of writing material used in ancient Egypt, dating back to around 3000 BCE.
• Paper (D): Invented in China around 105 CE, it gradually spread to other parts of the world, becoming a common medium for writing and printing.
• Newspaper (E): Emerged in the 17^th century as a regular publication, quickly spreading information to a wide audience.
• Radio (A): Became a popular medium in the early 20^th century, allowing for real-time audio broadcasting over vast distances.
• Television (B): Introduced in the mid-20^th century, it combined audio and visual elements to reach a wide audience, becoming a dominant medium for mass communication.

Additional Information

• Other options and why they are incorrect:
• Option 1 (A, C, D, E, B): Incorrect as it places radio before papyrus, which is anachronistic.
• Option 3 (D, E, B, A, C): Incorrect as it places paper before papyrus, which is historically inaccurate.
• Option 4 (E, B, A, D, C): Incorrect as it places the newspaper and television before papyrus and paper, which is not chronologically accurate.

Given:

A. cov(x, y) = 18, σx = 4, σy = 9

B. cov(x, y) = 15, σx = 8, σy = 3

C. cov(x, y) = 16, σx = 7, σy = 4

D. cov(x, y) = 21, σx = 6, σy = 5

Formula used:

Correlation coefficient (ρ) = cov(x, y) / (σx × σy)

Calculations:

A: ρ = cov(x, y) / (σx × σy)

⇒ ρ = 18 / (4 × 9)

⇒ ρ = 18 / 36

⇒ ρ = 0.5

B: ρ = cov(x, y) / (σx × σy)

⇒ ρ = 15 / (8 × 3)

⇒ ρ = 15 / 24

⇒ ρ = 0.625

C: ρ = cov(x, y) / (σx × σy)

⇒ ρ = 16 / (7 × 4)

⇒ ρ = 16 / 28

⇒ ρ = 0.571

D: ρ = cov(x, y) / (σx × σy)

⇒ ρ = 21 / (6 × 5)

⇒ ρ = 21 / 30

⇒ ρ = 0.7

Now,

0.5 < 0.571 < 0.625 < 0.7

A < C < B < D

∴ The correct answer is option (1).

The correct answer is 'B, C and D only'

Key Points

• Web-based study of human subjects:
• Convenience for Participants: Data collection occurs at the convenience of the participant, allowing them to participate from their own location and at a time that suits them.
• Automatic Data Collection: Web-based platforms can automatically collect data, reducing the need for manual data entry and minimizing human error.
• Wider Reach: Such studies can include participants who are geographically distant, broadening the scope of the research beyond local boundaries.

Additional Information

• Incorrect Statement Explanation:
• Statement A: It is generally incorrect that web-based studies require more time per person than laboratory-based studies. Web-based studies are often more time-efficient for both researchers and participants.
• Advantages of Web-based Studies:
• Cost-effectiveness: Web-based studies often reduce costs associated with physical infrastructure and travel.
• Data Accuracy: Automated systems can reduce errors and streamline data collection processes.

The correct answer is 'A and E only'

Key Points

• Propositions or statements can be true or false:
• A proposition or statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both. This is fundamental in logic and critical reasoning.
• For example, "The Earth revolves around the Sun" is a proposition that is true, whereas "The Sun revolves around the Earth" is a proposition that is false.
• In a valid argument, if its premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false:
• A valid argument is one where if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. This is a cornerstone of deductive reasoning.
• Validity is about the logical structure of the argument and not the actual truth of the premises or the conclusion. If the premises are true, the conclusion follows necessarily.

Additional Information

• Propositions can be valid or invalid:
• This is incorrect because propositions are not described as valid or invalid. Instead, they are described as true or false. Validity and invalidity are terms that apply to arguments, not individual propositions.
• A valid argument must contain only true premises:
• This is incorrect because a valid argument does not require the premises to be true. Validity refers to the form of the argument, where if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. The premises themselves can be false while the argument remains valid.
• A valid argument must have a true conclusion:
• This is incorrect because a valid argument only ensures that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. It does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion if the premises are false.

The logic followed here is:

Hence, "Option 3" is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'The people of Calcutta'

Key Points

• Founding of the Anglo-Indian Vidyalaya:
• The Anglo-Indian Vidyalaya, later known as Hindu College, was founded in 1816 in Calcutta.
• It was established by the people of Calcutta, including prominent local figures like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and David Hare.
• The college aimed to provide modern education, blending Western and Indian learning traditions.

Additional Information

• Christian missionaries:
• Christian missionaries were active in India during this period but were not involved in founding the Anglo-Indian Vidyalaya. Their focus was mainly on spreading Christianity and establishing their own schools and institutions.
• The local government:
• The local government did not play a direct role in the establishment of the Anglo-Indian Vidyalaya. The initiative was taken by local leaders and intellectuals who saw the need for a modern educational institution.
• The East India Company:
• The East India Company was the ruling authority in India during this period, but it did not establish the Anglo-Indian Vidyalaya. The company's involvement in education was generally limited to supporting institutions that would help in administrative training.

The correct answer is 'D, C, B, A'

Key Points

• Chronological order of British Authorities/Persons in higher education in India:
• Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856): During his tenure, he was instrumental in setting up the first three universities in India in 1857, located in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.
• Lord Canning (1856-1862): He continued the work of Dalhousie and oversaw the establishment of these universities.
• Lord Ripon (1880-1884): Known for his liberal policies, he emphasized the importance of higher education and local self-government.
• Lord Curzon (1899-1905): He is known for the Indian Universities Act of 1904, which reformed and regulated the administration of universities in India.

Additional Information

• Other Options:
• Option 1 (A, B, C, D): Incorrect as it does not follow the correct chronological order.
• Option 2 (B, D, A, C): Incorrect as it places Ripon before Dalhousie and Curzon before Canning.
• Option 4 (C, D, A, B): Incorrect as it places Canning before Dalhousie and Curzon before Ripon.

The correct answer is ‘Mass media’

Key Points

• Mass media:
• The invention of the printing press in the 15^th century by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized the way information was disseminated.
• This technological breakthrough made it possible to produce books, newspapers, and other printed materials quickly and in large quantities.
• As a result, information became more accessible to a broader audience, leading to the rise of mass media, where news and ideas could be shared widely and rapidly.
• Mass media played a crucial role in the spread of knowledge, literacy, and education, significantly impacting society and culture.

Additional Information

• Mediated class distinction:
• This refers to the way media can reinforce social class distinctions, but it is not directly related to the invention of print.
• While media can influence class perceptions, the primary impact of the printing press was the democratization of information, not class division.
• Media monopoly:
• Media monopoly involves the control of media outlets by a small number of corporations, which can limit diversity in viewpoints and information.
• This concept emerged much later, with the consolidation of media companies, and is not directly linked to the invention of print.
• Electronic device of interpersonal communication:
• Electronic devices for communication, such as telephones and computers, came into existence long after the printing press.
• These technologies represent a different phase in the evolution of communication, distinct from the initial impact of print.

The correct answer is 'A, B, C, D, and E'

Key Points

• Self-Directed Learning:
• Self-directed learning is an approach where learners take the initiative in diagnosing their learning needs, formulating goals, identifying resources, and evaluating learning outcomes.
• It emphasizes autonomy, self-management, and the ability to take responsibility for one's own learning process.
• Key Features of Self-Directed Students:
• Intrinsic Motivation: These students are driven by internal rewards such as personal satisfaction and a desire to learn, rather than external rewards like grades or praise.
• Capacity to Choose Personal Goals: They can identify and set their own learning objectives, tailoring their educational experiences to meet their personal needs and interests.
• Self-Discipline: Self-directed learners possess the discipline to stay focused on their tasks, manage their time effectively, and persist in the face of challenges.
• Self-Assessment Ability: They regularly evaluate their own progress, identifying strengths and areas for improvement, and adjusting their strategies accordingly.
• Metacognitive Skills: These students have strong metacognitive abilities, meaning they are aware of their own thought processes and can regulate their learning strategies to optimize outcomes.

Additional Information

• Incorrect Options:
• Option 1 (A and D only): While intrinsic motivation and self-assessment ability are important, this option overlooks other critical features such as the capacity to choose personal goals, self-discipline, and metacognitive skills.
• Option 2 (B and E only): This option correctly identifies the capacity to choose personal goals and metacognitive skills but misses out on intrinsic motivation, self-discipline, and self-assessment ability.
• Option 3 (C, D, and E only): Although self-discipline, self-assessment ability, and metacognitive skills are essential, this option fails to include intrinsic motivation and the capacity to choose personal goals.

The correct answer is 'False Dichotomy'

Key Points

• False Dichotomy:
• A false dichotomy, also known as a false dilemma, is a logical fallacy that occurs when an argument presents two options as the only possible choices, when in fact, there are other alternatives.
• In the provided statement, the argument posits that we either forcibly sterilize third world people or face a catastrophic population explosion leading to death. This presents only two extreme options without considering other viable solutions.
• The fallacy lies in ignoring other potential methods for population control, such as education, voluntary family planning, economic development, and healthcare improvements.
• This type of reasoning is misleading and manipulative, as it simplifies complex issues into a binary choice, often to provoke a desired response.

The correct answer is option 2: A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Key Points

• Channel 10 - Applied Sciences (IV):
• Channel 10 is dedicated to Applied Sciences, which includes practical and technical aspects of scientific disciplines.
• Channel 11 - Social Sciences and Humanities (III):
• Channel 11 covers the fields related to Social Sciences and Humanities, focusing on human society and culture.
• Channel 12 - Basic and Applied sciences (II):
• Channel 12 focuses on Basic and Applied Sciences, encompassing fundamental scientific research as well as practical applications.
• Channel 13 - Professional Education (I):
• Channel 13 is dedicated to Professional Education, providing educational content for professional development and vocational training.

Additional Information

• Explanation of other options:
• Option 1 (A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I): This option incorrectly matches the channels and themes, such as pairing Channel 10 with Social Sciences and Humanities.
• Option 3 (A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV): This option misaligns the themes, for example, associating Channel 10 with Professional Education.
• Option 4 (A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I): This option also has incorrect matches, like linking Channel 10 with Basic and Applied sciences.

The correct answer is Rajaram Mohan Roy

Key Points

• Rajaram Mohan Roy:
• Rajaram Mohan Roy was a prominent social and educational reformer in India during the early nineteenth century.
• He is known for his efforts to promote Western education among Indians, believing that it would help modernize Indian society and foster intellectual development.
• Roy founded institutions like the Hindu College in Calcutta, which aimed to educate Indians in Western sciences and humanities.
• His advocacy for Western education was also tied to his broader reformist agenda, which included the abolition of practices like Sati and child marriage.

Additional Information

• Lord Hardinge:
• Lord Hardinge was a British colonial administrator and Viceroy of India (1910-1916).
• He was not directly involved in advocating Western education for Indians during the early nineteenth century.
• Mahatma Gandhi:
• Mahatma Gandhi was a key figure in India's struggle for independence in the twentieth century.
• While he valued education, his emphasis was on traditional Indian education and self-reliance rather than Western education.
• Rabindranath Tagore:
• Rabindranath Tagore was a renowned poet, writer, and philosopher in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• He established the Visva-Bharati University, which aimed to blend Western and Indian educational traditions, but his advocacy came much later than the early nineteenth century.

According to the given information:

"Sun rises in the East" is coded as "ST SR SI SH SS"

"Sun sets in the West" is coded as "ST SE SI SH SU"

"Your house faces East" is coded as: "SN SM SA SS"

"His house faces West" is coded as: "SC SM SA SU"

So,

East is coded as 'SS'

West is coded as 'SU'

Hence, "Option 3" is the correct answer.

Given:

A man sold an article at a profit of 6.5%. If he had sold the article for Rs. 1250 more, he would have earned a profit of 10%.

Formula used:

Let the Cost Price (CP) be ₹x.

Selling Price (SP) at 6.5% profit = x + 6.5% of x = x + 0.065x = 1.065x

Selling Price (SP) at 10% profit = x + 10% of x = x + 0.10x = 1.10x

Given the difference in selling prices is ₹1250.

Calculation:

1.10x - 1.065x = 1250

⇒ 0.035x = 1250

⇒ x = 1250 / 0.035

⇒ x = 35714.29

∴ The correct answer is option (4).

The correct answer is 'Noise Pollution'

Key Points

• Green Muffler:
• The Green Muffler is a technique used to reduce noise pollution, particularly in urban areas.
• This method involves planting trees and shrubs along roadsides and around industrial areas to act as a natural sound barrier.
• The vegetation helps to absorb and deflect the noise, thereby reducing the overall noise levels in the surrounding environment.

Additional Information

• Air Pollution:
• Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the atmosphere that are detrimental to human health and the environment.
• Green Mufflers do not directly address air pollution, though trees can improve air quality by absorbing pollutants.
• Water Pollution:
• Water pollution occurs when harmful substances contaminate water bodies, adversely affecting aquatic life and human health.
• Green Mufflers are not designed to mitigate water pollution.
• Soil Pollution:
• Soil pollution involves the contamination of soil with hazardous chemicals, leading to harmful effects on plants, animals, and humans.
• Green Mufflers do not specifically target soil pollution.

The correct answer is 'A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II'

Key Points

• Nyaya syllogism:
• Nyaya syllogism is a logical argument structure used in Indian philosophy, particularly in the Nyaya school. It consists of five parts: pratijna (proposition), hetu (reason), udaharana (example), upanaya (application), and nigamana (conclusion).
• Matching List-I with List-II:
• Upanaya (A-III): Upanaya refers to the application of the example to the case at hand. Here, "Socrates is a man who is invariably a mortal" fits this category.
• Nigamana (B-IV): Nigamana is the conclusion derived from the argument. "Therefore, Socrates is mortal" is the conclusion in this syllogism.
• Udaharana (C-I): Udaharana is the example used to support the argument. "Whoever is man is a mortal just like Pythagoras" serves as the example here.
• Pratijnā (D-II): Pratijnā is the proposition or statement that is being argued. "Socrates is mortal" is the statement or proposition.

Additional Information

• Incorrect Options Analysis:
• Option 1 (A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III): This option misplaces Upanaya and Pratijnā, leading to incorrect matches.
• Option 3 (A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II): This option misplaces Nigamana and Udaharana, leading to incorrect matches.
• Option 4 (A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I): This option misplaces Nigamana and Udaharana, leading to incorrect matches.

The correct answer is '13%'

Key Points

• UGC Regulations 2018 on Plagiarism:
• According to the University Grants Commission (UGC) regulations issued in 2018, academic plagiarism is categorized into different levels based on the percentage of similarity detected in submitted work.
• If a thesis contains between 10% to 40% similarity, the student is required to submit a revised thesis within six months.
• The purpose of these regulations is to promote academic integrity and ensure originality in scholarly work.

Additional Information

• Other Options Explained:
• 9%: This level of similarity falls under Level 0, where minor similarities are found. The student is usually given a warning, but no revision is required.
• 42%: This falls under Level 3, where the similarity is between 40% to 60%. In such cases, the student may face severe consequences, including resubmission after one year or cancellation of registration.
• 47%: Similar to 0.42, this also falls under Level 3 and involves similar penalties.

**The correct answer is 'MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interchange'**

**Key Points**

- **MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface:**
- MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface, not Interchange.
- It is a technical standard that describes a protocol, digital interface, and connectors for connecting various electronic musical instruments, computers, and other audio devices for playing, editing, and recording music.
- MIDI technology enables a wide range of musical instruments and devices to communicate with each other.
- **LED - Light Emitting Diode:**
- LED correctly stands for Light Emitting Diode.
- LEDs are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current passes through them.
- They are widely used in various applications such as indicator lights, displays, and general lighting.
- **MPEG - Motion Pictures Experts Group:**
- MPEG correctly stands for Motion Pictures Experts Group.
- It is a working group of experts that was formed by ISO to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission.
- Some well-known standards developed by MPEG include MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, and MPEG-7.
- **PDF - Portable Document Format:**
- PDF correctly stands for Portable Document Format.
- It is a file format developed by Adobe that presents documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.
- PDFs encapsulate a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it.

**Additional Information**

- **Importance of Correct Acronyms:**
- Using the correct acronym is crucial for clear and effective communication, especially in technical fields.
- Incorrect acronyms can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunication, potentially causing errors or delays in processes.
- **Applications of MIDI:**
- MIDI is extensively used in music production, both in studio settings and live performances.
- It allows musicians to control multiple devices from a single controller, sequence music, and synchronize devices.

The correct answer is 'Repression'

Key Points

• Repression:
• Repression is a psychological defense mechanism where distressing thoughts, memories, or impulses are excluded from consciousness.
• This mechanism helps individuals cope with trauma or highly threatening events by pushing them into the unconscious mind.
• It is an automatic process, often occurring without the individual being aware that it is happening.

Additional Information

• Proactive interference:
• This occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.
• It is not related to the motivated forgetting of traumatic events.
• Retroactive interference:
• This happens when new information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.
• It is also not connected to the forgetting of traumatic events.
• Consolidation:
• This is the process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term ones.
• While it is a memory-related process, it does not involve the motivated forgetting of traumatic events.

Given:

The numerator of a fraction is 4 less than its denominator. If the numerator is decreased by 2 and the denominator is increased by 1, then the denominator becomes 8 times the numerator.

Formula used:

Let the numerator be x and the denominator be (x + 4).

New fraction equation: (x - 2) and (x + 4 + 1)

Denominator becomes 8 times the numerator: (x + 5) = 8(x - 2)

Calculations:

⇒ x + 5 = 8(x - 2)

⇒ x + 5 = 8x - 16

⇒ 5 + 16 = 8x - x

⇒ 21 = 7x

⇒ x = 3

Therefore, numerator = 3, denominator = x + 4 = 7

∴ The fraction is \(\frac{3}{7}\)

The correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III

Key Points

• Bharatmuni - Natyasastra:
• Bharatmuni is traditionally attributed to the authorship of the Natyasastra, an ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance, and music.
• The Natyasastra is considered the foundational text of classical Indian dance and drama, providing a detailed framework on various aspects of performing arts.
• Patanjali - Mahabhasya:
• Patanjali is known for his work Mahabhasya, which is a commentary on Panini's Ashtadhyayi, the foundational text of Sanskrit grammar.
• The Mahabhasya is a critical analysis and commentary on the rules of grammar and linguistic philosophy.
• Vägbhata - Astangasamgrah:
• Vägbhata is recognized for his contributions to Ayurveda through his work Astangasamgrah, which is a comprehensive text on Ayurvedic medicine.
• The Astangasamgrah discusses various aspects of health, disease, and treatment methods in detail.
• Brahmagupta - Brahmsphutasiddhanta:
• Brahmagupta was a renowned mathematician and astronomer, known for his seminal work Brahmsphutasiddhanta.
• The Brahmsphutasiddhanta is a key text in Indian astronomy and mathematics, introducing fundamental concepts such as zero and negative numbers.

Additional Information

• Incorrect Options:
• Option 2: A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
• Incorrect because Patanjali is not associated with Astangasamgrah, and Vägbhata is not linked with Mahabhasya.
• Option 3: A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
• Incorrect because Bharatmuni is not linked with Brahmsphutasiddhanta, and Brahmagupta is not connected with Natyasastra.
• Option 4: A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
• Incorrect because Bharatmuni is not associated with Brahmsphutasiddhanta, and Brahmagupta is not linked with Natyasastra.

The correct answer is 'Municipal Sewage Effluent'

Key Points

• Municipal Sewage Effluent:
• This type of water typically has the highest Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) because it contains a large amount of organic matter and pollutants from domestic waste.
• BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to break down organic material in water.
• High BOD indicates a high level of pollution, which can deplete oxygen in the water and harm aquatic life.

Additional Information

• Potable water:
• Potable water has the lowest BOD because it is treated to remove contaminants and organic matter, making it safe for drinking.
• Unpolluted surface water:
• Unpolluted surface water has a low BOD as it contains minimal organic pollutants and is relatively clean.
• Contaminated surface water:
• Contaminated surface water has a higher BOD compared to unpolluted surface water due to the presence of organic pollutants, but it is generally lower than that of municipal sewage effluent.

The correct answer is 'Option 2'

Key Points

• Printer:
• A printer is categorized as an output device. It takes digital data from a computer and generates a hard copy, usually on paper.
• Scanner:
• A scanner is an input device. It converts physical documents into digital format by scanning the document and creating an electronic version that can be used on a computer.
• RAM (Random Access Memory):
• RAM is a type of volatile memory. It temporarily stores data that is being used or processed by the CPU, and loses its contents when the power is turned off.
• CPU (Central Processing Unit):
• The CPU is referred to as the processor. It performs most of the processing inside a computer by executing instructions from programs.

Additional Information

• Option 1:
• This option incorrectly pairs the printer with the processor, scanner with output device, RAM with input device, and CPU with volatile memory, which are all incorrect matches.
• Option 3:
• This option incorrectly pairs the printer with volatile memory, scanner with processor, RAM with input device, and CPU with output device, which are all incorrect matches.
• Option 4:
• This option incorrectly pairs the printer with input device, scanner with output device, RAM with processor, and CPU with volatile memory, which are all incorrect matches.

The correct answer is 'A and D only'

Key Points

• Sikh Kanya Mahavidyalaya and Singh Sabha Movement:
• The Sikh Kanya Mahavidyalaya is an institution focused on promoting education among Sikh women.
• The Singh Sabha Movement was a Sikh reform movement that began in the late 19^th century to revive Sikh teachings and traditions.
• Prominent figures of the Singh Sabha Movement contributed significantly to literature and educational reforms.
• Bhai Veer Singh:
• Bhai Veer Singh was a prominent Sikh scholar, poet, and a significant figure in the Singh Sabha Movement.
• His literary works were widely recognized and used in educational institutions to teach Sikh history and culture.
• Bhai Mohan Singh Vaid:
• Bhai Mohan Singh Vaid was another important figure associated with the Singh Sabha Movement.
• He made notable contributions to Sikh literature and education, and his works were also taught at the Sikh Kanya Mahavidyalaya.

Additional Information

• Lala Devraj:
• Although Lala Devraj was a significant figure in the Singh Sabha Movement, his works were not primarily used in the Sikh Kanya Mahavidyalaya's curriculum.
• Harnam Kaur:
• Harnam Kaur was a notable woman associated with Sikh literature, but her contributions were not as prominent in the educational materials at Sikh Kanya Mahavidyalaya compared to Bhai Veer Singh and Bhai Mohan Singh Vaid.

The correct answer is - B, D and E only.

Key PointsExplanation of Air Pollutants

• Mist
• Mist consists of tiny water droplets suspended in the air, similar to fog but with lower density.
• Mist is a natural phenomenon and is not considered an air pollutant.
• Soot
• Soot, also known as black carbon, is produced from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, wood, and other organic materials.
• Soot particles are harmful to health and the environment, making them significant air pollutants.
• Fog
• Fog is a thick cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in the atmosphere at or near the earth's surface, reducing visibility.
• Like mist, fog is a natural phenomenon and is not regarded as an air pollutant.
• Smog
• Smog is a type of severe air pollution that is a combination of smoke and fog, usually exacerbated by industrial emissions and vehicular pollution.
• It contains a variety of air pollutants including particulate matter and ground-level ozone.
• Fly Ash
• Fly ash is a fine powder produced by the burning of pulverized coal in power plants. It contains harmful heavy metals and is respirable, making it hazardous.
• As a result, fly ash is classified as an air pollutant.

Additional Information

• Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10)
• These are tiny particles suspended in the air, which can be inhaled and cause adverse health effects. They originate from various sources including construction sites, unpaved roads, fields, smokestacks, and fires.
• Ground-Level Ozone (O₃)
• Ozone can be beneficial or harmful depending on its location. At ground level, it is a harmful air pollutant, contributing to smog and respiratory problems.

The correct answer is 'A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I'

Key Points

• Nominal scale (A-II):
• Nominal scale is used for labeling variables without any quantitative value.
• Examples include categories like ethnicity, gender, or hair color.
• In this case, ethnicity is an example of a nominal scale variable.
• Ordinal scale (B-III):
• Ordinal scale is used to order variables, but the intervals between the values are not known.
• Examples include rankings or levels of satisfaction, such as degree of annoyance.
• Here, the degree of annoyance is an example of an ordinal scale variable.
• Interval scale (C-IV):
• Interval scale is used for variables where the difference between values is meaningful, but there is no true zero point.
• Examples include temperature in Celsius or the date of birth.
• In this context, the date of birth is an example of an interval scale variable.
• Ratio scale (D-I):
• Ratio scale has all the properties of interval scale, along with a true zero point.
• Examples include height, weight, and age.
• Here, the weight of students is an example of a ratio scale variable.

Additional Information

• Other options breakdown:
• Option 1 (A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV) is incorrect because weight of students is not a nominal variable.
• Option 3 (A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II) is incorrect because degree of annoyance is not a nominal variable, and date of birth is not an ordinal variable.
• Option 4 (A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III) is incorrect because date of birth is not a nominal variable, and weight of students is not an ordinal variable.

The correct answer is 'A and C only'

Key Points

• Application software:
• Application software refers to programs designed to perform specific tasks for users, such as word processing, photo editing, and spreadsheet management.
• Examples of application software include MS-Excel and Adobe Photoshop.
• MS-Excel is a spreadsheet application that helps users organize, format, and calculate data with formulas.
• Adobe Photoshop is a graphic editing application used for image manipulation and design.

Additional Information

• Operating Systems:
• Operating systems are system software that manage computer hardware and software resources and provide common services for application software.
• Examples include Windows-11, Android, and iOS.
• Windows-11 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft.
• Android is an operating system for mobile devices developed by Google.
• iOS is the operating system used by Apple's mobile devices.

The correct answer is 'The silent film era'

Key Points

• The development of the Vitascope:
• The Vitascope was an early film projector first demonstrated in 1895 by Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and later marketed by Thomas Edison.
• It played a significant role in the emergence of the silent film era by enabling the projection of motion pictures to a larger audience, thus popularizing cinema.
• This era marked the beginning of the film industry as a major form of entertainment, leading to the creation of numerous silent films and the establishment of movie theaters.

Additional Information

• Video advertisements:
• Video advertisements became more prominent with the advent of television and the internet, not directly as a result of the Vitascope.
• While film technology paved the way for visual advertising, the specific development of video ads is a separate evolution in media history.
• The television network system:
• The television network system developed much later, in the mid-20^th century, with advancements in broadcast technology.
• The Vitascope's contribution was primarily in the realm of early cinema, not television.
• The arrival of computers:
• Computers and their impact on media and entertainment came much later, in the latter half of the 20^th century.
• The Vitascope's development was unrelated to the advent of computers.

The correct answer is 'The sky-lotus is fragrant, because it is a lotus, like the lotus of a lake.'

Key Points

• Unproved middle term (Asiddha Hetu) in Nyāya logic:
• In Nyāya logic, a fallacious argument with an unproved middle term is termed as 'Asiddha Hetu' or 'Sadhya-sama'.
• This occurs when the middle term (Hetu) in a syllogism is not established or is not proven to exist.
• In the given example, 'The sky-lotus is fragrant, because it is a lotus, like the lotus of a lake,' the middle term 'sky-lotus' is unproved as sky-lotus does not exist in reality.

Additional Information

• Other options and why they are incorrect:
• Sound is eternal because it is produced: This is an example of 'Viruddha Hetu' (contradictory middle) because the premise contradicts the conclusion.
• Fire is cold because it is a substance: This is also an example of 'Viruddha Hetu' as it contradicts the universally known attribute of fire being hot.
• The hill has fire because it is knowable: This is an example of 'Anaikāntika Hetu' (inconclusive middle) because 'knowable' is a property that can belong to many things, not just fire.

The correct answer is ‘Option 4: B, C, D, E only’

Key Points

• Overview:
• The question is about the functionality of internet portals and how they compare to other media and content platforms.
• The options provided include various types of media and content aggregators.
• Mass circulation magazines (B):
• Internet portals often function similarly to mass circulation magazines by providing a wide range of content to a large audience.
• They offer articles, news, and features on various topics to attract different user interests.
• T.V. networks (C):
• Like T.V. networks, internet portals provide diverse content, including entertainment, news, and educational material.
• They cater to a wide audience and often feature multimedia content, such as videos and interactive elements.
• Sites of meta-aggregate contents (D):
• Internet portals aggregate content from various sources, offering a meta-aggregation function.
• This allows users to access a wide range of information and resources from a single platform.
• The home page of users (E):
• Many internet portals serve as the home page for users, providing a starting point for browsing and accessing personalized content.
• They often include customizable features, enabling users to tailor the content they see.

Additional Information

• Folk entertainers (A):
• Folk entertainers typically perform live and cater to specific cultural or local audiences.
• While they provide entertainment, their scope and reach are not comparable to the broad, diverse functions of internet portals.

The logic followed here is:

4. Geometry - This is the broadest concept, covering the entire field of study.
5. Polygon - This is a specific concept within geometry, referring to a multi-sided figure.
6. Rectangle - This is a more specific type of polygon, defined by having four sides and right angles.
7. Square - This is the most specific type of rectangle, with all sides equal.

So, the order would be: 'C, A, B, D'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The correct answer is 'D. A, B, E, C'

Key Points

• Risk assessment for environmental contaminants:
• This process is a systematic approach to evaluating the potential health risks posed by exposure to environmental contaminants.
• The goal is to understand the nature and magnitude of health risks to humans and the environment.
• Sequence of Risk Assessment:
• D. Hazard Identification: This is the initial step where the potential health hazards posed by an environmental contaminant are identified.
• A. Exposure Assessment: This step involves estimating the concentrations of the contaminant that people and the environment are exposed to.
• B. Dose Response Assessment: This stage determines the relationship between the contaminant dose and the incidence of health effects.
• E. Risk Characterization: In this step, the information from the previous steps is integrated to estimate the health risk posed by the contaminant.
• C. Risk Assessment: This final step involves a comprehensive evaluation of all the data to assess the overall risk.

Additional Information

• Incorrect options explanation:
• Option 2 (D. A, B, C, E): This sequence incorrectly places Risk Characterization after Risk Assessment, which is not the standard order.
• Option 3 (C, E, D, B, A): This sequence is incorrect as it does not follow the logical progression of risk assessment steps.
• Option 4 (E, C, B, A, D): This sequence is incorrect because it does not start with Hazard Identification and does not follow the standard order of steps.

The correct answer is 'B, C, E, A, D'

Key Points

• Inquiry-based learning approach:
• This approach emphasizes active learning where students pose questions, investigate to find answers, build new understandings, and communicate their learnings.
• It is designed to engage students in a process that mirrors the activities and thinking of scientists as they seek to expand human knowledge.
• Phases of Inquiry-based learning:
• Orientation (Phase I): This initial phase involves sparking students' interest and curiosity about the topic. It sets the stage for learning and engages students in the subject matter.
• Conceptualization (Phase II): In this phase, students form hypotheses or questions based on their initial observations and curiosity.
• Investigation (Phase III): Here, students actively investigate their questions through experiments, research, and exploration.
• Discussion (Phase IV): This phase involves students discussing their findings, reflecting on their learning process, and sharing insights with peers.
• Conclusion (Phase V): The final phase where students draw conclusions based on their investigations and discussions, and reflect on their learning journey.

The most effective tools for a teacher wanting to poll students in real-time during an online lecture are Poll Everywhere, Strawpoll, Mentimeter, and Survey Monkey.

Key Points

• Poll Everywhere:
• A versatile tool that allows teachers to create interactive polls, quizzes, and feedback in real-time.
• Students can respond using mobile devices, making it convenient for online classes.
• Strawpoll:
• A simple and quick tool for creating polls with instant results.
• It is easy to use but lacks advanced features found in other tools.
• Mentimeter:
• Provides a wide range of interactive options including polls, quizzes, word clouds, and Q&A sessions.
• Highly engaging and user-friendly for both teachers and students.
• Survey Monkey:
• Although primarily used for surveys, it can be used for real-time polling as well.
• Offers robust analytics and customization options.

Additional Information

• Labster:
• Labster is an educational tool designed for virtual science labs, not for polling or real-time interaction.
• It focuses on providing immersive lab experiences rather than interactive polling features.

The correct answer is 'A, C, and D only'

Key Points

• Kyoto Protocol:
• The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that commits its parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise that global warming exists and human-made CO2 emissions have caused it.
• The protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997, and entered into force on February 16, 2005.
• It sets binding emission reduction targets for developed countries, recognizing that they are largely responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere.
• Countries with 5% Reduction Target:
• The countries asked to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 5% below the level of 1990 by 2012 include the United States, Russia, and Canada.
• The United States initially signed the Kyoto Protocol but did not ratify it, so it was not legally bound by the emission targets.
• Russia and Canada were both signatories and ratified the treaty, committing to the emission reduction targets.

Additional Information

• Other Countries:
• India: As a developing country, India was not required to reduce emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. It was only encouraged to adopt measures to reduce the growth of its emissions.
• China: Similar to India, China was also categorized as a developing country and was not subject to binding emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol.
• These countries were, however, encouraged to take voluntary actions to mitigate climate change.

The correct answer is 'C, A, D, B'.

Key Points

• Conversion of numbers from different bases to decimal:
• To convert a number from base-M to a decimal, each digit of the number is multiplied by the base raised to the power of the position index (starting from 0 on the right).
• The sum of these values gives the number in the decimal system.
• Calculations:
• A. (123)₇ = 17² + 27¹ + 3*7⁰ = 49 + 14 + 3 = 66
• B. (1211)₃ = 13³ + 23² + 13¹ + 13⁰ = 27 + 18 + 3 + 1 = 49
• C. (212)₆ = 26² + 16¹ + 2*6⁰ = 72 + 6 + 2 = 80
• D. (201)₅ = 25² + 05¹ + 1*5⁰ = 50 + 0 + 1 = 51
• Descending Order:
• C (80), A (66), D (51), B (49)

Additional Information

• Explanation of incorrect options:
• Option 1: A, C, B, D - This order incorrectly places B before D despite B having a lower decimal value than D.
• Option 2: B, D, A, C - This order incorrectly places B before D and A before C, not reflecting the correct descending values.
• Option 3: D, B, C, A - This order incorrectly places D before C and B, not reflecting the correct descending values.
• Option 4: C, A, D, B - This is the correct order as explained above.

The correct answer is 'A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III'

Key Points

• A. Frames (IV. Social constructs):
• Frames refer to the mental structures that shape the way we see the world. They are social constructs that help individuals to organize and interpret information.
• Frames influence how people perceive events and issues, guiding their thinking and actions in a social context.
• B. Fandom (I. Organized sub-culture):
• Fandom refers to a community of fans who share a common interest in a particular cultural phenomenon, such as a book, movie, or TV show.
• Fandoms often develop their own social norms, customs, and practices, functioning as organized sub-cultures within the larger society.
• C. False consciousness (II. The belief that people are duped into blindly accepting the prevailing ideology):
• False consciousness is a concept in Marxist theory that refers to the way in which material, ideological, and institutional processes in capitalist society mislead members of the proletariat.
• It describes the belief that people are deceived into accepting the dominant ideology, preventing them from recognizing their true class interests.
• D. Genre (III. A class of messages that share distinct characteristics):
• Genre refers to a category of artistic, musical, or literary composition characterized by a particular style, form, or content.
• In media studies, genre analysis involves identifying and categorizing the recurring themes, structures, and conventions that define different types of media content.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV):
• This option incorrectly matches Frames with Organized sub-culture, Fandom with The belief that people are duped into blindly accepting the prevailing ideology, and so on.
• These mismatches show a misunderstanding of the concepts and their meanings.
• Option 2 (A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I):
• This option incorrectly matches Frames with The belief that people are duped into blindly accepting the prevailing ideology, Fandom with A class of messages that share distinct characteristics, and so on.
• Again, this shows a misunderstanding of the correct pairings.
• Option 3 (A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II):
• This option incorrectly matches Frames with A class of messages that share distinct characteristics, Fandom with Social constructs, and so on.
• This option also fails to correctly match the concepts with their meanings.

Formula used:

Average = Sum of observations / Number of observations

Calculations:

For A: The average is always between the smallest and largest values. Therefore, A is true.

For B: If all values are equal, the average is the same as each observation. It is certain that the average is the same as each observation. So the given sentence, Therefore, B is false.

For C: When every observation is increased by x, the sum of the observations increases by nx, where n is the number of observations, making the average increase by x. So, C is true.

For D: If all observations are divided by x, the average also gets divided by x, and the average changes accordingly. So, D is false.

∴ The correct answer is option 3 (A, C only).

The correct answer is 'External Validity'

Key Points

• External Validity:
• External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations, people, settings, and times.
• For a researcher to generalize findings from one population to another, the study must demonstrate external validity.
• This ensures that the conclusions drawn are not only applicable to the specific sample used in the study but also to the broader population.
• It encompasses both the generalizability of the results and the applicability to real-world settings.

Additional Information

• Internal Validity:
• Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study can rule out alternative explanations for the results, implying that the observed effects are due to the independent variable and not other factors.
• While crucial for establishing cause-and-effect relationships within the study, it does not address generalizability to other populations.
• Convergent Validity:
• Convergent validity is a type of construct validity that assesses whether a test correlates well with other tests designed to measure the same construct.
• It is important for demonstrating that a test is measuring the intended construct but does not relate to generalizing study results to a different population.
• Divergent Validity:
• Divergent validity, or discriminant validity, measures whether concepts or measurements that are supposed to be unrelated are indeed unrelated.
• While it helps in confirming that a test is not measuring unintended constructs, it is not related to the ability to generalize findings to other populations.

The correct answer is 'Ransomware'

Key Points

• Ransomware:
• Ransomware is a type of malicious software designed to block access to a computer system or data until a sum of money is paid.
• It encrypts the victim's files, making them inaccessible, and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
• This type of cyber attack can severely disrupt individual users, businesses, and even critical infrastructure.
• Prevention measures include regular data backups, using updated antivirus software, and being cautious with email attachments and links.

Additional Information

• Spyware:
• Spyware is software that secretly monitors and collects information about users' activities on their computers.
• It is often used for tracking browsing habits, collecting personal information, and delivering targeted advertisements.
• Unlike ransomware, spyware does not lock files or demand payment.
• Logic Bomb:
• A logic bomb is a piece of code intentionally inserted into a software system that will set off a malicious function when certain conditions are met.
• It is typically designed to cause harm, such as deleting files or corrupting data, but does not demand a ransom.
• Trojan Horse:
• A Trojan Horse is a type of malware that disguises itself as legitimate software to deceive users into installing it.
• Once activated, it can create backdoors for unauthorized access to the user's system, steal data, or perform other harmful actions.
• Unlike ransomware, it does not specifically lock files and demand payment.

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• Explanation: According to the passage, the 'Human-Centric Approach to Tobacco Control' report highlights that 62% of males in tier I cities consume tobacco as a way to manage stress and anxiety.
• In summary, option 1, "62%," correctly identifies the percentage of males in tier I cities who consume tobacco as noted in the report.

Additional Information

• 40%: This is the percentage of females in tier I cities who consume tobacco for similar reasons, not males.
• 50%: This percentage is not mentioned in the passage.
• 80%: This percentage is also not mentioned in the passage.

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• Explanation: The passage clearly states that nicotine is a natural ingredient found in several plants, including vegetables like eggplant, tomatoes, and potatoes, in trace amounts. This supports option 1.
• In summary, option 1 is correct as it accurately describes the natural occurrence of nicotine in various plants in trace amounts.

Additional Information

• Option 2: This option is incorrect because nicotine is not exclusively found in tobacco; it is also present in other plants in small amounts.
• Option 3: Nicotine is not solely synthesized in laboratories; it occurs naturally in certain plants.
• Option 4: Nicotine is not a by-product of industrial processes; it is naturally present in plants, including tobacco.

The correct answer is: Option 3.

Key Points

• Explanation: The passage mentions that products containing nicotine are often used to reduce anxiety, stress, and depression, making option 3 the correct choice.
• In summary, option 3 is the correct answer, as it accurately reflects the therapeutic application of nicotine products mentioned in the passage for reducing anxiety, stress, and depression.

Additional Information

• Option 1: There is no mention in the passage of nicotine being used to increase physical strength.
• Option 2: While nicotine does stimulate the nervous system, the passage does not suggest it is used to improve cognitive function.
• Option 4: Nicotine is not described as an antibiotic or used as an antibiotic in the passage.

The correct answer is: Option 4.

Key Points

• Explanation: The passage states that cigarette smoke contains over 7000 chemicals, including at least 250 known to be harmful. Among the harmful substances produced by combustion of tobacco are hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and ammonia.
• In summary, option 4 is correct because it accurately lists the harmful substances hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and ammonia, as mentioned in the passage.

Additional Information

• Hydrogen cyanide and methane: The passage does not mention methane as a harmful substance in cigarette smoke.
• Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide: Carbon monoxide is indeed harmful, but carbon dioxide is not specifically listed in the passage as a dangerous component of cigarette smoke.
• Nicotine and ammonia: Nicotine is present in tobacco naturally but is not produced by combustion; it is not mentioned as a harmful combustion byproduct.

The correct answer is: Option 4.

Key Points

• Explanation: The passage explains that when nicotine enters the body, it reaches the brain within 20 seconds, causing nerve stimulation that results in a feeling of euphoria.
• In summary, option 4 (Euphoria) is correct because it accurately reflects the passage's statement on the effect of nicotine on the brain.

Additional Information

• Sleepiness: The passage does not indicate that nicotine induces sleepiness upon reaching the brain.
• Depression: Nicotine is noted for reducing anxiety, stress, or depression but does not cause depression when it reaches the brain.
• Hunger: Hunger is not mentioned in the passage as a feeling caused by nicotine.