UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 30 Sep 2020 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

The constructivist Theory of Vygotsy supports the active participation of the learner in the learning process in an interactional setting with intrinsic motivation as the basis.

• Dyadic communication a small process of oral communication that involves small groups. It also has three characteristics: Intimacy, Immediacy, and Proximity.
• Public communication happens when a person or a group of people gather and start sharing information with an audience or give a presentation on certain topics to deliver a message.
• Organizational communication can be defined as the sending and receiving of messages among interrelated individuals within a particular environment or setting to achieve individual and common goals. Individuals in organizations transmit messages through face-to-face, written, and mediated channels.
• Mass communication is the process of imparting and exchanging information through mass media to large segments of the population. It is usually understood for relating to various forms of media, as these technologies are used for the dissemination of information, of which journalism and advertising are part.
• Mass communication differs from other forms of communication, such as interpersonal communication and organizational communication, because it focuses on particular resources transmitting information to numerous receivers. The study of mass communication is chiefly concerned with how the content of mass communication persuades or otherwise affects the behavior, attitude, opinion, or emotion of the people receiving the information.

Hence option2 is the correct answer.

Concept used:

Natural numbers are a part of the number system which includes all the positive integers from 1 till infinity.

Whole numbers are the part of the number system in which it includes all the positive integers from 0 to infinity.

Integers are the numbers which can be positive, negative or zero, but cannot be a fraction.

Prime numbers are the positive integers having only two factors, 1 and the integer itself. 

Calculation:

From the above definition,

∴ The correct match is A-II, B - III, C - I, D - IV

Formula used:

(a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

(a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab

(a – b)(a + b) = a² – b²

Calculation:

I. 9² = 81

II. 29² = (30 – 1)² = 900 + 1 – 2 × 30 = 841

III. 232² = (230 + 2)² = 52900 + 4 + 2 × 230 × 2 = 53824

IV. 203² = (200 + 3)² = 40000 + 9 + 2 × 200 × 3 = 41209

∴ The correct answer is A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III

Shortcut Trick

Match with the unit digit concept,

9² gives unit digit as 1

2² gives unit digit as 4 

3² gives unit digit as 9

Concept used:

In the case of the compound interest, Interest is earned on the interest every year.

And, In case of simple interest, Interest is only earned on the principal only and interest is the same in every year.

Calculation:

From the above statement we come to know that Statement I is correct and Statement II is wrong

∴ The correct answer is option 3

The logic is:

A. 66 – 70 → 66 + 4 = 70

B. 30 – 48 → 30 + 18 = 48

C. 80 – 98 → 80 + 18 = 98

D. 40 – 58 → 40 + 18 = 58

E. 72 – 90 → 72 + 18 = 90

Hence, A only is the odd one out.

Academic council of the concerned university:

• The Academic Council shall be the principal academic body of the institution deemed to be a university.​

Key Points 

The Academic Council shall have the following powers, duties, namely:

(i) To consider matters of academic interest either on its own initiative or at the instance of the Board of Management or these proposed by the departments/faculties and to take proper action thereon;

(ii) To exercise general supervision over the academic work of the institution deemed to be university and to give direction regarding methods of instruction, evaluation, and improvements in academic standards;

(iii) To promote research within the institution deemed to be university, acquire reports on such researches from time to time;

(iv) To prescribe courses of study leading to degrees and diplomas of the institution deemed to be university;

(v) To make arrangements for the conduct of examinations in conformity with the Bye-Laws;

(vi) To appoint examiners, moderators, tabulators and such other personnel for different examinations;

(vii) To maintain proper standards of the examinations;

 Additional Information​University Council:

• The University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA) is a leading nonprofit, research-oriented, institutional-only member organization dedicated to improving the profession of educational administration.

Board of Studies -

• It is the statutory body, whose composition and authority are derived from the university statutes.
• Chairpersons of the Board of Studies are appointed by the Syndicate or the Vice-Chancellor.
• The Board of Studies reports to the Academic Council through the Dean Concerned.
• Its functions will include framing the content of various courses, reviewing and updating them.

University Court:

• A university court is an administrative body of a university in the United Kingdom. In England's Oxbridge such a court carries out limited judicial functions; whereas in Scotland it is a university's supreme governing body, analogous to a board of directors or a board of trustees.

• King Ramapala (1077-1129) is said to be the founder of this University.
• Jagaddala University was the largest construction works undertaken by the Pala Kings. This was a centre for the study and dissemination of Tantric Buddhism.
• It followed the methods, practices, and traditions of Nalanda. According to Tibetan works many books were translated to the Tibetan language at Jagaddala.
• The Buddhist teacher Sakya Sri Bhadra, seeing that Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Odantapuri were in ruins after the Muslim invasion, entered Jagaddala for his studies.
• It is said that his pupil Danaseela translated ten books to Tibetan Sakya Sri Bhadra was responsible for the propagation of Tatntric Buddhism in Tibet.
• He lived for seven years at Jagaddala. In 1027 the Muslim invaders sack and destroyed Jagaddala.

Important Points

Jagaddala University:

• Jagaddala University is best known for the teaching of a special subject 'Vajarayana Buddhism’ along with other subjects.
• This university is said to have been founded by King Ramapala (1077–1129).
• The Pala Kings' most significant construction project was Jagaddala University.
• This was a study and dissemination center for Tantric Buddhism (Vajarayana Buddhism).
• It adhered to Nalanda's methods, practices, and traditions. Many books were translated into Tibetan at Jagaddala, according to Tibetan works.

Additional Information

• Mithila University records hardly mention Mithila University. This learning centre had been in existence since the time of Raja Janak. The reason is the lack of archaeological finds dating back to the ancient period. It was a prominent seat of the Brahmanical system of education.
• Nalanda University: Nalanda University was established by Shakraditya of the Gupta dynasty in modern Bihar during the early 5^th century and flourished for 600 years till the 12^th century. 

Nalanda was the world’s first university to have residential quarters for both students and teachers. It also had large public lecture halls.

• Odantapuri University was established by Dharmapala of Pala dynasty during the late 8^th century in Magadha (which is in modern-day Bihar) and flourished for 400 years till the 12^th century. The famous Acharya Sri Ganga who was a professor at the Vikramashila University was a graduate of Odantapuri University. Odantapuri (also called Odantapura or Uddandapura) was a Buddhist Mahavihara in what is now Bihar, India. It was established by the second Pala Emperor Dharma Pala in the 8^th century. It is considered the second oldest of India's Mahaviharas after Nalanda University and was situated in Magadha.

Academic and Administrative Reforms Committee:

• The Chairman, University Grants Commission (UGC), had set up a Committee on Academic and Administrative Reforms, with Professor A. Gnanam as convenor.
• The letter from UGC was issued in 2008
• The main focus was composing several eminent educationists from a diverse range of disciplines.
• The academic reforms suggested by the committee are,
• Semester system
• Choice-based credit system
• Curriculum development
• Admission procedure
• Examination reform

 

Therefore, A, C, and D are the correct options.

Total Quality Management (TQM):

• TQM in Universities focuses on providing better services for their first "customers" that are students, parents of students, and employers.
• TQM scheme is developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s in developed countries like America., and the UK.
• It becomes popular after the book 'Total Quality Control' by A. V. Feigenbaum and 'What is Total Quality Control' by Kaoru Ishikawa.

Concept of total quality management in higher education based on G. F. Smith's 'Quality Problem Solving' Principles:

• Quality as excellence: Rigorous admission procedures

• Quality of zero errors: SWOC (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Challenge analysis)

• Quality as fitness for purposes: Participatory management

• Quality as transformation: innovation and practice

• Quality as a threshold: academic, cultural, social, and organizational

• Quality as value for money

• Quality as enhancement or improvement

• TQM is a very common term in business and management

• There are few differences between TQM in education and business

• University is nor a factory and students are not products, the product is education

• The successful completion of od education is a product of active participation of teacher and student, SWOC, and successful management.

• Here the customer focus is quality assurance in the education system.

• Leadership, involvement, and management, motivation, and continuous improvement are essentials.

• The word 'Yoga' is derived from the Sanskrit root 'Yuj', meaning 'to join' or 'to yoke' or 'to unite'. As per Yogic scriptures, the practice of Yoga leads to the union of individual consciousness with that of the Universal Consciousness, indicating a perfect harmony between the mind and body, Man & Nature.
• The Minister of State said that the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) 2005 recommended Yoga as an Integral Part of Health and Physical Education as part of the National Curriculum Framework (NCF).
• The Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development has spent Rs.1.6 crore during 2016-17 under Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) for Yoga training of 11428 Physical Education Teachers of Government Secondary Schools.

​

• Value-Education: The very purpose and main function of education is the development of an all-round and well-balanced personality of the students, and also to develop all dimensions of the human intellect so that our children can help make our nation more democratic, cohesive, socially responsible, culturally rich and intellectually competitive nation.
• Environmental education (EE) refers to organized efforts to teach how natural environments function, and particularly, how human beings can manage behaviour and ecosystems to live sustainably.
• It is a process that allows individuals to explore environmental issues, engage in problem-solving, and take action to improve the environment. As a result, individuals develop a deeper understanding of environmental issues and have the skills to make informed and responsible decisions.
• It is a multi-disciplinary field integrating disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, ecology, earth science, atmospheric science, mathematics, and geography.
• Hence, from the definitions, it is clear that both value education and environmental education can be integral to yoga programmes being conducted at the school/college-level.
• So, both statement I and statement II are true

"School principal's influence on trust: perspectives of mother's children with disabilities". For this purpose Focused group discussion (FGD) based method will be most appropriate.

Focused group discussion (FGD) based method:

• It is a qualitative research method
• It involves gathering people from similar backgrounds or experiences together to discuss a specific topic of interest.
• The participants share their ideas, attitude, belief, opinion, etc.
• Here, the principle plays the role of the moderator. Good levels of group leadership and interpersonal skill are required to moderate a group successfully.
• The principle can obtain several perspectives about the trust of the parents and can help them for the same.

 

Key Points

New media and Learning:

• Use of new media and social networking services learning become easy and affordable
• It enhances the opportunity to expand the learning environment
• It makes education more convenient
• It is a learner-oriented and self-motivated learning system.
• Learners can design their own learning process
• Using new media services, open and distance learning and online learning getting facilitate day-by-day
• Unfold multiple opportunities for skill development, enhance knowledge, learning efficiency, exposure to media, out knowledge, etc.
• The use of new media in learning broadens the knowledge sphere of students by facilitating interactions, community learning,** and the exchange of ideas.**
• The following model is a representation of e-learning and the use of new media technology,

Important Points

Learning is no longer an assembly of facts:

• With the advent of social media and information available at the tips of our fingers, not everything we learn over the new media is factual.
• Everyone and anyone can upload their knowledge about a particular topic on the internet.
• But not every of this information is factual, some are myths and some have no reliable source.
• Although this information is liberal they usually lack an authentic source.
• Therefore, when learning through new media's is ts very important for the learner to use reliable and authentic media sources to build their knowledge.

Hence, it is clear that because of new media, learning is no longer an assembly of facts.

Additional Information

Changes in the conventional approach in learning:

• The conventional approach refers to the traditional way of teaching wherein most of the time lecture method is used.
• This method of teaching is textbook-centered, teacher dominant, exam-oriented.
• The emphasis here is mainly on remembering and reproducing facts, principles, and theories of learning.
• Using new media in learning, the scope to explore new knowledge increasing gradually.
• Learning with interesting examples, audio-visual facilities, and larger dimensions helps in building clear concepts, aptitude, and ability to apply in real-life situations.

Research ethics: 

• It is a guideline for the responsible conducts of a research
• It related to the ethical principles of social responsibility
• There are three types of ethics, metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics
• Ethics always help us to identify right or wrong, differentiate good or bad
• Research is a multi-stage process. Ethics are central to the research process.

Some of the research ethics are as follows:

• Honesty: the researcher should be honest about the method, report data, results, publish the status.

• Integrity: researcher should care about the agreement or promises done before the research

• Objectivity: This is to avoid bias

• Respect intellectual property: Avoiding Plagiarism or any kind of copyright or duplication. Avoid using unpublished data or method or other without permission

• Carefulness: avoided error driven by negligence, keep record step of every step

• Confidentiality: keep confidentiality of collected data

• Responsibility: The responsibility of monitoring others, social responsibilities, use reliable and authentic data, etc.

• Protection: protection of human subject, animal, or any other natural property

• Competence: maintain professional and scientific competence

• Legal: maintain legal aspects like government law, policies, institutional policies, etc.

• Research ethics is most important for analyzing and interpreting research data

• The last stage of successful research is reporting the research result

• In all the previous stages ethical issue is very important.

• Results come after doing all the work like data collection, analysis, maintain ethical issues, avoid all unauthentic information, and do all the relevant work step by step.

• As far as Identification, definition, and delimitation of the research problem, defining the population, sampling procedures, and techniques, and deciding the quantitative or qualitative tracks or both for pursuing the research problem are more concerned with the theoretical approach and not false under strict research parameters.

Hence, in an absolute sense- Analysing and interpreting research data, and reporting the research findings to stand pertinent to research ethics.

Communication: communication means the passing or sharing of ideas or massage to a target group or receiver.

Gatekeeping in communication:

• A gatekeeper decides what information should move to a group or individual and what information should not.
• Kurt Lewin, a German psychologist coins the word called “Gatekeeping”.
• It is an important term in mass media communication where the editor or the person who decides what news has to publish or flash.
• The gatekeeper is having its own influence like social, cultural, ethical, and political.
• Based on personal or social influences they let the information to the group.

Gatekeeping function in a classroom:

• A teacher should play the role of a gatekeeper in the classroom to maintain the classroom environment for better learning.
• In any higher educational institution, a teacher should act as the moral custodian of students, both inside and outside it.
• In this way, they can control the flow of unwanted, sensible, and controversial information’s on the right path.
• For the moral development of the students, he/she has to decide what they need or what they should avoid. At home, the mother plays the same role.
• It is a matter of the overall social and personality development of the student like the reputation of a news channel.

Therefore, Both statement I and statement II are true

The pattern followed here is:

According to the alphabetical positions of the letters,

Similarly,

Hence, ELRCIC is the correct answer.

The pattern follows here is :

HkLo is not following the pattern.

Hence, the correct answer is "HkLo".

"Fire is cold because it is a substance" - Badhita fallacy is implied in this case.

Fallacy (hetvabhasha):

• It is a middle term or appears to a reason but not a valid reason.
• There are five fallacies lead by the violation in fallacies of inference. These are

1. Savyabhichara
2. Viruddha
3. Satpratipaksha
4. Asiddha
5. Badhita

The difference in characteristics and relationship between the Internet and Intranet are as follows,

Therefore, we can say that options A and D are correct about the internet and intranet.

• Extranet: It is an intranet particularly accessible to a number of authorized users.

Memory in a computer system is required for storage and retrieval of the instructions and data. A system uses a variety of devices for storing these instructions and data that are required for its operation.

Primary or main memories are used mainly for primary storage. It stores programs and data which are currently needed by the CPU. The primary memory is a static device. There is no rotating part in it. Examples include RAM, ROM, etc.

• Random Access Memory (RAM): It stores data that the computer needs to use temporarily. So it is faster than the secondary storage devices. It is a volatile memory i.e. the data disappear from it when the power is off. The amount of RAM in a computer system can affect a computer’s performance.
• Read-Only Memory (ROM): The system uses ROM to boot itself. It is used to store the start-up information of the computer. This is called non-volatile memory i.e. it retains its content even if the computer loses its power.

Secondary Memory: It is the storage that the CPU cannot access directly. It's content firstly needs to be copied into ram and then transferred to CPU. It stores data that can be easily retrieved only by the main memory and used by the processor. Example, hard disk.

• The contents of the secondary memory first get transferred to the primary memory and then are accessed by the processor, this is because the processor does not directly interact with the secondary memory.
• Examples: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Magnetic Tapes, pen drives, etc.

Reducing by half proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015 objective of Millenium Development Goals, the progress in the world as a whole has been least satisfactory.

International development is a multi-disciplinary context of human development which seeks to implement long-term solutions to problems by helping developing countries create the necessary capacity needed to provide such sustainable solutions to their problems. One such programme was the MDGs.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):

• In September 2000, world leaders came together at the United Nations Headquarters in New York to adopt the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
• The Declaration committed nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty and set out a series of eight time-bound targets, with a deadline of 2015, that came to be known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
• The aims of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries

​

 

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2000 come to end in 2015. Endorsed by 189 countries (at the time), the MDGs have indeed been an unprecedented global effort to achieve eight measurable development goals that were identified collectively.

1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality
4. To reduce child mortality
5. To improve maternal health
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. To ensure environmental sustainability
8. To develop a global partnership for development

According to Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, the night time Noise standard prescribed for Educational Institutions is 40 db(A).

• Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.
• Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.
• Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places, or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority
• Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority.

National Mission on Solid Waste Management is NOT one of the missions under the National Action Plan on climate change.

• The National Action Plan on Climate change (NAPCC) identifies measures that promote development objectives while also yielding co-benefits for addressing climate change.
• There are 8 “National Missions” which form the core of the National action plan.
• They focus on promoting understanding of climate change, adaptation and mitigation, energy efficiency, and natural resource conservation.”
• Published in 2008 by the then-Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change (Government of India), the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) aims at creating awareness among the representatives of the public, different agencies of the government, scientists, industry, and the community as a whole, on the threat posed by climate change and the steps proposed at the level of India to counter these changes.

1. National Solar Mission
2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
3. National Mission on Sustainable habitat
4. National Water Mission
5. National Mission for sustainable the Himalayan ecosystem
6. National Mission for a Green India
7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

Hence National Mission on Solid Waste Management is NOT the mission under the National Action Plan on climate change.

Programmed Instructional material :

• It is a technique of self-instruction, one can learn by himself or herself
• The instruction could be computer-assisted or printed format
• The main focus is to develop materials that maximize learning foster understanding and reinforcement to the learner.
• The subject matter is presented in three logical steps, 

1. Preparatory phase
2. Development phase
3. Evaluation and revision phase

• The significant characteristics of Programmed Instructional material are
• Active responding
• Immediate feedback
• Individual difference is taken care
• Continuous evaluation
• Immediate confirmation
• Self-pacing
• According to Edger Dale, "Programmed learning is a systematic step by step self-instruction program aimed to ensure the learning of the stated behaviour."
• Hence, Statement I: Programmed Instructional material uses active responding and immediate feedback as important principles for learning is correct.

Skinner's reinforcement principle:

• In 1938, Skinner published, 'The Behaviour of Organisms'
• Also known as 'Operant conditioning theory'
• Learning results from events (termed 'reinforcements') which reduce psychological drives that active behaviour.
• It is called a single-track program, presented in a series of small steps.

Therefore, Both statement I and statement II are true.

Linear Programming:

The founder of this programming is B.F. Skinner. It is based on the theory of operant conditioning. It tells that “A Certain direction can be given to human behaviour”, for this purpose activities is needed to divide into small parts and make their analysis.

Linear programming is based on five fundamental principles-

1. Principles of a small step.
2. Principle of Active responding.
3. Principle of immediate confirmation.
4. Principle of self-pacing.
5. Principle of student testing.

The assumption behind the linear programming is that student learns better if the content is presented in small units, student response if immediately confirmed, results in better learning, student’s error create hindrance in learning.

Hypothesis:

• “A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative explanation of the research problem, a possible outcome of the research, or an educated guess about the research outcome.”
• According to Goode and Hatt, a hypothesis is “a proposition which can be put to test to determine its validity”.

Key Points

Statement I: A research hypothesis is a tentative statement postulating a relationship between factual and conceptual elements of the variables

Research Hypothesis:

• A research hypothesis predicts the relationship between a single independent variable and a single dependent variable or between more than one variable.
• A research hypothesis is a tentative statement postulating a relationship between factual and conceptual elements of the variables
• A research hypothesis must be stated in a testable form for its proper evaluation and it should indicate a relationship between variables in clear, concise, and understandable language.
• It could be directional or nondirectional.

Hence, it concludes that statement I is correct.

Statement II: A researcher sets up a 'Null hypothesis' so that the deduced consequences of a research hypothesis may be directly tested

Null hypothesis:

• It states that there is no relationship between the variables or the variables do not affect each other.
• It is accepted only when a researcher fails to prove the research hypothesis.
• The null hypothesis is useful because it can be tested to conclude whether or not there is a relationship between two measured phenomena.
• It can inform the user whether the results obtained are due to chance or manipulating a phenomenon.
• For example, there is no relationship between deforestation and global warming.

Hence, it concludes that statement II is incorrect.

***Therefore, Statement I is correct but statement II is false.***​

The management of communication in an educational institution:

• Communication management a process of interpersonal influence in a certain situation, in order to achieve certain objectives.
• Managing an educational institution means communicating, conveying ideas, feelings, decisions to subordinates, and the possibility of returning information.
• The teacher act as a manager in every place like
• Appeals to silence as a means of non-verbal communication to manage noise created by the students
• Guiding others wherever possible
• Structuring work roles to run work perfectly
• Inform others about any important matter
• Diminished or eliminated other obstacles to communication
• Give importance to the individual differences

Therefore, B, D, and E are correct about prominent elements in the management of communication in an educational institution

• Commanding over colleagues and students and Sidetracking oppositional views are the negative trait and leads to negative discipline in an educational institution.
• A negative discipline is a form of punishment meant to control a student’s behaviour,  but oftentimes it involves only short verbal commands or statements and does not lead to an outright, often severe penalty, such as being hit or painfully humiliated. These can cause children to become angry and aggressive or have low self-esteem. Negative strategies include: Commands  –  “Sit  down  and  be  quiet!”  “Write  100  times. are such examples.

Educational communication:

• It holds an important place in teaching-learning, the trainer no longer has the simple role of having specialized knowledge and psycho-pedagogical knowledge, he must pass this knowledge in a language specific to the children he is addressing.
• Educational communication is based on language as a higher mental process and aims to transfer information from teacher to student, as well as providing feedback from student to teacher

The process of educational communication:

• Transmitter: represented by the teacher who has the role of transmitting the information;
• Receiver: represented by the student who suits the information received;
• Information: represented by the content of knowledge, by the message transmitted by the transmitter to the receiver, message to be delivered with a language appropriate to the context in which the communication takes place;
• Feedback: represented by the sender's confirmation of receiving and acquiring the communicated information by the receiver. Also, feedback allows the transmitter to carry out its information transmission activity.
• Reverse feedback: represented by the receiver's acknowledgement of the validity of the information received

 

Therefore, the chronological sequence of institutions of educational communication is AIR - UGC - Countrywide classroom - CEC - Gyan Vani.

Statement I: A percentile divides the distribution into 100 equal parts

True

Statement II: Range is the distribution between zero and highest value

False

The range of a distribution with a discrete random variable is the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value.

Hence, Statement I is correct but statement II is false is the correct answer.

Naya Philosophy:

• It is one of the six systems of Indian philosophy
• Gautama is the main proponent of Naya philosophy
• It is a philosophy of atomistic pluralism and logical realism.
• The four Pramanas of Naya philosophy is perception, inference, analogical reasoning, and testimony.
• There are five members of Naya syllogism. These are as follows-

Therefore, the correct sequence is A - V, B - IV, C - III, D - II, E - I.

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) :

• In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers.
• This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating-point numbers.
• It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units (GPUs)

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS):

• UPS, or in its long-form, uninterruptible power supply, is a power supply that contains a battery that keeps IT running once power is lost.
• UPSs also have the capability to help reduce the impact of power surges.
• Hence, statement II that UPS stands for Uniform Power Source is incorrect.

The correct answer is Param Shivay.

Key Points 

Param Shivay:

• Significance under NSM: Param Shivay was a landmark achievement in India's journey towards self-reliance in supercomputing technology. It marked the first supercomputer to be fully designed and assembled in India under the NSM.
• Institution: Developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) and installed at IIT (BHU) in Varanasi.
• Role: Param Shivay is used for research and development in various fields, including drug discovery, materials science, weather modeling, and more.

 Additional Information

Param 8000

• Timeline: This supercomputer was developed by C-DAC in 1991, significantly before the National Super Computing Mission was launched in 2015.
• Not part of NSM: While considered a breakthrough in India's supercomputing history, it is not a product of the NSM.

Param 10000

• Timeline: Developed in 1998 by C-DAC, it also precedes the NSM initiative.
• Significance: A major upgrade over the Param 8000, but not directly related to the National Super Computing Mission.

 

Param Dhavak:

• Nature: Param Dhavak is a high-performance computing (HPC) solution designed and offered by C-DAC.
• Relation to HPC ecosystem: While important to India's overall supercomputing capabilities, it is not a specific supercomputer developed under the NSM.

Key Points

Statement I:  Volatile Organic Chemical (VOCs) are contaminated more commonly found in groundwater than in surface water.Explanation:

• Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are organic chemicals that have a high vapour pressure at room temperature.
• High vapour pressure correlates with a low boiling point, which relates to the number of the sample's molecules in the surrounding air, a trait known as volatility.
• VOCs (volatile organic compounds) are EPA-regulated contaminants present in the air you breathe and in water.
• VOCs originate from a host of common household products, from bug sprays to paint thinners.
• Through spillage and runoff, they can end up in your water supply.
• Most VOCs enter the water supply directly as a result of human activity.
• Improper disposal of volatile organic compounds causes them to leach into the ground.
• Although VOCs tend to escape from surface water through volatilization (evaporation) into the air, once dissolved in groundwater they are more persistent.
• Once they’ve infiltrated the groundwater, they can migrate from aquifers to lakes and reservoirs.

Thus, Statement I is true.

Statement II: VOCs are one of the criterion parameters to determine drinking water quality.

Explanation:

• The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has prepared a draft standard for criteria parameters of the supply system of piped drinking water.
• The water treatment process should be planned in such a manner that after treatment the drinking water should conform to the Indian Standard (IS) 10500 developed by the BIS.
• VOC's are not one of the criteria parameters to determine the quality of drinking water as per BIS, EPA or WHO standards.

​Thus, Statement II is false.

Hence, Statement I is correct but statement II is false.

Additional Information

The criteria parameters according to IS:10500  for determining the quality of drinking water are:

Levels of teaching:

• There are three different levels of teaching and teaching takes place at three levels progressively- memory level of teaching, understanding level of teaching, and reflective level of teaching.
• Learner’s psychology is the main proponent of teaching
• The ultimate goal of teaching is the all-round personality development of the learner
• To follow the stages of development of a learner a teacher tries to achieve the desired educational objective
• To keep all the things stated above, a teacher teaches students at three levels

Therefore, only B and D are correct in the case of the Understanding Level of Teaching.

Given:

The average monthly salary of employees in department A = Rs 24000

Formula used:

Average = Sum of all the terms/Total number of terms

Calculation:

Total number of employee in 2018 = 18000

Total number of employees in department A in 2018 = 22/100 × 18000 = 3960

Total salary = Average salary × total number of employees

⇒ 24000 × 3960 

⇒ 95040000

⇒ 9.5 crore approx

∴ The approximate total salary expenses of the department - A in 2018 is 9.5 crores

Given:

Total number of employee in 2018 = 18000

Total number of employee in 2019 = 20000

Formula used:

Percentage change = (Final value – Initial value)/Initial value × 100 

Calculation:

The number of employee in the department C in 2018 = 18/100 × 18000 = 3240

The number of employee in the department C in 2019 = 20/100 × 20000 = 4000

Percentage increase = (4000 – 3240)/3240 × 100 

⇒ 23.45%

∴ The required percentage increase in the number of employees in department C is 23.45%

Given:

Total number of employees in 2018 = 18000

Total number of employees in 2019 = 20000

Calculation:

Employees in department A in 2018 = 22/100 × 18000 = 3960

Employees in department B in 2018 = 23/100 × 18000 = 4140

Employees in department C in 2018 = 18/100 × 18000 = 3240

Employees in department D in 2018 = 29/100 × 18000 = 5220

Employees in department E in 2018 = 8/100 × 18000 = 1440

Employees in department A in 2019 = 24/100 × 20000 = 4800

\Employees in department B in 2019 = 26/100 × 20000 = 5200

Employees in department C in 2019 = 20/100 × 20000 = 4000

Employees in department D in 2019 = 20/100 × 20000 = 4000

Employees in department E in 2019 = 10/100 × 20000 = 2000

Variation in Department A = 4800 – 3960 = 840

Variation in Department B = 5200 – 4140 = 1060

Variation in Department C = 4000 – 3240 = 760

Variation in Department D = 4000 – 5220 = -1220

Variation in Department E = 2000 – 1440 = 560

∴ The variation in department D is maximum

Variation can be both negative and positive

Given:

Total number of employee in 2018 = 18000

Total number of employee in 2019 = 20000

Calculation:

Total number of employees in department B in 2018 = 23/100 × 18000 = 4140

Total number of employees in department B in 2019 = 26/100 × 20000 = 5200

Remaining number of employees in department B in 2018 = 4140 – 300 = 3840

Number of employees joined = 5200 – 3840 = 1360

∴ The required number of employees joined in 2019 in department B is 1360

Given:

Total number of employee in 2018 = 18000

Total number of employee in 2019 = 20000

Calculation:

The number of employees in department E in 2018 = 8/100 × 18000 = 1440

The number of employees in department D in 2019 = 20/100 × 20000 = 4000

Ratio = 1440/4000 = 9 ∶ 25

∴ The required ratio is 9 ∶ 25

Here the data given in the table is in percentage and the total number of employees in 2018 and 2019 is also given.

Blooms Taxonomy:

• This model is proposed in 1956 and named after Benjamin Bloom, an educational psychologist at the University of Chicago.
• This is actually a hierarchy model to classify the teaching and instructional objectives into a specific level of complexity
• There are three major domains - cognitive domain, affective domain, and psychomotor domain
• The components of all domains are divided into specific levels
• Before started teaching educator set some objectives to achieve the learning goal

Affective domain:

• It is related to one’s attitude on different issues i.e. social, political, economic, etc.
• The levels are,
• Characterization
• Organization
• Valuing
• Responding
• Receiving

Therefore, B and D are considered to be of higher level in the affective domain of taxonomic scheme.

In the Cluster sampling method units comprising its constituents are groups taken intact rather than individually.

Sampling:

• Sampling is the selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. Statisticians attempt for the samples to represent the population in question.
• There are two types of sampling,

 

 

The following table is about the characteristics of the given sampling methods-

 

• Universe: universe contains the whole population, its groups, and all varieties
• Population: it is a set of similar items or people who have common characteristics
• Sample set: it is a specific group of people chosen for collecting the sample. It consists of responsive and non-responsive samples. The actual sample has been taken from the responsive samples only.

Qualitative research :

• Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research.
• It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.
• It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research.
• Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem.
• The aim is to determine  qualitative variables
• Qualitative research discovers ideas, used in exploratory research with a general research objective.
• It is an unstructured method to observe, understand, and interpret the collected information.
• The result is completely subjective.
• The hermeneutic and interpretive approaches are applicable here.
• Some of the qualitative methods are
• In-depth interview: one-to-one interview
• Focus group: characteristics of a specific group
• Narrative research: the available literature covers the topic or issue
• Phenomenology: the individual experience of a phenomenon
• Ethnography: the study of a culture
• Case study research: the study of an organization or an entity
• Content analysis: analysis of the different form of qualitative data
• Grounded theory: development of a theory based on the collected data

Therefore, ​Both statement I and statement II are true.

Quantitative Research:

• It is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics.
• It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviours, and other defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample population.
• Quantitative Research uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research.
• Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods.
• Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations.

Arranging according to the given information :

I. D is taller than B

D > B

II. C is the shortest of all

There are two possibilities -

(a) D > B > _ > C

(b) _ > D > B > C

III. A is taller than only one person (Only case (a) is possible).

Case (b) discarded.

Final arrangement

D > B > A > C.

Statements :

A. Number of persons taller than A is the number of persons shorter than B → True

{Number of persons taller than A = 2 (D and B); Number of persons shorter than B = 2 (A and C)}.

B. D is the tallest → True (In the final arrangement, we can see that D is the tallest one).

C. A is the shortest → False (In the final arrangement, we can see that C is the shortest one).

D. No one is shorter than C → True (In the final arrangement, we can see that C is the shortest one).

E. Only one person is shorter than B → False (In the final arrangement, we can see that 2 persons are shorter than B i.e. A and C).

Thus, only statements A, B and D are true.

Hence, the correct answer is "A, B and D only".

C++ language

• It is a direct descendant of the C programming language with additional features such as type checking, object-oriented programming, exception handling, etc.
• C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to create high-performance applications. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to the C language. C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and memory.

Windows XP 

• Windows XP is an operating system produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.
• It was the successor to both Windows 2000 for professional users and Windows Me for home users.
• It was released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and broadly released for retail sale on October 25, 2001.

wide area network

• A wide area network (also known as WAN), is a large network of information that is not tied to a single location.
• WANs can facilitate communication, the sharing of information, and much more between devices from around the world through a WAN provider.
• WANs can be vital for international businesses, but they are also essential for everyday use, as the internet is considered the largest WAN in the world.

Application software

• Application software is a program or group of programs designed for end-users.
• Examples of an application include a word processor, a spreadsheet, an accounting application, a web browser, an email client, a media player, a file viewer, simulators, a console game, or a photo editor.
• The collective noun application software refers to all applications collectively.
• This contrasts with system software, which is mainly involved with running the computer.

 

Hence Option 2 is the correct option.

Assessment: the process to find out the relative position of a student in the group.

Percentile: 

• A percentile is a point below which a given percentage of the cases occur.

• A percentile is a point, measured along the scale of the plotted variable, below which a given percentage of the measures occur.

• A percentile rank is a number used to designate any one of the given number (frequency)

• The formula Percentile Rank = [(M + (0.5 * R)) / Y] x 100

• Where, M = Number of Ranks below x R = Number of Ranks equals x Y = Total Number of Ranks

• Evolution: it is a systematic process through which one can determine the extent of the achievement of the instructional objective. It is a comprehensive process and continuous in nature.

• Assessment: the process to find out the relative position of a student in the group.

• Measurement: a quantitative measure of one’s performance

• Test: a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance, or reliability of something, use to collect evidence

The correct answer is Associationistic.

Key Points

• Look at this line: The beliefs regarding the nature of the learner in the first period drew heavily from the associationist view of the human being, in the second from the Gestalt and personalistic views; later they also drew from the emerging social psychological and group dynamic views.
• Upon the perusal of the above statement, it can be concluded that the first vision of the learner was associationistic.
• Hence, option 4 is the most appropriate answer choice.

The correct answer is Each individual acting as stimulus.

Key Points

• Look at this line: The child as learner as envisioned as a social organism, and learning was perceived as occurring through interpersonal actions and reactions, each person in the classroom serving as a stimulus for every other person.
• Upon the perusal of the above statement, it can be concluded that learning occurred through each person acting as stimulus.
• Hence, option 4 is the most appropriate answer choice.

The correct answer is Ideological issues.

Key Points

• Look at this line: It is hard to overemphasize the impact on the classroom of the “group climate" concepts and studies by Lewin and his associates beginning in the late 1930s, which were given added cogency by the ideological issues of World War Il.
• Upon the perusal of the above statement, it can be concluded that the group climate got reinforced by ideological issues.
• Hence, option 2 is the most appropriate answer choice.

Additional Information

Cogency means the fact of being clearly expressed and likely to persuade people.

The correct answer is Understanding group dynamics.

Key Points

• Look at this line: Experimenters in the learning laboratory became concerned with such previously unheard-of matters as “interpersonal cohesion" and “small group processes", and teachers in the classroom with "sociometric structure" and "group dynamics".
• Upon the perusal of the above statement, it can be concluded that the focus shifted towards group dynamics.
• Hence, option 4 is the most appropriate answer choice.

The correct answer is Laboratory learning.

Key Points

• Look at the lines: Innumerable treatises, textbooks, and programs applied these ideas and findings to the classroom, and such terms as "authoritarian", “democratic”, and “laissez-faire” became, for good or ill, integral parts of the educational vocabulary. Experimenters in the learning laboratory became concerned with such previously unheard-of matters as “interpersonal cohesion" and “small group processes", and teachers in the classroom with "sociometric structure" and "group dynamics".
• Generally, laboratory learning means conceptual understanding of the theory–practice relationship, their higher level reasoning skills and the development of their practical competence in laboratory work.
• Upon the perusal of the above statement and the deep understanding of the passage, we can infer that author is in favour of laboratory learning.
• Hence, option 2 is the most appropriate answer choice.

Additional Information

Let's understand the meaning of the other options:

• Vertical learning is the development of habits of mind we use to become self-actualized, a state in which we live purposefully and in full alignment with our own coherent set of core values and reconstructing ourselves.
• Circular learning: It involves referring to previous experiences as well as anticipating outcomes. Learning is in that sense a spiral– reflecting, moving on, turning into a new loop with new experiences and qualitatively new challenges. People learn through a circular process of action, conceptualization and evaluation.
• Teacher- focussed learning: In this learning model, the teacher functions in the familiar role of classroom lecturer, presenting information to the students, who are expected to passively receive the knowledge being presented.

Carbon-Nitrogen ratio:

• All organic matter is made up of substantial amounts of carbon (C) combined with lesser amounts of nitrogen (N).
• The balance of these two elements in an organism is called the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C: N ratio).
• The fastest way to produce fertile, sweet-smelling compost is to maintain a C: N ratio somewhere around 25 to 30 parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen, or 25-30:1.
• If the C: N ratio is too high (excess carbon), decomposition slows down.
• If the C: N ratio is too low (excess nitrogen) you will end up with a stinky pile.

Therefore, the correct sequence of Carbon (C) to Nitrogen (N) ratio in decreasing order in organic waste material is C, B, D, A.