UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 2nd Sept 2024 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Given:

Total visitors to Kullu and Manali = 4000

Visitors to Kullu till Tuesday = 1060

Visitors to Kullu till Monday = 360

Visitors to Manali till Friday = Total visitors - Visitors to Kullu till Friday

Visitors to Kullu on Tuesday = Visitors to Kullu till Tuesday - Visitors to Kullu till Monday

Percentage of foreigners visiting Kullu on Tuesday = 20%

Percentage of foreigners visiting Manali on Friday = 40%

Formula used:

Foreigners in Kullu on Tuesday = (Visitors to Kullu on Tuesday) × (Percentage of foreigners visiting Kullu on Tuesday)

Foreigners in Manali on Friday = (Visitors to Manali on Friday) × (Percentage of foreigners visiting Manali on Friday)

Non-foreigners in Kullu on Tuesday = Visitors to Kullu on Tuesday - Foreigners in Kullu on Tuesday

Calculations:

Visitors to Kullu on Tuesday = 1060 - 360

⇒ Visitors to Kullu on Tuesday = 700

Foreigners in Kullu on Tuesday = 700 × 20%

⇒ Foreigners in Kullu on Tuesday = 700 × 0.2

⇒ Foreigners in Kullu on Tuesday = 140

Non-foreigners in Kullu on Tuesday = 700 - 140

⇒ Non-foreigners in Kullu on Tuesday = 560

Visitors to Manali till Friday = 4000 - 1960

⇒ Visitors to Manali till Friday = 2040

Visitors to Manali and Kullu till Thursday = 4000 × 80/100 = 3200

Visitors to Manali till Thursday = 3200 - 1700 = 1500

Visitors to Manali on Friday = Visitors to Manali till Friday - Visitors to Manali till Thursday

⇒ 2040 - 1500 = 540

Foreigners in Manali on Friday = 540 × 40%

⇒ Foreigners in Manali on Friday = 540 × 0.4

⇒ Foreigners in Manali on Friday = 216

Total number of visitors to Kullu on Tuesday who are not foreigners and to Manali on Friday who are foreigners,

= 216 + 560 = 776

∴ The correct answer is 776.

Given:

Visitors to Kullu on Monday = 360

Visitors to Kullu on Thursday = Visitors to Kullu till Thursday - Visitors to Kullu till Wednesday

Visitors to Kullu till Thursday = 1700

Visitors to Kullu till Wednesday = 1540

Visitors to Manali on Wednesday = Total visitors till Wednesday - Visitors to Kullu till Wednesday

Total visitors till Wednesday = 4000 × 70% = 2800

Formula used:

Average visitors to Kullu on Monday and Thursday = (Visitors to Kullu on Monday + Visitors to Kullu on Thursday) / 2

Percentage less = ((Visitors to Manali on Wednesday - Average visitors to Kullu on Monday and Thursday) / Visitors to Manali on Wednesday) × 100

Calculations:

Visitors to Kullu on Thursday = 1700 - 1540

⇒ Visitors to Kullu on Thursday = 160

Average visitors to Kullu on Monday and Thursday = (360 + 160) / 2

⇒ Average visitors to Kullu on Monday and Thursday = 520 / 2

⇒ Average visitors to Kullu on Monday and Thursday = 260

Visitors to kullu and manali till Wednesday = 4000 × 70/100 = 2800

Visitors to Manali till Wednesday = 2800 - 1540 = 1260

Visitors to kullu and manali till Tuesday = 4000 × 40/100 = 1600

Visitors to Manali till Tuesday = 1600 - 1060 = 540

⇒ Visitors to Manali on Wednesday = 1260 - 540 = 720

Percentage less = ((720 - 260) / 720) × 100

⇒ Percentage less = (460 / 720) × 100 = 63.888%

⇒ Percentage less ≈ 63.89%

∴ The correct answer is 63.89%.

Given:

Visitors to Kullu till Thursday = 1700

Visitors to Kullu till Wednesday = 1540

Visitors to Kullu on Thursday = Visitors to Kullu till Thursday - Visitors to Kullu till Wednesday

Total visitors till Wednesday = 4000 × 70% = 2800

Visitors to Manali on Wednesday = Total visitors till Wednesday - Visitors to Kullu till Wednesday

Formula used:

Ratio = Visitors to Manali on Wednesday : Visitors to Kullu on Thursday

Calculations:

Visitors to Kullu on Thursday = 1700 - 1540

⇒ Visitors to Kullu on Thursday = 160

Visitors to kullu and manali till Wednesday = 4000 × 70/100 = 2800

Visitors to Manali till Wednesday = 2800 - 1540 = 1260

Visitors to kullu and manali till Tuesday = 4000 × 40/100 = 1600

Visitors to Manali till Tuesday = 1600 - 1060 = 540

⇒ Visitors to Manali on Wednesday = 1260 - 540 = 720

The ratio of the number of visitors to Manali on Wednesday to the number of visitors to Kullu on Thursday,

Ratio = 720 : 160

⇒ Ratio = 9 : 2

∴ The correct answer is option 1.

Given:

Total visitors to Kullu and Manali = 4000

Visitors to Kullu till Friday = 1960

Visitors to Manali till Friday = Total visitors - Visitors to Kullu till Friday

Visitors to Kullu on Monday = 360

Total visitors till Monday = 4000 × 15% = 600

Visitors to Manali on Monday = Total visitors till Monday - Visitors to Kullu on Monday

Formula used:

Average number of visitors to Manali on all days except Monday = (Total visitors to Manali - Visitors to Manali on Monday) / 4

Calculations:

Visitors to Manali till Friday = 4000 - 1960

⇒ Visitors to Manali till Friday = 2040

Visitors to Manali on Monday = 600 - 360

⇒ Visitors to Manali on Monday = 240

Total visitors to Manali on all days except Monday = 2040 - 240

⇒ Total visitors to Manali on all days except Monday = 1800

Average number of visitors to Manali on all days except Monday = 1800 / 4

⇒ Average number of visitors to Manali on all days except Monday = 450

∴ The average number of visitors to Manali on all the days except Monday is 450.

Given:

Total visitors to Kullu and Manali = 4000

Visitors to Kullu till Wednesday = 1540

Visitors to Kullu on Monday = 360

Total visitors till Monday = 4000 × 15% = 600

Total visitors till Wednesday = 4000 × 70% = 2800

Visitors to Manali on Monday = Total visitors till Monday - Visitors to Kullu on Monday

Visitors to Manali on Wednesday = Total visitors till Wednesday - Visitors to Kullu till Wednesday

Formula used:

Total visitors to Manali on Monday and Wednesday = Visitors to Manali on Monday + Visitors to Manali on Wednesday

Percentage = (Total visitors to Manali on Monday and Wednesday / Visitors to Kullu on Wednesday) × 100

Calculations:

Visitors to Manali on Monday = 600 - 360

⇒ Visitors to Manali on Monday = 240

Visitors to kullu and manali till Wednesday = 4000 × 70/100 = 2800

Visitors to Manali till Wednesday = 2800 - 1540 = 1260

Visitors to kullu and manali till Tuesday = 4000 × 40/100 = 1600

Visitors to Manali till Tuesday = 1600 - 1060 = 540

⇒ Visitors to Manali on Wednesday = 1260 - 540 = 720

Total visitors to Manali on Monday and Wednesday = 240 + 720

⇒ Total visitors to Manali on Monday and Wednesday = 960

Visitors to Kullu on Wednesday = 1540 - 1060

⇒ Visitors to Kullu on Wednesday = 480

Percentage = (960 / 480) × 100

⇒ Percentage = 2 × 100

⇒ Percentage = 200%

∴ The total number of visitors to Manali on Monday and Wednesday is 200% of the number of visitors to Kullu on Wednesday.

Given:

Average marks of six students = 50

Misread marks of one student = 48

Correct marks of the student = 84

Formula Used:

Correct average marks = (Total marks - Misread marks + Correct marks) / Number of students

Calculation:

Total marks with misread marks = Average marks × Number of students

Total marks with misread marks = 50 × 6

Total marks with misread marks = 300

Correct total marks = Total marks with misread marks - Misread marks + Correct marks

Correct total marks = 300 - 48 + 84

Correct total marks = 336

Correct average marks = Correct total marks / Number of students

Correct average marks = 336 / 6

Correct average marks = 56

The correct average marks of the students is 56.

The correct answer is 'John Dewey'

Key Points

• Project method of teaching:
• The project method of teaching is an educational approach where learning experiences are organized around complex tasks or projects that require students to actively explore and investigate real-world problems.
• This method emphasizes student-centered learning, critical thinking, collaboration, and the application of knowledge to practical situations.
• John Dewey, an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, is widely credited with popularizing the project method of teaching as part of his broader philosophy of experiential education.

Additional Information

• Crow and Crow:
• Crow and Crow are known for their contributions to educational psychology but are not associated with the development of the project method of teaching.
• Robert Miller:
• Robert Miller is not a recognized figure in the history of the project method of teaching. There may be confusion with other educational theorists, but he did not contribute to this specific method.
• Robert Mager:
• Robert Mager is known for his work on instructional objectives and performance-based education but did not play a role in the development of the project method of teaching.

The correct answer is 'A, C, D and E only'

Key Points

• Universal Human Values in National Education Policy 2020:
• The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes the inclusion of universal human values as part of holistic education to foster well-rounded individuals.
• The values highlighted include Truth, Righteous conduct, Nonviolence, and Scientific temper, which are aimed at developing ethical and morally responsible citizens.
• These values are integral to the curriculum to ensure students not only excel academically but also possess strong moral and ethical foundations.

Additional Information

• Sympathy:
• While sympathy is an important human value, it is not explicitly listed in the NEP 2020 as one of the core universal human values to be integrated into the education system.
• However, the NEP does promote empathy and understanding, which are closely related to sympathy, through various aspects of its holistic education approach.
• Implementation of NEP 2020:
• The NEP 2020 aims to implement these values through curriculum reforms, teacher training programs, and the integration of value-based education across all levels of schooling.
• This is to ensure that students develop a balanced perspective, combining intellectual growth with moral and ethical development.

The correct answer is 'Information distribution'

Key Points

• Information distribution:
• Individuals who live in a particular community often develop unique systems for distributing information. This can be through formal channels like local newspapers, community radio, or informal channels such as word of mouth and social gatherings.
• The patterns of information distribution are influenced by the community’s culture, socioeconomic status, and technological access.
• This system ensures that relevant and timely information reaches the community members, fostering a sense of belonging and awareness.

Additional Information

• Media ownership:
• Media ownership refers to the ownership and control of media outlets like TV stations, newspapers, and online platforms. While it impacts the type of information distributed, it is not directly related to the community’s unique information systems.
• Media marketing:
• Media marketing involves promoting media content to maximize audience reach and engagement. This concept is more about the business side of media and less about the community-specific distribution of information.
• Information imperialism:
• Information imperialism is the dominance of information dissemination by powerful entities, often leading to the suppression of local voices and perspectives. It is contrary to the idea of community-specific information systems.

The correct answer is Zone of Proximal Development

Key Points

• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
• ZPD is a concept developed by Lev Vygotsky, a Soviet psychologist, as part of his sociocultural theory of learning.
• It represents the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner.
• The ZPD emphasizes the importance of social interaction and scaffolding (supportive assistance) in cognitive development.
• In the context of the given scenario, the child's ability to draw a circle with the teacher's help falls within their ZPD, highlighting the role of guided learning.

Additional Information

• Assimilation:
• Assimilation, a concept from Piaget's theory of cognitive development, involves integrating new information into existing cognitive schemas.
• It is not directly related to the assistance provided by a teacher as described in Vygotsky's ZPD.
• Adoption:
• Adoption generally refers to the process of taking on new behaviors or practices, often used in a broader cultural or social context.
• It does not specifically explain the guided learning process highlighted in the scenario.
• Maturation:
• Maturation refers to the natural development of skills and abilities over time, as determined by biological factors.
• While maturation affects learning, it does not account for the teacher's role in facilitating the child's ability to draw a circle as per the scenario.

The correct answer is 'Data packets may follow different routes and may arrive at different times in different order.'

Key Points

• Packet Switching in Computer Networks:
• Packet switching is a method of data transmission where the message is divided into smaller packets before being sent.
• Each packet may take a different path to reach the destination, depending on the network traffic and availability of routes.
• Packets are reassembled into the original message at the destination. They may arrive out of order and at different times.
• This method is efficient for network utilization and is commonly used in the Internet and other modern networks.

Additional Information

• Incorrect Options:
• Option 2: Data packets will always follow the same route and arrive at the same time in the same order.
• This is characteristic of circuit switching, not packet switching. In circuit switching, a dedicated path is established for the entire duration of the communication.
• Option 3: Data packets will always follow the same route but could arrive at different times in different order.
• In packet switching, packets do not always follow the same route. They can take multiple paths based on network conditions.
• Option 4: Data packets may follow different routes but will always arrive at the same time in the same order.
• Packets can arrive at different times and out of order due to taking different routes and varying network delays.

The correct answer is 'Stratospheric ozone layer'

Key Points

• Montreal Protocol:
• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances responsible for ozone depletion.
• It was signed on September 16, 1987, and has been ratified by 197 countries, making it one of the most successful environmental agreements to date.
• The protocol targets chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other related compounds that contribute to the thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere.
• The ozone layer is crucial for life on Earth as it absorbs the majority of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation, protecting living organisms from potential damage.

Additional Information

• Biodiversity:
• Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth, encompassing the diversity of species, ecosystems, and genetic variations within species.
• While the Montreal Protocol indirectly benefits biodiversity by protecting the ozone layer and reducing harmful UV radiation, it is not specifically aimed at biodiversity protection.
• Glaciers:
• Glaciers are large masses of ice that move slowly over land, primarily found in polar regions and high mountains.
• The Montreal Protocol does not directly address the protection of glaciers, although reducing ozone-depleting substances can have positive climate effects that might benefit glacial regions.
• Oceans:
• Oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface and play a critical role in regulating the planet's climate and supporting marine life.
• While the Montreal Protocol does not specifically target ocean protection, reducing harmful UV radiation through the protection of the ozone layer can benefit marine ecosystems.

The correct answer is 1773.

Key Points

The question asks for the result of the formula:

• =SUMIFS(C18:C23, B18:B23, ">3", C18:C23, ">500")

Let's analyze the conditions:

• B18:B23, ">3": This condition selects rows where the Quantity is greater than 3.
• C18:C23, ">500": This condition selects rows where the Sales Amount is greater than 500.

Applying the Conditions to the Table:

Only Thursday and Friday meet both conditions (Quantity > 3 and Sales Amount > 500).

Summing the Sales Amount for Thursday and Friday:

• Thursday: 674
• Friday: 1099

Total = 674 + 1099 = 1773

The correct answer is: 1773

Additional Information

• Understanding SUMIFS Further:
• SUMIFS can handle multiple criteria and can be a powerful tool for conditional summing in Excel.
• It's important to ensure that the criteria ranges are of the same size as the sum range to avoid errors.

Sustainable Development Goal 7 is related to 'Affordable and Clean Energy'

Key Points

• Affordable and Clean Energy:
• Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.It emphasizes increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.
• Improving energy efficiency is a major component of this goal.
• It also focuses on enhancing international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technologies.

Additional Information

• Gender Equality:
• SDG 5 focuses on achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls.
• It aims to end all forms of discrimination and violence against women and girls.
• Climate Action:
• SDG 13 aims to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
• It emphasizes strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters.
• Quality Education:
• SDG 4 aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
• It focuses on eliminating disparities in education and ensuring access to education for all.

The correct answer is ‘Sādhāraṇa’

Key Points

• Sādhāraṇa:
• In the Nyaya school of classical Indian logic, a fallacy is committed when the middle term (hetu) is too wide, meaning it is applicable to things that do not share the intended characteristic of the conclusion.
• This type of fallacy is called ‘Sādhāraṇa’ which means the middle term is common to both the major and minor terms, but it also includes irrelevant cases.
• For instance, if one argues that "All beings that have a form are mortal, and humans have a form, therefore humans are mortal", the middle term "having a form" is too wide because it includes things that are not mortal (like statues).

Additional Information

• Anupasamhāri:
• This fallacy occurs when the middle term does not cover all instances of the minor term. It is too narrow rather than too wide.
• Bādhita:
• This fallacy occurs when the middle term is contradicted by direct perception or established knowledge.
• Asādhāraṇa:
• This fallacy occurs when the middle term is unique to the subject and does not relate to the predicate in any other instance, rendering the argument invalid.

The correct answer is 'Gandhigram Rural University, Madurai'

Key Points

• Gandhigram Rural University, Madurai:
• Gandhigram Rural University is one of the institutions in India that has been accorded the status of a 'Deemed to be University'.
• A 'Deemed to be University' is an institution of higher education, other than universities, working at a very high standard in a specific area of study. On the recommendation of the University Grants Commission (UGC), the central government grants this status to an institution.
• Gandhigram Rural University focuses on rural development and education, reflecting its mission and objectives.

Additional Information

• Periyar University, Salem:
• Periyar University, located in Salem, Tamil Nadu, is a state university established by the Government of Tamil Nadu.
• It is not a 'Deemed to be University' but a state-run university.
• Nagaland University, Kohima:
• Nagaland University is a central university established by an Act of Parliament in India.
• It is funded and maintained by the Government of India and does not hold the 'Deemed to be University' status.
• Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur:
• Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, located in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, is a central university.
• It was established by an Act of Parliament and is not a 'Deemed to be University'.

The correct answer is 'non-representative'

Key Points

• Non-representative:
• In ancient times, oral communication systems were prevalent in societies that were largely non-representative, meaning they did not have formal systems for representing the populace in governance or decision-making processes.
• These societies relied heavily on oral traditions for the dissemination of information, cultural values, and historical narratives.
• Oral communication was the primary means of sharing knowledge and maintaining social cohesion within communities.

Additional Information

• Literate:
• Societies with literate populations have a significant portion of individuals who can read and write, which allows for the documentation and transmission of information through written texts.
• Ancient oral communication systems predate widespread literacy and written records, making 'literate' an incorrect choice.
• Urban:
• Urban environments are characterized by dense populations and advanced infrastructure, which often support more complex communication systems, including written communication.
• Many ancient societies were rural and agrarian, relying on oral communication rather than urban centers for information exchange.
• Mediated:
• Mediated communication involves the use of technology or other intermediaries to transmit messages, such as through print, television, or digital media.
• Ancient oral communication was direct and face-to-face, making 'mediated' an inaccurate description.

The correct answer is 'Internal validity'

Key Points

• Internal validity:
• Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between its variables.
• It indicates that the changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not other factors.
• High internal validity means that the study is well-designed and the results can be trusted as being accurate reflections of the real relationship between the variables studied.

Additional Information

• External validity:
• External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings, populations, and times.
• It is concerned with the applicability of the study's findings outside the context in which the research was conducted.
• Replicability:
• Replicability refers to the ability of a study to be repeated with the same methods and produce similar results.
• It is crucial for verifying the reliability and accuracy of research findings.
• Conceptualisation:
• Conceptualisation involves defining and clarifying the concepts and variables involved in a study.
• It is an important early step in the research process but does not directly relate to the establishment of causal relationships.

The correct answer is 'A and C only'

Key Points

• Fort William College:
• Fort William College was established in 1800 by Lord Wellesley in Calcutta.
• The primary aim was to train British civil servants in Indian languages and culture.
• The medium of education was English, but several Indian languages were also taught to the students.
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, a prominent Indian scholar and social reformer, was associated with the college as an educator.

Additional Information

• **Incorrect

Statements:

**

• Lord Wellesley taught here: While Lord Wellesley founded the college, there is no historical evidence to suggest that he personally taught there.
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar studied along with Subhash Chandra Bose: This statement is historically inaccurate. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar lived in the 19^th century, while Subhash Chandra Bose was born in 1897, making it impossible for them to have studied together.

The correct answer is: Audience analysis.

In the communication process, the receiver plays a crucial role because they interpret, decode, and respond to the message. The study of how receivers perceive and process messages is known as audience analysis. This helps communicators adapt their content and style to meet the needs, expectations, and background of the target audience, ensuring better understanding and stronger impact.

Key Points

• Audience Analysis:
• Focuses on how receivers receive, decode, and interpret messages.
• Includes studying their demographics (age, gender, education), psychographics (values, attitudes, interests), and behavioral patterns.
• Helps the communicator design messages that resonate with the audience and increase effectiveness.
• Other Types of Analysis (for distinction):
• Communicator Analysis: Examines the sender’s credibility, style, and delivery.
• Message Analysis: Studies the content, structure, and style of the message (encoding stage).
• Noise Analysis: Identifies barriers or interferences (physical, psychological, semantic) that disrupt communication.

Additional Information

• Importance of Audience Analysis:
• Ensures messages are relevant, clear, and persuasive.
• Helps avoid misinterpretation and resistance from the audience.
• Encourages better feedback and engagement.
• Application:
• Widely used in teaching, public speaking, media communication, advertising, and policy-making.

The correct answer is 'Appeal to Inappropriate authority'

Key Points

• Appeal to Inappropriate authority:
• This fallacy occurs when someone uses an authority figure's opinion as evidence for an argument, even though the authority figure is not an expert in the subject matter.
• In this case, Jimmy Pecker, a famous actor, is cited as an authority on the scientific validity of astrology, which he is not qualified to do.
• This type of appeal is misleading because it relies on the fame or status of the individual rather than their expertise in the relevant field.

Additional Information

• Red herring:
• This fallacy involves diverting attention away from the main issue by introducing an irrelevant point. It does not apply here because the statement directly addresses the validity of astrology rather than diverting the topic.
• Strawman:
• This fallacy involves misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack. It is not applicable in this case because the statement does not involve distorting another person's argument.
• Appeal to Ignorance:
• This fallacy asserts that a proposition is true because it has not been proven false or vice versa. The statement does not argue that astrology is true due to a lack of evidence against it, so this fallacy is not relevant here.

The correct answer is 'Observation schedule'.

Key Points

• Observation schedule: -
• An observation schedule is an instrument used in structured observation that outlines specific categories of behavior to be observed and recorded.
• It helps in systematically capturing data on predefined behaviors, making the observation process more structured and consistent.
• This tool ensures that observers focus on relevant behaviors and record them accurately, reducing biases and increasing the reliability of the data collected.
• Category schedule: -
• A category schedule might sound similar but generally refers to a list or table organizing different categories or types of items, not necessarily related to observation of behavior.
• It doesn't provide the structured framework needed for systematic observation of behaviors in a research setting.
• Observation device: -
• This term is too broad and can refer to any tool or equipment used for observing, such as cameras, binoculars, etc.
• It does not specifically refer to a structured method for categorizing and recording observed behaviours.
• Ontological tool: -
• ​An ontological tool is related to the study of being or existence and is not used in the context of structured behavioral observation.
• This term is more relevant in philosophy and theoretical frameworks, not practical observation methods.

Additional Information

• Structured observation: -
• Structured observation involves the systematic, planned observation and recording of behaviours or events.
• It contrasts with unstructured observation, where there are no predefined criteria or categories, and the observer records whatever they find noteworthy.
• Importance of observation schedule: -
• ​An observation schedule enhances the objectivity and precision of observational studies.
• It helps in the collection of comparable data across different observations, making it easier to analyze and draw conclusions.
• Use in research: -
• ​Observation schedules are commonly used in various fields such as psychology, education, and social sciences.
• They are essential tools for researchers aiming to gather empirical data on specific behaviors or interactions.

The correct answer is 'A and C only'

Key Points

• **Given

Statement:

**

• The statement "all lions are carnivorous animals" is given as true.
• This means every lion falls under the category of carnivorous animals.
• Explanation:
• Option A: "No lions are carnivorous animals" is immediately false because it directly contradicts the given statement.
• Option C: "Some lions are not carnivorous animals" is also false because the given statement asserts that all lions are carnivorous animals.

Additional Information

• Other Options:
• Option B: "Some lions are carnivorous animals" is true because if all lions are carnivorous, then some of them must be as well.
• Option D: "Some carnivorous animals are lions" is also true because it logically follows that if all lions are carnivorous, then at least some carnivorous animals are lions.

The correct answer is Fostering global competencies among students and teachers

Key Points

• Fostering global competencies among students and teachers:
• NAAC emphasizes the importance of preparing students and teachers to meet global standards.
• This includes developing skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary to compete and collaborate in a globalized world.
• Institutions are encouraged to adopt international best practices in teaching, research, and administration.
• The aim is to enhance the global employability of students and the global engagement of faculty.

Additional Information

• Framing National Education Protocols:
• While important, this is primarily the role of bodies like the Ministry of Education and not the core focus of NAAC.
• NAAC's role is more about assessing and accrediting institutions based on their performance and quality.
• Promoting religious education:
• NAAC promotes secular education and does not focus on religious education.
• The aim is to ensure a balanced, inclusive, and holistic educational environment.
• Total Privatisation of education:
• NAAC does not advocate for the total privatization of education.
• It supports both public and private institutions in enhancing their quality of education.
• The focus is on maintaining and improving educational standards across various types of institutions.

The correct answer is 'Reactive effect'.

Key Points

• Reactive effect:
• The reactive effect occurs when participants alter their behavior because they are aware they are being observed or studied.
• This effect can lead to biased results as the behavior observed may not be truly representative of the participants' natural actions.
• It highlights the importance of minimizing participants' awareness of the study to obtain more accurate and reliable data.

Additional Information

• Directed response:
• Directed response refers to a response that is guided or influenced by specific instructions or directions provided to the participants.
• It is not necessarily linked to the awareness of being studied but rather to the instructions given.
• Intentional response:
• Intentional response is a deliberate and conscious response by the participants, often influenced by their own intentions or purposes.
• This can occur regardless of whether participants are aware of being studied.
• Desire effect:
• Desire effect is not a standard term in research methodology and may be confused with similar concepts such as demand characteristics or social desirability bias.
• These concepts relate to participants' tendencies to respond in ways they believe are desired by the researchers, which is different from the reactive effect.

The correct answer is 'A and D only'

Key Points

• Subalternation:
• In traditional logic, subalternation is a relationship between a universal proposition and its corresponding particular proposition. The universal proposition is called the superaltern, and the particular proposition is called the subaltern.
• For example, the universal affirmative proposition (A) "All plants are green organisms" is the superaltern of the particular affirmative proposition (I) "Some plants are green organisms".
• Similarly, the universal negative proposition (E) "No plants are green organisms" is the superaltern of the particular negative proposition (O) "Some plants are not green organisms".
• Explanation:
• Proposition A: "All plants are green organisms" is a universal affirmative proposition.
• Proposition D: "Some plants are green organisms" is a particular affirmative proposition.
• According to the traditional square of opposition, a universal affirmative (A) implies its corresponding particular affirmative (I).
• Therefore, A and D are subalternate propositions.

Additional Information

• Incorrect Options:
• B and D only:
• Proposition B: "No plants are green organisms" is a universal negative proposition.
• Proposition D: "Some plants are green organisms" is a particular affirmative proposition.
• These propositions are contradictory, not subalternate.
• A and C only:
• Proposition A: "All plants are green organisms" is a universal affirmative proposition.
• Proposition C: "Some plants are not green organisms" is a particular negative proposition.
• These propositions are contrary, not subalternate.
• A and B only:
• Proposition A: "All plants are green organisms" is a universal affirmative proposition.
• Proposition B: "No plants are green organisms" is a universal negative proposition.
• These propositions are contradictory, not subalternate.

The correct answer is 'The size of a computer monitor is measured diagonally across the screen'

Key Points

• Size of a computer monitor:
• The size of a computer monitor is typically measured diagonally from one corner of the screen to the opposite corner. This measurement is usually given in inches.
• This diagonal measurement is a standard way to specify the size of screens, not only for computer monitors but also for televisions and other display devices.
• The measurement does not include the bezel or the frame around the screen, only the actual display area.

Additional Information

• Quality of digital camera pictures:
• The quality of pictures taken by a digital camera depends on its resolution, which is measured in megapixels (MP), not megabytes (MB). Higher resolution means more pixels, resulting in clearer and more detailed images.
• USB meaning:
• USB stands for Universal Serial Bus, not Universal Secure Bus. It is a standard for connectors, cables, and communication protocols used for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic devices.
• Microsoft Excel:
• Microsoft Excel is an example of application software, not system software. System software includes operating systems and utility programs, whereas application software is designed to help users perform specific tasks, such as word processing or spreadsheet management.

The correct answer is 'A, B and C only.'

Key Points

• Classical Ethnography:
• This is the traditional form of ethnography, which involves the detailed and systematic study of people and cultures from an insider perspective.
• Researchers immerse themselves in the daily lives of their subjects, often through participant observation and in-depth interviews.
• Mainstream Ethnography:
• This type of ethnography follows the more established and widely accepted methodologies within the field.
• It emphasizes rigorous data collection and analysis to provide accurate and reliable insights into the culture being studied.
• Post-modern Ethnography:
• This approach challenges traditional notions of objectivity and representation in ethnography.
• It often incorporates reflexivity, questioning the role and influence of the researcher in the study.
• Post-modern ethnographers may use unconventional methods and narrative forms to present their findings.

Additional Information

• Private Ethnography:
• This term is not commonly recognized in the field of ethnography.
• It might refer to studies conducted on private or sensitive topics, but it is not a standard classification.
• Expressive Ethnography:
• This is not a widely acknowledged type of ethnography.
• It could imply a focus on expressive forms of culture, such as art and performance, but it is not a standard category.

The correct answer is 'The second level'

Key Points

• The second level:
• In the Buddhist system of education, higher education was categorized at the second level.
• The educational framework was designed to provide a structured approach to learning, with higher education focusing on advanced philosophical and religious studies.
• Monastic universities like Nalanda and Taxila were prominent centers for higher learning where students from various parts of the world came to study.

Additional Information

• The first level:
• This level typically included basic education, focusing on fundamental teachings of Buddhism, moral education, and preliminary studies.
• It was designed for young novices who were beginning their educational journey.
• The third level:
• The third level often involved more specialized and intensive study, usually following the completion of higher education at the second level.
• It included deeper engagement with complex texts and preparation for roles such as teachers or scholars.
• The fourth level:
• This level was less commonly mentioned and might have involved the highest echelons of scholarly pursuit, including the creation of new texts or advanced philosophical debates.
• It was reserved for the most dedicated and advanced scholars within the monastic community.

The correct answer is 'Nephrotoxic'

Key Points

• Nephrotoxic:
• Nephrotoxic substances are those that cause damage to the kidneys. These can include certain medications, industrial chemicals, and environmental toxins.
• Kidney damage due to nephrotoxic substances can lead to conditions such as acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease.
• Examples of nephrotoxic substances include certain antibiotics (like aminoglycosides), heavy metals (like lead and mercury), and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Additional Information

• Hematotoxic:
• Hematotoxic substances are those that damage the blood or blood-forming organs. This can affect the production and function of blood cells.
• Examples include benzene, which can lead to bone marrow suppression and blood disorders.
• Neurotoxic:
• Neurotoxic substances harm the nervous system. They can lead to neurological disorders, including cognitive deficits, motor dysfunction, and sensory impairment.
• Examples include lead, mercury, and certain pesticides.
• Cytotoxic:
• Cytotoxic substances are toxic to cells, causing cell damage or death. They are often used in cancer treatment to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells.
• Common cytotoxic agents include chemotherapy drugs like doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide.

The correct answer is 'Carbon dioxide (CO₂)'

Key Points

• Global Warming Potential (GWP):
• GWP is a measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere over a specific time period, usually 100 years, compared to carbon dioxide (CO₂).
• GWP is used to compare the effects of different greenhouse gases on global warming.
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂):
• CO₂ is used as the reference gas for GWP measurements because it is the most prevalent greenhouse gas emitted by human activities.
• The GWP of CO₂ is standardized to a value of 1, and the GWP of other gases is compared to this reference value.

Additional Information

• Methane (CH₄):
• Methane has a GWP of 28-36 over 100 years, meaning it is 28-36 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere compared to CO₂.
• Although it has a higher GWP, it is not used as the reference gas for GWP measurements.
• Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC):
• CFCs have very high GWPs, often thousands of times greater than CO₂, but they are not used as the reference gas.
• CFCs are also known for their role in ozone layer depletion.
• Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC):
• HFCs are another class of gases with high GWPs, used as alternatives to CFCs.
• They are potent greenhouse gases but are not used as the baseline for GWP measurements.

The correct answer is '(1011)₂ + (1001)₂ = (20)₁₀'

Key Points

• Binary Addition:
• The binary number system uses base 2, where each digit represents a power of 2.
• Binary addition follows the same rules as decimal addition but is simpler since it only involves 0s and 1s.
• For the given binary numbers (1011)₂ and (1001)₂, their addition results in (10100)₂, which is equivalent to (20)₁₀ in decimal.

Additional Information

• Binary Equivalent of Decimal Number:
• The binary equivalent of the decimal number 57.625 is not 111000.101. The correct binary equivalent is 111001.101.
• Base Conversion:
• (145)₆ is not equal to (75)₁₀. The correct conversion needs to be calculated based on the positional values of the base 6 number.
• Decimal to Base 5 Conversion:
• (65)₁₀ is not equal to (220)₅. The correct conversion of 65 in decimal to base 5 is (230)₅.

The correct answer is A, B, and C only

Key Points

• Logical Equivalence:
• Two statements are logically equivalent if they always have the same truth value in every possible situation.
• In this context, statements A, B, and C are logically equivalent, meaning they all convey the same information in different forms.
• **Explanation of

Statements:

**

• Statement A: "All cats are carnivorous animals" - This means every cat is a carnivorous animal.
• Statement B: "All non-carnivorous animals are non-cats" - This is the contrapositive of Statement A, which is logically equivalent.
• Statement C: "No cats are non-carnivorous animals" - This is another way to express that all cats are carnivorous, thus logically equivalent to A.

Additional Information

• Statement D:
• "Some carnivorous animals are cats" - This statement is not logically equivalent to the others as it only states that a subset of carnivorous animals are cats, which does not necessarily imply that all cats are carnivorous.
• Importance of Logical Equivalence:
• Understanding logical equivalence helps in simplifying complex logical expressions and in proving theorems.
• It is a critical concept in fields such as mathematics, computer science, and philosophy.

The logic followed here is:

Hence, "Option 3" is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'C, D and E only'

Key Points

• Functions of Mass Communication:
• Surveillance of environment: This function involves the collection and dissemination of information about events occurring in the environment, which helps individuals and societies stay informed about their surroundings.
• Transmission of social heritage: Mass communication plays a crucial role in passing cultural values, norms, and traditions from one generation to the next, thereby maintaining societal continuity.
• Correlating the parts of society in response to environment: This function helps in interpreting and correlating events in the environment to the various sectors of society, facilitating a coordinated response to changes and challenges.

Additional Information

• Incorrect Options:
• Detachment of individual from society: This is not a function of mass communication. In fact, mass communication often aims to connect individuals with society by providing information and fostering a sense of community.
• Indulge in message creation without worrying about moral consequences: Responsible mass communication practices emphasize ethical considerations and the potential impact of messages on audiences, rather than disregarding moral consequences.

The correct answer is 'Societal intelligence'

Key Points

• Societal intelligence:
• Ruling elites often seek societal intelligence from media channels to understand public opinion, sentiment, and potential areas of dissent.
• This intelligence helps them craft strategies to maintain their power, address or suppress dissent, and shape public perception in their favor.
• By monitoring societal trends and opinions, elites can anticipate challenges to their authority and take preemptive measures to mitigate them.

Additional Information

• Entrepreneurial partnership:
• This refers to collaboration between ruling elites and business entities to promote economic interests.
• While important, entrepreneurial partnerships are not directly related to the preservation of power through media channels.
• Digital technology diffusion:
• This involves spreading and adopting digital technologies across society.
• Though digital technology can influence media and power dynamics, it is not specifically what ruling elites seek from media channels for preserving power.
• Voices of dissent:
• These are the opinions and actions of individuals or groups that oppose the ruling elites.
• While monitoring dissent is crucial, ruling elites do not seek voices of dissent from media channels; they seek to manage or suppress them.

Given:

Investment of X = Rs. 15,000

Investment of Y = Rs. 20,000

Profit sharing ratio = 3 ∶ 1

Formula Used:

Investment ratio × Time ratio = Profit ratio

Calculation:

Let X invest for 12 months and Y invest for ttttt months.

Investment ratio of X and Y = 15,000 ∶ 20,000 = 3 ∶ 4

Investment ratio × Time ratio = Profit ratio

3/4 × 12/t = 3/1

⇒ (3 × 12)/(4 × t) = 3

⇒ 36 = 12t

⇒ t = 36 / 12

⇒ t = 3

The number of months Y has invested his money is 3 months.

Given:

The amount after 2 years = Rs. 34800

The amount after 5 years = Rs. 42000

Formula Used:

Simple Interest (SI) = Principal (P) × Rate (R) × Time (T) / 100

Amount (A) = Principal (P) + Simple Interest (SI)

Calculation:

Let the principal amount be P and the rate of interest be R% per annum.

Amount after 2 years: 34800 = P + (P × R × 2) / 100

Amount after 5 years: 42000 = P + (P × R × 5) / 100

We have:

34800 = P + 2P × R / 100

42000 = P + 5P × R / 100

Subtract the first equation from the second:

⇒ 42000 - 34800 = P + 5P × R / 100 - (P + 2P × R / 100)

⇒ 7200 = 3P × R / 100

⇒ 7200 × 100 = 3P × R

⇒ 720000 = 3P × R

⇒ P × R = 240000

⇒ R = 240000 / P

Substitute R in the first equation:

34800 = P + 2P × (240000 / P) / 100

⇒ 34800 = P + 4800

⇒ P = 30000

Now, substitute P in the equation P × R = 240000:

⇒ 30000 × R = 240000

⇒ R = 240000 / 30000

⇒ R = 8%

The rate of interest is 8% and the sum of money is Rs. 30000.

The correct answer is - A, B, C and D

Key Points

• Emphasis on Skills
• The learner-centered approach places significant focus on developing practical skills in addition to theoretical knowledge.
• Centered on Learner's Needs
• This approach prioritizes the individual needs and preferences of the learner, making education more relevant and engaging for them.
• Cooperative Determination of Subject Matter
• It involves collaborative decision-making regarding the content and structure of the curriculum, ensuring that it aligns with the interests and goals of the learners.
• Variability of Exposure
• This approach emphasizes diverse learning experiences and exposure to various teaching methods and materials, catering to different learning styles and preferences.

Additional Information

• Constructivist Theory
• The learner-centered approach is grounded in constructivist theory, which posits that learners construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiences and reflecting on those experiences.
• Teacher's Role
• In a learner-centered approach, the teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a traditional instructor, guiding and supporting learners in their educational journey.
• Active Learning
• This approach encourages active learning strategies, such as group work, discussions, and problem-solving activities, to engage learners more deeply.

The correct answer is 'Representative quotations'

Key Points

• Qualitative research:
• Qualitative research focuses on exploring phenomena through detailed, non-numerical data, often involving interviews, focus groups, or textual analysis.
• It aims to understand individuals' experiences, perceptions, and motivations, providing deep insights into complex issues.
• Representative quotations are used to illustrate key themes and findings, adding authenticity and depth to the analysis.

Additional Information

• Scaling:
• Scaling is a quantitative research technique used to measure variables and assign numerical values to responses, typically seen in surveys and questionnaires.
• It is not typically used in qualitative research, which focuses on non-numerical data.
• Factoring:
• Factoring, or factor analysis, is a statistical method used in quantitative research to identify underlying relationships between variables.
• This technique is not used in qualitative research, which does not involve numerical data analysis.
• SPSS:
• SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a software tool used for statistical analysis in quantitative research.
• Qualitative research does not typically involve SPSS, as it focuses on narrative data rather than statistical data.

The logic followed here is:

A is coded as Z, B is coded as Y, C is coded as X, and so on.

A → Z, B → Y, C → X are opposites.

So,

'PERFECT' is coded as

Hence, "Option 1" is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Government of India'

Key Points

• SWAYAM:
• SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) is a programme initiated by the Government of India.
• It aims to provide an integrated platform and portal for online courses, covering a wide range of subjects.
• The initiative seeks to bridge the digital divide for students who have hitherto remained untouched by the digital revolution and have not been able to join the mainstream of the knowledge economy.
• Courses hosted on SWAYAM are in four quadrants – (1) video lecture, (2) specially prepared reading material that can be downloaded/printed (3) self-assessment tests through tests and quizzes and (4) an online discussion forum for clearing the doubts.

Additional Information

• National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT):
• NCERT is an autonomous organization under the Government of India.
• Its primary aim is to assist and advise the central and state governments on academic matters related to school education.
• NCERT is not responsible for the SWAYAM initiative.
• University Grants Commission (UGC):
• UGC is a statutory body set up by the Indian government under the Ministry of Education.
• It is responsible for coordinating, determining, and maintaining standards of higher education.
• While UGC may contribute to content on SWAYAM, it is not the initiator of the programme.
• Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU):
• IGNOU is a distance learning national university located in New Delhi, India.
• It is known for offering a variety of distance education courses.
• IGNOU is not the initiator of the SWAYAM programme, though it may offer courses on the SWAYAM platform.

The correct answer is 'A and B only'

Key Points

• Read Only Memory (ROM):
• Non-volatile Memory: The contents of ROM remain intact even when the power is turned off, making it a non-volatile memory. This means that data stored in ROM is not lost when the computer is powered down (Option A).
• Start-up Instructions: ROM is often used to store firmware or start-up instructions that are executed when the computer is first switched on. This includes the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) in personal computers (Option B).

Additional Information

• **Incorrect

Statements:

**

• Option C: As the ROM becomes full, the processor does not need to access the hard disk. This statement is incorrect because ROM is not used for tasks that require frequent updates or storage capacity management. ROM is primarily used for storing firmware which doesn’t change frequently.
• Option D: ROM is not volatile memory. Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is turned off. RAM (Random Access Memory) is an example of volatile memory, whereas ROM retains data without power.

The correct answer is 'H5P'

Key Points

• H5P:
• H5P stands for HTML5 Package.
• It is a free and open-source content collaboration framework based on JavaScript.
• H5P enables existing Content Management Systems (CMS) and Learning Management Systems (LMS) to create richer and more interactive content.
• It supports various content types like interactive videos, presentations, quizzes, and more.
• H5P aims to make it easy to create, share, and reuse interactive HTML5 content.

Additional Information

• Plotagon:
• Plotagon is an animation software that allows users to create animated videos by writing scripts.
• It is not specifically designed for content collaboration or integration with CMS and LMS.
• Mindmeister:
• Mindmeister is a mind mapping tool that helps users brainstorm, organize, and share ideas visually.
• It focuses on mind mapping rather than content creation for CMS or LMS.
• Labster:
• Labster is an educational platform offering virtual laboratory simulations for science students.
• It is not a general content collaboration framework but rather a specialized educational tool.

The correct answer is 'B, C and E only'

Key Points

• Organic pollutants in water:
• Organic pollutants in water are substances that are primarily derived from living organisms or their byproducts, which can contaminate water bodies and pose health risks to humans and aquatic life.
• Examples of organic pollutants include pesticides, dioxins, and pigments.
• Pesticides: These are chemicals used in agriculture to kill or repel pests, but they can leach into water bodies, causing contamination.
• Dioxins: These are a group of chemically-related compounds that are persistent environmental pollutants, often produced as byproducts of industrial processes.
• Pigments: These are often used in various industries for coloring purposes but can end up in water bodies as pollutants.

Additional Information

• Salts:
• Salts are inorganic compounds and do not fall under the category of organic pollutants. They can still contribute to water pollution, but their chemical nature is different from organic pollutants.
• Bases:
• Bases are also inorganic substances that can alter the pH levels of water, leading to pollution, but they are not classified as organic pollutants.

The correct answer is Option 4.

 

Key Points

• Utilitarian ideas began to dominate attitudes towards nature about 200 years ago.
• This shift represented an anthropocentric view of the world, emphasizing nature's commercial value.
• The focus was not on the intrinsic value of nature but on the benefits humans could derive from it.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: 2000 years ago – This option is incorrect as the text indicates the shift happened around two centuries ago.
• Option 2: 60 years ago – While modern environmental consciousness is about six decades old, utilitarian ideas started to dominate much earlier.
• Option 3: 100 years ago – This option is incorrect, as the timeframe mentioned is closer to 200 years ago.

The correct answer is Option 1.

 

Key Points

• Communities have been involved in the protection of plants and animals for practical and spiritual reasons for millennia.
• The phrase "for millennia" indicates that this involvement has been ongoing for several thousand years.
• This long history of protection underscores the deep-rooted nature of human interactions with the environment.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

 

Additional Information

• Option 2: 200 years only – This option is incorrect as utilitarian ideas began around 200 years ago, not community involvement in protection.
• Option 3: 60 years only – This option is incorrect as it refers to the age of modern environmental consciousness, not the longstanding tradition of protection by communities.
• Option 4: only recently – This option is incorrect since the text states that communities have protected plants and animals for millennia.

The correct answer is Option 2.

 

Key Points

• The passage specifically mentions charismatic species such as cats, elephants, whales, and Olive Ridleys.
• From the given options, whales (B) and elephants (C) are explicitly listed in the passage as charismatic species.
• Deer (A) and dogs (D) are not mentioned in the passage as charismatic species.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: A and B only – This option is incorrect because deer (A) is not listed as a charismatic species in the passage.
• Option 3: C and D only – This option is incorrect because dogs (D) are not listed as a charismatic species in the passage.
• Option 4: A and D only – This option is incorrect because neither deer (A) nor dogs (D) are listed as charismatic species in the passage.

The correct answer is Option 3.

 

Key Points

• The passage states that modern environmental consciousness is "perhaps about six decades old."
• This clearly indicates that the timeframe for modern environmental awareness is around 60 years.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: ~ 20 years old – This option is incorrect as it significantly underestimates the age of modern environmental consciousness described in the passage.
• Option 2: ~ 40 years old – This option is incorrect as it also underestimates the age of modern environmental consciousness.
• Option 4: ~ 100 years old – This option is incorrect as it overestimates the age of modern environmental consciousness.

The correct answer is Option 3.

 

Key Points

• Statement C: "Field ecologists have contributed to our understanding about the value of different species in our lives" is correct based on the passage.
• Statement D: "Salim Ali is considered a pioneer in India in the field of mainstream ecology" is also correct as the passage mentions his significant contributions.
• Statement A: "Conservation is all about caring for the species we love and admire" is incorrect. The passage suggests that conservation should go beyond just caring for charismatic species to include other less admired ones.
• Statement B: "Communities have been living in ecological harmony for the last two centuries" is incorrect. The passage states that an anthropocentric view caused ecological discord in the past two centuries.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: A and B only – This option is incorrect because both statements A and B are incorrect according to the passage.
• Option 2: B and C only – This option is incorrect because statement B is incorrect about community harmony in the last two centuries.
• Option 4: A and D only – This option is incorrect because statement A is incorrect about the sole focus of conservation.