UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 29 Sep 2020 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

 

Therefore, Both statement I and statement II are true.

The correct answer is A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

Important Points

Behavioural teaching competencies:

• The teacher's behaviour to make the teaching-learning process effective is known as the behavioural competency of a teacher.
• Some of the behavioural competency of a teacher are as follows,

Communication:

• Good verbal and non-verbal communication skills
• Applying interpersonal influence in a certain situation, in order to achieve certain objectives.
• It is a mental process and aims to transfer information from teacher to student, as well as providing feedback from student to teacher

Management

• Appeals to silence as a means of non-verbal communication to manage noise created by the students
• Optimizing ‘on task’ and minimizing ‘off task’ activities
• Guiding others wherever possible
• Structuring work roles to run work perfectly
• Inform others about any important matter
• Diminished or eliminated other obstacles to communication
• Give importance to the individual differences

Innovation: 

• Establishes a climate that promotes fairness and students
• Establishes a collaborative learning environment
• Creates a physical environment that engages all students
• Establishes goals for student learning
• Develops and sequences instructional activities for student learning
• Modifies instructional plans to meet the needs of all students

Monitoring:

• Communicates learning goals to students
• Collects and uses multiple sources of information to assess learning
• Assists students in assessing their own learning
• Watching groups, behaviours, and pace, etc. And reacting quickly

Achievement

• Understands and appreciates diversity
• Forms constructive relationships with students
• Connects students' prior learning, life experiences, and interests with learning goals

Accountability

• Communicates learning goals to students
• Collects and uses multiple sources of information to assess learning
• Assists students in assessing their own learning
• Inform all about the significant matters

Therefore the correct option is, A-III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

Evolution: it is a systematic process through which one can determine the extent of the achievement of the instructional objective. It is a comprehensive process and continuous in nature. Based on the phase of evaluation, it could be classified into three,

1. Formative evaluation
2. Interim evaluation
3. Summative evaluation

Formative evaluation:

• It is also known as internal evaluation
• It takes place during the program
• The main aim is to identify the main learning error
• Also, provide immediate feedback after every successive evaluation
• It is more applicable in the early stage of development
• It helps to improve the program by analyzing the strength and weaknesses of the program
• This kind of evaluation provides the evaluation for making the instructions and remedies more effective
• The evaluation is always done on the same criterion for all
• For example, weekly quizzes, homework assignments, etc.

So, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

• The experimental method features the manipulation of an independent variable, the measurement of a dependent variable, and control of extraneous variables.
• The manipulation of 'independent variable' and control of 'extraneous variables'  is quite impossible in the Ex post facto method.

Ex post facto method:

• The research starts after the fact have occurred

• The investigation starts 'after the fact'

• It is also known as casual comparative research

• The researcher identified the event that already occurred

• Manipulation is not possible in this research as the researcher predicts the cause based on the dependent variable.

• For example Study on the effects of an earthquake

• Independent variable: The variable that is stable and unaffected by the other variables you are trying to measure. It refers to the condition of an experiment that is systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the presumed cause.

• Dependent variable: The variable that depends on other factors that are measured. These variables are expected to change as a result of experimental manipulation of the independent variable or variables. It is the presumed effect.

• Extraneous variables: anything that varies in the context of a study other than the independent and dependent variables. It is also called the participant variable. For example, noise, writing ability, ill-health in communication.

Technology-driven classroom environment:

• Since the technology-based training is learner-centered education rather than relying on the teacher, there has been fundamental changes in the roles and responsibilities of teacher and the learning process.
• Learners can facilitate their learning process with the help of technology and educated without time and place constraints; in such an atmosphere they can easily collect and analyze data, testing hypotheses, designing experiments and making conclusions.
• Because utilizing the tools and technologies will reduces some limitations in the classroom.
• Information and communication technology suggests various possibilities for the development and growth of the traditional teaching and training model based on new resources learning to teachers.
• Teacher performance in classrooms and other learning environments is influenced by factors such as her view of teaching, her beliefs about the subject and the exists situation, her knowledge of the subject, her professional skills in management and organization, her personal characteristics, teaching behaviors and situations.
• Teachers should be able to organize different types of E-learning and E-learning programs, they have to change the classes from a static mood-that in them the awareness is from the teachers to students- to a student-centered environment with a dynamic method.
• But, the statement that the role of the teacher is secondary in this kind of environment is completely wrong. Teachers' belief and attitude plays the main part in technology-driven classroom environment.
• The human touch in communication enables students to become participatory is true.
• Hence, A is true but R is false.

Communication: communication means passing or sending information or message or ideas to a target group or individual.

 

Therefore, the correct answer is A-III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

Persuasive communication:

• It is a way to understand others what one trying to deliver or communicate.

• The focus is to get the receiver to support, believe, and act according to the sender.

• The stages of persuasive communication are, Set objective - create awareness - promote image - message retention - stimulate action

• The objectives applied in persuasive communication (especially for marketing purposes)

• “Persuasion is a communicative process of altering the beliefs, attitudes, intentions, or behavior of another by the conscious and unconscious use of words and nonverbal messages.”

• In most cases, teachers use persuasive speech to influence individual students and also a group of students to accept a particular position or belief.

• Sometimes they also use non-verbal cues along with verbal communication methods.

• The effectiveness of persuasive communication in the classroom lies on five heads,

• Awareness of the problem,

• Understanding the problem,

• Understanding the proposed solution,

• Visualization of the effects of the proposed solution

• Understanding how they, the audience, must act.

• Persuasive communication by a teacher in the classroom is intended to make his/her version of information acceptable to students

• Then it helps in the image building process of the student.

Therefore, Both statement I and statement II are true.

GIven data:

The man is  30 years older than his son 

Five years ago, the ratio of ages of man and son = 6 ∶ 1  

Calculations:

Let the age of son be 'x'

Hence, The man age = x + 30

Five years ago, son age = x - 5

Five years ago, man age = x + 30 -  5

Hence, age of man five years ago = x + 25

According to the question, 

⇒ x - 5/(x + 25) = 1/6

⇒ 6 × x = 1 × (x +25) 

⇒ 6x - 30 = x + 25 

⇒ 6x - x = 25 + 30 

⇒ 5x = 55

⇒ x = 11 

∴ The age of son is 11 years

The logic is:

Hence, ‘84’ is the correct answer.

Given data:

Distance travelled by motorist in one way = 150 km

An average speed of motorist travelled to a place = 50  km/h

An average speed of motorist travelled from a place to starting point = 30  km/h

Concept used: 

Speed = Distance / Time 

Formulae used:

Average speed = total distance travelled / total time taken 

Calculations:

He travelled both ways 

Hence, the total distance travelled = 2 × 150

⇒ Total distance travelled = 300 km

Time is taken to cover 150 km with a speed of 50 km/hr

⇒ Time taken = 150 / 50 

⇒ Time = 3 hours

Time is taken to cover 150 km with a speed of 30 km/hr

⇒ Time taken = 150 / 30 

⇒ Time = 5 hours

Total time = 5 + 3

⇒ Total time is taken = 8 hours 

Average speed = total distance travelled / total time taken 

⇒ Average speed = 300 / 8 

∴ Average speed of motorist = 37.5 km/hr

Alternate Method 

If the distance is same then, 

Average speed = 2xy / (x + y)

Speed in first condition x = 

50 km/hr

Speed in second condition y = 30km/hr

Then, average speed = 2 × 50 × 30 / ( 50 + 30) 

∴ Average speed = 37.5 km/hr

The number of patients reported for blood sugar from Hospital A =  650 

The number of patients reported for blood sugar from Hospital B =  1350 

The number of patients reported for blood sugar from Hospital C =  1950  

The total number of patients reported for blood sugar in all three hospitals = 650 + 1350 + 1950 

⇒ 3950

The total number of patients reported for blood Heart attack in all three hospitals = 320 + 240 + 360

⇒ 920

The total number of patients reported for blood pressure in all three hospitals = 700 + 1400 + 2100

⇒ 4200

The total number of patients reported for kidney problem in all three hospitals = 210 + 420 + 630

⇒ 1260

The total number of patients reported for all four problems in all three hospitals = 3950 + 920 + 4200 + 1260

⇒ 10330 

The percentage of the number of patients reporting for blood sugar compared to the total patients in all three hospitals = (3950/10330) × 100

⇒ 38.238 % ≈ 38.24%

∴ The required percentage = 38.24 %

The total number of patients reported for blood sugar in all three hospitals = 650 + 1350 + 1950 

⇒ 3950

The total number of patients reported for blood Heart attack in all three hospitals = 320 + 240 + 360

⇒ 920

The total number of patients reported for blood pressure in all three hospitals = 700 + 1400 + 2100

⇒ 4200

The total number of patients reported for kidney problem in all three hospitals = 210 + 420 + 630

⇒ 1260

From the above diagram, we can say clearly Heart attack is the least reported problem 

Average  = sum of the observations/ number of observations

Hence, the average of least reported = 920 / 3

⇒ 306.6

∴ The average is 306.6

The number of patients reported for heart attack for Hospital A = 320 

The number of patients reported for heart attack for Hospital A = 360 

The percentage increase in the number of patients reporting heart attacks from hospital A to hospital C = [(360 - 320)/320] × 100

⇒ (40/320) × 100 = 12.5% 

∴ The required Percentage is 12.5%

The number of patients reported for kidney problem in Hospital A = 210 

The number of patients reported for kidney problem in Hospital C = 630

The ratio of the number of patients reporting at hospital A and those reporting at hospital C = 210 ∶ 630

⇒ 1 ∶ 3

∴ The required ratio is 1 ∶ 3

The total number of patients reported from hospital A for all four problems = 320 +  650 + 700 + 210

⇒ 1880 

 The total number of patients reported from hospital C = 360 + 1950 + 2100 + 630

⇒ 5040

The percentage increase in the total number of patients from hospital A to hospital C = (5040 - 1880)/1880 × 100

⇒ (3160 /1880) × 100 ≈ 168% 

∴ The required percentage is 168%

Neutrons:

• Neutrons in motion are the starting point for everything that happens in a nuclear reactor.
• When a neutron passes near to a heavy nucleus, for example, uranium-235 (U-235), the neutron may be captured by the nucleus and this may or may not be followed by fission. Capture involves the addition of the neutron to the uranium nucleus to form a new compound nucleus.
• A simple example is U-238 + n ==> U-239, which represents formation of the nucleus U-239.

Nuclear fission:

1. Fission may take place in any of the heavy nuclei after capturing a neutron.
2. However, low-energy (slow, or thermal) neutrons are able to cause fission only in those isotopes of uranium and plutonium whose nuclei contain odd numbers of neutrons (e.g. U-233, U-235, and Pu-239).
3. Thermal fission may also occur in some other transuranic elements whose nuclei contain odd numbers of neutrons.
4. For nuclei containing an even number of neutrons, fission can only occur if the incident neutrons have energy above about one million electron volts (MeV).
5. (Newly-created fission neutrons are in this category and move at about 7% of the speed of light, while moderated neutrons move a lot slower, at about eight times the speed of sound).

Therefore, option 4 is the correct answer.

Noise pollution is measured in decibels (dB) with reference to a standard sound intensity of the following magnitude 1 pico watt per m2.

1. Not all sound is considered noise pollution.
2. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines noise above 65 decibels (dB) as noise pollution.
3. To be precise, noise becomes harmful when it exceeds 75 decibels (dB) and is painful above 120 dB.
4. As a consequence, it is recommended noise levels be kept below 65 dB during the day and indicates that restful sleep is impossible with nighttime ambient noise levels in excess of 30 dB.
5. Sound intensity is defined as the sound power per unit area. The usual context is the measurement of sound intensity in the air at a listener's location. The basic units are watts/m2 or watts/cm2.

EXPRESSION OF THE POWER AND INTENSITY LEVELS OF SOUND OR NOISE.

This ISO Recommendation defines the reference sound power and sound intensity and recommends one picowatt as the reference sound power and one picowatt per square meter as the reference intensity. 

• Pico-watt is One million millionth (10¹²) of a watt, abbreviated as pW.
• The milliwatt is equal to one thousandth (10³) of a watt.
• One thousand millionth (10⁹) of a watt, abbreviated as nanowatt.
• The microwatt is equal to one millionth of a watt (10⁶).

In a polluted urban area, Carbon monoxide has the highest concentration (ppv) in photochemical smog.

Photochemical smog:

• Photochemical smog is also known as “Los Angeles smog”.
• Photochemical smog occurs most prominently in urban areas that have large numbers of automobiles (Nitrogen oxides are the primary emissions).
• Photochemical (summer smog) forms when pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (primary pollutant) and organic compounds (primary pollutants) react together in the presence of SUNLIGHT. A gas called OZONE (Secondary pollutant) is formed.

Nitrogen Dioxide  +  Sunlight  +  Hydrocarbons  =  Ozone (Ozone in the stratosphere is beneficial, but near the earth’s surface it results in global warming as it is a greenhouse gas)

• The resulting smog causes a light brownish coloration of the atmosphere, reduced visibility, plant damage, irritation of the eyes, and respiratory distress.
• Carbon monoxide accelerates the reaction as measured by nitric oxide oxidation or ozone formation. This finding has relevance to photochemical smog formation.

​​

• When exposed to ultraviolet radiation, NO₂ goes through a complex series of reactions with hydrocarbons to produce the components of photochemical smog—a mixture of ozone, nitric acid, aldehydes, peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs), and other secondary pollutants.
• NO₂, ozone, and PANs are called photochemical oxidants because they can react and oxidize certain compounds in the atmosphere or within a person's lungs that are not normally oxidized.
• Even small traces of these chemicals can affect the respiratory tract of humans and animals, and damage crops and trees.

Key PointsMontreal Protocol:

• The Montreal Protocol is a global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol) is an international agreement made in 1987.
• It was designed to stop the production and import of ozone-depleting substances and reduce their concentration in the atmosphere to help protect the earth's ozone layer.

Paris Agreement:

• The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change.
• It was adopted on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4 November 2016.
• Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.
• To achieve this long-term temperature goal, countries aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible to achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century.
• The Paris Agreement is a landmark in the multilateral climate change process because, for the first time, a binding agreement brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects.

Climate Action Plan:

• A Climate Action Plan provides evidenced-based measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and preventative measures to address the negative outcomes of climate change.
• The plan will demonstrate how the City will adapt and improve its resilience to climate hazards that impact the city today as well as risks that may increase in the coming years.

Kyoto Protocol:

• The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that aimed to manage and reduce carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases.
• The Protocol was adopted at a conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and became international law on February 16, 2005.

Therefore, the correct match is

The Chinese scholars, I-Qing and Xuan Zang visited ancient Nalanda University during the 7^th century CE.

• I-Qing and Xuan Zang visited Nalanda, the greatest Indian university in the Indian state of Bihar, where he spent two years.
• He visited Champa Monastery, Bhagalpur. He was in the company of several thousand scholar-monks, whom he praised.
• Xuanzang studied logic, grammar, Sanskrit, and the Yogacara school of Buddhism during his time at Nalanda.
• René Grousset notes that it was at Nalanda that Xuanzang met the venerable Silabhadra, the monastery's superior.
• At Nalanda, Xuanzang became a critic of two major philosophical systems of Hinduism opposed to Buddhism: the Samkhya and the Vaiseshika.
• The former was based upon a dualism of Nature and Spirit.
• The latter was a realist system, immediate and direct in its realism, resting upon the acceptance of the data of consciousness and experience as such.

In 1952, the Union Government decided that all cases pertaining to the allocation of grants-in-aid from public funds to the Central Universities and other Universities and Institutions of higher learning might be referred to the University Grants Commission.

1. The University Grants Commission of India (UGC India) is a statutory body set up by the Government of India in accordance to the UGC Act 1956 under the Ministry of Education and is charged with coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards of higher education.
2. It provides recognition to universities in India, and disbursements of funds to such recognized universities and colleges.
3. The headquarters are in New Delhi.

Feedback: 

• Feedback is the reaction or replies to a massage or performance.
• It is information about reactions to a product, a person's performance of a task, etc. which is used as a basis for improvement.
• Feedback is a reflection of successful communication.
• The degree or extent of success can also be determined by the received feedback.

Yes, you are right, good' - This will be considered as an example of Positive feedback.

In the cognitive domain of teaching-learning objectives, B, D, and E will be categorized as higher types of learning outcomes.

Blooms Taxonomy:

• This model is proposed in 1956 and named after Benjamin Bloom, an educational psychologist at the University of Chicago.
• This is actually a hierarchy model to classify the teaching and instructional objectives into a specific level of complexity
• There are three major domains - cognitive domain, affective domain, and psychomotor domain
• The components of all domains are divided into specific levels
• Before started teaching educator set some objectives to achieve the learning goal

Additional Information

Sampling:

• Sampling is the selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. Statisticians attempt for the samples to represent the population in question.

There are two types of sampling

 

 

Quantitative Research:

• It is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics.
• It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviours, and other defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample population.
• Quantitative Research uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research.
• Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods.
• Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations.
• The probability method is the best representative in quantitative research. So, the correct answer is A, B, and E only.

When communication meets the aims and objectives of classroom teaching, it becomes functional.

• The main objective of teaching is to bring change in the knowledge, attitude, and skills of a learner
• These three things belong to the cognitive domain, affective domain, and psychomotor domain in Bloom's taxonomy respectively.
• Communication plays an important role in the development of these three domains and an integral part of the teaching-learning process.
• Teaching is a social activity that involves both the teacher and the learners. It is therefore important, that two-way communication exists between them in order to trigger learning.
• Moreover, direct communication between a teacher and learners allows the teacher to get immediate feedback that can help him/her gauge learners', understanding of what has been taught. Based on such feedback the teacher can improve his/her communication.
• Good communication skills improve classroom activity, active engagement of students in the class, control noise, maintain discipline, and overall overcome the learning objective.
• Take care of individual differences also become satisfactory by good communication.
• Effective communication helps develop value education, improve social and cultural aspects, and moral qualities.
• Communication helps teachers to understand child psychology.
• Good communication develops cooperation skills among students.

Overall, when communication meets the aims and objectives of classroom teaching, it becomes Functional.

GIF stands for Graphics Interchange Format.

• The Full form of GIF is Graphics Interchange Format.
• GIF is a bitmap image format that was developed by a team at the bulletin board service (BBS) provider CompuServe led by American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on June 15, 1987.
• GIF is a chain of various bitmap files in order to create one animated picture.
• It is an 8-bit format which means the maximum number of colours supported by the format is 256. There are two GIF standards, 87a and 89a.
• In every pixel, it comprises one colour out of two hundred and fifty-six in a GIF image.
• GIFs are small and compact in size and you can share them easily on any platform.
• GIF is a dynamic image that is just like a video without any sound. It’s like an iPhone’s live picture. It is a small video clip that replays itself until we stop it.

Memory in a computer system is required for storage and retrieval of the instructions and data. A system uses a variety of devices for storing these instructions and data that are required for its operation.

1. CPU registers- They are part of the control unit and ALU rather than the memory. Hence their contents can be handled much faster than any content of memory.
2. Cache Memory: It stores program instruction and data that the computer uses more frequently. The processor can access this information from the cache rather than having to get it from the computer’s main memory. Hence, it is faster than RAM.
3. Primary or main memories are used mainly for primary storage. It stores programs and data which are currently needed by the CPU. The primary memory is a static device. There is no rotating part in it. Examples include RAM, ROM, etc.

• Random Access Memory (RAM): It stores data that the computer needs to use temporarily. So it is faster than the secondary storage devices. It is a volatile memory i.e. the data disappear from it when the power is off. The amount of RAM in a computer system can affect a computer’s performance.
• Read-Only Memory (ROM): The system uses ROM to boot itself. It is used to store the start-up information of the computer. This is called non-volatile memory i.e. it retains its content even if the computer loses its power.

3. Secondary Memory: It is the storage that the CPU cannot access directly. It's content firstly needs to be copied into ram and then transferred to CPU. It stores data that can be easily retrieved only by the main memory and used by the processor. Example, hard disk.

Hence, the lists of computer memory types from lowest to highest speed are- 

Secondary Storage < Main Memory < Cache Memory

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Speed of Internet is measured in Gbps. 1 Gbps or “a gig” is 10 times faster and equal to 1,000 Mbps.

• Speed of Internet is measured in Megabits per second.
• A megabit is 1 million bits of information.
• This is a standard measure of internet speed and 1 Mbps is 1,000 times faster than 1 Kbps.
• Not to be confused with megabytes (MB) which is a measure of size rather than bandwidth.
• Because a megabyte is larger than a megabit, and to avoid confusion, MB/s is not used to denote internet speeds.
• Breaking it down, a Giga speed connection means that you can download 1000 megabits of data per second, which is 100x faster than your average broadband connection.

Hence, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Assertion A: Machine Learning requires good quality and sufficient data to train and test the algorithm

Reason R: For correct classification, good quality data that is free from noise, and sufficient data is required for training and testing of the algorithm.

Both the statements are correct but R is the correct explanation of A.

1. Data can come in many forms, but machine learning models rely on four primary data types.
2. These include numerical data, categorical data, time-series data, and text data.
3. Machine learning algorithms are almost always optimized for raw, detailed source data
4. . Thus, the data environment must provide large quantities of raw data for discovery-oriented analytics practices such as data exploration, data mining, statistics, and machine learning.

Lakes are considered to be more susceptible to pollution than rivers as Water in lakes may take decade(s) to be replaced.

Hence both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

• Lakes are inland bodies of water that lack any direct exchange with an ocean.
• Lake ecosystems are made up of physical, chemical, and biological properties contained within these water bodies.
• Lakes may contain fresh or saltwater (in arid regions). They may be shallow or deep, permanent or temporary.
• Lakes often contain high pollution levels relative to the surrounding landscapes and the environment.
• Rivers and streams drain pollutants from the landscape where they concentrate in lakes and other water bodies.
• Aquatic species such as fish can be extremely high in contaminants as some pollutants don’t readily dissolve and dilute in water and are instead taken up into organisms.
• Lakes often contain high pollution levels relative to the surrounding landscapes and the environment.
• Rivers and streams drain pollutants from the landscape where they concentrate in lakes and other water bodies.

According to the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century headed by Jacques Delors, the following main tensions will be witnessed during the 21^st century:

1. The tension between the global and the local.
2. The tension between tradition and modernity.
3. The tension between the spiritual and the material.

Hence Option1 is the correct answer.

The Delors Report was a report created by the Delors Commission in 1996. It proposed an integrated vision of education based on two key concepts, ‘learning throughout life’ and the four pillars of learning, to know, to do, to be, and to live together.

The Delors Report identified a number of tensions generated by technological, economic, and social change.

• They included tensions between the global and the local;
• the universal and the particular;
• tradition and modernity;
• the spiritual and the material;
• long term and short term considerations;
• the need for competition and the ideal of equality of opportunity;
• and the expansion of knowledge and our capacity to assimilate it.

These seven tensions remain useful perspectives from which to view the current dynamics of social transformation.

The correct answer is Change in one's behavior while working with others

Key Points

• The last two sentences of the first paragraph of the passage say - "Our intention has been to provide a conceptual framework that may be useful to you in applying the conclusions of the behaviour sciences. The value that a framework of this kind has is not in changing one's knowledge, but in changing one's behavior in working with people."
• Let's look at the other options:
• Not understandable human behavior: This is actually the main topic of the passage as the passage starts with the sentence stating that much of human behaviour is still not known
• Emergence of value-loaded framework: There is no such mention in the passage

The correct answer is A different approach in acquiring it

Key Points

• The second sentence of the second paragraph says - "Each of these competencies is different and requires a different developmental approach."
• Let's look at the other options:
• Exclusivity: Nowhere is exclusivity mentioned in the passage either directly or by way of inference
• Situational contingency: 
• ​The first sentence of the second paragraph contains the phrase - "...adapting - being able to adapt your behavior and the resources you control to the contingencies of the situation..."
• Thus this is actually the defining feature of one of the three basic competencies in influencing, that is, defining but this is not a need of the three competencies
• Inter-relation with other steps:
• ​The third sentence of the second paragraph contains the phrase - "...communicating Is process-oriented and requires learning and interrelating the key steps in the process..."
• Thus this is actually a requirement of only one of the three basic competencies, called communicating  but not a need for all three competencies

The correct answer is Sharing of learning outcomes with others in the organization

Key Points

• The first sentence of the third paragraph says - "The key to starting the process of changing behavior is sharing what you have learned with other people in your own organization."
• Let's look at the other options:
• Leadership style:
• ​The concluding sentence of the passage says - "Second, when followers start to realize that if their manager is using situational leadership, it is not the manager, but their behavior, that determines the leadership style to be used with them."
• Thus leadership style is a change resulting from situation-based leadership and not something that prompts change in behaviour
• Situational support to the managers:
• ​Nowhere does the passage mention 'sutational support'
• The concluding sentence of the passage says - "Second, when followers start to realize that if their manager is using situational leadership, it is not the manager, but their behavior, that determines the leadership style to be used with them."
• Thus, situational leadership is a type of leadership and not something that prompts change in behaviour
• Segregation of competencies: Although according to the passage, each competency needs a different set of skills and knowledge, there is nothing mentioned about segregation of competencies in the passage either directly or by way of inference

The correct answer is A and C only

Key Points​

• The third paragraph of the passage says - "Two things occur when people who work together all have a common language. First, they are able to give each other feedback and help in a very rational, unemotional way that affects behavior. Second, followers start to realize that if their manager is using situational leadership, it is not the manager, but their behavior, that determines the leadership style to be used with them."
• From the above, we can logically conclude that inferences A and C are valid
• Let's look at the other

Statements:

• People are known for fluctuating behaviour: Nowhere is such a fact mentioned in the passage
• Emotions and human behaviour are separate and easily explicable:
• The two opening sentences of the passage say - "Much is still unknown about human behavior. Unanswered questions remain and further research is necessary."
• Also, the concluding paragraph states that a common language can help in giving unbiased and unemotional feedback
• From the above, it is clear that this is not a valid inference

The correct answer is Knowledge of leader behaviour

Key Points

• The third and fourth sentences of the passage say - "Knowledge about motivation, leader behavior, and change will continue to be of great concern to practitioners of management for several reasons: It can help improve the effective leadership of human resources; it can help in preventing resistance to change, restriction to output, and personnel disputes; and often it can lead to a more productive organization."
• According to the above, we can clearly deduce that out of the given options, only knowledge of leader behaviour prohibits resistance to change (as asked in the question)

 

• Option 2:  Removing restriction on output - This is actually one of the effects of knowledge about motivation, leader behaviour and change
• Option 3: Personnel disputes - Like the above, reduction in personnel disputes is one of the effects and not a cause
• Option 4: Non-productive organization - Similar to the above, another effect is the organization becoming more productive

Given data:

Time period t = 4 years 

After the four years  Amount = 2p

Formulae used :

Amount = p (1 + r/100 )^t

Calculations:

Let the principal be 'p'

Rate percent be 'r'

2p = p (1 + r/100)⁴

⇒ 2 = (1 + r/100)⁴

⇒ 2^1/4 = 1 + r/100

⇒ 2^1/4 = (100 + r)/100

⇒ 1.19 × 100  = 100 + r

⇒ 119 = 100 + r

⇒ r = 119 - 100

⇒ r = 19 %

∴ The rate of interest is 19%

Statement I: All knowledge is a recollection. It is true on a certain account → True 

The doctrine of recollection solves the Meno paradox because it says that we are not in the situation that the paradox says we are. The paradox works only if gaining knowledge is like putting something new (or new information) into the soul.

Statement II:  All men by nature, desire understanding → True

'All men by nature desire' to know. And indication of this is the delight we take in our senses; for even apart from their usefulness they are loved for themselves; and above all others the sense of sites.

Hence, the correct answer is "Both statement I and statement II are true".

Additional Information

1. The doctrine of recollection or anamnesis, is the idea that we are born possessing all knowledge and our realization of that knowledge is contingent on our discovery of it. The goal of Recollection is to get back to true Knowledge. To do this, one must overcome the body.
2. Aristotle was driven by a desire for knowledge, and believed that human beings, by virtue of having rationality, are animals that naturally desire explanations of things in the world.

Statement I: When I look deep into myself, I always stumble with one perception or another, I can never catch myself → True

The self cannot be an impression as there is no constant impression or experience that could lead to our idea of 'self'. The self cannot be an idea, because ideas are formed from impressions, which are unstable and changing. Therefore, there is no possible true understanding of the self.

Statement II: Self is the logical presupposition of all knowledge. Therefore, the concepts like substance and person can not be applied to it → True

Thus the self that one cognises cannot be a bodily thing of which one is further, Locke makes self-consciousness partly definitive of the very concept of a person, will presuppose a prior grasp of self-conscious reference to oneself as the self would not be in a position to explain all self-knowledge.

Hence, the correct answer is "Both statement I and statement II are true".

Additional Information 

'It is impossible to answer without a manifest contradiction and absurdity : It must be some one impression, that gives rise to every real idea into what I call myself, I always stumble on some particular perception or other, of heat or I never can catch myself at any time without a perception, and never can.

Below is the explanation of the correct answer:

Therefore, option 1 is the correct answer.

Deduction proceeds from Universal to particular.

The reasoning is the process of using existing knowledge to conclude, make predictions, or construct explanations.  Three methods of reasoning are:

Deductive reasoning

• Also known as relations, it starts with a general rule and proceeds a guaranteed specific conclusion. In this, if the original statements are true, the conclusion must also be true.
• Each relation is uniquely defined by truth-conditions. Immediate inference provides an opportunity to understand how logic and mathematics have crossed. Apart from verbal description, diagrammatic representation also accurately describes these relations. A modern analysis helps us to understand the limitations and defects of the traditional approach which results in the rejection of several relations as invalid which were, otherwise, accepted as valid.

Inductive reasoning

• It proceeds from specific generalized conclusion. Conclusions drawn by the inductive method are not logical necessities. It does not guarantee the conclusion. This is because there is no way to know that all the possible evidence has been gathered and that there exists no further bit of unobserved evidence that might invalidate my hypothesis.
• For example, the newspapers may report the conclusions of scientific research as absolutes, scientific literature itself uses more cautious language.

The pattern followed here is:

According to the alphabetical positions of the letters,

Hence, ‘kmo’ is the correct answer.

Option4 is the correct answer.

Key Points

1. Environmental awareness means being aware of the natural environment and making choices that benefit the earth, rather than hurt it.

Some of the ways to practice environmental awareness include: using safe and non-toxic building supplies, conserving energy and water, recycling, activism, and others. 2. Environmental knowledge is the number of information individuals has concerning environmental issues and their ability to understand and evaluate their impact on society and the environment 3. Environmental Attitudes (EA) are a psychological tendency expressed by evaluative responses to the natural environment with some degree of favor or disfavor (Milfont & Duckitt, 2010). Environmental attitudes are a latent construct; therefore we cannot observe them directly. 4. Environmental  Skill refers to the knowledge, abilities, values, and attitudes [in the general population] needed to live in, develop and support a society that reduces the impact of human activity on the environment.

Important Points

Therefore, the correct match is:

Hence Option4 is the correct answer.

Qualitative research :

• Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research.

• Naturalistic research: It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Natural settings are the direct source of data

• Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem.

• The aim is to determine  qualitative variables

• Inductive analysis: Qualitative research discovers ideas, used in exploratory research with a general research objective. Researchers tend to analyze their data inductively.

• It is an unstructured method to observe, understand, and interpret the collected information.

• The result is completely subjective. Data take the form of words or pictures

• The hermeneutic and interpretive approaches are applicable here.

• Some of the qualitative methods are

• In-depth interview: one-to-one interview

• Focus group: characteristics of a specific group

• Narrative research: the available literature covers the topic or issue

• Phenomenology: the individual experience of a phenomenon

• Ethnography: the study of a culture

• Case study research: the study of an organization or an entity

• Content analysis: analysis of the different form of qualitative data

• Grounded theory: development of a theory based on the collected data

Therefore, A, C, and D only correct answer here.

• Cross break is a numerical tabular Presentation:
• It is also known as cross-tabulation which is very common in the case of categorical data,
• In the case of the single categorical variable, we use a frequency table. But in the case of more than one variable, we prefer the cross-tabulation method.
• It is used to show the relationship between the categorical variables.
• The below table is an example of a crosstab model,
• It has a dimension that refers to the number of rows and columns in the table.
• A cross break is a numerical tabular presentation of data usually in frequency or percentage from in which variables are cross-partitioned to study relations between them
• The categorical variable has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories.
• The categories are set up according to the research hypothesis
• From the above table, male and female are two different categories under the gender group.

Therefore we can say that Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Barriers of communication: some undesired condition that obstructs the communication process is known as barriers to communication. There are various kinds of barriers to communication like a physical barrier, a psychological barrier, language barrier, technical barrier, social or cultural barrier, etc.

Psychological barrier:

• Psychological or Emotional Barriers refer to the psychological state of a person that deeply affects the ability to communicate.
• For example, Opinions, attitudes, status consciousness, emotions,  inattentiveness, too much reliance on the written word, limited retention, etc.
• Inattentiveness might be an effect of previous field experience or the status of the mind.
• When on early on the words of other people without checking authenticity is also a psychological barrier.

Physical barrier: 

• A physical barrier is an environmental and natural condition that acts as a barrier in communication in sending a message from sender to receiver.
• Noise, an overload of information, an overabundance of information, distance, time, invisibility, ill-health, etc.
• When messages are sent by the sender, physical barriers like doors, walls, distance, etc. do not let the communication become effective. The barriers are less if the proximity of the sender and the receiver is high and fewer technologies are required.

Language barrier:

• A language barrier is a figurative phrase used primarily to refer to linguistic barriers to communication, i.e. the difficulties in communication experienced by people or groups originally speaking different languages, or even dialects in some cases.
• Dialect, language disability, verbalism.

Technical barrier: 

• Technology has helped reduce and even overcome distance, allowing people to share information without needing to meet in real life.
• But, there's more to physical barriers than distance.
• Physical barriers to digital communication include other environmental conditions like time, place, and medium.
• Connection failure, voice disruption, audio disruption, use of primitive devices, etc.

Social and Cultural barrier: 

• Socio-cultural barriers are man-made constructs originating from social norms and cultural values.

• They have mainly an adverse impact on information seeking by restricting access to information sources and giving rise to negative emotions.

• The descriptive message is also known as the overabundance of information which is not necessary. It is a physical barrier to communication

• The logical organization is a reflection of the good presentation of the message.

Statement I: Different communities exist independent of one another but jointly somehow they give an idea of the communitarian life of a society

Statement II: Earth exists either through a blind chance or through an inner necessity or through an external cause

Here Both the statements are correct.

 

• Communitarianism is a philosophy that emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community. Its overriding philosophy is based upon the belief that a person's social identity and personality are largely molded by community relationships, with a smaller degree of development being placed on individualism.
• Earth exists either through a blind chance or through an inner necessity or through an external cause.

 

Therefore the correct matching is, A-IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

Using a website to pour out one's grievances is called Cyber Venting.

Cyber-venting is the act of bad-mouthing about one's employer, senior executives, colleagues, etc. with the intention of letting off the steam, using websites, and making such comments public for all to see them.

1. Online hate speech is a type of speech that takes place online with the purpose of attacking a person or a group based on their race, religion, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, disability, or gender.
2. A user's frustration and anger when surfing the Web. Web anger is caused by such things as slow dial-up connections, busy servers, missing links, excessive results when doing a search, and very often, poorly designed websites that make you go through hoops to find what you want.
3. Cyber abuse is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. It has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers, as the digital sphere has expanded and technology has advanced. Cyber abuse is when someone, typically a teenager, bullies or harasses others on the internet and in other digital spaces, particularly on social media sites.

Universities are established by Central/State Act under Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956 whereas an Institution Deemed to be University is declared by a Notification of the Central Government, on the advice of UGC, under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956.

Hence Option 1 is the correct answer.

The explanation for Statement I:

1. The UGC had notified Regulations for recognition of colleges under Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956.
2. The colleges are brought under the purview of UGC in terms of these Regulations as and when the proposals are received from the colleges for inclusion under Section 2(f) and they are found fit for inclusion as per the provisions contained in the Regulations.
3. Apart from the inclusion of colleges under Section 2(f), the UGC includes the Colleges under Section 12(B) of its Act in terms of Rules framed under the Act.
4. This makes the colleges eligible for central assistance from the Government of India or any organization receiving funds from the Central Government.

The explanation for Statement II:

1. Application of Act to institutions for higher studies other than Universities.
2. The Central Government may, on the advice of the Commission, declare, by notification in the Official Gazette, that any institution for higher education, other than a University, shall be deemed to be a University for the purposes of this Act, and on such a declaration being made, all the provisions of this Act shall apply to such institution as if it were a University within the meaning of clause (f) of section 2.