UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 28th Nov 2021 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Given:

The total number of students in all the six colleges together = 12000

Calculation:

Number of boys in College‐C = 1800

Number of girls in College‐B = Total students - Number of boys

⇒ (9% of 12000) - 800 

⇒ 1080 - 800 = 280

The total number of students in College‐E = 29% of 12000

⇒ (29/100) × 12000 = 3480

Required ratio = Number of boys in College‐C : Number of girls in College‐B : Total number of students in College‐E

Required ratio = 1800 : 280 : 3480

∴ The required ratio is 45 ∶ 7 ∶ 87.

Given:

The total number of students in all the six colleges together = 12000

Calculation:

Number of boys in College‐E = 2400

The total number of students in College‐F = 6% of 12000

⇒ (6/100) × 12000 = 720

Difference = Number of boys in College‐E - The total number of students in College‐F

Difference = 2400 - 720 = 1680

∴ The difference between the number of boys in College‐E and the total number of students in College‐F is 1680.

Given:

The total number of students in all the six colleges together = 12000

Calculation:

Number of girls in College‐E = 1080

Total number of students in College-A = 12% of 12000 = 1440

Total number of students in College-B = 9% of 12000 = 1080

Total number of students in College-C = 26% of 12000 = 3120

Total number of students in College-D = 18% of 12000 = 2160

Total number of students in College-E = 29% of 12000 = 3480

Total number of students in College-F = 6% of 12000 = 720

∴ The total number of students in College-B is equal to the number of girls in College‐E.

Given:

The total number of students in all the six colleges together = 12000

Calculation:

Total number of students in College-A = 12% of 12000 = 1440

Number of girls in College‐A = Total students - Number of boys

⇒ 1440 - 1000 = 440

Total number of students in College‐B = 9% of 12000

⇒ (9/100) × 12000 = 1080

Required percentage = [(Number of girls in College‐A) / (Total number of students in College‐B)] × 100

⇒ (440/1080) × 100 ≈ 40

∴ The correct answer is 40.

Given:

The total number of students in all the six colleges together = 12000

Calculation:

Total number of students in College-C = 26% of 12000 = 3120

Number of girls in College‐C = Total students - Number of boys

Number of girls in College‐C = 3120 - 1800 = 1320

Total number of students in College-D = 18% of 12000 = 2160

Number of boys in College‐D = 1200

Total number of students in College-E = 29% of 12000 = 3480

Number of girls in College‐E = Total students - Number of boys

Number of girls in College‐E = 3480 - 2400 = 1080

Total sum = Girls in College‐C + Boys in College‐D + Girls in college‐E

Total sum = 1320 + 1200 +1080 = 3600

∴ The total sum of the number of girls in College‐C, boys in College‐D and girls in college‐E together is 3600.

Formative assessment provides feedback, that is non‐evaluative, occurs before or during instruction, and guides teachers in planning and improving instruction.

Key Points

In education, the term assessment refers to the wide variety of methods that educators use to evaluate and measure and document the academic readiness, learning progress, and skill acquisition of students.

• Formative assessment occurs before or during instruction. The purposes of formative assessment are to guide the teacher in planning and improving instruction and to help students improve learning.
• A primary focus of formative assessment is to identify areas that may need improvement.
• Formative assessment helps in forming instruction and providing feedback that is non-evaluative, supportive, timely, and specific.
• Types of Formative Assessment :
• Observations
• Homework exercises
• Reflections journals
• Question and answer sessions
• Conferences
• In-class activities
• Student feedback

Additional Information

• Summative assessments are used to evaluate student learning, skill acquisition, and academic achievement at the conclusion of a defined instructional period, typically at the end of a project, unit, course, semester, program, or school year.
• A criterion-referenced test is designed to measure a student's academic performance against some standard or criteria. This standard or criteria is predetermined before students begin the test.
• A norm-referenced test is a type of assessment used in education that allows teachers to compare a student's results to someone else in their peer group.

Therefore formative assessment methods provide feedback, that is non‐evaluative, occurs before or during instruction, and guides teachers in planning and improving instruction.

Statement I - Parents and teachers have a highly significant impact on the maturation aspect of cognitive development.

Explanation-

• Maturation is the process by which we change, grow, and develop throughout life.
• The process of increasing intellectual reasoning and ability whereby knowledge is acquired is typically associated with increasing chronological age prior to adulthood is known as cognitive maturation.
• Some important aspect of cognitive maturation is the processing of information, language development, reasoning skills, development of intellect and memory.
• Cognitive maturity comes from individual growth without any external stimuli.
• Hence, parents and teachers have a limited impact on the maturation aspect of cognitive development.

Therefore, Statement I is incorrect.

Statement II-  Schemes are an organized system of actions or thoughts that allow us to mentally represent or "think about" the objects and events in our world

Explanation-.

• A scheme is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information.
• Schemes can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting the vast amount of information that is available in our environment.
• Hence, Schemes are an organized system of actions or thoughts that allow us to mentally represent or "think about" the objects and events in our world.

Therefore, Statement II is correct.

So, Statement I is false but Statement II is true

The principle of randomization involves the allocation of treatment to experimental units at random to avoid any bias in the experiment resulting from the influence of some extraneous unknown factor that may affect the experiment.

Key Points

• Randomization is a random process of assigning treatments to the experimental units.
• The random process implies that every possible allotment of treatments has the same probability.
• The purpose of randomization is to remove bias and other sources of extraneous variation which are not controllable.

Therefore, When we design the experiment in such a way that the variations caused by extraneous factors can all be combined under the general concept of "chance", it represents the Principle of randomization.

Additional Information

• According to the Principle of Replication, the experiment should be repeated more than once. By doing so the statistical accuracy of the experiments is increased.
• According to the principle of local control, we first divide the field into several homogeneous parts, known as blocks, and then each such block is divided into parts equal to the number of treatments.
• Operational control involves control over intermediate-term operations and processes but not business strategies. Operational control systems ensure that activities are consistent with established plans.

Positivism is a philosophical system recognizing only that which can be scientifically verified or which is capable of logical or mathematical proof and therefore rejecting metaphysics and theism.

Key Points

• Its goal is to formulate abstract and universal laws on the operative dynamics of the social universe.
• The natural sciences are the sciences that seek to explain the rules that govern the natural world through scientific methods.
• The key features of positivism related to natural science:
• A focus on science as a product, a linguistic or numerical set of statements;
• The belief that science contains theories or research traditions that are largely commensurable.
• The belief is that science sometimes incorporates new ideas that are discontinuous from old ones.
• The belief that science involves the idea of the unity of science.
• The belief is that science is nature and nature is science.

Therefore positivism as an epistemological program is characteristic of Natural sciences.

Additional Information

• Social science is any branch of academic study or science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects.
• The performing arts are arts such as music, dance, and drama that are performed for an audience.
• The legal study is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the mutual influence between law and society.

Empirical research is defined as any research where conclusions of the study are strictly drawn from concretely empirical evidence, and therefore “verifiable” evidence. Empirical research can be conducted and analysed using qualitative or quantitative methods.

Key Points

Since empirical research is based on observation and capturing experiences, it is important to plan the steps to conduct the experiment and how to analyse it. Following are the steps

• Define the purpose of the research- In this initial step, the researcher must be clear about what he or she precisely wants to do in the study.
• Supporting theories and relevant literature- The researcher needs to find out if there are theories that can be linked to his research problem. He has to figure out if any theory can help him support his findings.
• Creation of Hypothesis and measurement - The researcher must frame an initial hypothesis or educated guess that could be the likely outcome. Units of measurements should also be defined, including the allowable margin of errors.
• Methodology, research design, and data collection- Before proceeding with the study, the researcher must establish an appropriate approach for the research. He or she must organize experiments to gather data that will allow him or her to frame the hypothesis. To carry out the research, he can use one of the many sampling techniques.
• Data Analysis and result-Data analysis are done either quantitatively or qualitatively. Depending on the nature of the study, the researcher must determine which method of data analysis is the appropriate one, or whether a combination of the two is suitable.
• Conclusion-A report will need to be made with the findings of the research. The researcher can give the theories and literature that support his research.

Thus, the correct sequence of empirical steps in the linear model of the research process is as given below.

Theory → hypotheses → sampling → collection → interpretation → validation

Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies, and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.

Key Points

Therefore, the correct answer is A-IV, B ‐ I, C ‐ II, D ‐ III

Horizontal communication involves the exchange of information across departments at the same level in an organization.

Key Points

• The purpose of most horizontal communication is to request support or coordinate activities.
• People at the same level in the organization can work together to work on problems or issues on an informal and as-needed basis.
• Communication between people at the same social level or in the same professional community is Peer to Peer communication.
• A student talking to another student is peer-to-peer communication, a professor, talking to another professor is peer-to-peer.

So, we can say that Peer to Peer Communication is a Horizontal form of communication.

Additional Information

• Convoluted syntax means a form of language that is more complicated than would be required to simply convey meaning.
• Non-transactional messaging is referred to as sending or retrieving messages outside the context of a transaction.
• The authoritarian theory describes that all forms of communications are under the control of the governing elite or authorities or influential bureaucrats.

Grapevine communication is defined as communication that occurs in an organization without adhering to a prescribed framework. 

Key Points

• It is an informal and unofficial means of communication within an organization.
• The main challenges of grapevine communication are the following: 
• The Risk of Distortion
• An Increase in Misunderstandings
• Unable to identify the origin of Message
• can vary dramatically
• no formal mechanisms in place for employees to speak
• Maintaining secrecy is impossible
• Difficulty in controlling
• ​Grapevine communication is a practical way to send communications that aren't appropriate for formal channels.
• The sender uses the grapevine method whenever information needs to be used fast.
• Grapevine also speeds up the feedback loop.

Therefore, B, C, and D only is correct options. 

Additional Information

• Grapevine communication can provide useful feedback.
• The grapevine act as a catalyst for bringing individuals together and making them friends.

Explanation: 

Statement I: A number that has factors other than 1 and itself is called a composite number. 

Also, a composite number is a natural number or a positive integer that has more than two factors.

The example of composite numbers is 6, 14, 25, etc, such that:

Hence, a statement I is true.Statement II: 23 is the only odd prime number.

A prime number is a natural number divisible by precisely two numbers, namely 1 and the number itself. The prime numbers are:

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, .........

Except 2, rest all the prime numbers are odd.

Hence, statement II is false.

∴ Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Additional Information

• 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number.
• All even number except 2 are composite numbers.
• 4 is the smallest composite number.
• 2 is the only prime number which is even.

Concept Used:

Average = (Sum of observations) / (Total number of observations)

Calculation:

In List I A → Three numbers = 40, 32, 33

Their average = (40 + 32 + 33)/3 = 35

In List I B → Three numbers = 35, 36, 40

Their average = (35 + 36 + 40)/3 = 37

In List I C → Three numbers = 33, 36, 39

Their average = (33 + 36 + 39)/3 = 36

In List I D → Three numbers = 30, 38, 46

Their average = (30 + 38 + 46)/3 = 38

∴ The correct answer is A ‐ III, B ‐ IV, C ‐ II, D ‐ I.

Anupalabdhi is the direct knowledge of the non-existence of an object. 

Key Points

• The direct knowledge of an object's nonexistence is known as nonapprehension.
• Anupalabdhi is the ability to discern the absence of a specific object in a given scenario or location.
• For example, “There is no jar now in the ground”.
• ​But the knowledge of the absence or non-existence of the

jar on the ground arises because of the non-perception of the perceivable object.

• The absence of an object from the situation in which it should be available is said to be non-existence.
• to possess the knowledge of the non-existence of objects in an existing form is called anupalabdhi.

Therefore, If a jar is temporarily removed from its locus the non‐existence of the jar on the floor is Anuplabdhi (Non‐cognition). 

Additional Information

• Upamana (Comparison): It is a type of knowledge that is derived from similarities.
• Arthapatti (Implication): The manner of knowledge is gained from a collection of circumstances.
• Anumana (Inference): It is a way of drawing inferences from prior or existing knowledge.

According to Indian philosophy, indriya are the tools of a person's direct perception of the outside world.

Key Points

• There are three methods to pramanas (source of gaining knowledge): pratyaksha (perception), anumana (inference), and sabda (Sastraic authority).
• The prefix anu indicates after and mana denotes 'knowledge'
• Anumana is a Sanskrit term that means inference.
• Anumana comes to a new conclusion and truth by combining observation, past truths, and logic.
• Anumana is the act of claiming an object based on the knowledge of the probans that are inextricably linked to it.
• According to Nyaya's school, anumana (inference) is both for oneself and the case of others it means it is both, svatah-Anumana and paratah-anumana.
• Svatah-Anumana is psychological and needs no logic and Paratah-anumana is formal in nature, and logic and language are required to convey information to others.

Therefore, The knowing self knows objects through the instrumentality of the Indriyas and the existence of the Indriya is proved by Anumana. 

Additional Information

• Anumana has five steps: a hypothesis (pratijna), a justification (hetu), an example (udaharana), a reaffirmation (upanaya), and a conclusion (nigamana).
• According to Sage Vyasa in his Brahma Sutra, The Supreme One may only be recognized by sabda, not pratyaksha or anumana.
• Yoga considers anumana as well as pratyaksha and sabda as pramanas.
• Only the Carvaka quasi-philosophical school rejects anumana in favour of pratyaksha as the only genuine source of knowledge.

Erik Erikson's theory suggested that a person's personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development.

Key Points

Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development include:

• Trust vs. Mistrust.
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.
• Initiative vs. Guilt.
• Industry vs. Inferiority.
• Identity vs. Role Confusion.
• Intimacy vs. Isolation.
• Generativity vs. Stagnation.
• Ego Integrity vs. Despair.

We will discuss the four stages according to the question:

So, the correct option is option 1 (A ‐ lV, B ‐ lll, C ‐ l, D ‐ lI)

The concept of mass communication refers to the anonymous broadcast of messages to a huge number of diverse, heterogeneous persons. 

Key Points

Assertion A: Students do not form part of the media audience.

• The Audience refers to the listeners or receivers of communications given through the process of mass communication.
• The term mass media is a concept that refers to the choice of media by the audience and is frequently used to identify the audience.
• The audience of a 'Newspaper', for example, is made up of newspaper readers; the audience of a particular author or series of novels, such as Harry Potter, is made up of readers from all over the world

Thus, Assertion A is false.

Reason R: Due to the all‐pervasive digital technology, students have become interactive media users. 

• The rapid growth of utility of digital technology also becomes useful to increase the learning outcome.
• Students can benefit from technology since it makes learning more enjoyable and collaborative.
• Students benefit from technology because it gives them fast access to knowledge, rapid learning, and engaging ways to apply.
• Students have become interactive media users.

So, Reason R is True. 

Hence, A is false but R is true. 

Additional Information

• The term mass media audience was originally limited to town halls, theatres, stages, and rhetorical forums in various regions of the world.
• This concept has existed in India for millennia, where preaching and discussion, dancing and folk dance performances, folk tales and folk art have all drawn large crowds at a time when mass communication via mass media did not exist.

Communication is the transmission and receiving of information. 

Key Points

• Verbal communication is the use of words to convey a message.
• The four modes of communication are listed below:
• Intra-personal: Intrapersonal communication refers to communication that takes place within a single person.
• Interpersonal: Individuals communicate information in words, such as thoughts or opinions, in a one-to-one conversation.
• Group: When there are more than two people present, small group conversations may occur.
• Public: When one person speaks to a large group of individuals.
• Mass: The process of developing, transmitting, receiving, and evaluating messages to large audiences via vocal and written media.

Thus, the Correct sequence of communication forms is intro‐personal ⇒ Inter‐personal ⇒Group⇒Public⇒Mass. 

Additional Information

• There are various elements that affect verbal communication: 
• The tone of voice during the delivery of a message
• Speaking speed determines the efficiency of the delivery.
• The volume helps to connect with the audience.

Noise in communication is defined as anything that disrupts the communication process between a speaker and an audience. 

Key Points 

Therefore, A-IV, B ‐ I, C ‐ II, D ‐ III are correct matching. 

Additional Information 

• The terms noise and barrier have the same meaning, even if they are used in distinct contexts.
• When dealing with impediments in face-to-face or group communications, for example, individuals use the term noise.
• Noise is a barrier that occurs during sender-receiver contact.​

Shortcut Trick

Let the Original Price of the mobile be 100%.

New Price after 15% discount = 100% − 15% = 85%.

Given that 85% of the original cost = ₹3230

1% of the original cost = 3230 ÷ 85 = ₹38

Original Price (100%) = 38 × 100 = ₹3800

∴ The correct answer is ₹3800.

Alternate Method

Given:

New cost of the mobile = ₹3230

Discount percentage = 15%

Formula Used:

Original Price = New Cost ÷ [1 − (Discount % ÷ 100)]

Calculations:

⇒ Let the Original Price of the mobile be x.

⇒ Discount amount = 15% of x = 0.15x

⇒ New Cost = Original Price − Discount

⇒ 3230 = x − 0.15x

⇒ 3230 = 0.85x

⇒ x = 3230 ÷ 0.85

⇒ x = 323000 ÷ 85

⇒ x = 3800

∴ The correct answer is ₹3800.

Additional Information

Successive Discounts

When two successive discounts of a% and b% are given, the single equivalent discount percentage is calculated as: (a + b − ab ÷ 100)%.

Marked Price & Discount

Discount is generally provided on the Marked Price (or Original Price) of an article. Selling Price = Marked Price − Discount.

Profit and Loss

Profit or Loss percentage is always calculated on the Cost Price (CP) unless specifically stated otherwise. Profit % = (Profit ÷ CP) × 100.

Given:

Product of two positive consecutive odd integers = (6 × sum of two positive consecutive odd integers) - 1

Calculation:

Let ​the two positive consecutive odd integers be x and (x + 2)

According to the question, we have

⇒ x × (x + 2) = [6(x + x + 2)] - 1

⇒ x² + 2x = 12x + 12 - 1

⇒ x2 + 2x - 12x - 12 + 1 = 0

⇒ x2 - 10x - 11 = 0

⇒ x2 + x - 11x - 11 = 0

⇒ x(x + 1) - 11(x + 1) = 0

⇒ (x - 11)(x + 1) = 0

Solving for (x - 11) gives:

⇒ x - 11 = 0

⇒ x = 11

Solving for (x + 1) gives:

⇒ x + 1 = 0

⇒ x = -1

Here, we will ignore the negative value of x

Hence, positive integers are 11 and (11 + 2 = 13)

∴ One of the integers is 13.

A fallacy is a kind of error in reasoning. 

Key Points

• The ad verecundiam fallacy is a fallacy that occurs when someone appeals to authority or competence.
• The fallacy entails accepting as proof for a proposition the words of someone who is regarded as an authority yet is not one.
• This can happen when non-experts pose as experts in sectors where they lack expertise
• when there is a disagreement and authorities are split it is a mistake to rely on one's opinion just on the authority of a few of them.
• For Example, when celebrities support commercial products or social movements.

Thus, Advertising "Testimonials" are frequent instances of this Argumentum ad Verecundiam (authority) fallacy. 

Additional Information

• The ad populum fallacy appeals to popular opinion or common knowledge.
• Argumentum ad Misericordiam (appeal to pity) happens when requests for sympathy or pity are incorrectly regarded as evidence rather than threats.
• Argumentum ad ignorantiam (ignorance) occurs when the claim of a proposition is true if it hasn't been proven false, or that a proposition is wrong if it hasn't been proven true.

A syllogism consists of three categorical propositions and contains three terms each of which appears in propositions. 

Key Points

• Mood depends upon the type of propositions (A, E, I, O).

Valid Forms: There are 15 combinations of mood and figure that are valid from the Boolean standpoint.

For example, 

• No musicians are Italians ( E )
• All barbers are Musicians (A )
• Therefore, No barbers are Italians ( E )
• Based on the above chart mood of argument is EAE.

Thus, the Mood of the argument is EAE. 

• The figure depends on the arrangement of the middle term in the proposition.
• There are four types of figures in syllogism which are mentioned below:

Whereas M is Middle Term, S is Subject, P stands for Predict. 

• No musicians are Italians, whereas musicians are middle Term and Italians are Predict
• All barbers are Musicians, whereas barbers are subjects and musicians are middle term
• Based on the position of the middle term in the argument this belongs to First Figure.

Therefore, E A E ‐ I is correct.

"Cognitive load" relates to the amount of information that working memory can hold at one time. Cognitive load theory was developed by John Sweller, Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of New South Wales, Australia.

Key Points

There are three types of cognitive load:

• Intrinsic
• Extraneous
• Germane

Intrinsic cognitive load - 

• Intrinsic cognitive load is the inherent level of difficulty associated with a specific instructional topic.
• Intrinsic cognitive load is associated with the nature and subject matter of the task or problem itself that the learner finds arduous and challenging.

Extraneous cognitive load- 

• Extraneous Load refers to those mental resources devoted to elements that do not contribute to learning and schemata acquisition or automation.
• It is mainly related to the information presentation and the instructional format that could both increase the user's overall cognitive load without enhancing learning.

Germane cognitive load

• Germane cognitive load is the result of the constructive method of handling information, in a way that contributes to learning.
• Therefore, germane load refers to the work that is put into constructing a long-lasting store of knowledge or schema.

So, the correct option is option 3 (A, C, and E only)

Additional Information

• Gestalt psychology is a school of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole.

The quantitative approach emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques.

Key Points

• Stimulation approach:
• The simulation approach is a technique that reproduces actual events and processes under test conditions.
• Developing a simulation is often a highly complex mathematical process.
• Whenever a new statistical method is developed or used, there are assumptions that need to be tested and confirmed. Statisticians use simulated data to test them out.
• Inferential approach::
• The inferential approach means survey research where a sample of the population is studied (questioned or observed) to determine its characteristics.
• The basis of hypothesis testing with statistical analysis is inference.
• Experimental approach:
• ​The experimental approach to a project involves several items, including the facility used, the model itself, the test conditions where the model is tested, and corrections that are applied to the data.

Therefore, the Simulation approach, Inferential approach, and Experimental approach are the approaches that fall under the Quantitative Approach.

Additional Information

• Projective techniques allow respondents to project their subjective or true opinions and beliefs onto other people or even objects.
• Depth or in-depth interview is a qualitative research technique that is used to conduct intensive individual interviews where the numbers of respondents are less and research is focused on a specific product, technique, situation, or objective.

A parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child-rearing.

Key Points

• The four main parenting styles:-
• Authoritative
• Authoritarian
• Neglectful
• Permissive

Each parenting style has different effects on children’s behavior and can be identified by certain characteristics, as well as degrees of responsiveness and demandingness. 

• The authoritarian parenting style is characterized by high control and low warmth. This parent is the disciplinarian, demanding control and respect and emphasizing obedience. Authoritarian parents are strict and insist that their children follow directions.

Additional Information

• Authoritative parents guide their children through open and honest discussions to teach values and reasoning. Kids who have authoritative parents tend to be self-disciplined and can think for themselves.(High warmth and high control)
• Permissive parenting is categorized as high warmth with low control. This parent gives the child or adolescent a free environment where they can do as they please.
• Neglectful parents have limited engagement with their children and rarely implement rules. They can also be seen as cold and uncaring but not always intentionally, as they are often struggling with their own issues.

Therefore, Authoritarian parents are the parents who seem cool and controlling in their interactions with their children (low warmth, high control)

The square of opposition is a diagram used in categorical logic to depict the logical relationship that exists between particular propositions based on their form.

Key Points 

Diagram of Aristotelian Square of Opposition. 

The four corners of this diagram represent the four basic forms of propositions. 

Now applying the rule of the Square of Opposition.

**Thus, "No women are writers" is false, and "Some women are not writers" is undetermined are correct.

Given:

The incomes of Ravi and Kavita = 2 : 3

Expenditures = 3 : 5

Savings of each person = Rs.100

Formula Used:

Income = Saving + Expenditure

Calculation:

Let the incomes of Ravi and Kavita be 2x and 3x respectively and their expenditures be 3y and 5y respectively.

According to question, each person saves Rs.100 then,

Ravi's income = 2x = 100 + 3y

⇒ 2x - 3y = 100 .........(i)

Kavita's income = 3x = 100 + 5y

⇒ 3x - 5y = 100 .........(ii)

On solving both equation (i) and (ii) we get,

x = 200 and y = 100

Hence, income of Ravi = 2x = 2 × 200 = Rs.400

∴ Ravi's income is Rs.400.

A file format is a set of rules for encoding data for storage in a computer file.

Key Points

Therefore, A-II, B ‐ III, C ‐ IV, D ‐ I are correct matching.

Wi-Fi is a radio signal transmitted from a wireless router to a nearby device that converts the signal into data that can be seen and used.

Key Points 

• Wi-F is a technology that allows devices to connect to the Internet wirelessly.
• Bluetooth allows for data communication between devices across short distances.
• Bluetooth restricts the number of devices that can connect at any given moment.
• Wi-Fi allows more devices and users to connect at the same time.
• Bluetooth is easier to use and consumes less power.
• Wi-Fi requires an adapter to connect to power.

​Therefore, Bluetooth has a greater range than Wifi is a false statement. 

Additional Information

• Wi-Fi was first developed in the 1990s and has gone through multiple standardization processes.
• Wi-Fi operates by fragmenting a signal and sending the fragments over numerous radio frequencies.
• Wi-Fi is similar to Bluetooth in that it uses radio waves to deliver high-speed data over short distances without the usage of wires.

The Internet can be described as a means of rapidly disseminating knowledge to a large audience while also transcending time and space constraints.

Key Points

 Assertion A: The Internet is very beneficial to students in all aspects. 

• Students use the Internet is primarily used for social and recreational purposes.
• Students can easily get high-quality educational materials for free, such as tutorial videos on YouTube, or pay fees for higher-quality study materials online.
• Students use this excellent resource to obtain any information they require for their academic endeavors.
• The Internet can also provide gives intellectual and scientific information.

So, Assertion A is true. 

Reason R: The Internet opens doorways to a wealth of information, knowledge, and educational resources thereby increasing opportunities for learning in and beyond the classroom.

• The ability to connect to the Internet is critical to realizing this vision for the future.
• It has the potential to increase educational quality in a variety of ways.
• It provides access to a multitude of information, knowledge, and educational resources, expanding learning opportunities both inside and beyond the classroom.

Hence, Reason R is correct. 

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 

Additional Information

• The success of the Internet in education will be used to gauge educational results, such as student achievement, career possibilities, and contribution to national development.
• New modes of teaching and learning, and greater access to a much wider range of information and resources can contribute to accomplishing the Sustainable Development Goals, including education for all.

Electronic mail (e-mail) is a computer-based application that allows users to send and receive messages. 

Key Points

Statement I: You can add attachments of any file size to an email.

• E-mail is the electronic version of a letter but with time and flexibility advantages.
• Email is a facility to send copies of a message to many people.
• Email can send only a maximum Email Size Limit of up to 25MB depending on the service provider.

Thus, Statement I is false. 

Statement II: You can only send emails from a laptop computer.

• Email also makes it simple and quick to access information and contacts.
• Email can be accessed from anywhere that has an internet connection.
• Email Users can send emails from any device which should be connected to the internet.

So, Statement II is false. 

Therefore, Statement I and Statement II are false.

Additional Information

• In 1965, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology produced the first form of what would become known as email.
• Some email service providers are mentioned: Gmail, Outlook, ProtonMail, AOL, Zoho Mail, iCloud Mail, Yahoo! Mail, and GMX.

Photochemical fog has a variety of detrimental consequences for both the environment and people. 

Key Points

• Photochemical smog is a brownish-grey cloud formed by the action of UV light on a polluted atmosphere including hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
• Temperature inversion traps anthropogenic air pollutants, primarily ozone, nitric acid, and organic chemicals near the ground.
• These contaminants, as well as others, have the potential to harm humans and plants.
• Due to some of its gaseous components, photochemical smog frequently has a disagreeable odor.

Therefore, Oxides of Nitrogen, Volatile Organic Compounds, and End are essential for the formation of photochemical smog.

Additional Information

• NO2 molecule is known to undergo a complex series of hydrocarbon processes when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, resulting in the photochemical smog components.
• contaminants are also emitted naturally as a result of occurrences such as volcano eruptions and forest fires.

The data transfer rate is the pace at which digital data is sent from one location to another in a given amount of time.

Key Points

• The data transfer rate can be defined as the rate at which a particular amount of data is sent from one location to another.
• In general, the higher the data transfer rate, the bigger the bandwidth of a given path.

Data Measurement Chart is given below: 

• Based on Data Measurement Chat, 1500 Mbps is larger than 1 Gbps (1024 Mbps) and data transfer will be faster in this comparison.
• Whereas, 1 Mbps is equal to 1024 kbps and smaller than 1500kbps.

Thus, 1500 Mbps (largest)⇒1 Gbps ( 1024 Mbps)⇒1500 kbps⇒1Mbps ( 1024 kbps) (smallest) is the correct order of the data transfer rates measured in bits per second (bps) ranked from largest to smallest. 

Additional Information

• Difference between bits and bytes: 
• Bits are commonly used to measure data speeds like internet connection speed, download speed, and upload speed.
• Bytes are commonly used to indicate file storage size.

According to the National Education Policy, the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) acts as one overarching umbrella body for all higher education. 

Key Points

Therefore, A-III, B ‐ II, C ‐ IV, and D ‐ I are correct.

Additional Information 

• According to the National Education Policy, the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) acts as one overarching umbrella body for all higher education.
• The HECI will include a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson, and 12 members nominated by the Centre, including educators and industry representatives

The NRF (National Research Foundation) will be governed, independently of the government, by a rotating Board of Governors consisting of the very best researchers and innovators across fields.

Key Points

• The goal of the NRF will be to enable a culture of research to permeate through our universities.
• The primary activities of the NRF will be to:
• fund competitive, peer-reviewed grant proposals of all types and across all disciplines.
• seed, grow and facilitate research at academic institutions.
• act as a liaison between researchers and relevant branches of government as well as industry; so as to allow breakthroughs to be optimally brought into policy and/or implementation.
• recognize outstanding research and progress.

Thus, it is concluded that According to NEP‐2020, National Research Foundation (NRF) may be established to enable a culture of research to permeate through universities.

Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria and other microorganisms while decomposing organic matter under aerobic conditions at a specific temperature.

Key Points

• Biochemical oxygen demand determined the impact of decomposing matter on organisms in a certain habitat.
• When dissolved oxygen levels fall below a specific threshold, aquatic life suffers, and mass fish kills can occur.
• When organic debris from sewers, algal blooms, and other sources enters the water bacteria break it down right away using some of the dissolved oxygen in the process.
• It presents additional issues due to the large quantity of decaying organisms that require oxygen.
• High summer temperatures and the addition of excessive fertilizers to a water body can reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen in a water body which puts local aquatic life under duress.
• The breakdown of waste organic stuff by living bacterial organisms that require oxygen to function stabilizes or renders it unobjectionable.

​Therefore, A high amount of BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) in a water body represents a high presence of a large number of organic materials polluted water severely limits aquatic life. 

Additional Information

• BOD values in unpolluted rivers are typically less than 1 part per million.
• BOD is a measure of organic contamination in the water that is commonly used in wastewater treatment plants.

wastewater treatment is the removal of contaminants from wastewater, or sewage before it reaches aquifers or natural bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, estuaries, and seas. 

Key Points

• The components of a sewage treatment plant vary depending on the kind of sewage.
• Sewage treatment plant components eliminate hazardous elements from wastewater and household sewage before they are released into the environment.
• STP (Sewage Treatment Plant) components are perfect for removing toxins from wastewater generated by various commercial, industries.
• Major components of a sewage treatment facility are Bar screens, Grit chambers, comminutors, pre-aeration tanks, main settling tanks, aeration tanks, secondary settling tanks, biological filters, and sludge handlers.

Therefore, the Grit chamber is a component of a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP).

Additional Information

• Around 80% of India's water is severely polluted because people dump raw sewage, silt, and garbage into the country's rivers and lakes.
• It's estimated that around 70% of surface water in India is unfit for consumption.

In July 2020, the Union Cabinet approved the National Education Policy (NEP). 

Key Points

• The policy aims to modernize India's educational system to suit the demands of the twenty-first century.
• The new strategy aims to address poor literacy and numeracy achievements in primary schools, as well as lower dropout rates in middle and secondary schools.
• The adoption of a multidisciplinary approach in higher education.
• Master's programs have various types of courses: 
• one‐year duration
• two‐year duration
• ​five‐year duration
• ​Students pursuing various courses at HEIs will be given internship chances at local businesses/industries, artists, and craft persons as part of holistic education.
• Students will also have the opportunity to participate in research internships with individual HEI teachers and researchers.

Therefore, According to the NEP‐ 2020, a Master's Programme may be of one‐year duration, two‐year duration,​ and five‐year duration. 

Additional Information

• The policy aims to take advantage of the enormous potential of online pedagogy and learning approaches to boost gross enrolment in higher education.
• The policy also aims to create an education super-regulator that will be in charge of defining educational standards, funding, accreditation, and regulation in India.

According to the All-India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) report for 2018-19, India's Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education is just 26.3 percent which is low when compared to industrialized and developing countries.

Key Points

Assertion A: Higher education in India has limited access, particularly in socio‐economically disadvantaged areas.

• According to data, in the last seven years, the disparity in access to higher education has increased significantly by household economic status.
• The disparity in access to higher education also differs significantly between rural and urban areas.
• Scheduled castes had a gross enrolment ratio of 21%, while scheduled tribes had a gross enrolment ratio of 15.4%.
• Unequal access to and participation in higher education among different socioeconomic sectors of the population is a key topic that is frequently raised in research and policy debates.

So, Assertion A is correct. 

Reason R: The research and innovation investment in India is only 0.69% of the GDP.

• India spends only 0.6 percent of its GDP on research and development.
• By 2047, India should invest 4% of its GDP in research and development.
• The Ministry of Science and Technology was granted about Rs 14,700 crore in 2021-22

Thus, Reason R is the correct statement only. 

Therefore, Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Additional Information

• Since 1950, the number of institutions has expanded from 700 to 31,324 and the enrolment rate has climbed from 1% to 12%.
• India is in a position to increase its higher education sector considerably in the next year thanks to innovative solutions such as online courses and foreign university alliances.

The bill proposes to repeal the University Grants Commission Act of 1956 and rename the UGC the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI).

Key Points

• The regulator's primary goal will be to establish, maintain, and improve academic standards at universities.
• According to the National Education Policy, the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) acts as one overarching umbrella body for all higher education.
• The HECI will include a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson, and 12 members nominated by the Centre, including educators and industry representatives
• The HECI would be in charge of academic functions.
• The HECI will be granted broad and overarching authority.
• Focus on improving the quality of instruction, maintaining academic standards, and promoting higher education institutions' autonomy.

Therefore, B, C, and D only are the correct options. 

Additional Information

• The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) will be in charge of grant distribution.
• This does not apply to medical, agricultural, or institutes established under federal or state legislation.

The correct answer is 'Significant differences'.

 Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage :​
• Early feminist theory had emphasised the commonalities of women's oppression, neglecting profound differences between women in terms of class, age, religion, race and nation.
• ​From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that the early feminist theory ignored among women, the issue of significant differences.

Thus, it is clear that option 2 is the right answer.

The correct answer is 'North-American middle class white women'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• As its exclusionary nature became evident, the collective 'we' of feminism was called into question.
• The inadequacies of feminist theorising that conflated the condition of white, middle class women with the condition of all women were highlighted in North America by black and Latin feminists, and in Britain by black and Asian feminists.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that initially, the feminist theory veered around the problems of North-American middle class white women.

Thus, it is clear that option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Conflate  - To combine or to bring together two or more separate things to form a whole.
• For eg - The scientist tried to conflate the two chemicals, but they exploded.

The correct answer is ' they had to be repositioned in different contexts'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• Such critiques (critiques by third world scholars) spoke from a post‐colonial position, in which the self‐assumed authority of western feminists to speak about or indeed for others was disputed and decentered.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the analytical frameworks of western feminists were critiqued by Third World scholars as they had to be repositioned in different contexts.

​Thus, it is clear that option 3 is the correct answer**.**

The correct answer is 'Deconstruct their status as intellectuals'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the given passage:
• Such critiques (by third world scholars) spoke from a post‐colonial position, in which the self‐assumed authority of western feminists to speak about or indeed for others was disputed and decentered.
• Influential accounts of the tendencies of masculinist imperialist ideological formation to construct a 'monolithic Third world' woman', discursively constituted as the universal victim of Third world patriarchy, challenged feminists to "unlearn" their privilege and to deconstruct their own authority as intellectuals.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that Post-colonial, western feminists were asked to deconstruct their status as intellectuals.

Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The above lines puts forth the argument that western feminism tends to categorize all third-world women into a single collective..
• Monolithic - Something on a large scale that is rigid, inflexible and difficult to change.
• For eg -  The media is often considered as a great monolithic institution by the people.

The passage speaks of 'Identity issues in feminist studies'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• Such critiques (critiques by Third world scholars) evoked the concepts of 'inter‐locking identities' and inter‐locking oppressions'.
• Although subsequently attempted by Third world scholars anxious to move beyond standpoints that threatened to mark all feminist politics as either inauthentic or unnecessary, they were enduringly influential in highlighting the questions identity and authority in feminist studies.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the passage speaks of Identity issues in feminist studies.

Thus, it is clear that option 1 is the correct answer.

The atmosphere of Earth acts as a protective layer for our planet.

Key Points

• It envelops our world, keeps us warm, provides us with oxygen to breathe, and is the source of our weather.
• The six layers that make up the Earth's atmosphere are troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, ionosphere, and exosphere.
• The troposphere is our atmosphere's lowest layer. It rises from the ground to a height of around 10 kilometres above sea level.
• The stratosphere is situated 50 kilometres above sea level.
• The mesosphere is located above the stratosphere. It reaches a height of around 85 kilometres (53 miles) above our planet.
• The thermosphere is the layer of extremely rare air above the mesosphere.

​

​Therefore, Troposphere⇒Stratosphere⇒Mesosphere⇒Thermosphere is the correct sequence of occurrence of various atmospheric layers from the earth's surface. 

Additional Information

• The ionosphere is not a discrete layer.
• The ionosphere is a succession of zones in the mesosphere and thermosphere where high-energy solar radiation has thrown electrons lose from their parent atoms and molecules.

Climate proxies are previous physical features that can be used to replace direct meteorological data allowing scientists to reconstruct climatic conditions over a longer period of time.

Key Points

• These proxy data are environmental physical features that can be used in place of direct measurements.
• Proxy data can reveal information about a variety of climate-related changes
• Paleoclimatologists use natural climate recorders including tree rings, ice cores, fossil pollen, ocean sediments, corals, and historical data to compile proxy data.
• Proxy data is prehistoric refers to an era before recorded history, and provides visibility into the environment before formal archives are created.
• It's an important part of paleoclimatology the study of past climates and it also helps predict how the weather and planet may change in the near future.

​Therefore, Boreholes are not the terrestrial biotic climatic proxy. 

Additional Information

• The four basic forms of proxy climate indicators are Historical (oral or written records), biological (records of faunal and floral growth and distribution), geological (terrestrial deposits and characteristics, and marine ocean sediment cores), and glaciological (ice cores).
• Through this analysis, you know about sudden occurrences, such as warming and cooling, drought, shifting sea levels, cyclone patterns, monsoon seasons, varying atmospheric CO2 levels, and shrinking ice sheets.