UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 28th Feb 2023 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Calculation:

According to the question, 3/7 of the world's population speaks the seven most widely spoken languages as their first language. Given that the world's population is not provided, we cannot calculate the exact number of first-language speakers.

Additionally, the question states that a further 1.7 billion people speak one of the seven languages as a second language. Therefore, we can add this number to the total number of first-language speakers to get an estimate of the total number of speakers.

Total number of First-Language Speakers:

1386 + 1000 + 280 + 270 + 220 + 160 + 140 = 3456 million (3.456 billion)

Total number of Speakers (First or Second Language):

3456 million (3.456 billion) + 1700 million (1.7 billion) = 5156 million (5.156 billion)

Hence, there are an estimated 5.156 billion speakers of the seven most widely spoken languages (spoken as either first or second language).

Calculations:

To determine the fraction of first-language speakers of the seven most widely spoken languages that speak Spanish or French, we need to calculate the sum of the number of first-language speakers for Spanish and French, and then divide it by the total number of first-language speakers of the seven languages.

Number of first-language speakers of Spanish: 280 million

Number of first-language speakers of French: 220 million

Total number of first-language speakers of the seven languages: 3456 million

Fraction of first-language speakers that speak Spanish or French:

(280 million + 220 million) / 3456 million

Simplifying the fraction:

500 million / 3456 million

This fraction does not match any of the suggested answer options exactly. However, to determine the closest option, we can calculate the decimal value of the fraction:

500 million / 3456 million = 0.1445

Comparing this value to the given answer options:

1. 1/10^th = 0.1

2. 1/7^th = 0.1429

3. 1/6^th = 0.1667

4. 1/5^th = 0.2

Based on the decimal approximation,

the closest answer option is 2) 1/7^th, as its value of 0.1429 is the closest to 0.1445.

Calculations:

Based on the information provided, we know that there are 3800 known languages spoken worldwide and that 1/7 of these languages are expected to die out over the next 40 years. However, the total number of speakers of the languages predicted to die out is not explicitly mentioned.

Therefore, based on the given information, we cannot determine the exact number of speakers of the languages predicted to die out.

The correct answer is 4) Cannot tell.

Calculation:

According the Question  72.5% of the 3800 known languages are predicted to die out in the next 100 years. 

To find out the number of languages expected to die out over the next 100 years, we need to calculate 72.5% of 3800.

0.725 × 3800 = 2755

The  Correct answer is: 2755

Calculations:

Sum the number of first-language speakers for all seven

languages = 1386 + 1000 + 280 + 270 + 220 + 160 + 140 =

3456 million

According to the question,

We can let equation and solve for the total world's population

(P)

⇒ (3/7)P = 3456 million

⇒ P = (3456 million) × (7/3) 

⇒ P = 8053 million or approximately 8.05 billion

Now, the proportion of the world's population who speak

Chinese as a first language:

1000 million/8053 million = 0.124 or approximately 1/8

∴ The correct answer closest to the proportion of the

world's population who speak Chinese as a first

language is 1 in 8.

E- Portfolios is a digitized collection of artifacts, resources, and accomplishments of an individual or group that forms part of personal online spaces called as digital learning Platforms. 

Key PointsE- Portfolios:

• An e-portfolio is a digitized collection of artifacts, resources, and accomplishments of an individual or group that forms part of personal online spaces called digital learning platforms.
• E-portfolios are used to showcase and reflect on a person's skills, knowledge, and achievements, and are commonly used in educational settings as a means of assessment and documentation of learning.
• E-portfolios may contain a variety of digital content such as documents, images, videos, and multimedia presentations, and are often organized in a way that demonstrates a person's growth and development over time.
• They can be used for personal and professional purposes, and can be shared with others for feedback, assessment, and collaboration.
• E-portfolios are increasingly being used in digital learning platforms as a way to facilitate self-directed and reflective learning, as well as to showcase and document achievements and skills for academic, career, or personal development purposes.

Additional InformationAutomated Text Marker (ATM):

• The Automated Text Marker (ATM) is a software or system that is designed to automatically assess and evaluate written text, such as essays, reports, or other forms of written work, and provide feedback or assign scores based on predefined criteria.

Discourse structure analysis:

• Discourse structure analysis refers to the examination and evaluation of the organization, coherence, and cohesion of written or spoken texts in order to understand how ideas are structured and conveyed.
• It involves analyzing how sentences, paragraphs, and larger units of text are arranged and connected to form a coherent and meaningful whole.

Calibrand Marker :

• "Calibrand Marker" appears to be a reference to a specific brand or software tool used for automated assessment or grading of written work.
• Calibrand's software helps organisations to verify product knowledge, continuing professional development, licensing/certification, lifelong learning, citizenship and staff recruitment.

Open classroom Model of Curriculum development models comes under Non-technical Non-Scientific model.

Important Points

Open classroom Model :

• The open classroom model, also known as open education or open learning, is an educational approach that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and student autonomy.
• In an open classroom, traditional notions of classroom structure, curriculum, and assessment are often relaxed, and students are encouraged to take an active role in their learning process.
• This model is often associated with progressive education and student-centered learning.

Key features of the open classroom model include:

• Flexible learning environment
• Student autonomy
• Collaborative learning
• Individualized instruction
• Integrated curriculum
• Authentic assessment
• Teacher as facilitator

However, proponents of the open classroom model believe that it can foster creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, and lifelong learning skills in students, and prepare them for the challenges of the modern world.

Additional InformationTaba's Model :

• Taba's Model, also known as Hilda Taba's curriculum development model, is an educational approach that focuses on a systematic process of curriculum development.
• It was developed by Hilda Taba, an influential American curriculum theorist and educator, in the 1960s.
• Taba's model emphasizes a student-centered approach,

Hunkin’s Development model:

• The Hunkin’s Decision-making Model has a unique feature called the feedback and adjustment loop.
• This loop allows decision makers to refer back to previous stages to make changes and any modifications.
• This loop contextualizes the process of creating and implementing curriculum.

Goodlad's Model:

• John I. Goodlad's model of curriculum development, is an influential approach to curriculum development in education.
• Goodlad was a prominent American educator and researcher who made significant contributions to the field of curriculum studies.
• Goodlad's Model emphasizes a comprehensive and integrative approach to curriculum development, with a focus on the interrelatedness of different components of the educational system.

A child firstly learns to differentiate between various things i.e., men, women, animals, birds and later on s/he unifies these differentiated concepts to form a single concept called as Generalisation.

Key PointsGeneralisation:

• Generalization refers to the ability to apply knowledge, skills, or concepts learned in one context to another context or situation.
• It is the process of extracting common patterns or principles from specific examples and applying them to new or unfamiliar situations.
• Generalization allows individuals to transfer their learning and experiences from one domain to another, making it a crucial cognitive and learning ability.

In various fields, generalization plays a significant role:

Education:

• Generalization is important in education as it helps students apply concepts learned in one subject or area to another.
• For example, a student who has learned problem-solving skills in mathematics can apply those skills to solve problems in other subjects or real-life situations.

Additional InformationRestructuration :

• Restructuring is a term used to describe the process of making significant changes to the organization, operations, or financial structure of a company or institution.
• It typically involves reorganizing, resizing, or reconfiguring various aspects of a business in order to improve its overall performance, profitability, and competitiveness.

Differentiation:

• Differentiation is a business strategy that involves creating unique and distinct offerings in the market to stand out from competitors and attract customers.
• It is the process of positioning a product, service, or brand as distinctive and superior in the minds of consumers, in order to gain a competitive advantage.

Memorisation:

• Memorization is the process of learning and retaining information in memory so that it can be recalled later when needed.
• It involves encoding information into memory, storing it, and then retrieving it when required.
• Memorization is a fundamental cognitive process that is essential for learning, problem-solving, and everyday functioning.

Jasmine in Chemistry practical class used a 5 ml pipette during her practical exam but the reading was not correct. When she got frustrated, her friend Ranjita guided her to hold the pipette correctly and drop chemical properly. Now, she succeeded and got desired results. This is an example of Zone of Proximal Development.

Key PointsZone of Proximal Development:

• It is a concept introduced by the renowned psychologist Lev Vygotsky, which refers to the gap or difference between a learner's current level of development and their potential level of development with the help of appropriate guidance or assistance.
• It is often used to describe the optimal learning zone for a learner, where they can progress and acquire new skills or knowledge with the support of a more knowledgeable other, such as a teacher, tutor, or peer.
• The ZPD is a dynamic concept that can vary depending on the learner's prior knowledge, abilities, and support.

Additional InformationAccording to the renowned Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration are fundamental processes involved in cognitive development. Piaget's theory focuses on how children actively construct their understanding of the world through interactions with their environment. 

• Assimilation: Assimilation occurs when individuals incorporate new information or experiences into their existing mental frameworks or schemas. Schemas are mental structures that organize knowledge and help individuals make sense of the world. When new information or experiences are similar to existing schemas, individuals assimilate them by fitting them into their current understanding.
• For example, a child who has a schema for "dog" may assimilate a new experience of seeing a cat by calling it a "dog" because both animals share similar characteristics.
• Accommodation: Accommodation, on the other hand, involves modifying existing schemas or creating new ones in response to new information or experiences that do not fit within existing mental frameworks. When confronted with new information that cannot be assimilated easily, individuals need to adjust their schemas to accommodate the new information.
• Continuing from the previous example, if a child sees a cat and realizes it is different from a dog, they may create a new schema for "cat" or modify their existing schema to differentiate between dogs and cats.
• Equilibration: Equilibration is the process by which individuals strive to achieve a balance or equilibrium between assimilation and accommodation. Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs through a series of equilibrations, where individuals experience a state of cognitive disequilibrium (imbalance) due to encountering new and conflicting information.
• This disequilibrium prompts them to engage in accommodation and modify their existing schemas to achieve a new equilibrium. Through equilibration, individuals refine their understanding of the world and progress to more advanced cognitive stages.

The correct answer is A, B, D and E only.

Key Points

• The elements of observation learning according to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory of learning are attention, retention, production, and motivation.
• Articulation is not considered an element of this theory.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, B, D, and E.  

Important Points

• Attention refers to the learner's ability to pay attention to the model or the behavior being demonstrated.
• Retention refers to the learner's ability to remember and retain the information observed.
• Production refers to the learner's ability to reproduce the behavior observed.
• Motivation refers to the learner's desire or drive to imitate the behavior observed.

The correct answer is Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Key Points 

Statement I: A Spurious relationship can be there when a relationship appears to exist between two variables.

• A spurious relationship occurs when two variables appear to have a causal relationship but in reality, there is no direct relationship between them.
• This can happen when there is an intervening variable that affects both variables, creating the appearance of a relationship.
• For example, a study may find a positive correlation between ice cream sales and crime rates, but this relationship is spurious because both variables are affected by a third variable, such as temperature.

Statement I is correct.

Statement II: The relationship between two variables is always direct, without any scope for an intervening variable.

• The relationship between two variables can be direct or indirect, depending on whether there is an intervening variable.
• An indirect relationship occurs when the two variables are related through a third variable.
• For example, a study may find a negative correlation between income and smoking, but this relationship is indirect because income affects smoking through factors such as education, stress, and social norms.

Statement II is incorrect. 

The first statement is true and the second statement is false.

The term 'analog media’ is primarily derived from Audio recording .

 Key PointsAnalog Medida:

• The use of analog technology in storing, processing, and transmitting information.
• Analog media refers to any form of media that uses continuous and varying physical signals to represent information, as opposed to digital media which uses discrete and quantized values.
• The term "analog" comes from the fact that these signals are analogous or similar to the original information they represent, such as the variation in amplitude or frequency of an audio or video signal.
• The use of analog media predates digital media and includes various forms such as vinyl records, audio cassettes, VHS tapes, film reels, and analog broadcast signals.
• Analog media has been widely used in different domains including music, film, broadcasting, telecommunications, and photography, and has its roots in early technologies developed in the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries.

Additional InformationMulti-media production:

• Multi-media production refers to the creation of content that combines different forms of media, such as text, images, audio, video, and interactive elements, into a cohesive and integrated whole.
• Multimedia production can take various forms, including but not limited to, presentations, videos, animations, websites, interactive applications, and virtual reality experiences.

Meanings in communication go beyond Lexical semantics.

Key PointsLexical semantics:

• Lexical semantics is a subfield of linguistics that focuses on the study of word meanings and how words convey meaning in language.
• It is concerned with the ways in which words are used to represent and communicate meaning, and how word meanings are organized and structured in the mental lexicon, which is the mental repository of a speaker's knowledge of words and their meanings.

Lexical semantics involves the analysis of word meanings at different levels, including:

• Word sense
• Word reference
• Word connotation
• Word relations
• Word formation

Lexical semantics is an important area of study in linguistics, as it provides insights into how language users understand and use words to convey meaning.

Additional Information

• Understanding refers to the cognitive process of comprehending or making sense of information or concepts.
• Knowledge refers to the understanding, awareness, or familiarity that an individual possesses about facts, information, concepts, skills, or experiences, acquired through learning, experience, or observation.
• Internalization refers to the process by which individuals acquire and incorporate external information, values, beliefs, norms, or behaviors into their own internal mental and cognitive structures.

The correct match between List I (Media Function) and List II (Objective) is:

(A) Surveillance - (III) Supply of information

(B) Correlation - (IV) Interpretation

(C) Propaganda - (I) To influence Public opinion

(D) Cultural transmission - (II) Provide pleasure

Important Points

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Important Points

Statement I: The semiotic approach considers communication as production and exchange of meanings.

• The semiotic approach to communication, also known as the semiotic model or the symbolic interactionism model, focuses on how meaning is produced and exchanged through signs and symbols.
• It emphasizes the role of signs, symbols, and language in communication and how individuals interpret and attribute meanings to them.
• In this approach, communication is seen as a complex process involving the creation and interpretation of signs and symbols, and meaning is considered subjective and constructed through social interaction.

Hence, the statement I is correct.

Statement II: The process approach looks at communication as a transmission of messages.​

• On the other hand, the process approach, also known as the transmission model.
• It views communication as a linear process where a sender transmits a message to a receiver through a channel, and the receiver interprets the message.
• This approach tends to emphasize the sender's role in transmitting information and assumes that communication is successful when the intended message is accurately received and understood by the receiver.

Hence, statement II is also true.

Therefore, statement I and statement II both are true.

According to options:

Option 1)

\(\frac{(0.011)^2}{(1.1)^2× (0.01)^2}\) = \(\frac{(0.011) (× 0.011)}{(1.1) × (1.1)× (0.01) × (0.01)}\) = 121/121 = 1

Option 2)

\(\frac{(0.11)^2}{(1.1)^2× 0.1}\) = 1/10

Option 3)

\(\frac{(1.1)^2}{(11)^2× (0.01)^2}\) = 100

Option 4)

\(\frac{(0.11)^2}{11^2× 0.01}\) = 1/100

So we can see that the value of 1 in options (1)

∴ The required answer  will be option 1.

The first word "Fraction" has been coded as "Carfnoit". If we split this into two parts each containing an equal number of letters, "Frac" and "tion", they have been transformed into "Carf" and "noit". 

⇒ The letters of each part are written in reverse order from the left. 

The second word "System" has been coded as "Sysmet". If we split this into two parts, "Sys" and "tem", they have been transformed into "Sys" and "met". ⇒ The letters of each part are written in reverse order from the left. 

Applying this rule to the word "material", we get "mate" and "rial", reversing each part results in "etam" and "lair". Hence, "material" in this coding language would be "etamlair'".

Wherever there is fire, there is smoke - tihs argument is an example of the fallacy of Vyapyatvasiddha according to Nyaya (classical Indian school of Logic).

Key Points

Fallacy of Vyapyatvasiddha:

• The fallacy of Vyapyatvasiddha, according to Nyaya (a classical Indian school of Logic), is the fallacy of the "universality of concomitance."
• It occurs when one assumes that a property must always accompany its characteristic concomitant, or vice versa, without considering any exceptions or conditions.
• This argument assumes that wherever there is fire, smoke must always be present, without considering any exceptions or conditions.
• However, this argument is not necessarily true, as there may be instances where fire can exist without producing smoke, such as in certain stages of a fire or under specific environmental conditions.
• The fallacy lies in making a universal claim without accounting for any exceptions or variations in the relationship between fire and smoke.

Hence, the correct answer is Wherever there is fire, there is smoke.

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Key PointsStatement I: Allergens are substances that activate the immune system.

• Allergens are substances that can trigger an immune response in susceptible individuals, leading to allergic reactions.
• These substances can come from various sources such as food, pollen, dust mites, pet dander, insect venom, medications, and more.
• When the immune system encounters an allergen, it reacts by producing antibodies, such as IgE antibodies, which trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals in the body.
• These chemicals cause symptoms such as sneezing, itching, hives, swelling, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis, which is a life-threatening allergic reaction.

Hence, statement I is true.

Statement II: Concentration of allergens in indoor environment can be thousand times higher than in the air outside.

• The concentration of allergens in indoor environments, such as homes and offices, can be significantly higher than in the outdoor air.
• This is due to various factors such as poor ventilation, accumulation of dust, pet dander, mold spores, and other allergenic particles indoors.
• The high concentration of allergens indoors can increase the risk of allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Statement II is also true.

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Terpene is a Volatile Organic Compound (VOC), and a kind of air pollutant, is emitted from natural sources such as plants, bogs etc.

Key PointsTerpene:

• Terpenes are organic compounds that are produced by various plants, including trees, shrubs, and bogs.
• They are known for their strong odor and are considered as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) because they can easily evaporate and become airborne.
• Terpenes play a role in plant defense mechanisms and also contribute to the characteristic scents of many plants and flowers.

Additional InformationFormaldehyde: 

• Formaldehyde is a colorless, strong-smelling gas with the chemical formula CH₂O.
• It is a volatile organic compound (VOC) and is considered as a common air pollutant.
• Formaldehyde can be emitted into the air from various sources, including combustion processes, industrial activities, and household products.

Benzene:

• Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C₆H₆.
• It is an aromatic hydrocarbon and is classified as a cyclic hydrocarbon due to its hexagonal ring structure composed of six carbon atoms, each bonded to a single hydrogen atom.
• The molecular weight of benzene is approximately 78.11 g/mol.

Toluene:

• Toluene is a colorless liquid hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C₇H₈.
• It is also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, and its IUPAC name is toluol.
• Toluene is an aromatic compound and is often used as a solvent in various industrial processes and consumer products.

The main objective of the Fourth Five-year plan was to Improve the standards of teacher education .

The Fourth Five-Year Plan in India was implemented from 1969 to 1974. The educational objectives of the plan were multifaceted and aimed at addressing various challenges in the education sector.

Key PointsThe objective of improving the standards of teacher education is likely to be addressed in the education sector plan of a particular country or region, and may not be specifically tied to a specific five-year plan. 

Teacher education could align with the following goals:

• Enhancing Teacher Training Programs
• Strengthening Professional Development
• Ensuring Accreditation and Certification
• Incorporating Practical Training
• Promoting Research and Innovation

Important PointsSome of the broad educational objectives of the Fourth Five-Year Plan in India could have included:

• Expanding access to education
• Enhancing quality of education
• Promoting vocational and technical education
• Addressing disparities in education
• Promoting research and innovation in education

For accurate and up-to-date information, it's recommended to refer to official government documents or historical records.

The correct answer is Ney Elias.

Key Points

• In the given passage, it is mentioned that in the year 1885, two exploratory missions were dispatched. One of these missions was led by Col. Lockhart, the Deputy Quarter Master General of India, and the other was led by Ney Elias.
• Col. Lockhart's mission was tasked with surveying the lands south of Hindu Kush via Gilgit and Chitral. This mission was part of the British Indian government's efforts to extend their control over the north-west frontier and secure their borders against potential threats from Afghanistan and Russia.
• The other mission, led by Ney Elias, was tasked with surveying Chinese Turkestan and the Pamirs. This region was of great interest to the British government because of its strategic location and the potential threat posed by Russian expansionism in the area.

Thus, we can conclude that Ney Elias was entrusted with the responsibility to survey the Chinese Turkestan, i.e. option 2 is correct.

The correct answer is A and B only.

Key Points

• Refer to the lines: The Afghan pressures on Chitral, which had already been drawn close to the Indian empire through its allegiance to Kashmir in late 1876, assumed seriousness in 1882 when Kabul claimed this territory 'as one of its protected states'. Though the Government of India was quick in rebutting such claims, the reported Russian intrigues in and around Chitral caused additional concern.
• According to the given passage, the areas in and around Chitral witnessed conflicting claims from the Afghans.
• Additionally, there were reported Russian intrigues in and around Chitral that caused concern for the British Indian government. The government of India, on the other hand, was quick in rebutting the Afghan claims.
• Therefore, the correct answer is option 1) A and B only.

The correct answer is Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.

Key Points

• Refer to the line: The new Commander-in- Chief, F. Roberts, even suggested that 'we should have political control over the country around Chitral and Gilgit in order to secure the approaches to the former by the Dora pass and to the latter through Wakhan'.
• As per the passage, approach to Chitral was through Dora Pass and approach to Gilgit was through Wakhan. And lands south of Hindu Kush could be approached via Gilgit and Chitral.
• Thus, we can conclude that Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is A, B and C.

Key Points

• Refer to the lines: Though the Government of India was quick in rebutting such claims, the reported Russian intrigues in and around Chitral caused additional concern. The newly-established Resident in Kashmir could hardly extend effective control of the Durbar or even the British Indian government over the turbulent chiefships of Hunza and Nagar.
• Also refer to the lines: The new Commander-in- Chief, F. Roberts, even suggested that 'we should have political control over the country around Chitral and Gilgit in order to secure the approaches to the former by the Dora pass and to the latter through Wakhan'.
• During the British Raj, the British faced significant challenges in controlling several regions in the northern areas of the Indian subcontinent.
• Thus, we can conclude that Chitral, Hunza, and Nagar i.e. all of the above were among the most challenging areas to control.

The correct answer is C, A, B.

Key Points

• The correct chronological order of the events mentioned in the passage is:
• C. Allegiance of Chitral to Kashmir - Late 1876
• A. Afghans claiming Chitral as its protected state - 1882
• B. Panjdeh Crisis - 1885
• Refer to the line: The Afghan pressures on Chitral, which had already been drawn close to the Indian empire through its allegiance to Kashmir in late 1876, assumed seriousness in 1882 when Kabul claimed this territory 'as one of its protected states'.
• In late 1876, Chitral had already pledged its allegiance to the Indian Empire through its allegiance to Kashmir. However, in 1882, Kabul i.e. the Afghan government claimed Chitral as one of its protected states, putting pressure on the region. The Government of India quickly rebutted these claims, but reported Russian intrigues in the region caused additional concern.
• Also, refer to the lines: The Panjdeh crisis of 1885 also helped in focusing the British military opinion on the need to make elaborate arrangements for the defence of the north-west frontier. 
• In 1885, the Panjdeh Crisis occurred, which led to increased British military focus on the need to defend the north-west frontier. As a result, two exploratory missions were dispatched to survey the lands south of the Hindu Kush via Gilgit and Chitral, and to Chinese Turkestan and the Pamirs. The Defence Committee also recommended extending the Srinagar-Rawalpindi cart-road to Gilgit and Chitral, which was approved by Lord Dufferin. Additionally, the new Commander-in-Chief, F. Roberts, suggested that political control should be extended over the country around Chitral and Gilgit in order to secure the approaches to the former by the Dora pass and to the latter through Wakhan.

Therefore, the correct chronological order is C, A, B.

Calculation:

For the first year:

Interest rate is 4%. 

Interest = Principal × Rate = Rs. 5000 × 4/100 = Rs. 200

So, the total amount at the end of the first year = Principal +

Interest = Rs. 5000 + Rs. 200 = Rs. 5200

For the second year: Interest rate is 5% and it's applied to the

total amount of Rs. 5200 accumulated at the end of first year.

Interest = Principal × Rate = Rs. 5200 × 5/100 = Rs. 260

So, the total amount at the end of the second year

= Principal + Interest = Rs. 5200 + Rs. 260 = Rs. 5460

For the third year: Interest rate is 10% and it's applied to the total amount of Rs. 5460 accumulated at the end of second year.

Interest = Principal × Rate = Rs. 5460 * 10/100 = Rs. 546

So, the total amount at the end of the third year = Principal +

Interest = Rs. 5460 + Rs. 546 = Rs. 6006

Therefore, the man will get Rs. 6006 at the end of third year.

Important PointsIf you select cells B9 and B10 in MS-Excel, where B9 contains the value 3 and B10 contains the value 6, and then drag the fill handle down to B13, the contents of cells B11, B12, and B13 will be:

• B11: 9

• B12: 12

• B13: 15

• This is because when you drag the fill handle down, Excel automatically fills the cells in a series based on the pattern it detects from the initial selection.

• In this case, it detects the pattern of adding 3 to the previous cell's value, which results in the values shown above.

The correct answer is Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Important PointsStatement I: A portable hard drive is an example of internal memory.

• A portable hard drive is an example of external memory, not internal memory.
• Internal memory refers to the primary storage within a computer system, which includes RAM (Random Access Memory) and cache memory.

Statement I is incorrect. 

Statement II: Magnetic tape is used to store backups of data.

• Magnetic tape is commonly used as a backup medium for storing large amounts of data.
• It is an example of external memory, as it is a separate storage medium that is not directly part of the computer's internal memory hierarchy.

Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

The correct answer is A, B and C.

Important Points

MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group):

• MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) is a standard format for compressing video files.
• It is a widely used video compression standard that allows for efficient storage and transmission of video data.

WAV (Waveform Audio File Format):

• WAV (Waveform Audio File Format) files are typically uncompressed audio files, which means they can be quite large in size compared to compressed audio formats such as MP3, AAC, or FLAC.

Compressed files:

• Compressed files are smaller in size compared to uncompressed files, which means they require less bandwidth to transmit over a network.
• Therefore, compressed files are generally transmitted faster over a network compared to uncompressed files.
• However, the actual transmission speed may also depend on various factors such as network bandwidth, file size, compression algorithm, and network congestion.

Hence, all three statements are correct.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are also known as Agenda 30.

Key PointsAgenda 30: 

• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are also known as Agenda 2030, or Agenda 30.
• Agenda 2030 is a global framework adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015, which outlines 17 interconnected goals with a total of 169 targets aimed at addressing various social, economic, and environmental challenges faced by the world.
• These goals cover a wide range of issues including poverty eradication, health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, sustainable cities and communities, climate action, and more.
• The timeline for achieving the SDGs is by the year 2030, hence the name "Agenda 2030."
• It is a global call for action to achieve sustainable development and ensure a better future for all people and the planet.

Hence, the correct answer is Agenda 30.

The correct answer is both Statement I and Statement II are false.

Important Points

Statement I: Most soils are stratified into horizontal layers called as soil profile.

• Most soils are indeed stratified into horizontal layers, with each layer having distinct characteristics such as color, texture, structure, and organic content.
• These layers or horizons form over time due to various soil-forming processes and are an important aspect of soil classification and characterization.

Statement I is incorrect.

Statement II: A cross sectional view of the horizons in a soil is called as soil horizon.

• A soil horizon refers to each individual layer within a soil profile.
• It is not a cross-sectional view of the horizons, but rather each specific layer that can be identified and distinguished within a soil profile.
• Soil horizons are differentiated based on their unique properties and characteristics, such as color, texture, structure, and composition.
• A soil profile typically consists of multiple soil horizons stacked on top of each other, forming the vertical arrangement of the soil layers in a particular location.

Statement II is also incorrect.

Therefore, both Statement I and Statement II are false.

The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore was established in 1909 with the active support of Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata and the Maharaja of Mysore, among others. It was accorded the status of a Deemed University in 1958 under the then University Grants Commission Act, enabling it to grant degrees.

Key Points

• It was initially established as a research institute by the philanthropist Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata, with the support of the Government of India and the Maharaja of Mysore, and later evolved into a university offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs in science and engineering.
• IISc offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various fields of science, engineering, and interdisciplinary research.

Additional InformationThe Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur:

• The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur or IITK) is a prestigious public technical and research university located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
• Established in 1959, IIT Kanpur is one of the premier engineering institutes in India and is known for its excellence in education, research, and innovation.

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research:

• The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) is a premier research institute in India that conducts cutting-edge research in various fields of science, mathematics, and technology.
• It was founded in 1945 by the visionary Indian industrialist, philanthropist, and scientist, Sir Dorabji Tata, with the goal of advancing fundamental research in India.

The Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay:

• The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) is a prestigious public engineering and technology institute located in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• Established in 1958, it is one of the oldest and most esteemed engineering institutes in India.
• IIT Bombay offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various disciplines of engineering, technology, sciences, and humanities.

The correct answer is A and C only.

​Both Nalanda and Odantapuri were ancient universities in India that developed in connection with the viharas during the ancient period.

Important PointsViharas were Buddhist monasteries that served as centers of learning, where scholars and students would engage in the study of various subjects, including Buddhist philosophy, scriptures, logic, medicine, and other fields of knowledge.

Nalanda University:

• Nalanda University, located in present-day Bihar, India, was founded in the 5^th century CE and is considered one of the oldest universities in the world.
• It was a renowned center of learning that attracted scholars and students from different parts of the world, and it played a significant role in the development of Indian, Buddhist, and other Asian intellectual traditions.

Odantapuri:

• Odantapuri, also known as Odantapura or Uddandapura, was another ancient Buddhist university located in present-day Bihar, India.
• It was founded during the Gupta period in the 6^th century CE and was known for its emphasis on the study of Buddhist philosophy and logic.
• Although not as well-known as Nalanda, Odantapuri was an important center of learning during the ancient period in India.

Additional Information

• Navadeep and Kanchi, on the other hand, were not universities associated with the viharas during the ancient period in India.
• Navadeep is a city in present-day West Bengal, India, known for its cultural and historical significance, but it did not have an ancient university associated with viharas.
• Kanchi, or Kanchipuram, is a city in present-day Tamil Nadu, India, which was an important center of learning during the medieval period, but it did not have a university associated with viharas during the ancient period.

When a set of possible answers to select for a question is given to a respondent, it is called Fixed choice question.

Key PointsFixed choice question:

• A fixed choice question, also known as a closed-ended or multiple-choice question.
• It is a type of question where the respondent is provided with a predefined set of options to choose from.
• The options are typically presented as a list, and the respondent selects the most appropriate answer from the available choices.
• Fixed choice questions are commonly used in surveys, assessments, questionnaires, and other forms of data collection to gather specific information in a structured manner.
• The respondent's response is limited to the provided options and does not allow for open-ended or free-form answers.

Additional InformationOpen-ended question:

• An open-ended question in data collection is a question that allows the respondent to answer in their own words and provide a more detailed and personalized response.

Classical question :

• Classical questions, on the other hand, are closed-ended questions that are designed to elicit specific responses. These types of questions are often used in quantitative research
• Examples of classical questions include: Yes/no questions: Do you believe climate change is a serious threat?

Filtered question:

• A filtered question is a question that is used to exclude certain respondents from a survey or data collection process.
• It is a question that is designed to identify respondents who do not meet the criteria for participation in the study and can be used to weed out respondents who are ineligible or not relevant to the research question.

Coding schedule is used in Content analysis.

Key PointsCoding schedule in Content analysis:

• The coding schedule in content analysis refers to the system of categorizing and labeling data in a research study.
• It involves the creation of a coding scheme, which outlines the codes or categories that will be used to identify and classify the data.
• The coding schedule should be developed in a systematic and organized manner to ensure consistency and accuracy in the analysis of the data.
• It should also be flexible enough to accommodate any unexpected findings or new themes that emerge during the analysis process.
• The coding schedule is a crucial part of content analysis, as it enables researchers to identify patterns and trends in the data, and draw meaningful conclusions from their findings.

Additional Information

• Discourse analysis: Discourse analysis is a method of studying language use in social contexts, with a focus on how language is used to create meaning, establish power relations, and construct social identities.
• Rhetorical analysis is the practice of examining a text, speech, or other form of communication to understand how the author or speaker uses language and other persuasive techniques to achieve a certain effect on the audience.
• Narrative analysis is a qualitative research method used to analyze stories or narratives to understand the meaning and experiences of individuals or groups.

When a sample is chosen because it is available to the researcher, it is known as Convenience sampling.

Key PointsConvenience sampling :

• Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which the researcher selects participants who are easily accessible and available to participate in the study.
• This method is often used when the researcher wants to collect data quickly and easily, without the need for a complete sampling frame or a specific selection criteria.
• Convenience sampling may result in biased or unrepresentative samples, as the participants may not be representative of the population of interest.
• However, it can be useful in some cases where the research question is exploratory or the sample size is small.

Additional Information

• Probability sampling: Probability sampling is a type of sampling method in statistics where every member of a population has a known and equal chance of being selected for a sample.
• Systematic sampling: Systematic sampling is a sampling technique where a researcher selects a random starting point in a population and then selects every nth subject from the population to be included in the sample.
• Objective sampling: Objective sampling is a method used in research where the sample is selected based on predetermined criteria without any bias or subjective judgment.

Calculation:

Let's assume the amount received by each nephew is 'x' rupees.

∴ The amount received by each daughter is 4x rupees, and the amount received by each son is 5x rupees.

The total amount given to the daughters is 4 ×  (number of daughters) ×  x = 4 ×  4 ×  x = 16x rupees.

The total amount given to the sons is 5 ×  (number of sons) ×  x = 5 ×  5 ×  x = 25x rupees.

The total amount given to the nephews is 2 × x rupees.

The sum of the amounts given to the daughters, sons, and nephews is equal to the total amount given by the man, which is 8,60,000 rupees:

16x + 25x + 2x = 8,60,000

43x = 8,60,000 ⇒ x = 8,60,000 / 43 ⇒ x = 20,000

Therefore, each nephew receives 20,000 rupees.

Since each daughter receives four times as much as each nephew, each daughter will receive 4 * 20,000 = 80,000 rupees.

Hence, each daughter receives 80,000 rupees.

The propositions that cannot both be false, although they may both be true, are:

B. Some tigers are man-eaters.

C. Some tigers are not man-eaters.

Important Points

B. Some tigers are man-eaters

• It is true that some tigers have been known to prey on humans, and are referred to as "man-eaters."
• Man-eating behavior in tigers is relatively rare and usually occurs when tigers are unable to find their natural prey, or when they have become habituated to humans as a food source.

C. Some tigers are not man-eaters

• Not all tigers are man-eaters. In fact, the vast majority of tigers do not exhibit man-eating behavior.
• Tigers are primarily solitary hunters that prey on a variety of wild animals such as deer, wild boar, and other ungulates.
• They have evolved to hunt and feed on these natural prey species in their native habitats.

The correct answer is: B and C.

Semantic web is the component of Web 3.0 that describes things in a way that computers can understand.

Key PointsSemantic Web or Linked Data:

• Semantic Web is a concept introduced by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, which aims to make web content more machine-readable and interconnected.
• It involves adding metadata, or data about data, to web resources in a structured format, using standards such as RDF (Resource Description Framework) and OWL (Web Ontology Language).
• This metadata provides meaning and context to web content, allowing computers to interpret and understand the relationships between different resources and concepts.
• Linked Data is a set of best practices for publishing and interlinking data on the web, following the principles of the Semantic Web.
• It involves using URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers) to uniquely identify resources, using RDF to describe resources and their relationships, and providing links to connect related resources.
• Linked Data enables data to be easily shared, combined, and queried by computers, making it possible for machines to understand and process web content in a more intelligent and automated way.

Additional InformationSocial tagging :

• Social tagging, also known as collaborative tagging or folksonomy, refers to the process of users adding tags or keywords to online content to categorize and describe it.
• Social tagging is commonly used in social media platforms, content sharing websites, and other online communities where users can contribute and organize content.

Sustaining web: "Sustaining web" can refer to the concept of maintaining a sustainable and environmentally responsible approach to web development, design, and usage.

Social web:

• The social web, also known as social media, refers to a collection of online platforms and applications that enable people to interact, share information, and communicate with one another in a virtual environment.
• These platforms typically allow users to create profiles, share content such as text, photos, videos, and links, and engage in various forms of social networking.

The correct match between List I and List II is:

(A) Carbon copy - (II) Allows you to send the same email to more than one person at once.

(B) Email signature - (I) Allows you to add personal data to the email.

(C) Address book - (IV) Allows you to store contact details.

(D) File attachment - (III) Allows you to send a photograph with your email.

Important Points

A general term for downhill slides of earth is known as Mass wasting.

Key PointsMass wasting:

• Mass wasting, also known as mass movement or slope failure, refers to the downslope movement of rock, soil, or other materials under the influence of gravity.
• Mass wasting can occur in various forms, including landslides, rockslides, mudslides, debris flows, and other types of mass movements.
• Mass wasting occurs when the forces of gravity acting on a slope exceed the strength and cohesion of the materials that make up the slope.
• Factors such as the steepness of the slope, the type and condition of the material, the presence of water, vegetation cover, and human activities can all contribute to the occurrence of mass wasting.

Additional InformationEarth wasting, Mud wasting, or Hill wasting are not recognized concepts. The correct terminologies are earth flow, mud flow or hill slope development.

The correct answer is B, C, and D.

Important Points

B. To advise the Union government on issues related to Women's education:

• This is one of the main functions of the National Council for Women's Education in India.
• The Council provides advice to the Union government on issues related to women's education, including policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation.

C. To involve voluntary organizations in Women's education:

• This is another important function of the National Council for Women's Education in India.
• The Council works towards involving voluntary organizations in promoting women's education and ensuring their active participation in educational initiatives.

D. To periodically evaluate the progress of Women's education:

• This is also a key function of the National Council for Women's Education in India.
• The Council monitors and evaluates the progress of women's education in the country, and provides recommendations for improvement.

Additional Information 

A. To encourage Women's movements in the world:

• This is not a function of the National Council for Women's Education in India.
• The Council's functions are primarily related to advising the government, involving voluntary organizations, and evaluating the progress of women's education in India.

E. Discourage seminars and surveys that affect Women's education in India:

• This is not a function of the National Council for Women's Education in India.
• The Council's role is to promote and facilitate women's education, not discourage seminars and surveys related to it.

Technological convergence refers to the merging of technologies and industries to create new forms of communication and media. This has implications for various areas, including:

• Communication content
• Work of communication professionals
• Structure of different publics

Important Points

Communication content:

• Technological convergence has led to the creation of new forms of content, such as interactive multimedia and virtual reality experiences.
• Communication professionals need to adapt their skills to create effective content for these new platforms.

Work of communication professionals:

• With the emergence of new communication technologies, the role of communication professionals has evolved.
• They need to have a broader understanding of different forms of media and be able to create content that is effective across different platforms.

Structure of different publics:

• Structure of communication organizations: Technological convergence has also had an impact on the structure of communication organizations. They need to be able to adapt to new technologies and work collaboratively across different departments to create effective communication strategies.

Therefore the correct answer is B, C and D only.

Additional Information

• ​Aggressive communication strategies: With the rise of new media platforms and communication technologies, companies and organizations need to adopt aggressive communication strategies to stay competitive and reach their target audience.
• Technological convergence has led to the creation of new publics and the blurring of boundaries between them.
• Communication professionals need to understand these changes and adapt their communication strategies accordingly.

The given sequence alternates between multiplying by 3 and dividing by 2:

51 × 3 = 153

153 ÷ 2 = 76.5

76.5 ×  3 = 229.5

229.5 ÷ 2 = 114.75

114.75 ×  3 = 344.25

So, following this pattern, the next step is to divide by 2:

344.25 ÷  2 = 172.125

Therefore, the next number in the sequence is 172.125.

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.

Key PointsStatement I: Applied research is not necessarily concerned with generalization and the formulation of theory.

• Applied research focuses on practical application of existing knowledge to address specific problems or improve existing processes or technologies, without necessarily aiming for generalization or theory formulation.
• Applied research often involves testing and validating existing theories in real-world settings to address practical issues.

Hence, this statement is incorrect.

Statement II: Fundamental research is not primarily aimed at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society.

• Fundamental research, also known as basic or pure research, is driven by curiosity and aims to expand knowledge and understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts underlying a particular field of study.
• Fundamental research is typically not directly focused on immediate problem-solving, but rather on advancing theoretical understanding, discovering new phenomena, or developing new theories or models.

Hence, this statement is also incorrect.

Therefore, both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.

“Elephants live in tropical climates where there is plenty of vegetation. So we probably would not see any at the Chicago zoo.” - this is an example of Fallacy of accident.

Key PointsFallacy of accident :

• The fallacy of accident, also known as the fallacy of sweeping generalization or the fallacy of converse accident.
• It is a type of logical fallacy that occurs when a general rule is applied inappropriately to specific cases that are exceptional or unusual, resulting in a flawed or misleading conclusion.
• This fallacy involves making hasty or sweeping generalizations based on limited or incomplete information, without considering the nuances or exceptions.

The fallacy of accident can be illustrated with the following example:

• Statement: "All birds can fly."
• Fallacy of Accident: "Penguins are birds, therefore penguins can fly."

Additional Information

Red herring :

• The red herring fallacy, also known as the irrelevant thesis fallacy.
• It is a type of logical fallacy that occurs when an irrelevant or unrelated topic is introduced into an argument or discussion in order to distract or mislead from the original issue at hand.
• The red herring fallacy is a tactic often used in debates or discussions to divert attention away from the main topic and shift the focus to a different, often unrelated, issue in order to win an argument or deceive others.

Hasty generalization:

• The fallacy of hasty generalization, also known as the fallacy of insufficient sample, occurs when a conclusion is drawn from a small or insufficient sample size that is not representative of the overall population or data set.
• Example: "I met two people from a certain country, and both of them were rude. Therefore, all people from that country must be rude."

Appeal to authority:

• The fallacy of appeal to authority occurs when an argument relies solely on the credibility or authority of a person or source, rather than on sound reasoning or evidence.
• Example: "Dr. Smith, a renowned scientist, said that climate change is not real. Therefore, climate change must be a hoax."

No mammals are frogs- this statements is logically equivalent to the statement — “No frogs are mammals”

Important Points

No mammals are frogs- this statements is logically equivalent to the statement — “No frogs are mammals”

• This is because both statements express the same idea that there is no overlap between the categories of frogs and mammals.
• In other words, it is saying that there are no mammals that are also frogs, and there are no frogs that are also mammals.
• This is equivalent to saying "No frogs are mammals" as well as "No mammals are frogs."

If the proposition "Some frogs are not mammals" is given as false, then the following proposition can be immediately inferred to be false: No frogs are mammals.

Important Points

• This is because if "Some frogs are not mammals" is false, it means that there are no frogs that are not mammals, or in other words, all frogs are mammals.
• The proposition "No frogs are mammals" directly contradicts this by asserting that there are no frogs that are mammals.
• Therefore, if "Some frogs are not mammals" is false, then "No frogs are mammals" must also be false.
• The truth values of the other options cannot be immediately determined solely based on the given information, as they are not directly related to the proposition "Some frogs are not mammals."
• Additional information or logical reasoning would be required to determine the truth values of those propositions.

Hence,  No frogs are mammals is the correct answer.

The correct answer is A, C and D only.

Important Points

• A. Inculcate the emotional or intellectual energy and values of Higher Education Institution (HEI)
• C. Develop the inherent competences and kindle a positive attitude in the new entrants of higher education
• D. Cultivate a sense of intimacy and an awareness of privileges and responsibilities

Key Points

• The goals of the Student Induction Programme (SIP) initiated by UGC (University Grants Commission) in institutions of higher learning are to inculcate the emotional or intellectual energy and values of the Higher Education Institution (HEI).
• It develop the inherent competences and kindle a positive attitude in the new entrants of higher education, and cultivate a sense of intimacy and an awareness of privileges and responsibilities. Improvement of infrastructure in premier institutions of the country is not listed as a goal of the SIP.