UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 27th June 2025 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is - 146

Key Points

• Sum of marks scored in S5
• Marks scored by each student in S5: A = 154, B = 136, C = 144, D = 104, E = 174, F = 164.
• Total sum of marks = 154 + 136 + 144 + 104 + 174 + 164 = 876.
• Number of students
• Total number of students = 6.
• Average calculation
• Average marks = Total sum of marks ÷ Number of students = 876 ÷ 6 = 146.

Additional Information

• Average marks concept
• The average is the sum of all individual marks divided by the number of students or items.
• It is a measure of central tendency used to represent a typical value in a data set.

The correct answer is - 58

Key Points

• Total Marks Scored by Student A
• Marks scored by A in each subject: S1 = 76, S2 = 84, S3 = 66, S4 = 56, S5 = 154, S6 = 144.
• Total marks scored by A = 76 + 84 + 66 + 56 + 154 + 144 = 580.
• Total Maximum Marks
• The total maximum marks = 160 + 160 + 120 + 120 + 200 + 240 = 1000.
• Overall Percentage Calculation
• Percentage = (Total Marks Scored ÷ Total Maximum Marks) × 100 = (580 ÷ 1000) × 100 = 58%.

The correct answer is - 36:37

Key Points

• Total Marks Scored by Student B
• Marks scored by B in each subject: S1 = 120, S2 = 100, S3 = 84, S4 = 76, S5 = 136, S6 = 132.
• Total marks scored by B = 120 + 100 + 84 + 76 + 136 + 132 = 648.
• Total Marks Scored by Student D
• Marks scored by D in each subject: S1 = 84, S2 = 130, S3 = 96, S4 = 84, S5 = 104, S6 = 168.
• Total marks scored by D = 84 + 130 + 96 + 84 + 104 + 168 = 666.
• Ratio of Total Marks Scored by B and D
• Ratio = Total marks scored by B : Total marks scored by D = 648 : 666.
• We simplify the ratio 648 : 666 = 36 : 37.

Additional Information

• Ratio Simplification
• To simplify a ratio, divide both numbers by their greatest common divisor (GCD).
• Here, GCD of 648 and 666 is 18. Dividing both numbers by 18 gives the simplified ratio: 36 : 37.

The correct answer is - 55%

Key Points

• Marks scored by B and C in S1
• Marks scored by B in S1 = 120
• Marks scored by C in S1 = 128
• Total marks scored by B and C together in S1 = 120 + 128 = 248
• Marks scored by A and D in S1
• Marks scored by A in S1 = 76
• Marks scored by D in S1 = 84
• Total marks scored by A and D together in S1 = 76 + 84 = 160
• Percentage Increase
• Difference in marks scored by B and C together, and A and D together = 248 - 160 = 88
• Percentage increase = (Difference / Marks scored by A and D together) × 100 = (88 / 160) × 100 = 55%

Additional Information

• Percentage Calculation
• To calculate percentage increase: Percentage Increase = (Difference / Original Value) × 100
• In this case, the original value is the total marks scored by A and D together, and the difference is the difference between the marks scored by B and C together and A and D together.

The correct answer is - 4

Key Points

• First Division Criteria
• A student needs to score a minimum of 60% marks in aggregate to get the first division.
• Total marks available = 160 + 160 + 120 + 120 + 200 + 240 = 1000 marks.
• Minimum marks required for first division = 60% of 1000 = 600 marks.
• Calculating the total marks for each student:
• Student A: Total marks = 76 + 84 + 66 + 56 + 154 + 144 = 580
• Student B: Total marks = 120 + 100 + 84 + 76 + 136 + 132 = 648
• Student C: Total marks = 128 + 72 + 64 + 70 + 144 + 160 = 638
• Student D: Total marks = 84 + 130 + 96 + 84 + 104 + 168 = 666
• Student E: Total marks = 64 + 128 + 90 + 92 + 174 + 70 = 618
• Student F: Total marks = 70 + 96 + 60 + 56 + 164 + 96 = 542
• Students scoring above 600 marks (First Division):
• Students B, C, D, and E scored more than 600 marks, thus they are eligible for the first division.

The correct answer is - B, C, and E Only

Key Points

• Essential components of a film script-writing
• Beginning (Set-up): The start of a story introduces the characters, setting, and establishes the tone. It is critical for creating interest and engagement.
• Middle (Confrontation): This is the core of the narrative, where conflicts, challenges, and turning points occur. It drives the story forward and keeps the audience engaged.
• End (Resolution): The conclusion resolves the conflicts and ties up the loose ends of the story. It provides closure and leaves a lasting impression on the audience.
• Non-essential components like shooting and editing:
• Shooting and editing are part of the filmmaking process but are not directly related to the script-writing stage.
• Script-writing focuses on the narrative structure, dialogues, and plot development rather than technical execution.

Additional Information

• Phases of script-writing
• Concept Development: The idea generation phase where the writer identifies themes, characters, and settings.
• Outline Creation: A detailed breakdown of the story into individual scenes and sequences.
• Dialogue Writing: Crafting character dialogues that advance the plot and reveal personalities.
• Importance of script structure:
• A well-structured script ensures logical progression and emotional engagement.
• It helps filmmakers visualize the story during production planning.
• Script-writing tools:
• Software like Final Draft, Celtx, and Scrivener are commonly used for formatting and organizing scripts.
• These tools ensure adherence to industry standards for screenplay format.

The correct answer is - Option 2: Some non-lions are not non-felines.

Key Points

• Logical equivalence
• The statement "Some felines are not lions" implies that there exist certain felines that are not included in the category of lions.
• Option 2, "Some non-lions are not non-felines", is logically equivalent because it represents the same idea in a different form:
• "Non-lions" refers to entities that are not lions.
• "Non-felines" refers to entities that are not felines.
• Thus, the statement "Some non-lions are not non-felines" means that there exist entities outside the category of lions that still belong to the category of felines.
• This logical equivalence maintains consistency with the original statement.

Additional Information

• Understanding logical equivalence
• Logical equivalence occurs when two statements express the same truth in different forms.
• Key techniques for identifying logical equivalence include:
• Analyzing quantifiers like "some," "all," or "none."
• Understanding negations and their impact on the meaning of statements.
• For example:
• "Some A are not B" is equivalent to "Some non-B are not non-A."
• This process involves flipping the categories while maintaining the logical structure.
• Incorrect options explained
• Option 1: "Some felines are lions" is not equivalent because it does not capture the negation implied in the original statement.
• Option 3: "Some lions are not felines" contradicts the original premise, as all lions are inherently felines.
• Option 4: "No-felines are lions" is incorrect because it implies that lions are not felines, which is logically false.

The correct answer is - A, B, C, and D

Key Points

• Affective Domain is one of the three domains of learning (Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor).
• The objectives of the Affective Domain focus on feelings, emotions, attitudes, and values. These objectives include:
• Showing new behaviour as a result of experience (Option A): This refers to the learner adopting new behaviours influenced by their emotional experiences.
• Acting consistently with the new value (Option B): Learners demonstrate alignment and commitment to newly formed values.
• Attending to something in the environment (Option C): This objective involves learners paying attention to specific stimuli or situations, indicating awareness.
• Showing some definite involvement or commitment (Option D): Reflects learners' engagement and dedication to their emotional or value-based decisions.
• All four options (A, B, C, and D) are basic objectives of the Affective Domain, making Option 3 the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Levels of the Affective Domain
• Receiving: The learner is attentive and aware of stimuli in the environment.
• Responding: The learner actively participates and reacts to stimuli.
• Valuing: The learner assigns worth or importance to objects, phenomena, or behaviors.
• Organization: The learner integrates values into their own value system, prioritizing and organizing them.
• Characterization: The learner consistently displays behaviors that align with their value system.
• Importance of the Affective Domain
• Focuses on emotional growth and value development, which are crucial for holistic education.
• Helps in building attitudes, empathy, and interpersonal skills.
• Supports the learner in becoming socially and morally responsible.

Given:

Every digit is changed with the next number as per the number series and 9 will change to 0.

The new number series formed is 567980413111211245895009.

There are three "9" in the new series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The correct answer is - Option 4: Wherever there is fire there is smoke.

Key Points

• Fallacy based on conditional (sopādhika) concomitance (vyāpti):
• In the Nyāya school of logic, a conditional (sopādhika) concomitance occurs when the relationship between two entities is dependent on specific conditions (upādhi).
• For the statement "Wherever there is fire there is smoke," the concomitance (vyāpti) between fire and smoke is not absolute; it depends on specific conditions such as the presence of combustible material.
• This makes the argument fallacious because a valid inference must be based on an absolute (unconditional) concomitance.
• Why other options are incorrect:
• Option 1: "Sound is eternal because it is audible" – This is not fallacious in this context, as it does not involve sopādhika vyāpti.
• Option 2: "Fire is cold because it is a substance" – This is an example of a completely false statement, not one based on conditional concomitance.
• Option 3: "All things are non-eternal because they are knowable" – This is a general statement and does not involve sopādhika vyāpti.

Additional Information

• Nyāya School of Logic:
• The Nyāya school is one of the six orthodox schools of Indian philosophy, primarily focused on logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.
• It emphasizes the use of valid reasoning (anumāna) and valid knowledge (pramāṇa) to establish truths.
• Concomitance (vyāpti):
• Vyāpti refers to the universal relationship between the reason (hetu) and the predicate (sādhya) in an inference.
• For example, in the inference "There is fire on the hill because there is smoke," the vyāpti is "Wherever there is smoke, there is fire."
• For an argument to be valid, the vyāpti must be unconditional and absolute.
• Upādhi (Condition):
• An upādhi is a limiting condition that restricts the applicability of a general rule or relationship.
• In the case of fire and smoke, the presence of combustible material acts as an upādhi, making the vyāpti conditional.
• Types of Fallacies in Nyāya:
• Sopādhika Fallacy: Based on conditional concomitance.
• Viruddha Fallacy: Contradictory reasoning.
• Satpratipakṣa Fallacy: Counter-evidence negates the argument.

The correct answer is - Smartphone

Key Points

• Smartphone is not a communication professional.
• A communication professional is an individual who actively works in fields related to media, public relations, advertising, journalism, or broadcasting.
• Smartphone is a device used for communication but does not qualify as a professional; it is a tool rather than a person or job role.
• Other listed options, such as Journalist, Advertiser, and News-reader, are recognized communication professionals who contribute to creating, delivering, or presenting information.

Additional Information

• Roles of Communication Professionals
• Journalists: They gather, write, and report news stories to inform the public through various media channels such as newspapers, television, or online platforms.
• Advertisers: They create and manage promotional campaigns to market products or services and influence consumer behavior.
• News-readers: They present news stories on television or radio in a professional manner, ensuring clarity and engagement for the audience.
• Smartphone as a Communication Tool
• Smartphones are devices that enable individuals to communicate, access information, and utilize media applications.
• While they are essential in facilitating communication, they do not perform professional roles or possess the expertise associated with communication professionals.
• Importance of Differentiating Roles
• Understanding the distinction between tools (like smartphones) and professionals is crucial for identifying the scope and responsibilities of communication-related careers.
• Exams often test this differentiation to ensure candidates are aware of specific job roles and their functions within the communication industry.

The correct answer is - A and B Only

Key Points

• Body waves are seismic waves that travel through the interior of the Earth, as opposed to surface waves which travel along the Earth's surface.
• There are two main types of body waves:
• P-waves (Primary waves):
• These are the fastest seismic waves and are the first to be detected by seismographs.
• P-waves are compressional waves, meaning they move by compressing and expanding the material they pass through.
• They can travel through solids, liquids, and gases.
• S-waves (Secondary waves):
• These are slower than P-waves and arrive at seismographs after the P-waves.
• S-waves are shear waves, meaning they move perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
• They can only travel through solids, as liquids and gases do not support shear stress.
• Love waves and Rayleigh waves are surface waves, not body waves, as they travel along the Earth's surface.

Additional Information

• Surface waves are seismic waves that travel along the Earth's surface. They are slower than body waves but typically cause more damage during an earthquake.
• Love waves:
• These are horizontal shear waves that move the ground side-to-side.
• Love waves are faster than Rayleigh waves but slower than body waves.
• They are highly destructive because of their horizontal motion.
• Rayleigh waves:
• These waves cause a rolling motion, similar to ocean waves.
• Rayleigh waves move both vertically and horizontally, causing significant damage to structures.
• They are the slowest type of seismic waves.
• Seismographs are used to measure and record the arrival times of different types of seismic waves, which helps in determining the location and magnitude of an earthquake.
• Earthquake propagation:
• P-waves and S-waves provide critical information about the Earth's interior structure.
• The difference in arrival times of P-waves and S-waves helps in calculating the earthquake's epicenter.

The correct answer is - A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Key Points

• Tim Berners Lee - World Wide Web (A-IV)
• Tim Berners Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web in 1989.
• He developed the first web browser and web server, revolutionizing how information is shared globally.
• This invention laid the foundation for the modern internet.
• Fred Cohen - Virus (B-III)
• Fred Cohen is known for his work on computer viruses.
• He was the first to formally define the term "virus" in the context of computer science in 1983.
• His studies helped establish cybersecurity measures to combat malicious software.
• Charles Babbage - Father of Modern Computer (C-II)
• Charles Babbage is often referred to as the Father of Modern Computers for designing the Analytical Engine in the 1830s.
• This device is considered the first mechanical computer.
• His designs introduced concepts such as programmable computation and data storage.
• John Von Neumann - Computer Architecture (D-I)
• John Von Neumann formulated the Von Neumann architecture, which is the basis of most modern computer designs.
• His architecture introduced the idea of storing program instructions in memory alongside data.
• This innovation allowed computers to execute instructions dynamically, improving efficiency and flexibility.

Additional Information

• World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessible via the internet.
• It uses technologies such as HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and HTML (HyperText Markup Language).
• Tim Berners Lee also founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to standardize web technologies.
• Computer Viruses
• A computer virus is a type of malicious software that replicates itself and spreads to other computers.
• Fred Cohen's work highlighted the importance of antivirus software and cybersecurity protocols.
• Viruses can cause data theft, system crashes, and unauthorized access to sensitive information.
• Charles Babbage's Contributions
• The Analytical Engine introduced concepts like loops and conditional branching, foundational to programming.
• His earlier invention, the Difference Engine, was designed to compute polynomial functions.
• Von Neumann Architecture
• This architecture uses a single memory space for instructions and data.
• It is the basis for modern CPUs and influenced the design of nearly all digital computers.
• Key components include the Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), memory, and input/output systems.

The correct answer is - Option 1: The research problem is represented by a mathematical model. Solutions and conclusions are derived from that model.

Key Points

• Mathematical Modeling
• A mathematical model is a representation of the research problem using equations, formulas, or algorithms.
• This approach is used in fields like engineering, economics, and physical sciences to analyze complex systems and predict outcomes.
• It allows researchers to derive precise quantitative solutions and conclusions.
• Objective and Systematic
• By using a mathematical model, the research process becomes highly objective and free from personal biases.
• The systematic approach ensures the results are reproducible and scientifically valid.
• Applications
• Commonly applied in studies involving optimization, forecasting, and simulation.
• Examples include predicting stock market trends, optimizing supply chains, or simulating weather patterns.

Additional Information

• Types of Research Design Approaches
• Exploratory Research
• Focuses on discovering insights and understanding underlying phenomena.
• Methods include qualitative research, case studies, and interviews.
• Descriptive Research
• Involves describing characteristics or functions of a subject in a systematic manner.
• Examples include surveys and observational research.
• Experimental Research
• Tests hypotheses by conducting controlled experiments.
• Requires manipulation of variables and measuring their effects.
• Subjective Approach
• Focuses on qualitative analysis and relies on interpretations derived from interviews, focus groups, etc.
• Advantages of Mathematical Models
• Provides precise and quantifiable solutions.
• Helps in forecasting and decision-making.
• Facilitates understanding of complex systems.

The correct answer is - A, C and D Only

Key Points

• Adobe Acrobat is an example of a proprietary product.
• Proprietary software refers to software that is owned by an individual or a company and is not open-source.
• Adobe Acrobat is a widely used proprietary software for handling PDF documents.
• Linux is an example of open-source software.
• Open-source software allows users to freely use, modify, and distribute the code.
• Linux is a well-known open-source operating system used globally.
• Ubuntu is an example of an operating system.
• Ubuntu is a Linux-based operating system and is widely popular for its user-friendly interface.
• It is open-source and suitable for both personal and professional use.

Additional Information

• Microsoft Office is an example of commercial software, not an operating system.
• Microsoft Office is a suite of productivity applications, such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
• An operating system, on the other hand, manages computer hardware and software resources.
• Firmware is not a mobile operating system.
• Firmware is a type of software embedded into hardware devices to control their functions.
• Examples of mobile operating systems include Android and iOS, which differ from firmware.

The correct answer is - It is a data collection instrument.

Key Points

• Questionnaire
• A questionnaire is a structured tool used to gather data from respondents.
• It is an essential data collection instrument used in research, surveys, and various studies.
• Questionnaires typically consist of a series of questions designed to collect information on specific topics or areas of interest.
• They are widely used in fields like social sciences, marketing, and healthcare for gathering opinions, behaviors, and demographic details.
• Key Features
• Questionnaires can be self-administered (online, paper) or administered by an interviewer.
• They can include a mix of open-ended and close-ended questions.
• They are designed to ensure reliability and validity of collected data.

Additional Information

• Types of Questionnaires
• Structured Questionnaires
• Contain predefined questions with specific response options.
• Useful for collecting quantitative data.
• Unstructured Questionnaires
• Contain open-ended questions allowing respondents to provide detailed answers.
• Useful for collecting qualitative data.
• Mixed Questionnaires
• Combine both structured and unstructured questions.
• Provide a balance of quantitative and qualitative data.
• Advantages of Questionnaires
• Efficient for collecting data from a large audience in a relatively short time.
• Cost-effective compared to other data collection methods.
• Ensures anonymity, encouraging honest responses.
• Limitations of Questionnaires
• Responses may lack depth compared to interviews.
• Relies on the respondent's ability to understand and answer questions accurately.

The correct answer is - A and C only

Key Points

• Statement A
• Distance = 200 m, Time = 24 s → Speed = Distance / Time = 200 / 24 ≈ 8.33 m/s
• Convert to Km/hr: 8.33 × 18/5 ≈ 30 Km/hr
• Hence, Statement A is true.
• Statement B
• Let the number be x.
• 65% of x = 0.65x, 4/5 of x = 0.8x
• 0.65x = 0.8x - 21 → 0.15x = 21 → x = 140
• Given 150 is incorrect → Statement B is false.
• Statement C
• Speed = 108 Km/hr → 108 × 1000 / 3600 = 30 m/s
• Distance in 15 sec = 30 × 15 = 450 m
• Hence, Statement C is true.
• Statement D
• Given difference = 1660 and 7.5% of A = 12.5% of B → 0.075A = 0.125B → A/B = 5/3
• Let B = x → A = (5/3)x, Difference = A - B = 5x/3 - x = 2x/3 = 1660 → x = 2490
• A = 5x/3 = 4150? Actually 5 × 2490 / 3 = 4150 → This part is correct
• But B = 2490, not 2200 → Statement D is false.

Additional Information

• Speed conversions
• 1 m/s = 18/5 Km/hr
• 1 Km/hr = 5/18 m/s
• Percentage problems
• Translate word problems into algebraic equations carefully to avoid mistakes.
• Check all intermediate calculations for accuracy in exams.
• Speed, distance, and time relationship
• Distance = Speed × Time
• Always convert units appropriately before calculating distance.

The correct answer is - Positive feedback

Key Points

• Positive feedback
• Positive feedback amplifies the original effect of a system, causing it to move further away from its initial state.
• In this scenario, increased temperature due to global warming causes the release of more methane from wetlands.
• Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that further contributes to global warming, creating a cycle of warming and methane release.
• This self-reinforcing cycle is a classic example of positive feedback in environmental systems.

Additional Information

• Feedback mechanisms
• Feedback mechanisms are processes that either enhance or stabilize a system.
• Positive feedback amplifies changes, while negative feedback counteracts them to maintain stability.
• Methane and climate impact
• Methane (CH₄) is a greenhouse gas with a much higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO₂) over a 20-year period.
• Natural sources of methane include wetlands, where microbial activity releases methane as organic material decomposes under anaerobic conditions.
• As temperatures rise, microbial activity intensifies, leading to higher methane emissions.
• Global warming and feedback loops
• Positive feedback loops, like the methane release from wetlands, are significant contributors to accelerated climate change.
• Other examples include the melting of polar ice caps, which reduces the Earth's albedo and leads to further warming.

Concept:

Mean of Binomial Distribution:

• The mean (or expected value) of a binomial distribution is given by the formula:
• μ = n × p
• n: Number of trials
• p: Probability of success in each trial
• This formula gives the average number of successful outcomes in the given number of trials.

Calculation:

Given,

A. n = 16, p = 0.8

⇒ μ = 16 × 0.8 = 12.8

B. n = 21, p = 0.6

⇒ μ = 21 × 0.6 = 12.6

C. n = 13, p = 0.7

⇒ μ = 13 × 0.7 = 9.1

D. n = 23, p = 0.4

⇒ μ = 23 × 0.4 = 9.2

∴ Correct Matching is:

• A → III → 12.8
• B → IV → 12.6
• C → I → 9.1
• D → II → 9.2

∴ Correct Option is: A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

The correct answer is - Option 1: E, A, D, C, B

Key Points

• Cognitive domain hierarchy
• The cognitive domain of Bloom’s Taxonomy arranges learning objectives in an ascending order based on complexity.
• It moves from basic recall of information (Remembering) to higher-order thinking skills like Evaluating.
• Correct sequence explanation
• E: Remembering – The ability to recall information. Example: "What is the definition of...?"
• A: Understanding – The ability to comprehend meaning. Example: "Can you explain why...?"
• D: Applying – The ability to use knowledge in new situations. Example: "How would you use this formula to solve...?"
• C: Analyzing – The ability to break down information into parts. Example: "How would you classify...?"
• B: Evaluating – The ability to judge based on criteria. Example: "What is your opinion about...?"
• Why Option 1 is correct
• Option 1 arranges the elements (E, A, D, C, B) in the correct order of complexity within the cognitive domain.
• This sequence aligns with Bloom’s Taxonomy and ensures proper progression from lower-level to higher-level cognitive skills.

Additional Information

• Bloom’s Taxonomy
• Developed by Benjamin Bloom, it categorizes cognitive skills into six levels.
• The levels, in ascending order, are: Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating.
• Each level builds upon the previous one, fostering deeper and more complex learning.
• Application in classroom settings
• Educators use Bloom’s Taxonomy to design structured questions that promote critical thinking and problem-solving.
• Questions at the Remembering level focus on recall, while Evaluating involves making judgments based on evidence.
• Higher-order levels (Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating) are crucial for developing advanced cognitive abilities.
• Exam relevance
• Understanding Bloom’s Taxonomy is essential for answering questions related to pedagogical theories and teaching methodologies.
• Such questions often appear in education-focused exams like CTET, TET, and teaching licensure tests.

The correct answer is - C, A, B, D, E

Key Points

• Chronology of film releases
• Raja Harishchandra (1913): Known as India's first full-length feature film and a silent film directed by Dadasaheb Phalke.
• Alam Ara (1931): India's first sound film ("talkie"), directed by Ardeshir Irani, marking a major milestone in Indian cinema.
• Do Bigha Zameen (1953): Directed by Bimal Roy, this film showcased the struggles of rural farmers and is considered a classic of Indian parallel cinema.
• Garam Hawa (1973): Directed by M.S. Sathyu, this film highlighted the hardships faced by Muslim families during the partition of India.
• Sholay (1975): A blockbuster Bollywood film directed by Ramesh Sippy, widely regarded as one of the greatest Indian films of all time.
• Correct chronology: The correct order based on release years is C (1913), A (1931), B (1953), D (1973), E (1975).
• Exam relevance: Questions about film chronology test your knowledge of Indian cinema milestones and cultural history.

Additional Information

• Milestones in Indian cinema
• Raja Harishchandra: This film established the Indian film industry and marked the beginning of cinematic storytelling in India.
• Alam Ara: The introduction of sound revolutionized Indian cinema, leading to the rise of musicals and dialogue-driven films.
• Do Bigha Zameen: A landmark in parallel cinema, focusing on social realism and rural struggles, inspired by Italian neorealism.
• Garam Hawa: One of the earliest films to address the partition of India, providing a poignant depiction of communal tensions.
• Sholay: A cult classic known for its ensemble cast, iconic dialogues, and blend of drama, action, and comedy.
• Impact of technological advancements
• The transition from silent films (Raja Harishchandra) to sound films (Alam Ara) marked a major evolution in filmmaking.
• Technological innovations in the 1970s paved the way for visually engaging blockbusters like Sholay.
• Cultural significance
• Each film represents a snapshot of its era, reflecting social, political, and technological changes in India.
• Studying these films provides insight into the evolution of Indian cinema and its role in shaping cultural narratives.

The correct answer is - D, B, C, A

Key Points

• Electromagnetic waves are categorized based on their frequency and wavelength.
• Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional: as frequency increases, wavelength decreases.
• The correct increasing order of frequency is:
• Radio waves: Lowest frequency, longest wavelength.
• Microwaves: Higher frequency than radio waves but lower than infrared waves.
• Infrared waves: Higher frequency than microwaves but lower than visible light.
• Light waves (visible spectrum): Highest frequency among the given options, shortest wavelength.
• Thus, the increasing order of frequency is Radio waves < Microwaves < Infrared waves < Light waves.

Additional Information

• Electromagnetic spectrum
• The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.
• It includes waves such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays.
• Frequency and wavelength:
• Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), which indicates the number of wave cycles per second.
• Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive wave peaks, measured in meters (m).
• Formula: c = f × λ, where:
• c is the speed of light (approximately 3 × 10⁸ m/s).
• f is the frequency.
• λ is the wavelength.
• Applications of waves:
• Radio waves: Used for communication (e.g., radio and TV broadcasting).
• Microwaves: Used in radar systems, satellite communication, and microwave ovens.
• Infrared waves: Used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and infrared cameras.
• Light waves: Used in optical devices such as cameras and the human eye.

The correct answer is - A, C and D Only

Key Points

• Permission to grant degrees
• Regulators in higher education are responsible for providing authorization to universities and institutions to confer degrees.
• This ensures that the educational programs offered are in line with national academic and professional standards.
• Disbursement of public funds
• Regulators allocate financial resources to institutions based on performance benchmarks, requirements, and government policies.
• These funds are often used for infrastructure development, faculty training, research projects, and scholarships.
• Quality benchmarking
• Regulators establish quality standards to ensure institutions meet academic, research, and administrative benchmarks.
• This includes accreditation processes, curriculum evaluations, and periodic reviews to maintain consistency and excellence in higher education.

Additional Information

• Selection of teaching faculty
• This function is not typically performed by regulators.
• The responsibility for selecting faculty generally lies with individual institutions, subject to guidelines provided by regulators.
• Role of regulators
• Regulators such as the University Grants Commission (UGC) in India are tasked with overseeing higher education standards.
• Other global examples include organizations like ABET for engineering accreditation or QS Rankings for benchmarking institutions internationally.
• Importance of regulation
• Regulatory frameworks ensure transparency, fair allocation of resources, and standardized quality across institutions.
• They also safeguard students from fraudulent institutions and programs.

The correct answer is - D, B, A, C

Key Points

• Decreasing Denotation
• The term "denotation" refers to the extent of meaning or the range of objects a term applies to.
• The broader the category, the higher the denotation.
• Arrangement of Terms
• Liquid (D): This is the broadest category and includes all substances in the liquid state, such as water, milk, oil, etc.
• Beverages (B): This is narrower than "liquid" and refers to consumable liquids like tea, coffee, juices, and carbonated drinks.
• Carbonated Drinks (A): A further subset of beverages, specifically referring to fizzy drinks.
• Cola Fizz (C): The narrowest category, referring to a specific brand or type of carbonated drink.
• Correct Order: The correct decreasing order of denotation is D (Liquid) > B (Beverages) > A (Carbonated Drinks) > C (Cola Fizz).

Additional Information

• Hierarchy of Categories
• In taxonomy or classification, broader categories encompass more entities and have a higher denotation.
• Narrower categories are subsets of broader ones and have lower denotation.
• Examples
• Liquid: Includes all fluids in their natural state, such as water or juice.
• Beverages: Includes drinks intended for consumption, like soft drinks, coffee, and tea.
• Carbonated Drinks: Beverages with dissolved carbon dioxide, such as soda or sparkling water.
• Cola Fizz: A specific type or brand of carbonated drink.

The correct answer is - C and D Only

Key Points

• Research Ethics
• C: Research ethics provides a common set of dos and don’ts for conducting ethical research.
• These guidelines ensure that the research process adheres to established norms and standards.
• It prevents misconduct such as plagiarism, data fabrication, and falsification.
• D: Research ethics protects the rights and welfare of research participants.
• Ensures that participants are treated with dignity and respect.
• Involves obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, and minimizing harm.
• Options A and B are incorrect as they do not fully align with the definition of research ethics:
• A: Writing a research report flawlessly is an aspect of research methodology, not ethics.
• B: Research methodology within social norms is broader and does not specifically focus on ethical considerations.

Additional Information

• Principles of Research Ethics:
• Respect for Persons: Researchers must respect the autonomy of participants and obtain informed consent.
• Beneficence: Researchers should aim to maximize benefits and minimize harm to participants.
• Justice: The benefits and burdens of research should be distributed fairly among all participants.
• Common Ethical Guidelines:
• Avoid plagiarism and ensure proper attribution of ideas and data.
• Maintain confidentiality and anonymity of sensitive data.
• Disclose any conflicts of interest that may influence the research process.
• Importance of Research Ethics:
• Builds trust between researchers, participants, and the scientific community.
• Ensures compliance with legal and institutional standards.
• Promotes integrity and credibility in research.

The correct answer is - A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I

Key Points

• International Solar Alliance (ISA) - 2015
• The ISA was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris in 2015.
• It aims to promote solar energy solutions globally, especially in tropical countries.
• Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) - 1992
• The CBD was adopted during the Rio Earth Summit in 1992.
• It focuses on conserving biodiversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
• National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) - 2008
• The NAPCC was launched by the Government of India in 2008.
• It includes eight missions to address climate change, including the National Solar Mission and National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture.
• Kyoto Protocol - 1997
• Adopted in 1997, the Kyoto Protocol is a treaty under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
• It sets binding emission reduction targets for developed countries and aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Additional Information

• International Solar Alliance (ISA)
• Headquartered in Gurugram, India, the ISA focuses on enabling policy frameworks for solar energy deployment.
• It supports member countries in mobilizing investments for solar projects.
• Convention on Biodiversity (CBD)
• The CBD has three main goals: conservation, sustainable use, and equitable benefit sharing.
• It operates through protocols such as the Cartagena Protocol (biosafety) and Nagoya Protocol (access and benefit-sharing).
• National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
• Key missions under NAPCC include:
• National Solar Mission (NSM)
• National Water Mission (NWM)
• National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (NMSH)
• It aims to address climate change challenges in India through policy measures and targeted initiatives.
• Kyoto Protocol
• The Kyoto Protocol introduced flexible mechanisms such as:
• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
• Joint Implementation (JI)
• Emission Trading (ET)
• It was succeeded by the Paris Agreement in 2015, which focuses on broader commitments from all nations.

The correct answer is -It gathers facts by going back in time to different periods. Sources of information include written records, newspapers, diaries, letters, travelers' accounts, documents, and more.

Key Points

• Historical Research Method
• It involves collecting and analyzing data from the past to understand historical events, trends, and developments.
• Sources of information include written records, such as official documents, newspapers, diaries, letters, and traveler's accounts.
• It helps in understanding the context and sequence of events over time.
• It is widely used in fields like history, education, and sociology.

Additional Information

• Key Characteristics of Historical Research
• It focuses on authenticating and validating historical sources to ensure reliability.
• It uses both primary sources (e.g., original documents, artifacts) and secondary sources (e.g., books, research articles).
• It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of historical phenomena.
• Applications of Historical Research
• In education, it helps in designing curriculums that reflect historical perspectives.
• In sociology, it aids in understanding the evolution of societal norms and behaviors.
• In policy-making, historical research provides insights for future decisions.
• Limitations of Historical Research
• It may be affected by bias in historical records.
• Interpretation of data can vary depending on the researcher's perspective.
• Availability of authentic sources can be a challenge.

The correct answer is - News-reader

Key Points

• News-reader is not a communication technology:
• A news-reader is a person or software that reads or presents news. It is primarily a role or tool used for content delivery.
• While it facilitates the dissemination of information, it is not considered a technology for communication itself.
• Examples of communication technologies include:
• Smartphone: A device used for sending and receiving messages, calls, and data.
• Email: A digital medium for exchanging messages over the internet.
• WhatsApp: A messaging application enabling text, voice, and video communication.
• Communication technologies are defined by their ability to enable direct interaction between individuals or systems, unlike a news-reader, which is a medium for sharing pre-prepared content.

Additional Information

• Communication technologies:
• These are tools or systems designed for transmitting information between individuals or devices.
• Examples include:
• Telecommunication devices: Smartphones, landlines, and VoIP systems.
• Internet-based platforms: Social media apps, email services, and video conferencing tools.
• Role of news-readers:
• A news-reader is responsible for presenting news on television, radio, or digital platforms.
• In some cases, the term "news-reader" also refers to software (e.g., RSS readers), which helps users access news, but this does not make it a communication technology.
• Importance of distinguishing roles and technologies:
• For exam preparation, it is crucial to differentiate between technologies (tools enabling communication) and roles/tools (mediums of content delivery).
• Examples of distinctions:
• Communication technology: Email service.
• Content delivery role: A news-reader presenting the email's content.

The logic followed here is,

'DREAM' is coded as '71692'

'CHILD' is coded as '85437'

Similarly, LEADER will be coded 369761

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct answer is: A and C Only.

Key Points

The question deals with the logical relationship between propositions. Propositions may be related as contradictory, contrary, sub-contrary, or sub-altern depending on their logical structure. When two propositions are such that both cannot be true at the same time but both can be false, they are known as contrary propositions. In categorical logic, universal affirmative (A-type) and universal negative (E-type) propositions form a pair of contraries. This understanding helps identify which options fit the condition of “if one is true, the other must be false, although both can be false.”

• Analysis of the Propositions:
• A. “All novels are books.” – This is a Universal Affirmative (A-type) statement.
• C. “No novels are books.” – This is a Universal Negative (E-type) statement.
• B. “Some novels are not books.” – This is a Particular Negative (O-type).
• D. “Some novels are books.” – This is a Particular Affirmative (I-type).

Among these, the A-type (All novels are books) and E-type (No novels are books) are contraries. Their relationship fits the exact condition given:

• If A is true, C must be false.
• If C is true, A must be false.
• But both A and C can be false at the same time (e.g., some novels are books, some are not).

Therefore, the pair that satisfies the given condition is A and C only.

Additional Information

• Universal Affirmative (A-type) — “All S are P”
• This type asserts that every member of the subject class is included in the predicate class.
• Example: “All birds are animals.”
• It contradicts O-type and is contrary to E-type.
• Universal Negative (E-type) — “No S are P”
• Asserts that no member of the subject class belongs to the predicate class.
• Example: “No fishes are mammals.”
• It contradicts I-type and is contrary to A-type.
• Contrary Propositions:
• Both cannot be true simultaneously.
• Both can be false at the same time.
• Pairs: A-type and E-type only.
• Application to This Question:
• “All novels are books” (Universal Affirmative) and “No novels are books” (Universal Negative) fall into this category.
• Therefore, they are contrary propositions as per classical logic.

The correct answer is - Fallacy of Composition

Key Points

• Fallacy of Composition
• This logical fallacy occurs when someone assumes that what is true for a part of something is also true for the whole.
• In the given statement, the argument assumes that because all humans are mortal (true for individuals), the entire human race will eventually disappear (applied to the whole), which is an example of the Fallacy of Composition.
• The reasoning does not account for other factors like technological advancements, migration to other planets, or evolution, which could impact the survival of the human race as a whole.
• This fallacy is a common error in reasoning and highlights the importance of not generalizing from specific instances to an entire group or concept.

Additional Information

• Other Logical Fallacies
• Fallacy of Accident
• This fallacy arises when a general rule is applied to a specific case that it was not intended to cover.
• For example: "Cutting people with knives is a crime. Surgeons cut people with knives. Therefore, surgeons are criminals."
• Straw Man
• This involves misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.
• Example: "Person A: We should have stricter regulations on pollution. Person B: You want to shut down all industries and leave everyone unemployed!"
• Fallacy of Division
• This occurs when someone assumes that what is true for the whole is also true for its parts.
• Example: "The company is highly profitable. Therefore, every employee in the company must be wealthy."

The correct answer is - A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Key Points

• A. Social Value Education - III: Make people better and more responsible citizens
• Social value education focuses on instilling values that promote responsible citizenship and contribute to the well-being of society.
• It helps individuals understand their roles and responsibilities within their community.
• B. Spiritual Value Education - IV: To keep the mind calm and awakened
• This type of education emphasizes inner peace, mindfulness, and spiritual growth.
• Its goal is to create a sense of harmony and awareness in individuals.
• C. Cultural Value Education - I: Aware of the diversity, deals, and norms of the society
• Cultural value education helps individuals appreciate and respect the diversity of cultures, traditions, and societal norms.
• It fosters understanding and acceptance of different cultural practices and beliefs.
• D. Universal Value Education - II: People should know common values applicable to mankind
• Universal value education promotes values that transcend cultural and geographical boundaries, such as honesty, compassion, and justice.
• These values are essential for global harmony and coexistence.

Additional Information

• Importance of Value Education
• Value education helps in building a strong character and instilling moral values in individuals.
• It plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' attitudes, behaviors, and decision-making processes.
• Types of Value Education
• Social Value Education: Focuses on societal harmony and responsible citizenship.
• Spiritual Value Education: Encourages inner growth and mental calmness.
• Cultural Value Education: Promotes understanding and respect for cultural diversity.
• Universal Value Education: Highlights values that are universally accepted and promote global unity.
• Application of Value Education
• In schools: To teach ethics, empathy, and responsibility among students.
• In workplaces: To foster ethical decision-making and teamwork.
• In communities: To encourage social harmony and mutual respect.

The correct answer is - It is based on factors not related to the activity itself.

Key Points

• Extrinsic motivation
• Refers to motivation driven by external factors, such as rewards, recognition, or avoiding punishment.
• It is not directly related to the inherent satisfaction of performing the activity itself.
• Examples include working hard to earn a salary, studying to get good grades, or exercising to look fit.
• Unlike intrinsic motivation, which arises from an individual’s own interests or enjoyment, extrinsic motivation focuses on external outcomes.

Additional Information

• Intrinsic motivation
• Driven by internal factors such as personal interest, curiosity, or a desire to master a challenge.
• It is the natural tendency to perform activities for their own sake, rather than for external rewards.
• Examples include pursuing a hobby for enjoyment or solving puzzles for intellectual satisfaction.
• Comparison between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
• Intrinsic motivation tends to sustain long-term engagement in activities due to internal satisfaction.
• Extrinsic motivation can be effective for short-term goals, especially when tied to specific rewards or external outcomes.
• Combining both forms of motivation may lead to optimal performance in many scenarios.
• Practical applications
• In education, extrinsic motivators like grades and prizes are often used alongside intrinsic motivators like fostering curiosity.
• In workplaces, extrinsic motivators such as promotions and bonuses are key to driving performance.

The correct answer is - C, D and E Only

Key Points

• Electromagnetic Radiation from the Sun includes a range of components such as Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation, Visible Rays, and Infrared Radiation that reach the Earth's surface.
• Gamma Rays and X-Rays from the Sun are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and do not reach the surface.
• Ultraviolet Radiation (UV):
• A part of UV radiation (UV-A and some UV-B) penetrates the atmosphere and reaches Earth's surface.
• The remaining harmful UV-C and most UV-B are absorbed by the ozone layer in the stratosphere.
• Visible Rays:
• Visible light is a significant component of solar radiation that reaches Earth and is responsible for daylight.
• This radiation is crucial for photosynthesis and human vision.
• Infrared Radiation:
• Infrared radiation from the Sun reaches the Earth's surface and contributes to the warming of the planet.
• It plays a role in maintaining the Earth's energy balance.

Additional Information

• Gamma Rays and X-Rays:
• Gamma rays are the highest energy electromagnetic waves and are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, primarily by the upper layers such as the ionosphere.
• X-rays are also absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, making them undetectable at the surface.
• Ozone Layer:
• The ozone layer in the stratosphere acts as a natural filter, absorbing the majority of harmful UV radiation (UV-B and UV-C).
• This protective layer prevents excessive UV exposure, which can cause skin cancer and other biological damage.
• Solar Spectrum:
• The solar spectrum includes radiation of various wavelengths ranging from gamma rays to radio waves.
• Only specific components of this spectrum, such as UV, visible light, and infrared, make it through the Earth's atmosphere to the surface.

The correct answer is - Option 2: C, B, A, and D

Key Points

• Chronological Order of Establishment
• All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) was established in 1945. It was the first among the listed commissions/organizations.
• University Education Commission was set up in 1948, under the chairmanship of Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, to evaluate the status of higher education.
• University Grants Commission (UGC) was formally established in 1956 to oversee the allocation of funds and maintain standards in higher education institutions.
• Education Commission (also known as the Kothari Commission) was formed in 1964 to recommend reforms in the education system across all levels.
• Correct Chronological Order: C (1945), B (1948), A (1956), D (1964).
• Answer Explanation: Option 2 correctly lists the organizations in the order of their establishment: AICTE (C), University Education Commission (B), UGC (A), and Education Commission (D).

Additional Information

• All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE)
• Established in 1945, AICTE focuses on the development and regulation of technical education programs.
• AICTE works to ensure the quality of technical education and offers approval for engineering, management, and other technical courses.
• University Education Commission
• Formed in 1948 under Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, it aimed to analyze and recommend improvements in university-level education.
• It emphasized the importance of liberal education and the integration of education with national development goals.
• University Grants Commission (UGC)
• Established in 1956, UGC is responsible for funding, maintaining standards, and coordinating higher education institutions.
• UGC also accredits universities and provides grants for research and development projects.
• Education Commission (Kothari Commission)
• Formed in 1964, the Kothari Commission proposed a comprehensive framework for education reforms in India.
• It recommended the introduction of the 10+2+3 education pattern and emphasized education as a tool for social and economic development.

The correct answer is - Firewall

Key Points

• Firewall
• A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.
• It acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks, such as the Internet.
• Firewalls use predefined security rules to allow or block traffic, ensuring protection against unauthorized access and cyber threats.
• They are critical for protecting networks from malicious attacks, such as hackers or malware.

Additional Information

• Other Network Security Threats
• Worms
• Worms are a type of malware that replicate themselves to spread across networks.
• They exploit vulnerabilities in software to infect systems and can cause network slowdowns and damage.
• Keyloggers
• Keyloggers are malicious programs that record keystrokes to steal sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card details.
• Trojan
• A Trojan is a type of malware that disguises itself as legitimate software to trick users into installing it.
• Once installed, it can provide unauthorized access to attackers.
• Types of Firewalls
• Packet-Filtering Firewalls
• Analyze network traffic based on IP addresses, ports, and protocols.
• Stateful Inspection Firewalls
• Monitor the state of active connections and make decisions based on context.
• Next-Generation Firewalls (NGFW)
• Include advanced features like deep packet inspection, intrusion prevention systems (IPS), and application awareness.
• Importance of Network Security
• Protects sensitive data from being accessed or stolen by cybercriminals.
• Ensures confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information systems.
• Prevents disruptions to business operations caused by cyberattacks.

Answer: A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

🟨 Key Points:

• From x/5 = y/8, cross-multiplying gives 8x = 5y ⇒ x/y = 5/8 ⇒ (x+5)/(y+8) = 10/16 = 5:8
• If x:y = 2:1, then x² = 4, y² = 1 ⇒ (x² - y²)/(x² + y²) = (4 - 1)/(4 + 1) = 3/5
• Given x² + 4y² = 4xy, rearrange to get x² - 4xy + 4y² = 0 ⇒ (x - 2y)² = 0 ⇒ x = 2y ⇒ x:y = 2:1
• A:B = 3:4 and B:C = 8:9 ⇒ A:B:C = 6:8:9 ⇒ A:C = 6:9 = 2:3

🟦 Additional Information:

• ✅ Matching questions often test understanding of ratio and proportion, and algebraic manipulation.
• 🧠 Converting compound ratios step-by-step simplifies complex relationships.
• 📘 Identity (x - y)² = x² - 2xy + y² is useful in factorization problems.
• 🧮 Keep ratios in lowest terms for final answers (e.g., 6:9 simplifies to 2:3).
• ⏱ Efficient solving often depends on quickly identifying patterns or standard algebraic forms.

The correct answer is - A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Key Points

• National School of Drama (NSD)
• Located in New Delhi, NSD is one of the foremost theatre training institutions in India.
• It was established in 1959 by the Sangeet Natak Akademi and later became an autonomous organization in 1975.
• National Film Archive of India (NFAI)
• Situated in Pune, the NFAI was founded in 1964 under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
• Its primary purpose is to preserve and document the rich cinematic heritage of India.
• Asian Academy of Film and Television (AAFT)
• Located in Noida, AAFT is a premier film and media school offering courses in filmmaking, acting, and visual arts.
• It is known for its practical-oriented training programs in the entertainment industry.
• Bhartendu Natya Akademy
• Situated in Lucknow, this institution is dedicated to promoting theatre arts and offers specialized training in drama.
• It is named after the father of modern Hindi literature and theatre, Bhartendu Harishchandra.

Additional Information

• National School of Drama (NSD)
• NSD's alumni include legendary actors like Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, and Irrfan Khan, who have contributed immensely to Indian cinema and theatre.
• The institution conducts an annual theatre festival called Bharat Rang Mahotsav.
• National Film Archive of India (NFAI)
• NFAI preserves and restores film reels, photographs, posters, and other cinematic artifacts.
• It also runs awareness programs to educate the public about the importance of film preservation.
• Asian Academy of Film and Television (AAFT)
• AAFT has international collaborations with renowned film schools worldwide, providing students with global exposure.
• It also organizes film festivals and events to showcase student projects.
• Bhartendu Natya Akademy
• This institution focuses on nurturing talent in Hindi theatre and drama.
• It offers a two-year diploma course in dramatic arts.

The correct answer is - Computer based on vacuum tubes

Key Points

• Computer based on vacuum tubes
• Vacuum tube-based computers belong to the first generation of computers, developed in the mid-20^th century.
• They are obsolete and not considered an emerging technology.
• Modern computers use technologies such as transistors, microprocessors, and advanced architectures.
• Emerging technologies focus on innovation and future potential, whereas vacuum tube computers represent a past era of computing.

Additional Information

• Emerging technologies
• Emerging technologies are innovations that are expected to shape the future across various industries.
• Examples include:
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI involves machine learning, natural language processing, and autonomous systems to solve complex problems.
• Quantum Cryptography: A cutting-edge approach to secure communication based on quantum mechanics principles.
• 3-D Holographic Imaging: A technology used for creating realistic, three-dimensional projections in applications like healthcare and entertainment.
• Obsolete technologies
• Obsolete technologies are those that have been replaced by more efficient and advanced solutions.
• Vacuum tube computers were replaced by transistor-based computers, which are faster, smaller, and more reliable.
• Studying obsolete technologies helps understand the evolution of modern systems.

The correct answer is - Independent Regulatory Authority for Higher Education

Key Points

• Independent Regulatory Authority for Higher Education (IRAHE)
• IRAHE refers to an autonomous regulatory body established to oversee and regulate the higher education sector in a country.
• The primary goal of IRAHE is to ensure quality assurance and the standardization of academic programs across institutions.
• It operates independently to avoid any political or institutional biases, ensuring fair and transparent decision-making.
• IRAHE plays a vital role in policy formulation, accreditation, and monitoring compliance with educational standards.

Additional Information

• Purpose of IRAHE
• To ensure that higher education institutions align with global standards in terms of curriculum, faculty, and infrastructure.
• To promote research and innovation by providing guidelines and resources for academic institutions.
• To monitor and evaluate the performance of universities, ensuring that they deliver on their academic promises.
• Role in Accreditation
• IRAHE is responsible for granting accreditation to universities and colleges based on their quality of education.
• It conducts periodic audits to ensure compliance with educational norms and standards.
• Accreditation by IRAHE is often a prerequisite for institutions to access government funding and participate in international collaborations.
• Key Features of IRAHE
• It operates with a high degree of autonomy, free from interference from governmental or private entities.
• IRAHE focuses on promoting equity in higher education by addressing regional and social disparities.
• It encourages institutions to adopt innovative teaching methods and integrate technology into their academic processes.

The correct answer is - 66.67

Key Points

• Original Price
• Let the original price of the article be ₹100.
• Discounted Price
• Rohan receives a 25% discount on ₹100, so he buys it for ₹75.
• Profit Calculation
• He wants a 25% profit on the original price, i.e., 25% of ₹100 = ₹25.
• So, he wants to sell the article for ₹100 + ₹25 = ₹125.
• Required Percentage Above Cost Price
• Cost Price = ₹75, Selling Price = ₹125
• Percentage increase = ((125 - 75) / 75) × 100 = 66.67%

Additional Information

• Discount Formula
• Discounted Price = Original Price × (1 - Discount%)
• Used when an item is bought at a reduced rate from MRP.
• Profit Percentage
• Profit % = [(Selling Price - Cost Price) / Cost Price] × 100
• Profit is always calculated on the cost price unless stated otherwise.
• Markup on Cost Price
• When calculating markup, ensure to compare with actual cost price after discount.
• Common Trap
• Do not calculate profit on discounted price unless clearly mentioned.
• Here, profit is on original price, not on discounted cost price.

The correct answer is - Performance Assessment

Key Points

• Performance Assessment
• Requires learners to actively demonstrate their understanding or skills through an activity or task.
• Involves creating a product, performing a task, or solving a problem to showcase practical application of knowledge.
• Examples include:
• Writing an essay to demonstrate language skills.
• Conducting a science experiment to apply theoretical concepts.
• Presenting a project or portfolio to exhibit comprehensive learning.
• Focuses on assessing real-world skills and competencies rather than just theoretical knowledge.

Additional Information

• Formative Assessment
• Used to monitor student progress during the learning process.
• Focuses on providing feedback to improve learning outcomes.
• Examples: quizzes, observations, and short tests.
• Portfolio Assessment
• Involves collecting and reviewing a set of student works over time.
• Demonstrates growth, achievements, and areas for improvement.
• Can include written assignments, artwork, or project reports.
• Summative Assessment
• Conducted at the end of a learning period to evaluate overall achievement.
• Examples: final exams, standardized tests, or end-of-term projects.

The correct answer is - A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV

Key Points

• Matching LIST-I (Cognitive Domain Levels) with LIST-II (Suggested Words)
• A. Evaluation corresponds to Appraise, as evaluation involves making judgments about the value of ideas, works, or solutions.
• B. Knowledge corresponds to Define, as knowledge focuses on recalling facts and basic concepts, often expressed through definitions.
• C. Analysis corresponds to Distinguish, as analysis involves breaking down information into components and identifying distinctions between them.
• D. Application corresponds to Demonstrate, as application involves using knowledge or techniques in practical or real-world scenarios.

Additional Information

• Cognitive Domain Levels
• The cognitive domain is one of the domains in Bloom's Taxonomy, focusing on intellectual skills and knowledge acquisition.
• It consists of six levels: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation.
• Each level represents increasing complexity in cognitive processes.
• Explanation of Suggested Words
• Define: Used in the Knowledge level to recall or state facts and concepts clearly.
• Appraise: Used in the Evaluation level to judge the value or significance of information or solutions.
• Distinguish: Used in the Analysis level to identify differences and relationships between components.
• Demonstrate: Used in the Application level to show the practical use of knowledge or skills.
• Bloom's Taxonomy in Practice
• Widely used in educational settings to design curriculum, assessments, and learning outcomes.
• Encourages higher-order thinking and a systematic approach to learning.

The correct answer is - Quality of Education

Key Points

• Quality of Education is covered under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4.
• SDG 4 focuses on ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education.
• It emphasizes lifelong learning opportunities for everyone, regardless of age, gender, or background.
• The goal includes specific targets such as improving literacy, numeracy, vocational training, and access to higher education.
• Promoting lifelong learning ensures individuals can adapt to changing societal and economic needs over time.
• The concept of lifelong learning is explicitly mentioned in Target 4.3 and 4.4 of SDG 4.

Additional Information

• Related Goals and Interconnections
• SDG 4 is closely linked to other goals such as:
• SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being): Education plays a crucial role in raising awareness about health issues.
• SDG 5 (Gender Equality): Equal access to education helps reduce gender disparities.
• SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth): Lifelong learning contributes to better employment opportunities and economic growth.
• UNESCO’s Role
• The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) leads global efforts to achieve SDG 4.
• UNESCO promotes policies, frameworks, and partnerships to ensure quality education globally.
• Key Targets under SDG 4
• Target 4.1: Ensure that all children complete free, equitable, and quality primary and secondary education.
• Target 4.3: Ensure equal access to affordable and quality technical, vocational, and tertiary education.
• Target 4.4: Increase the number of people with skills for employment and entrepreneurship.

The correct answer is - A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I

Key Points

• Toxicology (A-III)
• The term refers to the scientific study of the adverse effects of toxic substances on living organisms.
• It helps in understanding the mechanism of toxicity and its impact on health.
• Exposure Assessment (B-IV)
• This involves the evaluation of the extent to which humans are exposed to environmental contaminants or hazards.
• It includes measuring and modeling the levels of exposure over time.
• Risk Assessment (C-II)
• Risk assessment refers to the evaluation of the likelihood and severity of harm or adverse effects from a particular hazard.
• It plays a key role in public health and regulatory decision-making.
• Risk Management (D-I)
• This is the process of developing actions or strategies to mitigate or prevent risks associated with environmental health hazards.
• It includes policy implementation and monitoring to ensure public safety.

Additional Information

• Importance of Toxicology
• It aids in identifying harmful substances in the environment, food, and industrial products.
• Contributes to the development of safety standards and regulations for chemical usage.
• Role of Exposure Assessment
• Helps in determining the routes of exposure, such as inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact.
• Critical for designing intervention strategies to minimize human exposure to hazards.
• Applications of Risk Assessment
• Used in environmental health, occupational safety, and food safety to predict potential risks.
• Supports evidence-based decision-making in health policy and regulation.
• Functions of Risk Management
• Includes identifying priorities for action based on risk assessment outcomes.
• Involves stakeholder collaboration to implement effective risk control measures.

The correct answer is - improving their own lives.

Key Points

• The passage states, "Findings suggested that education may make people more interested in improving their own lives but they may not necessarily see democracy as the way to do it."
• This indicates that the findings of the new study suggest that education may make people more interested in improving their own lives.

The correct answer is - Scholarship programme​.

Key Points

• The passage states, "Previous studies had shown that the scholarship programme led to higher test scores and increased the likelihood that girls enrolled in secondary school."
• This indicates that the scholarship programme was the factor that led to higher test scores among girl students.

The correct answer is - Random.

Key Points

• The passage states, "A recent NBER paper compared a group of Kenyan girls in 69 primary schools whose students were randomly selected to receive a scholarship with similar students in schools which received no such financial aid."
• This clearly indicates that the sampling technique used was random selection.

The correct answer is - Educated electorates participate less in casting their votes leading to poor representation of right people in the government.

Key Points

• The passage mentions that "more educated compatriots... often express disdain for the messiness of democracy" and "yearning for the kind of government that would deal strongly with the corrupt and build highways, railway lines and bridges at a dizzying pace of authoritarian China."
• This implies that the "messiness of democracy" refers to the complexity and inefficiencies inherent in democratic processes, which can lead to more educated individuals being less likely to participate in voting as they perceive it to be disorderly and less effective.

The correct answer is - China has made huge strides in infrastructure development​.

Key Points

• The passage mentions that more educated compatriots yearn for the kind of government that would build highways, railway lines, and bridges at a dizzying pace of authoritarian China.
• This suggests that China has made significant progress in infrastructure development, which is why people look up to it in this context.