UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 27th Dec 2021 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Given:

Number of software engineers in different companies.

Engineers increased in Company-A by 30%

Engineers increased in Company-C by 35%

Engineers increased in Company-D by 40%

Formula Used:

Percentage = (Value / Total Value) × 100

Calculation:

Total engineers in Company-A = 150 + 100 + 150 = 400

Engineers increased by 30% in Company-A

⇒ \(\frac{30}{100} \times 400\) = 120

Total engineers in Company-C = 200 + 150 + 350 = 700

Engineers increased by 35% in Company-C

⇒ \(\frac{35}{100}\times 700\) = 245

Total engineers in Company-D = 250 + 250 + 450 = 950

Engineers increased by 40% in Company-D

⇒ \(\frac{45}{100}\times 950\)

Total number of engineers after increment

⇒ 120 + 245 + 950 = 745

Total number of ASEs = 150 + 350 + 200 + 250 + 150

⇒ 1100

Total number of JSEs = 100 + 100 + 150 + 250 + 250

⇒  850

Total number of SSEs = 150 + 200 + 350 + 450 + 350

⇒ 1500

∴ Total number of engineers in all five companies 

⇒ 1100 + 850 + 1500 = 3450

Percentage = \(\frac{745}{3450}\times 100\)

Percentage = 21.59%

Percentage = ~ 22%

∴ Overall percentage increase in the number of all Software Engineers in all the five companies is 22%

Given:

Number of Software Engineers in different companies.

Formula Used:

Average = (Sum of all values) / (Total number of values)

Calculation:

Average of JSEs = \(\frac{100 + 100 + 150 + 250 + 250}{5}\)

Average of JSEs = \(\frac{850}{5}\)

Average of JSEs = 170

∴ The average number of JSEs in all the five companies = 170

Given:

Number of software engineers in different companies.

ASEs employed increased by 20%

SSEs employed decreased by 20%

Formula Used:

Percentage = (Value / Total Value ) × 100

Calculation:

Total engineers in ASEs = 150 + 350 + 200 + 250 + 150 = 1100

ASEs employed increased by 20% = \(\frac{20}{100} \times 1100\)

ASEs employed increased by 20% = 220

Total number of ASEs after increased by 20%

⇒ 1100 + 220 = 1320

Total engineers in SSEs = 150 + 200 + 350 + 450 + 350

⇒ 1500

SSEs employed decreased by 20% = \(\frac{20}{100} \times 1500\)

SSEs employed decreased by 20% = 300

Total number of SSEs after decreased by 20% 

⇒ 1500 - 300 = 1200

Difference between ASEs and SSEs

⇒ 1320 - 1200 = 120

Number of ASEs be more than that of SSEs

Percentage = \(\frac{120}{1200}\times 100\)%

Percentage = 10%

∴ The percent of ASEs be more than that of SSEs is 10%

Given:

Number of software engineers in different companies.

Calculation:

We have,

ASE in company A = 150

ASE in company C = 200

Ratio of ASE in Company A and C = \(\frac{150}{200}\)

Ratio of ASE in company A and C = \(\frac{3}{4}\)

Ratio of ASE in company A and C = 3 : 4

∴ The ratio between the number of ASEs in Company-A and Company-C is 3 :4

Given:

Number of Software Engineers in different companies.

Formula Used:

Average = (Sum of all values) / (Total number of values)

Calculation:

Average of ASEs = \(\frac{150 + 350 + 200 + 250 + 150}{5}\)

Average of ASEs = \(\frac{1100}{5}\)

Average of ASEs = 220

Average of JSEs = \(\frac{100 + 100 + 150 + 250 + 250}{5}\)

Average of JSEs = \(\frac{850}{5}\)

Average of JSEs = 170

Difference between the average of ASEs and JSEs

⇒ 220 - 170

Difference = 50

∴ The difference between the average number of JSEs and the average number of ASEs is 50.

The correct answer is Modulator-Demodulator.

Key Points

Modem:

• It acts as a bridge between the internet/telephone line and the computer.
• It maintains a dedicated connection with the ISP to get the internet connection for home or business.
• The reason to use the modem for an internet connection is that both the internet and the computer take two different signals. It means that the internet sends the analog signal, but the computer system can only understand the digital signal.
• So, we need a device that can convert an analog signal to a digital signal and vice versa. To do this, we need a modem.
• A modem modulates the incoming analog signal from the internet to a digital signal and directs it to the computer, and vice versa.

That is why it is called a device that modulates or demodulates the signal or MODEM.

Key Points

Statement I: Entity theorists tend to explain failure in terms of a lack of ability. 

Entity theorists:

• The entity theory of intelligence refers to an individual's belief that abilities are fixed traits.
• For entity theorists, if the perceived ability to perform a task is high, the perceived possibility for mastery is also high.
• They tend to also believe that it is biologically based and a pervasive part of one's personality.
• They believe that even if people can learn new things their intelligence stays the same and will likely blame their intelligence and abilities for achievement failures.

Hence Statement I is correct.

Statement II: Incremental theorists tend to explain failure in terms of lack of effort. 

Incremental theorists:

• According to the Incremental Theory, intelligence is not fixed and can be improved through enough effort.
• They will blame lack of effort and/or strategy use that is possible to mediate negative outcomes.
• They will likely act out and improve the situations with more effort.

Hence Statement II is correct.

Therefore we conclude that Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Key Points

Project Gutenberg

• It is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks."
• It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library.

ibiblio

• It is a "collection of collections", and hosts a diverse range of publicly available information and open-source content, including software, music, literature, art, history, science, politics, and cultural studies. As an "Internet librarianship",
• ibiblio is a digital library and archive project.

Internet Archive

• It is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge".
• It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books.

Additional Information

 Microsoft Teams

• It is a proprietary business communication platform developed by Microsoft, as part of the Microsoft 365 family of products. Teams primarily compete with the similar service Slack, offering workspace chat and videoconferencing, file storage, and application integration

​Sakai LMS

• It is open-source software and provides a robust set of online learning features for higher education.
• It is a free, community source, an educational software platform designed to support teaching, research, and collaboration.
• It includes many of the features common to course management systems, including document distribution, a grade book, discussion, live chat, assignment uploads, and online testing.

Therefore, we conclude that the correct answer is A, C, and D only

Key Points 

Therefore the correct matching code is (A) - (III) (B) - (II), (C) - (IV), (D) - (I)

Key Points

Statement I: Random sampling may not be a practical strategy in the case of a rare kind of population. 

Random sampling

• It is a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being chosen.
• A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased representation of the total population.
• Random sampling ensures that results obtained from the sample should approximate what would have been obtained if the entire population had been measured.
• But in the case of a rare kind of population the sample taken might not represent the targetted population hence it may not be a practical strategy in case of it.
• The Snowball sampling technique is used when the target population is rare.

Hence statement I is correct.

Statement II: Stratified random sample is better than compared to simple random sample if the population is too heterogenous 

Stratified random sampling:

• It is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller sub-groups known as strata.
• The main advantage of stratified random sampling is that it captures key population characteristics in the sample.
• This method of sampling produces characteristics in the sample that are proportional to the overall population.
• Because it uses specific characteristics, it can provide a more accurate representation of the population by dividing it into different subsets, Stratified random sample is better than compared to simple random sample if the population is too heterogeneous.

Hence statement II is correct.

Therefore we conclude that both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

The correct answer is National Sample Survey Organization data.

Key Points

Secondary data:

• It refers to data that is collected by someone other than the primary user.
• It is basically Past data.
• Common sources of secondary data are
• Census data,
• tax records data
• Information collected by government departments, like National Sample Survey Organization data  or Election commission of India
• Organizational records and data that was originally collected for other research purposes.

Additional Information

 Primary data

• It refers to the first-hand data gathered by the researcher himself
• It is always specific to the researcher's needs.
• It is available in the Crude form or Raw form.
• Its examples include
• Surveys,
• Participants' diary
• observations,
• experiments,
• Archival data
• questionnaires,
• Oral narratives
• personal interviews, etc.

The correct answer is Connectivism and Connective knowledge.

A massive open online course (MOOC) or an open online course is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the Web.

Key Points

MOOC courses:

• The term MOOC was coined to refer to a course developed by Stephen Downes and George Siemens entitled Connectivism and Connectivity Knowledge in 2008.
• CCK08 was really meant as an experiment in connectivism rather than massive learning.
• Their intention was to exploit the possibility for interactions between a wide variety of participants made possible by online tools so as to provide a richer learning environment than traditional tools would allow.

Additional Information

• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence:
• It was started by  Peter Norvig and Sebastien Thrun in 2011
• Rhizomatic Learning:
• Deleuze and Guattari's principles of the rhizome were used to inform the design of a massive open online course (MOOC), Rhizomatic Learning.
• This invokes the biological metaphor of a rhizome, likening learning to the roots of a plant. The roots can spread out laterally and horizontally, consisting of a series of nodes, with no distinct center, beginning or end, and no defined boundary – the only restrictions to growth are those that exist in the surrounding habitat

Key Points

Assertion A: In experimental research, the effect of the independent variable is examined on the dependent variable. 

Experimental research

• It is a scientific approach to research, where one or more independent variables are manipulated and applied to one or more dependent variables to measure their effect on the latter.
• The effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables is usually observed and recorded over some time, to aid researchers in drawing a reasonable conclusion regarding the relationship between these 2 variable types.

Hence Assertion A  is correct

Reason R: Causal relation between two variables can be established only by the experimental method. 

Causal Research

• There are two research methods for exploring the cause-and-effect relationship between variables. These are experimentation (e.g., in a laboratory), and Statistical research.
• Experimentation Research:
• A causal relationship can be investigated by experimental research in order to determine if changes in one variable actually result in changes in another variable.
• Statistical research:
• In areas such as economics, most empirical research is done on pre-existing data, often collected on a regular basis by a government.
• Multiple regression is a group of related statistical techniques that control for (attempt to avoid spurious influence from) various causative influences other than the ones being studied.

Hence Reason R is true.

Therefore both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

Research design by Kerlinger :

• ​According to Kerlinger (1986) research design is a plan, structure, and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and to control variance.
• Three main criteria have been stated by Kerlinger (1995) that determine a good statement of the problem:

1. It focuses on the relationship between two or more variables in the research
2. It needs to be stated clearly and should lack any ambiguity and should be preferable in the form of a Question.
3. It should be possible to subject it to scientific or empirical testing.

Therefore the correct answer is A, D, and E only.

The correct answer is Upanaya (application)

Nyaya syllogism consists of five members or propositions where four propositions are considered as premises and the fifth one is the conclusion.

Aristotelian Syllogism is the form of inference that consists of the three terms (middle term, minor term, and major term) and categorical propositions.

Key Points 

The syllogism of Nyaya logic contains five propositions which are known as Avayvas.

• The first is Pratijna
• second is Hetu or the reason:
• The third is Udaharana, or the explanatory example,
• The fourth is upanayana or the application:
• The fifth is Nigamana or the statement of the conclusion
• Following is an example of it
• Socrates is mortal (Pratijna).
• Because he is a man (hetu).
• Whoever is a man is a mortal, e .g Pythagoras (Udaharana).
• Socrates is a man who is invariably a mortal (upanaya).
• Therefore Socrates is mortal (nigamana).
• If we compare it with the Aristotelian syllogism which has only three propositions, we will find that this Nyaya syllogism corresponds has five
• The Udharana (example) is a special feature of the Nyaya syllogism and illustrates the truth that the universal major premise is the result of a real induction based on the law of causation and that induction and deduction cannot be really separated. Again, while in the Aristotelian syllogism the major and the minor terms stand apart in the premises though they are connected by the middle term with each other,
• In the Nyaya syllogism, all three terms stand synthesized in the upanayana.
• The syllogism of nyaya logic contains five propositions which are known as Avayvas. The first is Pratijna or the proposition: the hill is on fire; second is Hetu, or the reason: because it smokes; third is Udaharana, or the explanatory example: whatever shows fire shows smoke, e. g kitchen; fourth is upanaya, or the application: so is this hill; fifth is Nigamana, or the statement of the conclusion: therefore the hill is on fire. Syllogism is a chain of arguments

The correct answer is All those who can vote are citizens 

Key Points

• "Only citizens can vote does not confer the meaning that "All those who are citizens shall vote "because persons under 18 years of age are citizens but can't vote, and of course, there are citizens who just don't bother to vote).
• It also does not confer the meaning that All those who are not citizens too shall vote as voting right is available to citizens only.
• It also does not confer the meaning that None but voters are not citizens which mean many people do not vote out of their choice which does not mean they are not citizens.

Therefore "Only citizens can vote" or "Citizens only are allowed to vote." means the true statement "All voters are citizens".

Key Points

• Non-volatile memory (NVM) is a type of computer memory that has the capability to hold saved data even if the power is turned off.
• Secondary storage is non-volatile storage.
• Unlike volatile memory, NVM does not require its memory data to be periodically refreshed.
• It is commonly used for secondary storage or long-term consistent storage.
• Video memory is memory on a video card and in some cases on the motherboard, that's accessible by the video and computer processor. Video memory found in graphics cards is volatile memory.
• Video random access memory (VRAM) is dedicated computer memory used to store the pixels and other graphics data as a frame buffer to be rendered on a computer monitor.
• In some systems this memory cannot be read/written using the same methods as normal memory; it is not memory mapped.

Therefore, the correct answer is A and B only.

Additional Information

• Cache memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory that provides high-speed data access to a processor and stores frequently used computer programs, applications, and data.
• It is the fastest memory in a computer, and is typically integrated onto the motherboard and directly embedded in the processor or main random access memory.
• Registers are temporary memory units that store data and are located in the processor, instead of in RAM, so data can be accessed and stored faster.

The correct answer is 'A' being given as True; 'O' is False 

Key Points

• The doctrine of the square of opposition originated with Aristotle in the fourth century BC
• The square of opposition is a group of theses embodied in a diagram.
• The theses concern logical relations among four logical form
• NAME FORM TITLE
• An Every S is P Universal Affirmative
• No S is P Universal Negative
• I Some S is P Particular Affirmative
• O Some S is not P Particular Negative
• So as we see in the diagram 'A' is given as True; 'O' is False i.e Two propositions are contradictory.
• 'E' is given as False; 'I' is True as they are contradictory.
• 'I' being given as True; 'E' is false as they are contradictory.

The correct answer is Argument ad Hominem.

Important Points

The fallacy of Argument ad Hominem (Attacking the person):.

• This fallacy occurs when, instead of addressing someone's argument or position, one irrelevantly attacks the person or some aspect of the person who is making the argument.
• Typically this term refers to a rhetorical strategy where the speaker attacks the character, motive, or some other attribute of the person making an argument rather than attacking the substance of the argument itself.
• So a person telling someone “ "Since you are yourself a meat-eater, you have no right to object to my hunting animals for sport" is irrelevantly attacking the second person on the basis of being a meat-eating aspect of the person who is making the argument. The second person in might be a meat eater but not necessarily not be a hunter.

Additional Information

Argument from Ignorance

• It asserts that a proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false or a proposition is false because it has not yet been proven true.
• For example, "Andrew can't prove he didn't eat the last jellybean, therefore he ate it.

Argument ad Populum ((appeal) to the public (or community)):

• It is a fallacious argument that is based on claiming truth or affirming something is good because the majority thinks so.
• Example: commercials like "the most widely sold..." or "America's favorite.

Appeal to Pity :

• It is a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting one's opponent's feelings of pity or guilt.
• It is a specific kind of appeal to emotion.

The vacuum tube is the key technology for making first-generation computers.

Key PointsVaccumTube:

• The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
• Lee De Forest developed the vacuum tube.
• A vacuum tube is a device generally used to amplify a signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space.​

Additional InformationTransistor-  It is an electronic component that can be used as an amplifier or as a switch. It is used to control the flow of electricity in radios, televisions, computers, and others.

Integrated Circuit- A small electronic circuit printed on a chip (usually made of silicon) contains many of its own circuits element.

Dual-Core CPU- Dual-core is a CPU that has two distinct processors that work simultaneously in the same integrated circuit. This type of processor can function as efficiently as a single processor but can perform operations up to twice as quickly. Because each core has its own cache, the operating system is able to handle most tasks in parallel.

Hence, the Vacuum Tube is the key technology for making first-generation computers.

Key Points The sequence of events that influenced the development of the internet in reverse chronological order are:

1. WWW Created at CERN- Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989 while working at CERN. The web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automated information-sharing between scientists in universities and institutes around the world.
2. DNS implemented- The Domain Name System (DNS) is the hierarchical and decentralized naming system used to identify computers reachable through the Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP) networks. The resource records contained in the DNS associate domain names with other forms of information.
3. TCP/IP implemented in ARPANET- ARPANET and the subsequent computer networks leading to the internet were not the product of a single individual or organization, nor were they formed at one time.
4. ARPA established- The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), an arm of the U.S. Defense Department, funded the development of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in the late 1960s. Its initial purpose was to link computers at Pentagon-funded research institutions over telephone lines.
5. Sputnik I Launched- Sputnik 1 was the first artificial Earth satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space program. It orbited for three weeks before its batteries ran out. The satellite then silently continued to orbit the planet for two months before it fell back into the atmosphere on the 4^th of January 1958.

Hence, the correct sequence is D, E, B, A, and C.

Key Points

Statement I: An inference is called kevala̅nvayi when it is based on a middle term, which is only positively related to the major term.

• When vyapti between the middle and the major term is derived from uniform agreement in presence alone, it is called Kevalanvayi inference.
• Here the knowledge of vyapti between the middle terms and major terms is arrived at only through the method of agreement in presence (anvaya) since there is no negative instance of their agreement in their absence.

Hence statement I is correct.

Statement II: In Kevala̅nvayi, the knowledge of vya̅pti between the middle and major terms are arrived at only through the method of agreement in presence.

• In this inference, the major premise is a universal affirmative proposition in which the predicate 'nameable' is affirmed of all knowable objects.
• the universal proposition is arrived at by simple enumeration of positive instances of agreement in the presence between the knowable and the nameable.

Hence statement II is correct.

Therefore we can conclude that both statements I and II are correct.

Key PointsAssertion A: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly evolving technology capable of transforming numerous areas of our lives.Internet of Things:

• The Internet of Things is the concept of connecting any device to the Internet and to other connected devices.
• The IoT is a giant network of connected things and people – all of which collect and share data about the way they are used and about the environment around them.
• The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

Hence, Assertion (A) is true.

Reason R: There are no issues of security, compatibility, and data privacy associated with IoT. 

There are many issues associated with IoT, some are listed below:

• Privacy issues with IoT: The passive nature of many IoT devices can make it difficult for individuals to be informed that their personal information is being collected.
• Collection, use, and disclosure of IoT data- The data collected from IoT devices generally come from sensors including microphones, accelerometers, and thermometers. Data from sensors such as these are often highly detailed and precise.
• De-identification of IoT data- The data collected by large IoT ecosystems like smart cities can be valuable for a range of purposes such as research or informing policy decisions. A common way to maximize the value of this data is to make it publicly available online.
• Consent- Consent is a common basis for organizations to use and disclose personal information. However, valid consent generally requires more than getting a user to click ‘I agree’. Meaningful consent has five elements: capacity, voluntary, current, specific, and informed. The IoT challenges each of these elements.
• Dependency on vendors- Organizations and individuals who use IoT devices are often dependent on the vendors or manufacturers of those devices to handle security and privacy issues through the delivery of software or firmware updates to fix security vulnerabilities.

Hence, there are many issues associated with IoT. Thus Reason (R) is false.

Therefore we can conclude that A is true but R is false

Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer.

Key Points 

Climate change may be due to internal processes and/or external forces.

 

The External Climate Forcing Processes are:

• Variations in the amount of energy received from the sun. About 30-40% of the UV energy from the sun is believed to be reflected back into space after hitting the earth's upper atmosphere, while the remaining 60-70% gets through to the earth. This ratio could change, however, due to variations in the sun’s characteristics from time to time, thus leading to changes to the global energy balance above and hence changes in our climate
• Variations in the earth’s orbit around the sun changes in the tilt of the earth’s axis, changes in the shape of the earth's orbit (i.e. eccentricity) and the shifting of the equinoxes (i.e. precession) play major roles in determining variations in the amount of sun’s energy reaching the earth and hence lead to variations in the earth’s climate (i.e. Climate Change).
• A volcanic eruption, lasting for a few days, emits large volumes of sulfur dioxide (SO2), water vapor, dust, and ash into the atmosphere that influence climatic patterns for years. The gases and dust particles partially block the incoming rays of the sun, leading to cooling

Hence, climate changes involve factors, both internal and external. External ones include Solar variability, Earth's orbit alteration, and Volcanic activity.

Additional InformationInternal factors involve oceans, continental drift, clouds, atmosphere, ice, snow, water cycle, etc.

Key PointsAssertion A: As a rule of thumb, sites of average wind speed of 8 m/s or above can be considered very good for electricity generation from wind turbines. 

• Regular turbines comfortably achieve speeds of 100mph, larger styles with heavier blades, reach speeds of 180mph.
• The speed at which the blades of a wind turbine spin is in direct relation to the velocity of the wind. Wind turbines are most efficient when the wind speed is high.
• Studies have found that average wind speeds in a particular location need to exceed at least 6–8 meters per second (m/s) for a small wind turbine to be economically viable.

Hence, Assertion (A) is true.

Reason R: For average wind speed < 8 m/s, the power produced is not very significant.

• Wind power is generated by the force wind exerts on the blades of a turbine, causing the turbine's shaft to rotate at a speed of 10 to 20 revolutions per minute (rpm).
• The rotor shaft is connected to a generator that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• A minimum wind speed (generally 12-14 km/h) to begin turning and generating electricity.
• 8m/s is equal to 28.80 km/h. This speed is more than the minimum speed required to turn the shaft and generate electricity.
• Average wind speed < 8 m/s, can be between 12km/h to 28.8km/h.

Hence, Reason (R) is false.

Hence, Assertion (A) is true, and Reason (R) is false.

Key Points

Aims of Vocationalization:

• The mission aims at the empowerment of youth, through imparting their technical skills and encouraging their self economical reliability.
• To empower youth through income-generating skills and entrepreneurship.
• Promote the youth to full participation, on the basis of equality with youth in economic opportunity and education.
• To develop and disseminate strategies that can be used in analyzing the local situation and developing innovative skills at the local level.
• To provide Quality Training to inculcate self-employment among the youth.
• To facilitate the development of skills that increase vocational and Training Opportunities.

Additional Information

• The term vocational education is general and includes every form of education that aims to the acquirement of qualifications related to a certain profession, art, or employment or that provides the necessary training and the appropriate skills as well as technical knowledge.
• The Indian Education Commission (1966) pointed out that vocationalization can bring education into a closer relationship with productivity.
• The National policy on Educating (1986) and its revised formulations gave stressed the introduction of systematic, well-planned, and rigorously implemented programs of vocational education.

Hence, The aim of vocationalisation of Education is to prepare students for a vocation along with regular general education.

Key PointsStatement I: The establishment of four big Engineering colleges in the East, West, South, and North of the country was recommended by N. R. Sarkar Committee.

• The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), it is now well known, have had their origins in the recommendations of the Sarkar Committee Report of 1948.
• The committee, chaired by NR Sarkar, had been appointed by “the Hon’ble Member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council, Department of Education, Health and Agriculture” in 1945 and its mandate was “to consider the development of Higher Technical Institutions in India.

Hence, Statement I is true.

Statement II: The All India Council for Technical Education was set up in November 1950. 

• The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) is a statutory body, and a national-level council for technical education, under the Department of Higher Education.
• It was established in November 1945 first as an advisory body and later on in 1987 given statutory status by an Act of Parliament.

Hence, Statement II is false.

Hence, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Hence, the correct answer is (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III) .

Key PointsAssertion A:  Chromium and Iron contamination is found in wastewater of some industries.

• Chromium is a potentially toxic metal occurring in water and groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources.
• Environmental contamination of Chromium and iron is gaining more consideration because it is widespread throughout the world with high levels in water and soil owing to natural and anthropogenic activities.
• These include mining and metal works, steel and metal alloys production, paint manufacturing, wood and paper processing, dyeing, and raising the chromium content in the wastewater.
• In addition, the fall out of ashes produced by the incineration of coal or municipal waste for energy generation and the production of second-generation fertilizers contribute to the elevated Chromium and iron content in soil and water.

Hence, Assertion (A) is true.

Reason R: The higher dose of Chromium and Iron can cause toxic effects in our body. 

• Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it.
• The toxic effects of these metals, even though they do not have any biological role, remain present in some of the other forms harmful to the human body and its proper functioning.
• They sometimes act as a pseudo-element of the body while at certain times they may even interfere with metabolic processes.
• Various public health measures have been undertaken to control, prevent and treat metal toxicity occurring at various levels, such as occupational exposure, accidents, and environmental factors.

Hence, Reason (R) is true but it is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

Key Points

 Blue baby Syndrome

• Infant methemoglobinemia is also called “blue baby syndrome.” It is a condition where a baby’s skin turns blue.
• This happens when there is not enough oxygen in the blood.
• Methemoglobinemia is a condition that some babies are born with (congenital) or some develop early in life.
• Infants under 12 months of age that eat foods high in nitrate or drink water with nitrate in it are more likely to have methemoglobinemia.
• Some health conditions, such as anemia, milk protein intolerance, severe metabolic acidosis, and urinary tract infections, can increase an infant’s risk of methemoglobinemia.
• ​Acquired methemoglobinemia is more common than the congenital form. It can be caused by exposure to a variety of substances and by some health conditions.

Hence, Blue baby Syndrome is due to Nitrate in water.

 

Additional Information

 Long-term exposure to low levels of inorganic arsenic in drinking water is known to cause human health problems including cancer, thickening, discoloration of the skin, problems with blood vessels, high blood pressure, heart disease, and nerve effects including numbness and/or pain.

Key Points

The noise levels in the Urban areas in the descending order-

• The L₁₀(t) is a statistical descriptor of the sound level exceeded for 10% of the time of the measurement period (t). It can be obtained using short-term measurements; however, it cannot be accurately added to or subtracted from other L10 measures or other descriptors. Typically, the L10 is about 3 dB(A).
• The L_EQ, descriptor accounts for noise fluctuations from moment to moment by averaging the louder and quieter moments and giving more weight to the louder moments. It represents the equivalent continuous sound pressure level over a given period of time.
• The L₉₀(t) is a statistical descriptor of the sound level exceeding 90% of the time of the measurement period (t). This is considered to represent the background noise without the source in question. Where the noise emissions from a source of interest are constant and the ambient noise level has a degree of variability, the L90 descriptor may adequately describe the noise source.

Hence, the correct sequence is A, C, and B.

 Additional Information Noise Pollution:

• Noise pollution is a serious threat to the quality of man's environment. Noise, by definition, is over-loud or disturbing sound.
• Sound levels are measured in decibels (dB). It is a unit for expressing the relative intensity of sound on a scale from 0 to 130.

Key Points

Teacher Education in National Education Policy, 2020

• Recognizing that the teachers will require training in high-quality content as well as pedagogy, teacher education will gradually be moved by 2030 into multidisciplinary colleges and universities.
• By 2030, the minimum degree qualification for teaching will be a 4-year integrated B.Ed. the degree that teaches a range of knowledge content and pedagogy and includes strong practicum training in the form of student-teaching at local schools.
• The 2-year B.Ed. programs will also be offered, by the same multidisciplinary institutions offering the 4-year integrated B.Ed., and will be intended only for those who have already obtained Bachelor ’s Degrees in other specialized subjects.
• These B.Ed. programs may also be suitably adapted as 1**-year B.Ed. programs, and will be offered only to those who have completed the equivalent of 4-year multidisciplinary Bachelor’s Degrees** or who have obtained a Master’s degree in a specialty and wish to become a subject teacher in that specialty.
• All such B.Ed. degrees would be offered only by accredited multidisciplinary higher education institutions offering 4-year integrated B.Ed. programs

Hence, only statements A, C, and E are true with respect to NEP, 2020.

Key PointsNational Education Policy (2020):

• The NEP 2020 is the first education policy of the 21^st century and replaces the thirty-four-year-old National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986.
• Built on the foundational pillars of Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability, and Accountability, this policy is aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and aims to transform India into a vibrant knowledge society and global knowledge superpower by making both school and college education more holistic, flexible, multidisciplinary, suited to 21^st century needs and aimed at bringing out the unique capabilities of each student.
• According to NEP 2020, The present complex nomenclature of HEIs in the country such as ‘deemed to be university, ‘affiliating university, ‘affiliating technical university', ‘unitary university’ shall be replaced simply by 'university' on fulfilling the criteria as per norms.

Hence, only Teaching universities, Research universities, and Autonomous degree-granting colleges are included in accordance with NEP 2020.

Therefore B, D, and E only are the correct options.

The correct answer is 'One month = one million years'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​   

"there have been men for only one million years, and there have been civilized men for about eight thousand years, at the outside. These figures are difficult to grasp; so let us scale them down. Suppose that we reckon the whole past of living creatures on the earth as one hundred years; then the whole past of man works out at about one month, and during that month there has been civilization for between seven and eight hours."

• In the given passage, the author is speaking about the evolution scale.
• He suggested scaling down the time scale to make it easier for grasping.
• Here the author has mentioned that there have been men for only one million years. In another statement, he has supposed the whole past of living creatures on the earth as one hundred years.

Hence, the Scale which the author uses for representing time is 'One month = one million years'

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is **'Civilized people have also engaged in fighting and bullying'

Key PointsLet's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​   

"Thus, mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life, and as I say, we must not expect too much. The past of man has been on the whole, a pretty beastly business, a business of fighting and bullying. We must not expect even civilized peoples not to have done these things. All we can ask is they will sometimes have done something else." 

• In the given passage, the author is speaking about the evolution of mankind.
• He has suggested that in the past humans have been fighting and bullying.
• Here the author meant is even after hundreds of years people even civilized men engage in fighting.

Hence, "We must not expect even civilized peoples not to have done these things". This observation suggests that civilized people have also engaged in fighting and bullying. 

Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is **'Very young to jellyfish.'

Key PointsLet's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​   

" Scientists reckon that there has been the life of some sort on the earth in the form of jelly-fish and that kind of creatures for about twelve hundred million years; but there have been men for only one million years, and there have been civilized men for about eight thousand years, at the outside." 

• In the given passage, the author is speaking about the evolution of mankind.
• As an example author has quoted that life in the form of jellyfish was one of the earliest on the earth.
• He has compared it with humans, the jellyfish came on earth about twelve hundred million years ago but there have been men for only one million years.
• Here the author is trying to say that man came very later than jellyfish in that respect man is very young to jellyfish.

Hence, If one compares the existence of jellyfish and man on earth, man is very young to jellyfish.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is *'*Human beings are still at the beginning of their life on this earth.'

Key PointsLet's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​   

" From the point of view of evolution, human beings are very young children indeed, babies, in fact, of a few months old. Scientists reckon that there has been the life of some sort on the earth in the form of jelly-fish and that kind of creatures for about twelve hundred million years; but there have been men for only one million years, and there have been civilized men for about eight thousand years, at the outside." 

• In the given passage, the author is speaking about the evolution of mankind.
• As an example author has quoted that life in the form of jellyfish was one of the earliest on the earth.
• From the viewpoint of evolution, the author is trying to say that man came very late into existence, hence he has referred to the man as a very young child.

Hence, from the point of view of evolution, "human beings are very young children indeed." The author says this, in order to show that human beings are still at the beginning of their life on this earth. 

Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is that **the 'Civilization process has just begun.'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​   

"The whole past of man works out at about one month, and during that month there has been civilization for between seven and eight hours. So you see there has been little time to learn in, but there will be oceans of time in which to learn better." 

• In the given passage, the author is speaking about the evolution of mankind.
• The author has scaled down the time scale, the whole past of man works out at about one month, and during that month there has been civilization for between seven and eight hours.

Hence, when the author says that there has been little time for man to learn that means the civilization process has just begun. 

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

Key Points 

Therefore we conclude that the correct matching code is (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)

The correct answer is Cultural meaning 

 Key Points

Connotation

• It refers to a meaning suggested or implied by the use of a particular word, beyond its literal (denotative), common or clear meaning.
• Connotation impacts how readers perceive the overall meaning of what a writer or speaker is trying to communicate.
• For example, blue is a color, but it is also a word used to describe a feeling of sadness, as in: “She's feeling blue.”
• Cultural connotations:
• Different cultures give words specific and particular signs, symbols, and cultural connotations. Only in a certain cultural environment can the word be correctly understood and furthermore the communication be successful.​

Additional Information 

• There are two kinds of barriers that occur with communication.
• Denotative barriers are those that are based on the actual meaning of words, while connotative barriers are those based on the associations people have with words.

The correct answer is the Attitude of listeners. 

Key Points

Attitudinal barriers :

• These are behaviors or perceptions that prevent people from communicating effectively.
• Attitudinal barriers to communication may result from personality conflicts, poor management, resistance to change, or a lack of motivation.
• Research shows that we generally only listen with about 25% efficiency.
• This means that about three-quarters of spoken communication is lost by the average person. Instead of giving the speaker our full attention, we may be formulating a reply, or making a judgment about what they are saying,
• The attitude of the listener is also affected by their Knowledge, income, education, or any other factor.
• Hence it is said that In communication, a major barrier to the reception of a message is the Attitude of listeners.

Additional Information A barrier to listening is anything that is physically or philologically hindering a person from recognizing, understanding, and accurately interpreting the message that one is receiving.

The correct answer is Mass Communication.

Important Points

Mass communication

• It is the process of imparting and exchanging information through mass media to large segments of the population.
• It is usually understood for relating to various forms of media, as its technologies are used for the dissemination of information, of which journalism and advertising are part.

Hence a notice about the auction of a car in a newspaper is an example of mass communication.

 Additional Information

• Group communication
• It is the act of sending and receiving messages to multiple members of a group. In a business environment, groups often use this type of communication to exchange ideas, determine goals and motivate other members
• Downward communication
• It is the act of relaying important information in a company or organization from higher levels to lower levels.
• Forms of downward communication may include notes, notices, memos, telephone conversations, voice mails, emails, or face-to-face conversations.
• Interpersonal communication
• It is an exchange of information between two or more people. This can be face-to-face but can also exist online or over the phone.

The correct answer is Internet 

Key Points

Digital marketing by the emergence of the internet:

• Digital marketing is the component of marketing that uses the Internet and online-based digital technologies such as desktop computers, mobile phones, and other digital media and platforms to promote products and services
• Digital marketing extends to non-Internet channels that provide digital media, such as television, and mobile phones. (SMS and MMS), callback, and on-hold mobile ring tones.

Hence the emergence of consumers who can control and even create media of their own and of producers who can easily track consumer responses is made possible by the internet.

Additional Information

• By changing the way people buy, the internet has changed marketing.
• As a result, businesses have had to change the way they market themselves and sell to take advantage of the latest technology and consumers' shopping habits.
• Consumers use the Internet in different ways to make different decisions.
• For example, consumers are more likely to seek the opinions of others through social media and product-rating sites when making choices that have a great deal of personal impact (e.g., healthcare options or major electronics purchases).

Key Points

Assertion A: Teachers should strive to avoid discussing complex issues:

• Teaching is never simple and it often involves complex and difficult parts to be taught which requires an understanding of pedagogical processes to develop the understanding that is required
• A complex concept in the curriculum of teaching is made up of intricate and interconnected ideas that require a deeper cognitive process.
• It’s not as simple as black and white and can take more effort to take apart and fully understand as it consists of several parts.
• Take for example Einstein’s theory of relativity or Jean-Paul Sartre’s concept of freedom which cannot simply be explained in just a few words.
• The most effective way to teach a complex concept a teacher is by identifying what is the most complex and taking the time to understand it, before communicating it to your learners.

​Hence Assertion A is false.

Reason R: Classroom communication should facilitate a movement from exploring simple issues to complex issues. 

• Productive conversations are created by asking and answering thoughtful questions.
• Asking open-ended questions can help move projects forward, encourage new ideas, solve complex problems, and delegate tasks. However, learning how to ask those questions is a skill.
• Take time to teach students about open-ended questions and be sure to provide plenty of examples.
• The most effective way to teach a complex concept is by identifying what is the most complex and taking the time to understand it, before communicating it to the learners. Once the concept is identified, break it down into its most simple steps.
• There is no need for long words or complicated definitions.

Hence Reason R is correct.

Therefore we conclude that the correct answer is A is false but R is true.

The positions of the letters according to the English alphabet series:

The pattern for this code is as follows;

Hence, "16R" is the correct answer.

Given:

Principal = Rs.10000

Amount = Rs.13310

The rate of interest is compounded half yearly.

r = 10% per half year

Time = T / 2years = T Half years

Formula Used:

A = P (1 + r / 100)^T

Distance = Speed × Time

Calculation:

Statement I:

We have

⇒ \()\(13310 = 10000(1 + \frac{10}{100})^T\)

⇒ \(\frac{13310}{10000} = (\frac{110}{100})^T\)

⇒ \((\frac{11}{10})^T = (\frac{1331}{1000})\)

⇒ \((\frac{11}{10})^T = (\frac{11}{10})^3\)

⇒ T = 3 half years

⇒ T = \(1\frac{1}{2}\) years.

Hence, Statement I is true.

Statement II:

Speed = 78 km / h 

Multiply by 5 / 18 to change into m / sec

Speed = \(78 \times \frac{5}{18}\) m / sec = \(\frac{65}{3}\) m / sec

Time = 1 minute = 60 seconds

Let the length of the tunnel be x meters.

Then, Distance = (800 + x)

⇒ \(\frac{800 + x}{60} = \frac{65}{3} \)

⇒ 3 (800 + x) = 3900

⇒ 2400 + 3 x = 3900

⇒ 3 x = 1500

⇒ x = 500 m

The length of the tunnel is 500 m.

Hence, the statement II is false.

∴ Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Shortcut Trick

Let the total capacity of the tank be the LCM of 6 hours and 10 hours (6 + 4) = 30 units.

Efficiency of the normal filling pipe = 30 ÷ 6 = 5 units/hr.

Efficiency of the filling pipe with leak = 30 ÷ 10 = 3 units/hr.

Efficiency of the leak = 5 − 3 = 2 units/hr (emptying).

Time taken by the leak to empty the tank = Total capacity ÷ Efficiency of leak = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 hours.

∴ The correct answer is 15 hours.

Alternate Method

Given:

Time taken by the normal filling pipe (Pipe A) to fill the tank = 6 hours

Time taken by the filling pipe along with the leak (Pipe A + Leak B) = 6 + 4 = 10 hours

Formula Used:

Total Work = Time × Efficiency

Calculations:

⇒ Efficiency of Pipe A = 5 units/hr

⇒ Combined efficiency of Pipe A and Leak B = 3 units/hr

⇒ Efficiency of Leak B = Combined efficiency − Efficiency of Pipe A

⇒ Efficiency of Leak B = 3 − 5 = −2 units/hr (Negative sign indicates emptying)

⇒ Time taken by Leak B to empty the tank = Total Work ÷ Efficiency of Leak B

⇒ Time = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 hours

∴ The correct answer is 15 hours.

Additional Information

Direct Formula for Leak Problems

If a pipe fills a tank in x hours and because of a leak it takes y hours, the leak can empty the full tank in (x × y) ÷ (y − x) hours.

Pipes & Cisterns Efficiency Rule

Inlet pipes have positive efficiency as they fill the tank. Outlet pipes or leaks have negative efficiency as they empty the tank.

Combined Work Concept

When multiple pipes operate together, their combined efficiency is the algebraic sum of their individual efficiencies.

Total students in class = 45

Rambabu Rank from Start = 18^th

Formula Used:

Rank from one side = Total - Rank from another side + 1 

So, 

Rambabu rank from end = Total student - Rambabu rank from front + 1

= 45 - 18 + 1

Hence, Rambabu is 28^th from the end.

Formula Used:

S.P = (100 + P) % of C.P

Calculation:

Statement A:  

Let Initial salary = x

Salary after decrement of 50% = \(x - \frac{50}{100}x\)

Salary after decrement = x - 0.5x = 0.5x

Salary after the increment of 50% = \(0.5 + \frac{50}{100}(0.5)x\)

Salary after the increment of 50% =  0.5x + 0.25x

Salary after the increment of 50% =  0.75x

Final salary = 0.75x

So, the initial salary and final salary are different.

Hence, the statement is incorrect.

Statement B: 64 % is equivalent to 16 / 25

⇒ \(\frac{64}{100}\)

⇒ \(\frac{16}{25}\)

Hence, the statement is correct.

Statement C:

Profit percent = 200%

S.P. = (100 + 200) % of C.P

S.P. = 300 % of C.P

S.P. = \(\frac{300}{100}\) × C.P

⇒ \(\frac{S.P.}{C.P.} = \frac{3}{1}\)

⇒ C.P : S.P = 1 : 3

Hence, the statement is incorrect.

∴ Statement B is correct and Statement A and C are incorrect.