UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 25 Sep 2020 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Teaching differs from training and conditioning in so far as it promotes critical thinking.

Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.

1. Teaching is more theoretical and abstract, while training (when done well) is more hands-on and practical.
2. Teaching seeks to impart knowledge and provide information, while training is intended to develop abilities.
3. For example, it is possible to teach someone about buoyancy, fluid dynamics, water displacement and coastline safety, but that knowledge will not make them a good swimmer.
4. Specific, practical, and applied training is necessary to use abstract knowledge to learn or master a skill. In many cases, teaching and training are complementary.
5. Vocational training programs often combine teaching and training quite nicely.

Therefore option 2 is the correct answer.

​Dialogic Teaching

• It harnesses the potential of talk to stimulate and extend pupil's thinking and advance their learning and understanding
• It is grounded in research on the relationship between language, learning, thinking, understanding, and observational evidence on what makes for good learning and teaching.
• In a Dialogic classroom students are not only deemed to provide factual answers instead they are encouraged to: narrate, explain, analyze, speculate, imagine, explore, evaluate, discuss, argue, justify and ask questions of their own
• Dialogic Teaching entails the open exchange of views and information in order to explore issues and handle problems.

It involves-

1. Interaction- which encourages students to think differently
2. Question- It stresses much more than simple recall
3. Answer- which are followed up and built rather than merely received
4. Feedback- which informs and leads further thinking
5. Contribution- that is extended rather than fragmented
6. Exchange- which binds together into a coherent and deepening line of exchange

From the above options, tutorials and group discussion harness the potential to talk in order to explore ideas.

Therefore option 1 is the correct answer.

​Effective Teaching

• Effective Teaching envisions Teacher to be a good, moral person - a role model who meets the community ideal for nurturing a good citizen, a good individual and good employee

• The key behavioral components that make effective teaching are Lesson clarity, instructional variety, Task orientation, active engagement in the learning process and student success rate.

• Lesson clarity - The ideas should be conveyed in sequential order so as to avoid confusion and ensure minimal distraction.

• Engagement in the learning process - Usage of IT tools in the instructional medium to create a vibrant and dynamic learning environment and the adoption of variation of voice and gestures should also be done to reinforce the concepts taught.

• Teacher task orientation - Faculty should be able to handle inevitable interruptions quickly and timely collection of study materials for course work should be done to organise lesson planning well and establish smooth transmission of lecture delivery.

Probing and Questioning - Teacher should draw out student responses by getting them to elaborate on their ideas through discussion and help them to discover the content and explore their own capabilities rather than being explicitly told. However, probing involving eliciting and soliciting moves and questioning may demotivate the learner and create a sense of nervousness which might ruin the classroom experience. Therefore, it cannot be considered as an effective teaching practices.

Therefore option 3 is the correct answer.

Social Competence is the infusion of socially appropriate behaviors in different contextual events as per the social expectations of the environment

• It is the ability to improve the interactions, social relationships by behavioral flexibility
• In Teaching methodology, it is influenced by the learning environment where stress is given on the ability to communicate and cooperate with each other
• Meaningful communication and cooperation among the classroom interactions which enhances the social competencies include a wide range of skills and curriculum such as Teamwork, Problem-solving, Decision making, Creativity or critical thinking, Maintaining relationships, and assertiveness among the immediate surroundings.
• Social competence allows for the development of personal growth, self-esteem, and respect for socially established human rights.

Thus, Motivation, social skills, and Family support are the factors contributing to school learning are termed social competence.

Therefore option 1 is the correct answer.

Research is a systematic way of investigation, a process of discovering new knowledge. Research is also considered as searching for and gathering information, usually to answer a particular question. Each research study has its own specific purpose.

Key Points

Action research 

• Its primary aim is to solve an immediate problem. It is cyclic in nature.
• It is a form of interpretive research to study human actions and social practices with the participation of the researcher.
• It is applied research, which is focused on immediate application, not to develop any theory for general applications.
• It refers to the application of research to educational problems in a particular classroom setting.

The Cycle of Action Research:

• Action Research achieves its goal by using a ‘cyclic research process’, where each cycle is made up of four phases - Plan, Act (implementing plans), Observe (systematically) and Reflect.
• It is a continuous cycle one can circle back to earlier phases within a cycle (e.g., cycle back and forth between reflection and planning).

Characteristics of Action Research:

• There is always room for improvement when it comes to teaching and educating others.
• The main traits of action research related to collaboration between teachers, educational managers, and members of the organization to solve problems.
• Possibility to gain in-depth knowledge about the problem.
• It can be used with quantitative as well as qualitative data.
• This research focuses on specific situations and their context.
• This type of research is facilitated by the participation and collaboration of a number of individuals with a common purpose.

Therefore, action research is intervention-based, cyclic in nature, and improvement-focused.

In Quantitative Research due consideration has to be given to the reliability and validity of research methods and the instruments of assessment.

Reliability determines how consistently a method accurately measures something. The same method is applied to the same sample under the same conditions to get the same result. If the result is not deciphered then the method of measurement seems imperfect and unreliable.

There are 4 major types of reliability.

Test-Retest -

• It measures the consistency of results by repeating the same test on the same sample at different points in time.
• It is used to examine how well a method resists the factor influencing the results over time. The smaller the difference between the two sets of results the higher is the test-retest reliability.
• The measures of the test-retest reliability are done by conducting the same test on the same group at two different points in time thereafter calculating between two sets of results.

Inter-Rater Method -

• It assesses the degree of agreement between the observers measuring the same thing.
• Data collected is assigned ratings, scores to one or more variables
• It measured by conducting the same measurement on the same sample and the correlation between their sets of results is examined. Similar ratings confirm high inter-rater reliability.

Alternative Form Method -

• It is the consistency of examiner's scores across varied versions of the test containing different problem testing the same types of objects at the same difficulty level
• Two equivalent (but differentiated) test are conducted, scores are correlated and a reliability coefficient is calculated
• The test is deemed reliable if the difference in one test observed scores correlates with a difference in an equivalent test's scores.

Split Half Method -

• It measures the internal consistency of a test.
• It assesses the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured
• The results of one half of a test are compared with the result of the other half
• If the two halves of the test show similar results then the test is said to be possessing internal reliability.

Therefore option 4 is the correct answer.

Hypothesis testing use sample data to make inference about the properties of a population study.

• Samples used are typically a minute proportion of the population thereby leading to misrepresenting the population to cause the hypothesis test to make an error.

There are two types of errors in hypothesis testing. They are Type 1 and Type 2 errors. Both relate to an incorrect conclusion about the null hypothesis.

• A type I error (false-positive) occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in the population; a type II error (false-negative) occurs if the investigator fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false in the population.
• Although type I and type II errors can never be avoided entirely, the investigator can reduce their likelihood by increasing the sample size (the larger the sample, the lesser is the likelihood that it will differ substantially from the population).
• The probability of Type 1 error is known as Alpha
• The probability of Type 2 error is known as Beta

Therefore option 1 is the correct answer.

Substantive research hypothesis:

• According to F.N. Kerlinger, A Hypothesis is a description of the relationship between two or more variables.
• A hypothesis is an idea that the researcher pre-establishes as the goal of the study and examines it and is replaced as a theory when the hypothesis is true in the study's conclusion
• Subject matter knowledge and theories lead to expectations regarding the type, strength, or possibly the sign of some of the associations and to hypotheses about relations that are only indirect.
• Such expectations and hypotheses picturing actual properties of observational units are called substantive research hypotheses or simply research hypotheses.
• It demonstrates that the researcher has some prior knowledge about the research study
• It provides direction for data collection and its interpretation
• In the evaluation of the hypothesis, it should be explained with the movement of study, the anticipated relationship between variables
• It must be testable and to be proven wrong. The study adopted techniques should be capable to test the hypothesis whether it is true or false
• The final decision on the research hypothesis may be reached indirectly by deciding the fate of the Null hypothesis.
• Here the Null hypothesis is not formulated beforehand.

Therefore A, B and E only is the correct answer.

Empirical Research:

• It is the process of gaining knowledge through direct or indirect observation and experience
• Induction is an important part of this research
• It is completely an evidence-based approach
• The collected data could be qualitative or quantitative
• This research study follow the steps

Inductive Research:

• It aims at developing a theory
• Specific observation to broad generalization
• It is a bottom-up approach
• Observation - pattern - observation - theory
• It aims at making a generalization from specific facts, and observations
• The conclusion is probabilistic
• It can be valid or invalid

Empirico - inductive research:

• In this type of research, the researcher collects empirical data for specific cases and generalize his/her research findings.
• Any non-probability sampling method could be applicable to this kind of research.
• Case study, narrative method, ethnographic probe, etc, are some of the examples

Therefore, Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Sampling is a process involved in the primary research method of data collection. The entire population can not be interviewed and it's a practically impossible and unfeasible way of assessment, therefore, sampling is done to select a few groups of people from the population which resembles the representative of each segment of the population.

There are a number of distinctive ways where one selects a sample to be interviewed or examined.

1. Simple Random Sampling : 

• It is a method by making a list of the people from which the sample of respondents(people to be interviewed) is selected. e.g. from a group of 100 listed people, a group of 30 might be selected from the list at random.

2. Systematic Sampling:

• It is a form of random sampling that involves drawing up a list of potential respondents and thereafter deciding a definite protocol to select the respondents from the list.
• The iteration of the selection of sampling is fixed. e.g. every 7^th person on the list would be selected as a respondent so that 17^th,27^th,37^th person and so on continues to be selected till the sample size reaches an end.
• The k – interval is obtained by N/n and the units are drawn using the same, where N is the population size and n is the desired sample size.

3. Dimensional Sampling:

• It is an extended form of quota sampling.
• The researcher takes into consideration several aspects and attributional features of the population to be studied.
• It is ensured that at least one person in the study should represent each segment of the population. e.g. out of 10 people, the researcher would ensure that he has interviewed 2 people of a certain gender,2 from a certain profession,2 from a particular income group,2 from a specific region,2 from the basis of language segment.

4. Snowball sampling:

• It is a non-probability sampling method where the samples possess traits that are rare to find.
• In it the subjects provide further referrals to recruit samples required for the study.
• It involves a primary data source nominating further potential data sources to be able to participate in the studies.
• Due to its heavy dependency on the referrals, it is also known as a chain referral sampling method.
• The technique goes on just like a snowball increasing in size till the time researcher has got sufficient data to analyze and thereafter conclusion results are drawn to make informed decisions.

Therefore option 2 is the correct answer.

The concept 'fraction of selection' in classroom communication is determined by the expectation of reward-related to Efforts needed.

• The formula of 'fraction of selection' has developed by Wilbur Schramm, the godfather of communication studies and research, in 1954
• At the first stage of development of 'Uses and Gratification Theory', a number of communication theories developed. 'Fraction of Selection ' is one of them.
• This formula helps to determine which form of mass media an individual would select.
• The formula helped to decide the amount of gratification an individual would expect to gain from the medium over how much effort they had to make to achieve gratification.
• The method is, Frequency of Activity = The expectation of reward / Effort required
• The main question is "How do readers decide what to read?"
• In the case of classroom communication, an individual has to select which offers he/she has needed.

Communication :

• Communication is the passing of information or sharing of ideas from sender to receiver.
• Latin word ‘communicare’ means ‘to share’ and another Latin word ‘communis’ means ‘common’.
• So the aim of sharing the idea is to establish a commonness with receivers.
• From the definition of the Oxford Dictionary, communication is ‘the transfer of conveying of meaning.’
• Communication can be classified based on the communication channel, verbal and non-verbal communication
• In verbal communication, a message is transmitted through words
• Non-verbal communication is wordless and unstructured
• Written communication is a type of verbal communication

Efficacy of written communication:

• The efficacy or working efficiency of written communication depends on three main factors, content, context, and the receiver.
• Five Cs of effective written communication:
• Connection - Good written communication forms a connection between the reader and the writer.
• Clarity - Effective written communication is clear and easy to understand.
• Cause - The cause or reason for writing needs to be clear to both the writer and the reader, including any specific actions you need from your audience.
• Conciseness - Good written communication sticks to the point and doesn’t meander around or include lots of extraneous information.
• Correctness - To be effective, written communication should use the correct tone, inoffensive language, and appropriate grammar.

Therefore, the Efficacy of written communication depends upon Editing after writing, Brevity in sentences, and Effective use of words

​

• Lengthy presentation: it takes more time and disfavor to read
• Complex sentence structure: it makes the communication more complex and the content ill-defined to the receiver
• Use of strong words: sometimes use of bombastic words become a ba rrier to a clear understanding of the writing​

Methods of teaching:

• It is the pedagogy and general principles use for instruction
• The strategy has to be set up based on the educational philosophy, students learning capacity, subject matter, and the classroom demography.
• Sometimes infrastructure plays an important role in the teaching method.

Based on the role of the instructor and the learner it can be three types 

• Teacher centered method
• Student method
• Mixed method

• In the case of the teacher-centered method, the teacher plays a dominating and active role in the class. So students become a passive participant.
• But always a teacher tries to ensure students achievement to motivate them
• In a classroom, it is very important for an instructor to understand the individual difference to achieve the desired learning outcome
• To facilitate all the students and attract them towards learning a teacher tris to use different interactive techniques
• It includes some steps like- design, content selection, delivery, assessment, and reflection.
• The teacher has complete knowledge of the subject matter as well as how to transfer it for the students.
• Teaching aim to bring changes in learner and motivate learner by helping them how to think

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

The term ‘Communication’ is derived from the Latin “Communis”, which means - ‘to make common’, ‘to share’ or ‘to transmit’. Communication is a two-way process in which participants not only exchange ideas and information but also share mutual understanding. It can be broadly divided into four types based on the size of a social group.

Therefore, option 4 is the right answer.

• Personality conflicts in a classroom situation are a barrier to effective interaction

• Factors include the life experiences, emotions, attitudes, behavior that hinders the ability of a person to communicate.

• Personality refers to the differences in feeling, thinking, and behaving style.

• In a classroom individual differences is an important factor. Sometimes it acts as a barrier for uniform teaching methods and desired outcomes.

• There are two sides of personality conflict in the classroom,  understanding individual differences (sociability or irritability), and understanding how the various parts of a person come together as a whole.

• The most common personal barriers to effective classroom communication are depicted hereunder

• All these problems could be solved by personal communication which invariably considered the best solution in a classroom environment.

• Impersonal communication is a type of interaction that is based on superficial roles with conversations based on informal and superficial topics.

Communication: It is a process of passing or sharing information from the sender to the receiver or target group. There are various types of communication,

1. Intrapersonal communication: communication with own
2. Interpersonal communication: communication between two persona
3. Group communication: communication within a group
4. Impersonal communication: It is an informal communication based on the social role
5. Mass communication: it is communication with a large number of people.

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is false.

The correct answer is Social obligations.

Key Points

• From the passage, 'Marketers are reexamining their relationships with social values and responsibilities and with the very Earth that sustains us. As the worldwide consumerism and environmentalism movement mature, today's marketers are being called on to develop sustainable marketing practices. Corporate ethics and social responsibility have become hot topics for almost every business.​' This indicates that marketers are now focusing on social obligation.
• Therefore, Option 2 is correct.
• Other options don't make sense with the current focus of marketers.

The correct answer is Corporate ethics.

Key Points

• From the passage, 'Corporate ethics and social responsibility have become hot topics for almost every business. And few companies can ignore the renewed and very demanding environmental movement. Every company action can affect customer relationships. Today's customers expect companies to deliver value in a socially and environmentally responsible way.​' indicates that corporate ethics plays an important role in society, companies that accept the responsibility and work for sustainable marketing is good for the society and companies that merely concentrate on making money will eventually be caught in the eyes of the society.
• Hence, the concerns for today's society centers on corporate ethics.
• Therefore, Option 3 is correct.
• Option 1: Marketing strategies are not mentioned in the passage.
• Option 2: Customer relations are important but in the passage, we are talking about the bigger picture like corporate ethics which has a huge impact.
• Option 4: Delivery for the value of money is out of the context (passage), as today's customers expect companies to deliver value in a socially and environmentally responsible way.

The correct answer is Sustainable marketing​.

Key Points

• From the passage, 'Forward-looking companies, however, readily accept their responsibilities to the world around them. They view sustainable marketing as an opportunity to do well by doing good.' indicates that farsighted companies see sustainable marketing as an opportunity.
• Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• Other options are opposite to the view put by the authors in the given passage.

The correct answer is Doing good to community as an opportunity​.

Key Points

• From the passage, 'Forward-looking companies, however, readily accept their responsibilities to the world around them. They view sustainable marketing as an opportunity to do well by doing good.' It is clear that Sustainable marketing is used to do good to the community.
• Hence, Option 3 is correct.
• Other options are opposite to the view put by the authors in the given passage.

The correct answer is B and C only.

Key Points

• From the passage, the last sentence, we have **'Some companies such as Patagonia, Ben & Jerry's. Timberland, Method, and others, practice caring capitalism, setting themselves apart by being civic-minded and responsible. They build social linkages.' It is clear that 'caring capitalism' is something that involves being civic-minded and Forging social linkages.
• Hence, statement B and C are correct.
• Statement A and D are referring to the companies that resist the environmentalism movement. Which are opposite to caring capitalism.

Given:

First number is twice the second means second number is half of first

And First number is half of the third means third number is twice of first

Average of first 3 numbers = 56

Calculation:

Let the first number be x

Second number = x/2

Third number = 2x

Average of three number x, x/2 and 2x = 56

⇒ (x + x/2 + 2x)/3 = 56

⇒ (7x/2)/3 = 56

⇒ x = 336/7 = 48

Difference between first and third number = 2x - x = x

∴ Difference between first and third number = 48

The logic is:

Hence, ‘82’ is the correct answer.

The pattern followed here is:

According to the alphabetical positions of the letters,

Hence, ‘efgj’ is the correct answer.

Concept:

Speed:

Speed is the distance travelled per unit of time. Speed is the scalar quantity that is the magnitude of the velocity vector.

It is given by

\(Speed \ = \ \frac{Distence}{time}\)

SI unit of speed is m/s, and the relation between m/s and km/hr is given by

\(1 \ m/s\ = \ (\frac{18}{5})\ Km/hr\)

Calculation:

According to the question, there is a total of 31 pole. Hence,

Number of gaps between 31 telephone posts = 30

Since poles are at equal intervals of 50 m. Therefore,

Distance between the 31 telephone = 30 × 50 m = 1500 m

Time taken to cross these posts = 1 minute = 60 seconds

Now, speed of the train = \(\frac{1500}{60}\ =\ 25\ m/s\)

\(\Rightarrow \ Speed\ =\ 25\ \times \frac{18}{5}\ =\ 90\ Km/hr\)

Hence, the speed of the train is 90 km/hour.

Given:

Principal, p = Rs. 50,000

Time = 1 years

Compounded half yearly, n = 2

Rate, r = 10/2 = 5%

Formula used:

Amount = Principal × [1 + r/100]ⁿ 

Amount = Principal + Interest

Calculation:

Amount = 50,000 × [1 + 5/100]²

⇒ Amount = 50000 × 21/20 × 21/20 

⇒ Amount = 125 × 21 × 21

⇒ Amount = Rs. 55,125

Amount = Principal + Interest

⇒ 55,125 = 50,000 + Interest

⇒ Amount of interest = Rs. 5,125

∴ The amount of interest is Rs. 5,125.

Naya Philosophy:

• It is one of the six systems of Indian philosophy
• Gautama is the main proponent of Naya philosophy
• It is a philosophy of atomistic pluralism and logical realism.
• The four Pramanas of Naya philosophy is perception, inference, analogical reasoning, and testimony.

There are five members of Naya syllogism. These are

1. Pratigya or proposition: the logical statement which is to be proved
2. Hetu or reason: the reason for the establishment of a proposition
3. Udaharana: universal concomitance together with an example
4. ​Upanaya: the application of universal concomitance to the present case
5. Nigmam: the conclusion is drawn from the preceding proposition

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct sequential order of a comprehensible sentence in Nyaya philosophy

1. Akansha
2. Yogyata
3. Sanniddhi
4. Tatparya

Naya Philosophy:

• It is one of the six systems of Indian philosophy
• Gautama is the main proponent of Naya philosophy
• The four Pramanas of Naya philosophy is perception, inference, analogical reasoning, and testimony.

Verbal testimony:

• A sentence that is a means of valid knowledge is called verbal testimony.
• It is the fourth kind of valid knowledge in Nyaya philosophy, it is called Sabda or agama or authoritative verbal testimony.
• It is defined as the statement of a trustworthy person (aptavakya) and consists in understanding its meaning.
• A sentence is defined as a collection of words and a word is defined as that which is potent to convey its meaning.
• The power in a word to convey its meaning comes, according to ancient Nyaya, from God, and according to later Nyaya, from the long-established convention.
• Verbal testimony can be classified into two,Vaidika and secular (laukika).
• A sentence in order to be intelligible must conform to certain conditions. These conditions are four:

1. Akanksa: It is mutual implication or expectancy.  A mere aggregate of unrelated words will not make a logical sentence. It will be sheer nonsense, eg., ‘cow horse man elephant’.
2. Yogyata:  it is a contradictory sentence. It is the condition of consistency. For e.g., ‘water the plants with fire’,
3. Sannidhi: The third condition is the close proximity of the words to one another. It is defined as contiguity. If the words ‘bring’, ‘a’, ‘cow’ are uttered at long intervals they would not make a logical sentence.
4. Tatparya: The validity of a sentence depends on its purport, not on its literal meaning. It is the condition of the intention of the speaker. For e.g., the word’ saindhva’ means salt as well as a horse.

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

Anumana:

• This word is derived from two Sanskrit words, 'Anu' means after and 'Mana' means measurement. So it means measuring after something.
• Anumana is the knowledge after proof.
• Anumana is a means of knowledge or one of the six types of Pramans in Indian Philosophy.

There are thr​ee types of Anumana

• Puvovat anumana
• Sesvat anuman
• Samanayatodrasta anumana

Therefore, 'To infer rain in the past by perceiving muddy water in the pond', is Sesvatanuman.

The fallacy (hetvabhasha) produced in the conclusion due to the repudiation (to refuse to accept ) of Sadhya by Hetu is known as Viruddha.

Fallacy (hetvabhasha):

• It is a middle term or appears to a reason but not a valid reason.
• There are five fallacies lead by the violation in fallacies of inference. These are

1. Savyabhichara
2. Viruddha
3. Satpratipaksha
4. Asiddha
5. Badhita

We have to find two sentences in such a way that they cannot be true together.

A. All men are honest → Universal affirmative.

B. No men are honest → Universal negative.

C. Some men are honest →  Partial affirmative.

D. Some men are not honest → Partial negative.

Universal affirmative and Universal negative form complementary pairs. So they can't occur together.

Only A and B are forming complementary pairs.

Hence, the correct answer is "Only A and B".

Key Points

There are four types of the categorical proposition:

The Square of Opposition

When two categorical propositions are of different forms but share exactly the same subject and predicate terms, their truth is logically interdependent in a variety of interesting ways, all of which are conveniently represented in the traditional "square of opposition."

There are four ways in which propositions may be opposed as Contradictories, Contraries, Sub-contraries, Subalterns, and Superalterns.

Total interest from 2015 to 2019 = 23.4 + 32.5 + 41.6 + 36.4 + 49.4 

Average = Sum of all the Interest/Total number of years

Average = 183.3/5 = 36.66

Total amount of bonus paid from 2015 to 2019 (in lakhs) = 3 + 2.52 + 3.84 + 3.68 + 3.96

So, total bonus amount = 17 lakhs

The total amount of salary paid during 2015 to 2019 = 288 + 342 + 324 + 336 + 420

So, total salary paid = 1710 lakhs

∴ Required approximate percentage = (17/1710) × 100 = 0.994% ≈ 1%

∴ The total amount of bonus paid by the institution during the given period is approximately 1% percent of the total amount of salary paid during this period?

Total expenditure on all in 2015 (in lakhs) = 288 + 98 + 3 + 23.4 + 83

So, Total expenditure in 2015 = 495.4 lakhs ≈ 495 lakhs

Total expenditure on all in 2019 (in lakhs) = 420 + 14 + 3.96 + 49.4 + 98

So, Total expenditure in 2019 = 585.36 lakhs ≈ 585 lakhs

∴ Required approximate percentage = (495/585) × 100 ≈ 84.6%

∴ Total expenditure on all these items in 2015 was approximately 84.6% of the total expenditure in 2019

The total expenditure of the institution on these items during the year 2017 = Sum of all the expenditures in 2017

Sum of all the expenditures in 2017 (in lakhs) = 324 + 101 + 3.84 + 41.6 + 74

∴ The total expenditure of the institution on these items during the year 2017 = 544.44 lakhs

Expenditure on taxes in 2016 = 108 lakhs

Expenditure on taxes in 2018 =  88 lakhs

Ratio between these two Expenditures = 108 : 88 = 27 : 22

The correct answer is Read-Only Memory

Key Points

• ROM stands for Read-Only Memory.
• ROM is a storage device that is used with computers and other electronic devices.
• Data stored in ROM may only be read.
• ROM is used for firmware updates, which means It contains the basic instructions for what needs to happen when a computer is powered on.
• Firmware is also known to as BIOS, or basic input/output system.
• ROM is non-volatile storage, which means the information is maintained even if the component loses power.
• ROM is located on a BIOS chip which is plugged into the motherboard.
• ROM is a type of memory circuitry that holds the computer's startup routine.
• The ROM BIOS tells the computer how to access the hard disk, find the operating system, and load it into RAM.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the connectivity of physical objects such as vehicles, devices, buildings, and electronics, and the networks that allow them to interact, collect and exchange data.

1. Things have evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems.
2. Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to enabling the Internet of things.
3. In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with products pertaining to the concept of the "smart home300", including devices and appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems and cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers.
4. IoT can also be used in healthcare systems.

The file extension of Microsoft (MS) word document in office 2007 is .docx.

1. DOCX is part of Microsoft Office Open XML specification (also known as OOXML or OpenXML) and was introduced with Office 2007.
2. DOCX is a zipped, XML-based file format.
3. Microsoft Word 2007 and later use DOCX as the default file format when creating a new document.
4. Support for loading jand saving legacy DOC files is also included (Docx – Word document).

• DOC – Legacy Word document.
• JPG (or JPEG), is a popular file format used for images and graphics—especially on the internet.
• PNG stands for “Portable Graphics Format”. It is the most frequently used uncompressed raster image format on the internet.

The number system is a way to represent or express numbers. You have heard of various types of number systems such as the whole numbers and the real numbers. But in the context of computers, we define other types of number systems. They are:

• The decimal number system
• The binary number system
• The octal number system and
• The hexadecimal number system

Binary Number System:

1. A binary number system is one of the four types of number system.
2. In computer applications, where binary numbers are represented by only two symbols or digits, i.e. 0 (zero) and 1(one).
3. The binary numbers here are expressed in the base-2 numeral system.
4. For example, (101)2 is a binary number. Each digit in this system is said to be a bit.

Here we will show you step-by-step how to convert the decimal number 9 to binary.

Step 1) Divide 9 by 2 to get the Quotient. Keep the Whole part for the next step and set the Remainder aside.

Step 2) Divide the Whole part of the Quotient from Step 1 by 2. Again, keep the Whole part and set the Remainder aside.

Step 3) Repeat Step 2 above until the Whole part is 0.

Step 4) Write down the Remainders in reverse order to get the answer to 9 as a binary.

Important Points

Here we will show our work so you can follow along:

Therefore, Binary equivalent of decimal number 9 is 1001.

International development is a multi-disciplinary context of human development which seeks to implement long-term solutions to problems by helping developing countries create the necessary capacity needed to provide such sustainable solutions to their problems. One such programme was the MDGs.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):

• In September 2000, world leaders came together at the United Nations Headquarters in New York to adopt the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
• The Declaration committed nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty and set out a series of eight time-bound targets, with a deadline of 2015, that came to be known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
• The aims of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries.

These 8 MDG Goals were:

1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for the development

Therefore, from the above explanation, we can conclude that Human rights was NOT an issue to be addressed under Millenium Development Goals.

The correct answer is 2013.

Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan, commonly known as RUSA, is a centrally sponsored scheme of the Indian government for the development of higher education in India.

• It is a holistic scheme of development for higher education in India.
• It was initiated in 2013 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (Now Ministry of Education), Government of India.
• The main objective of RUSA is to improve the overall quality of higher education by establishing facilitative institutions in underserved areas of the country.
• The portal is a one-stop for the States’ Higher Education Plans, the decision of the States’ Higher Education Councils.
• It focuses to ensure equity in higher education by promoting the inclusion of women, tribals, minorities, differently-abled persons, socially disadvantaged and economically weaker sections, etc.

Hence, Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), a Centrally Sponsored Scheme aiming at providing strategic funding to eligible higher educational institutions, was launched in 2013.

Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER):

1. Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) or Gross Enrolment Index (GEI) is a statistical measure used in the education sector, and formerly by the UN in its Education Index, to determine the number of students enrolled in school at several different grade levels (like elementary, middle school and high school), and use it to show the ratio of the number of students who live in that country to those who qualify for the particular grade level.

2. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), describes "Gross Enrolment Ratio" as the total enrolment within a country "in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population in the official age group corresponding to this level of education".

3. The Higher Education GER (18-23 age group) in India for the year 2018-19 is 26.3.

4. This is an increase over the previous year and is in line with the increasing trend over the years. In 2014-15, it was 24.3.

5. While higher education GER in India is on an increasing trend, it stills lags when compared with other countries.

6. The age group for higher (tertiary) education is 18-22 years internationally.

7. When calculated as per the international standard, the higher education GER for India would be 30.6%.

8. While it is higher than Pakistan (9) and Bangladesh (21), it is comparatively less than other countries in Asia – China (51), South Korea (94), Malaysia (45), Indonesia (36), Iran (70), etc. Globally, the USA’s higher education GER is 88, UK’s is 60, Germany is at 70 and Canada’s is 69, etc.

Therefore, option 3 is the right answer.

The digital revolution brought about innovative changes in the field of education. Several initiatives have been launched by the Ministry of HRD to support the same. These digital initiatives can revolutionize the complete education scenario in the coming future. 

Various Digital Initiatives:

Therefore, A-IV, B - III, C - II, D - I is the right answer.

Assertion A: In the contemporary environmental discourse, small hydropower plants are preferred over large hydropower plants.

• Small hydropower plants usually set up to serve a comparatively small area or community or industry.
• Large hydropower plants are not considered as the source of clean and sustainable use
• In the seventh MDG "Ensure Environment and Sustainability", sustainable energy support for small businesses get emphasized.
• It includes investing in clean energy, making infrastructure improvements, increasing access to sanitation, offering technical assistance, and promoting ecosystem-based solutions.

​Reason R: Installation of a small hydropower plant is less capital intensive compared to a large hydropower plant.

• As most small hydropower schemes are run-of-river or integrated within an already existing water infrastructure, the effect on the local environment is minimal.
• Run-of-river systems return water to streams, thus minimizing the impact on stream ecosystems, while systems integrated into existing infrastructure merely make use of existing water flows.
• Small hydropower is a non-polluting, renewable energy source.
• Unlike large hydropower schemes, small hydropower does not necessitate a reservoir.
• It does not lead to pollution through methane production, a potent Greenhouse gas.
• Small hydropower schemes take up little space. Because no reservoir is created, there is minimal impact on nearby communities with respect to displacement.

Therefore it can be said that Both A and R are correct, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A as there are many benefits to small hydropower plants, less capital intensive being one of them.

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has proposed a new set of fines between Rs 1,000 and Rs 1 lakh for those who violate norms restricting noise pollution under the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.

Unremitting loud construction activity, loudspeakers at functions and processions, honking at odd hours — all contributors to noise pollution and violations under the law — can, thus, burn holes in the pockets of those who violate the norms.

The permissible noise level in India:

The CPCB has laid down the permissible noise levels in India for different areas. Noise pollution rules have defined the acceptable level of noise in different zones for both daytime and night time.

1. In industrial areas, the permissible limit is 75 dB for daytime and 70 dB at night.
2. In commercial areas, it is 65 dB and 55 dB, while in residential areas it is 55 dB and 45 dB during daytime and night respectively.

Therefore, day time noise standard prescribed for residential areas in India is 55 dB.

The correct response is A and D only.

Key Points

Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons:

• Substances containing chlorine and bromine, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons, are major contributors to ozone depletion.
• When these chemicals are released into the atmosphere, they undergo chemical reactions, particularly in the stratosphere, where the ozone layer is located. Chlorine and bromine atoms released from these compounds catalytically destroy ozone molecules, leading to ozone depletion.

Excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers:

• While nitrogen-containing fertilizers contribute to environmental issues such as water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, they are not directly linked to ozone depletion.
• However, nitrogen oxides released from agricultural activities can indirectly affect the ozone layer by contributing to the formation of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere, which can lead to ozone depletion in certain conditions.

Additional Information 

Emissions from thermal power plants:

• While emissions from thermal power plants contribute to air pollution and climate change through the release of greenhouse gases and particulate matter, they are not directly linked to ozone depletion.
• Ozone depletion primarily occurs due to chemical reactions involving ozone-depleting substances in the stratosphere, rather than emissions from power plants.

Combustion of urban waste:

• The combustion of urban waste can release various pollutants into the atmosphere, including greenhouse gases, particulate matter, and toxic chemicals.
• However, it is not a significant contributor to ozone depletion. Ozone depletion is primarily driven by the release of ozone-depleting substances containing chlorine and bromine.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) makes up the vast majority of greenhouse gas emissions from the sector, but smaller amounts of methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are also emitted. These gases are released during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, to produce electricity.

According to World Green House Gas Emission Data, the correct sequence of countries in decreasing order of their contribution to global carbon dioxide emissions is China, USA, India, Russia, Japan.

Therefore, the correct matching is C, D, B, A.

Value education:

• According to John Dewey, (1966) "Value education means primarily to prize to esteem to appraise, holding it dear and also the act of passing judgment upon the nature and amount of its value as compared with something else."
• It is a process or function which give moral value to each other
• Value education help in developing personality.
• Development of behavior, attitude and moral quality make good citizen and integrity.
• Value education can be described as implicit and explicit education.
• Implicit education is dealing with learners and their learning
• Explicit value education is related to the teaching and instruction
• The values are like 
• Human Value
• Social Value
• Professional Value
• Religious Value

Key Points

• Value education is a many-sided endeavor and in an activity during which young people are assisted by adults or older people in schools, family homes, clubs, and religious and other organizations, to make explicit those underlying their own attitudes, to assess the effectiveness of these values for their own and others long term well-being and to reflect on and acquire other values which are more effective for long term well-being.

• The following diagram is showing the components of value education

• Helps in the integral development of a student

• It talks about rewards and punishments for one's own actions

• Students investigate and explore their own inner self

• Helps students to become practical, responsible, and overall a good person

• Value education makes the people able to understand the religious faith and their differences

• Development of social skills, working skills, mold life, and personality.

Therefore, C, D, and E only is the correct answer.

Takshashila or Taxila :

• Takshashila was a noted centre of learning, including religious teachings of Buddhism.
• It continued to attract students from around the world until its destruction in the 5^th century CE.
• It was known for its higher education and the curriculum comprised the study of ancient scriptures, law, medicine, astronomy, military science and the eighteen silpas or arts.
• Among its noted pupils were the legendary Indian grammarian, Panini.
• Panini was an expert in language and grammar and authored one of the greatest works on grammar called Ashtadhyayi.
• Jivaka, one of the most renowned physicians in ancient India, and Chanakya (also known as Kautilya), a skilled exponent of statecraft, both studied here.
• Students came to Takshashila from Kashi, Kosala, Magadha and also from other countries in spite of the long and arduous journey they had to undertake.
• Takshashila was an ancient Indian city, which is now in north-western Pakistan.
• It is an important archaeological site and the UNESCO declared it to be a World Heritage Site in 1980.
• Archaeologist Alexander Cunningham discovered its ruins in the mid-19^th century.

The explanation of the above two statements:

• The total number of mobile users in India is increasing rapidly, it was 250.66 million in 2015 and it becomes 696.07 million in 2020.
• The percentage of internet users increases by 40% in the last decade.
• With the growing demand for smartphones and internet facilities, people trying to have more trendy versions.
• For this reason, mobile phone companies trying to allow more facilities in affordable money.
• The price of the mobile phone is gradually decreasing in terms of facilities.
• The percentage of change is rapid in rural areas than in urban areas in terms of the number of users.

Therefore, Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.