UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 23rd Oct 2022 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Concept Used:-

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. Suppose, 20 number is x% of y. Then, the relation between x and y can be given as,

The percentage is the number or ratio which can be expression in the fraction of hundred.

For example, if we have to find out the x% of 50. Then, we have to divide x with 100 and multiplied with 50.

Explanation:-

Population of city C =

Population of city B =

So, the required percentage,

Thus, the population of City 'C' is 20% less than the population of City 'B'.

Hence, the correct option is 3.

Concept Used:-

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. Suppose, 20 number is x% of y. Then, the relation between x and y can be given as,

\(\dfrac{x}{100}\times y=20\)

The percentage is the number or ratio which can be expression in the fraction of hundred.

For example, if we have to find out the x% of 50. Then, we have to divide x with 100 and multiplied with 50.

\(x% \text{ of }50=\dfrac{x}{100}\times50\)

Explanation:-

Total males in City D,

\(\Rightarrow \dfrac{45}{100}\times\dfrac{100}{100-45-25}\times3600=5400\)

Difference between the number of literate males and number of illiterate males of City 'D',

\(\Rightarrow \rm Difference \ =\dfrac{11}{11+7}\times5400-\dfrac{7}{11+7}\times5400\ \Rightarrow \rm Difference \ =(11-7)[\dfrac{1}{11+7}\times5400]\\ \Rightarrow \rm Difference \ =(4)[\dfrac{1}{18}\times5400]\ \Rightarrow \rm Difference \ =1200 \)

So, the difference between the number of literate males and number of illiterate males of City 'D' is 1200.

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Concept Used:-

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. Suppose, 20 number is x% of y. Then, the relation between x and y can be given as,

\(\dfrac{x}{100}\times y=20\)

The percentage is the number or ratio which can be expression in the fraction of hundred.

For example, if we have to find out the x% of 50. Then, we have to divide x with 100 and multiplied with 50.

\(x% \text{ of }50=\dfrac{x}{100}\times50\)69

Explanation:-

Total female population is city C \(=\frac{8000}{0.5} \times 0.35=5600\)

The sum of Male and transgender population in the city D,

\(\Rightarrow \frac{3600}{0.3} \times[0.7]=8400\)

Suppose, female population in City 'C' is x% less than the sum of male and transgender population of City 'D'. Thus,

\(\Rightarrow x=\frac{8400-5600}{8400} \times 100\ \Rightarrow x=\frac{2800}{84} %\ \Rightarrow x =\frac{100}{3} %\ \Rightarrow x=33 \frac{1}{3} %\)

So, the Female population in City 'C' is 33\(\frac{1}{3}%\) less than the sum of male and transgender population of City 'D'.

Hence, the correct option is 2.

Concept Used:-

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. Suppose, 20 number is x% of y. Then, the relation between x and y can be given as,

\(\dfrac{x}{100}\times y=20\)

The percentage is the number or ratio which can be expression in the fraction of hundred.

For example, if we have to find out the x% of 50. Then, we have to divide x with 100 and multiplied with 50.

\(x% \text{ of }50=\dfrac{x}{100}\times50\)69

Explanation:-

Number of male population in city E,

\(\Rightarrow \frac{4200}{0.3} \times 0.38=5320 \)

Number of  female population of City 'A',

\(\Rightarrow \frac{2000}{0.25} \times 0.3=2400 \)

Required difference,

\(\Rightarrow 5320-2400=2920\)

So, Male population of City 'E' is 2920 much more than female population of City 'A'.

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Concept Used:-

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. Suppose, 20 number is x% of y. Then, the relation between x and y can be given as,

\(\dfrac{x}{100}\times y=20\)

The percentage is the number or ratio which can be expression in the fraction of hundred.

For example, if we have to find out the x% of 50. Then, we have to divide x with 100 and multiplied with 50.

\(x% \text{ of }50=\dfrac{x}{100}\times50\)

Explanation:-

Suppose the ratio of transgender population of City 'C' to the transgender population of City 'D' is x. Then by the given table, the value of x,

\(\Rightarrow x=\frac{\frac{8000}{0.5} \times 0.15}{\frac{3600}{0.3} \times 0.25}\ \Rightarrow x=\frac{2400}{3000}\ \Rightarrow x=\frac{4}{5}\)

So, the ratio of transgender population of City 'C' to the transgender population of City 'D' is 4 : 5.

Hence, the correct option is 1.

Creative Commons is a worldwide nonprofit organization.

Key Points

• The symbol 

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• It is committed to increasing educational access.
• The variety of creative works that are available for people to use and lawfully build upon.
• It offers free legal instruments to encourage the sharing and reuse of ideas and knowledge.
• Creative Commons lets writers of creative works specify which rights they waive and which rights they reserve.

Thus, the symbol 

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Important PointsCreative Commons licenses allow creators to grant permissions to others to use their work under certain conditions, such as attributing the original creator or allowing only non-commercial use.

These licenses have become widely used for various types of content, including images, music, videos, and written materials, promoting collaboration, sharing, and open access to knowledge and creativity.

Additional Information

• Creative Commons licences provide basic releases in place of the unique discussions for specific rights between the copyright owner and licensee.

Key Points

Statement I: If a hypothesis is accepted when it should be rejected, then a type I error is made.

Explanation:

• A hypothesis in a scientific context, is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables or a proposed explanation for some observed phenomenon.
• Professionals typically write hypotheses as if/then statements, such as if someone eats a lot of sugar, then they will develop cavities in their teeth.
• A null hypothesis is a type of statistical hypothesis that proposes that no statistical significance exists in a set of given observations.
• Hypothesis testing is used to assess the credibility of a hypothesis by using sample data.
• Sometimes referred to simply as the "null," it is represented as H₀.
• It  is the mistaken rejection of an actually true null hypothesis,
• A type I error (false-positive) occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in the population.
• For example  Type 1 error occurs when the test result says you have coronavirus, but you actually don't.

Hence Statement I is incorrect

Statement II: If a hypothesis is rejected when it should be accepted, then a type II error is made.

Explanation:

• A type II error (false-negative) occurs if the investigator fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false in the population.
• In other words, the researcher is failed to find an effect that really does exist.
• A type II error occurs when a false null hypothesis is accepted, also known as a false negative.
• For example Type II error (false negative): the test result says you don't have coronavirus, but you actually do have.

Hence Statement II is incorrect

Therefore we can say that both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.

Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.

Key PointsReification

• Reification means that an abstract concept comes to be seen as something concrete.
• Reification (also known as concretism, hypostatization, or the fallacy of misplaced concreteness) is a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it were a concrete real event or physical entity.
• For example, a red rose may be a reification of the concept of love.
• Reification is the tendency for individuals to ascribe a definitive value or form to an abstract concept.

Thus, Imagining things as if they are real is known in research as Reification.

Important Points

• In research, reification can occur when abstract concepts or constructs are treated as if they are directly observable or measurable.
• It involves treating constructs as if they are concrete, objective entities, even though they are often subjective or theoretical in nature.
• This can lead to challenges in measurement, as well as potential misconceptions or oversimplifications in the interpretation of data.

Additional Information

• Use of virtual reality in research: It enables the researcher to design and control realistic environments in which many variables can be controlled - similar to the conditions of a laboratory study - and to examine the effects of environmental aspects on people's real-time experiences and behavior.
• Replication is a study for which any outcome would be considered diagnostic evidence about a claim from prior research. This definition reduces emphasis on operational characteristics of the study and increases emphasis on the interpretation of possible outcomes.
• Simulation, in industry, science, and education, a research or teaching technique that reproduces actual events and processes under test conditions. Developing a simulation is often a highly complex mathematical process.

Key Points

Classroom communication:

• Communication is an integral part of the teaching-learning process.
• Teaching is a social activity that involves both the teacher and the learners.
• It is therefore important , that two way communication exists between them in order to trigger learning.

Classroom communication facilitate learners to

• acquire scientific attitude
• develop critical thinking
• become independent of the community in which he lives in
• to share information and to create the same point of view among the teacher and students
• improve behavior and attitude

Important PointsB. Acquire scientific attitude

C. Develop critical thinking

D. Become independent of the community in which he lives in

Classroom communication can contribute to fostering a scientific attitude by promoting inquiry, evidence-based reasoning, and a curiosity for learning. It can also facilitate the development of critical thinking skills by encouraging analysis, evaluation, and reflection on information and ideas.

Additionally, effective classroom communication can help students become independent thinkers, allowing them to form their own perspectives and opinions rather than solely relying on the beliefs or norms of their community. This independence promotes autonomy and encourages students to think critically and engage in diverse perspectives.

Therefore the correct answer is B, C and D only.

Assessment is the systematic basis for making inferences about the learning and development of students. 

Key PointsThe importance of designing assessments

• Good assessment design is at the heart of improving this aspect of the learning experience and achieving better learning outcomes overall.
• Good design should make the assessment experience inspiring and motivating for both students and staff.
• It should create a positive climate that encourages interaction and dialogue.
• Designing assessments reveals progress
• It is developed in ways that build students' assessment capability, so that they understand the purpose of assessment, what is expected of them and how they will be assessed by their teacher, self or peers

Hence we can say that the main focus of the teacher in designing assessments should be on learning outcomes.

Key Points

Statement I: New communication technologies have created social awareness across cultural boundaries.

Explanation:

• The best examples of communication technology include blogs, websites, live video, social media technologies, and email communication.
• Digital technologies like social media have allowed us to communicate and share in real time around the globe and across traditional cultural boundaries.
• Digital communication employs technologies such as computers, mobile devices, and even television sets to communicate.
• The form of the communications can be emails, social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook, or video technologies like Skype and YouTube.
• Technology is providing the connection instead of face-to-face interactions.
• Especially in written digital communications, the context of communications, including emotions and nonverbal cues that play such an important role in cultures, can be missed or absent.

Hence Statement I is true

Statement II: The disintegration of institutionalized centers of responsibility because of new communication technology is a hard fact.

Explanation:

• Recent months have seen mounting evidence that the algorithmic spread of hate speech, disinformation, and conspiracy theories by major internet platforms has bloomed irresponsible bahaviour.
• It has also increased political polarization and helped enable white supremacist organizations.
• The disintegration of institutionalized centers of responsibility because of new communication technology is a hard fact we know now.
• There are at least four areas that need regulation: safety, privacy, competition, and honesty.

Hence Statement I is true.

Therefore we can say that both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Basic research is an investigation of basic principles and reasons for the occurrence of a particular event or process or phenomenon. It is also called theoretical research.

Key Points

• A theoretical study or explanation is based on or uses the ideas and abstract principles that relate to a particular subject, rather than the practical aspects or uses of it.
• Theoretical sampling can be defined as “the process of data collection for generating theory whereby the analyst jointly collects, codes and analyses his data and decides what data to collect next and where to find them in order to develop his theory as it emerges.

Important PointsA thesis statement is a sentence that presents the main argument to the reader.  A good thesis hunting should include following points:

• Answers a question.
• Shows the reader what to expect in the paper.
• Takes a stand or makes a claim.

A thesis statement is an assertion, not a statement of fact or an observation. For example:

• Fact or observation: People use many lawn chemicals.
• Thesis: People poison the environment with chemicals merely to keep their lawns green and often fail to consider the consequences.

Thus, Selecting only those items of data that support a theoretical concept, is called Thesis Hunting.

Additional Information

• Data selection is defined as the process of determining the appropriate data type and source, as well as suitable instruments to collect data.
• Data selection precedes the actual practice of data collection.

In a longitudinal study, researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time. Longitudinal studies are a type of correlational research in which researchers observe and collect data on a number of variables without trying to influence those variables.

Key PointsLongitudinal studies:

• Longitudinal studies allow researchers to follow their subjects in real time.
• This means you can better establish the real sequence of events, allowing you insight into cause-and-effect relationships.
• Longitudinal studies also allow repeated observations of the same individual over time. This means any changes in the outcome variable cannot be attributed to differences between individuals.
• Example You decide to study how a particular weight-training program affects athletic performance. If you choose a longitudinal study, the impact of natural talent on performance should be eliminated, since that would not change over the study period.
• The advantages of longitudinal research on the internet are
• large number of people can be empanelled.
• This makes it easy to collect data from the respondents.
• Data collection over Internet can be rapid.

Therefore we conclude that the correct answer is  C, D and E only

The correct Answer Ignore the instance and improve his/her qualities for explaining the concept in better way.

Key PointsTeachers require a variety of skill sets for creating lesson plans, instructing students, working with administrators and interacting with parents.

Important Points

Qualities of a Beginner Teacher:

• Some qualities of a good teacher include skills in communication, listening, collaboration, adaptability, empathy, and patience.
• Other characteristics of effective teaching include an engaging classroom presence, value in real-world learning, exchange of best practices and a lifelong love of learning.
• Beginning Teachers should possess the requisite knowledge, skills and values that support the teaching and learning process.
• They manage learning programs and have strategies that promote learning based on the learning needs of their students.

Additional Information

To Reduce Misbehavior in the Classroom a teacher should do the following:

• Plan blocks of time.
• Plan for disruptions.
• Engage with your students.
• Have a good environment conducive to learning.
• Respect your students.
• Avoid zero-tolerance discipline.

Slow Learner is a child of below average intelligence whose thinking skills and scholastic performance have developed significantly more Slowly than the pace of his or her age. Slow Learners are the Learners whose learning pace is Slower than their peers.

Key Points

​To deal with slow learners teacher should follow given strategies:

• Provide a quiet place to study.
• Organise child's homework sessions.
• Plan a fun activity and Video-based learning
• Give child enough time to think through their homework problems.

Video-based learning

• Video assisted is a competent tool for teaching learning and helps to clear the concepts of students and increases their learning power.
• Audiovisual material provides a rich medium for teaching and learning.
• Video can effectively communicate complex information to a student.
• Video Assisted learning (VAL) improves the performance of learners as it addresses a variety of learning styles.
• Video can be as good as an instructor in communicating facts or demonstrating procedures to assist in mastery learning where a student can view complex clinical or mechanical procedures as many times as they need to.
• Video assisted learning is used to enhance the academic output of slow learners.
• It  literally refers to learning experiences facilitated through video.
• With its ability to combine camera footage, animation, graphics, text, and audio, videos create a multisensory learning experience, unlike any other e-learning format.
• This makes it easier for learners to process the information as well.
• Videos are made up of a variety of elements, from visual and audio effects to interactive activities that require users to click or type responses.
• Because of this, videos can engage learners through multiple senses, which not only creates a more stimulating experience but also improves memory retention.
• They’re an ideal format for facilitating a microlearning strategy.
• Sharing bite-sized information in the form of short, engaging videos can also align with fleeting retention rates and create a more meaningful learning experience.
• Video is quickly becoming the standard e-learning format.

Key Points

Assertion A: MOOCs have philosophy of Anyone, Anytime, Anywhere, and Any number of times.

Explanation:

• A massive open online course (MOOC) is a model for delivering learning content online to any person who wants to take a course, with no limit on attendance.
• MOOCs provide an affordable and flexible way to learn new skills, advance your career and deliver quality educational experiences at scale.
• Millions of people around the world use MOOCs to learn for a variety of reasons, including: career development, changing careers, college preparations, supplemental learning, lifelong learning, corporate eLearning & training, and more.
• MOOCs have philosophy of Anyone, Anytime, Anywhere and Any number of times.

Hence Assertion A is correct

Reason R: MOOCs are 4 credit courses.

Explanation:

• There are MOOCs that offer college credit. MOOCs taken through a university and those taken through services like edX or Coursera can result in actual credit. In most cases, in order to receive credit, you must be enrolled in a program at a university (meaning you are admitted and pay tuition)
• MOOCs are not necessarily of  4 credit courses.

Hence Reason R is incorrect

Mistake Points

• The credit system is typically used in traditional educational institutions to quantify the amount of learning or coursework completed by students.
• MOOCs, on the other hand, do not usually follow the credit system used in formal educational settings.
• They are often offered as non-credit courses, and participants typically receive certificates of completion or digital badges rather than academic credits.

Therefore we can say that A is correct but R is not correct

Key Points

Deductive approach to research:

• A deductive approach to research is the one that people typically associate with scientific investigation.
• The researcher studies what others have done, reads existing theories of whatever phenomenon he or she is studying, and then tests hypotheses that emerge from those theories.

The deductive research approach consists of four stages:

1. Start with an existing theory and create a problem statement.
2. Formulate a falsifiable hypothesis.
3. Collect data to test the hypothesis.
4. Analyze and test the data.
5. Decide whether you can reject the null hypothesis.

Hence we can say that In the deductive method, a researcher can begin his work with theoretical postulations, exploratory data, and by deriving a hypothesis.

A stereotype is a widely held, simplified, and essentialist belief about a specific group.

Important Points

• Recent research has suggested that interpersonal communication may be an important source of stereotype maintenance.
• When communicated through a chain of people, stereotype-relevant information tends to become more stereotypical.
• Thus confirming the stereotypes held by recipients of communication.

Stereotyping

• It is the result of our tendency to overestimate the degree of association between group membership and psychological attributes.
• Linguistic stereotypes are an existent form of discrimination.
• Languages are criticized and mocked due to the connection between language and cultural character.
• Thus, language is significantly related to the identity of the speakers.
• Research shows that the use of language contributes in a subtle but powerful way to the representation of stereotypes, that is, to positive perceptions of ingroup members and negative perceptions of outgroup members by receivers of these messages.
• Recent research has also suggested that interpersonal communication may be an important source of stereotype maintenance.
• When communicated through a chain of people, stereotype-relevant information tends to become more stereotypical, thus confirming the stereotypes held by recipients of communication.

Key Points

• The reification of stereotypes is made possible by communication through the use of language and symbols.
• Language plays a crucial role in shaping and perpetuating stereotypes by providing a means to express and reinforce them. Through language, stereotypes can be communicated, shared, and internalized, leading to their reification or treatment as fixed and unquestionable truths.
• Communication through language allows stereotypes to be expressed and transmitted from one person or group to another.
• Words, phrases, and narratives associated with stereotypes can become deeply ingrained in social discourse, media representations, and everyday conversations.
• This constant reinforcement through communication can solidify stereotypes in people's minds, leading to their acceptance and perpetuation.

Key Points

Effective listening

• It is actively absorbing the information given to the listener by a speaker, showing that one is listening and interested, and providing feedback to the speaker so that he or she knows the message was received.

Following are the finer points of effective listening

1. Pay attention to the speaker.
2. Undivided attention, and acknowledge the message.
3. Use your own body language and gestures to convey your attention
4. Provide feedback.
5. Defer judgment as Interrupting is a waste of time that frustrates the speaker and limits full understanding of the message. Allow the speaker to finish. Don't interrupt with counterarguments
6. Effective listening is based on empathy and emotional intelligence hence try to Stay indifferent
7. Respond Appropriately by Asking questions for clarity
8. Focusing attention on what is said

Therefore we can say that correct answer is C, D and E only

Key Points

Therefore the correct matching code is A ‐ III, B ‐ IV, C ‐ II, D ‐ I

As per the given question,

A man travels 12 km straight towards south and then turns right and travels 15 km straight. He again turns right and travels 12 km.

Thus, the following diagram can be drawn:

Clearly, the man is '15 km' far from the starting point.

Hence, the correct answer is "15 km".

Given: 0, 6, 24, 60, 120, 210, ? 

The logic follows here is:

→ (1)³ - 1 ⇒ 1-1 = 0

→ (2)3 - 2 ⇒ 8 - 2 = 6

→ (3)3 - 3 ⇒ 27 - 3 = 24

→ (4)3 - 4 ⇒ 64 - 4 = 60

→ (5)3 - 5 ⇒ 125 - 5 = 120

→ (6)3 - 6 ⇒ 216 - 6  = 210

→ (7)3 - 7 ⇒ 343 - 7 = 336

Hence, the correct answer is "336".

Concept Used:-

The average of the group of numbers is the ratio of the sum of all the numbers given to the total number.

The formula to found the average is given below.

⇒ Average = (sum of all the observation) / (Total number of observation)

Explanation:-

Suppose, that the three numbers are A, B and C.

Since, the second is twice the first and is also thrice the third. Thus,

\(\Rightarrow B=2 A=3 C\)             ......(1)

From equation (1) we get,

\(\Rightarrow A=\frac{B}{2} \text { and } C=\frac{B}{3}\)

Also, given that the average of the three numbers is 44. Thus,

\(\Rightarrow \frac{\mathrm{A}+\mathrm{B}+\mathrm{C}}{3}=44 \ \Rightarrow \frac{\mathrm{B}}{2}+\mathrm{B}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{3}=44 \times 3\ \Rightarrow \frac{3+6+2}{6}B=132 \ \Rightarrow B=132 \times \frac{6}{11}\ \Rightarrow B=72 \)

Also,

\(\Rightarrow A = \dfrac{72}{2}=36\ \Rightarrow C = \dfrac{72}{3}=24\)

So, the largest number is 72.

Hence, the correct option is 3.

Concept Used:-

When cost price of a product is x. Then after applying the discount of 5%, 10% and 20%, the cost of the product become (100 - 20) % of (100 -10) % of (100 - 5) % of x.

Explanation:-

Suppose, that the marked price of the item is Rs. 100.

Then the selling price,

⇒ SP =  of (100 − 10)% of (100 − 20)% of 100

⇒ SP = 95% of 90% of 80% of 100

\(\Rightarrow SP=\left(\frac{95}{100} \times \frac{90}{100} \times \frac{80}{100} \times 100\right)=68.40\)

So, the value of single discount,

\(\Rightarrow (100-68.40) %=31.6 %\)

So, the value of a single discount equivalent to a series discount of 10%, 15% and 25% is 42.63%.

Hence, the correct option is 1.

Given:

A person invested 1/3 of his capital at 7%, 1/4 of his capital at 8% and the remaining at 10%

Total SI = ₹561

Formula Used:

SI = PRT/100

Calculation:

Let the capital be 12P

According to the question,

561 = \(\frac{\frac{12P}{3}× 7× 1}{100}\) + \(\frac{\frac{12P}{4}× 8× 1}{100}\) + \(\frac{(12P-4P-3P)× 10× 1}{100}\)

⇒ 561 = \(\frac{4P× 7× 1}{100}\) + \(\frac{3P× 8× 1}{100}\) + \(\frac{5P× 10× 1}{100}\)

⇒ 561 = \(\frac{28P+24P+50P}{100}\)

⇒ 102P = 561 × 100

⇒ P = 550

Capital = 12P = 12 × 550 = ₹6600

∴ The total investment is ₹6600.

Key Points

Square of opposition:

• The square of opposition is a chart that was introduced within classical (categorical) logic to represent the logical relationships holding between certain propositions in virtue of their form.

• The four corners of this chart represent the four basic forms of propositions recognized in classical logic.

• ‘Every S is P’ and ‘Some S is not P’ are contradictories.

• ‘No S is P’ and ‘Some S is P’ are contradictories.

• ‘Every S is P’ and ‘No S is P’ are contraries.

• ‘Some S is P’ and ‘Some S is not P’ are subcontraries.

• ‘Some S is P’ is a subaltern of ‘Every S is P’.

• ‘Some S is not P’ is a subaltern of ‘No S is P’.

These  are supplemented with the following explanations:

1. Two propositions are contradictory if they cannot both be true and they cannot both be false.
2. Two propositions are contraries if they cannot both be true but can both be false.
3. Two propositions are subcontraries if they cannot both be false but can both be true.
4. Sub-alternation is the opposition between a universal proposition and its corresponding particular proposition. In the corresponding proposition, the universal proposition is called the super-altern and the particular proposition is called the subaltern.
5. A proposition is a subaltern of another if it must be true if its superaltern is true, and the superaltern must be false if the subaltern is false.

From above  if 'Some S is not P' is true we can see

• 'All S is P' is false as they are contradictories
• 'No S is P' is undetermined as they are Sublaterns
• 'Some S is P' is undetermined as they are Sublaterns

Therefore we can say that B, C, and D only are correct

Logical fallacies are deceptive or false arguments that may seem stronger than they actually are due to psychological persuasion, but are proven wrong with reasoning and further examination.

There are two types of fallacies: formal and informal.

• Formal: Formal fallacies are arguments that have invalid structure, form, or context errors.
• Informal: Informal fallacies are arguments that have irrelevant or incorrect premises.

Important Points

False Cause Fallacy

• It is a type of informal fallacy or a persuasive technique in which a temporal sequence of events is assumed to be a causal sequence of events.
• This fallacy is a result of defective induction.
• For example, every time I wash my car, it rains it does not mean that whenever I wash my car it starts raining or it starts raining whenever i wash my car.​

Additional Information

• ​Fallacy of irrelevant conclusion:
• It is, also known as the ignoratio elenchi (“ignorance of the proof”) fallacy, is, in effect, the parent of all other fallacies since every fallacy yields a conclusion that even if it be true is not related – that is, is irrelevant – to the premises of the argument.
• It is about Attempting to come to a conclusion (which may or may not be true), that has no bearing on the actual argument.
• Ex: Spinach can't be good for me, it tastes terrible.
• Fallacy of composition:
• The fallacy of composition arises when an individual assumes something is true of the whole just because it is true of some part of the whole.
• For example, if you stand up at a concert, you can usually see better. You may then directly infer that if everyone stands up, everyone can see better.
• Fallacy of begging the question
• It occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it. In other words, you assume without proof the stand/position, or a significant part of the stand, that is in question. Begging the question is also called arguing in a circle.
• For example, “Wool sweaters are superior to nylon jackets as fall attire because wool sweaters have the higher wool content” begs the question because the argument fails to explain why having the higher wool content makes a garment superior.

Key Points

Statement I: Classical Indian logicians (Naiyāyikas) define Upamāna (Comparison) as the cognition of the new object through similarity, known by another means of cognition.

Explanation:

Comparison (Upmana)

• It is knowledge derived from similarity. It has been defined as the knowledge of the relation between a word and its denotation.
• According to the Nyāya Philosophy, comparison (upamāna) is the third source of valid knowledge.
• The expression ‘upamāna’, is derived from two words, ‘upa’ and ‘māna’. The word ‘upa’ means similarity or ‘sādrusya’ and the word ‘māna’ means ‘cognition’.
• Thus, generally speaking, upamāna as a source of knowledge is derived from the similarity between two things/objects.
• It is a source of knowledge of the relation between a word and its denotation (what the word refers to)

Hence Statement I is correct.

Statement II: Naiyāyikas consider upamāna as a type of inductive reasoning and therefore view it as a type of inference (anumāna) only.

Explanation:

• Upamana (comparison) means Learning by analogy and observing similarities.
• Anumana (inference) means gaining right knowledge from logical conclusion.
• Inference  (Anumana) can also be classified into 3 types:
• Purvavat (inferring an unperceived effect from a perceived cause),
• Sheshavat (inferring an unperceived cause from a perceived effect) and
• Samanyatodrishta (when inference is not based on causation but on uniformity of co-existence).

Hence Statement II is Incorrect 

The correct answer is Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

Key Points

Statement I: In computer networking, the purpose of changing the IP addressing scheme between IPv4 and IPv6 is to allow for more IP addresses.

Explanation:

The purpose of transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6

• IPv6 helps make routing more efficient and hierarchical by reducing the routing table size.
• With the help of ISPs, IPv6 assembles the prefixes of various customer networks and introduces them to IPv6 internet as one common prefix. This makes the process faster and productive.
• Due to huge number of systems on the internet and the lower number of available addresses on IPv4, transition from IPv4 to IPv6 needs to happen. IPv4 provides around 4 billion unique IP addresses whereas IPv6 provides over 340 undecillion unique IP addresses.

Hence Statement I is true

Statement II: A web cookie is stored on the server machine.

Explanation:

• A cookie is a small data file that is sent from a website to your device, and stored on its hard drive or mobile browser.
• A cookie typically contains two bits of data: a unique ID for each user, and a site name.
• Cookies were originally designed for server-side programming, and at the lowest level, they are implemented as an extension to the HTTP protocol.

Hence Statement II is not true

Therefore we conclude that the correct answer is Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Key Points

• Calculator Machine:
• Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used.
• The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644.
• Programming language:
• The first programming language was developed in 1883 when Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage worked together on the Analytical Engine, which was a primitive mechanical computer.
• Lovelace was able to discern the importance of numbers, realizing that they could represent more than just numerical values of things.
• Computer mouse:
• Development of the mouse began in the early 1960s by SRI International's Douglas Engelbart, while he was exploring the interactions between humans and computers.
• Bill English, then the chief engineer at SRI, built the first computer mouse prototype in 1964.
• Internet:
• The Internet (or internet) is a global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.
• January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Internet.
• Prior to this, the various computer networks did not have a standard way to communicate with each other
• Facebook:
• On February 4, 2004, a Harvard sophomore named Mark Zuckerberg launches The Facebook, a social media website he had built in order to connect Harvard students with one another.

Therefore we can say that correct answer is C, E, D, B, A

Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed. Sunlight and wind, for example, are such sources that are constantly being replenished. Renewable energy sources are plentiful and all around us.

Key Points India's 5 point pledge or Panchamrit at at COP 26, are as follows:

• Net-zero by 2070.
• To increase its non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030.
• Increase the share of renewables in the energy mix to 50% by 2030.
• Reduce the emissions intensity of its economy by 45%.
• Reduce emissions by 1 billion tonnes of CO₂ by 2030.

Additional Information

• India has progressively decoupled economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions.
• For example, the Net Zero Emissions target by 2030 by Indian Railways alone will reduce emissions by 60 million tonnes annually.
• Similarly, India's massive UJALA LED bulb campaign is reducing emissions by 40 million tonnes annually.
• To further complement these ongoing efforts, India launched the National Hydrogen Mission in 2013 to make India the world's largest hydrogen hub.
• Even though it supports the second largest population in the world, India’s sustained efforts have ensured that its per capita CO2 emissions are much lower than the global average.
• The US emits 14.7 tonnes per capita, China emits 7.6 tonnes per capita, while India’s CO2 emissions amount to 1.8 tonnes per capita.

Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed. Sunlight and wind, for example, are such sources that are constantly being replenished. Renewable energy sources are plentiful and all around us.

Key PointsIndia's 5 point pledge or Panchamrit at at COP 26, are as follows:

• Net-zero by 2070.
• To increase its non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030.
• Increase the share of renewables in the energy mix to 50% by 2030.
• Reduce the emissions intensity of its economy by 45%.
• Reduce emissions by 1 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030.

Additional Information 

• India has progressively decoupled economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions.
• For example, the Net Zero Emissions target by 2030 by Indian Railways alone will reduce emissions by 60 million tonnes annually.
• Similarly, India's massive UJALA LED bulb campaign is reducing emissions by 40 million tonnes annually.
• To further complement these ongoing efforts, India launched the National Hydrogen Mission in 2013 to make India the world's largest hydrogen hub.
• Even though it supports the second largest population in the world, India’s sustained efforts have ensured that its per capita CO2 emissions are much lower than the global average.
• The US emits 14.7 tonnes per capita, China emits 7.6 tonnes per capita, while India’s CO2 emissions amount to 1.8 tonnes per capita.

The National Education Policy of India 2020 (NEP 2020), which was started by the Union Cabinet of India on 29 July 2020, outlines the vision of new education system of India.

Key Points

Affiliation System Of Colleges under NEP 2020:

• The new policy replaces the previous National Policy on Education, 1986.
• The NEP envisages autonomy for all colleges currently affiliated to a university and recommends that they should eventually become autonomous degree-granting colleges.
• According to the New Education Policy 2020, the University affiliation system of the colleges will be phased out over the next 15 years.
• Presently the universities will be able to affiliate only 300 colleges.
• The colleges will be provided accreditation through a new transparent, stage-wise system.
• The main propose of removing the affiliation system of colleges through the universities is to transform every college into an autonomous degree-granting institute.
• Under NEP 2020 the government aims to make every college self-governed along with making its operations transparent.
• The UGC “guidelines for transforming all higher education institutions in India into multidisciplinary institutions” states that “By 2035, all affiliated colleges should become degree-awarding multidisciplinary autonomous institutions.

Lord William Bentinck introduced the British education system in India after the English Education Act of 1835. It was a Legislative Act of the Council of India to reallocate funds to spend on education and literature in India.

Important Points

Role of Lord Curzon in Indian education:

• Lord Curzon the newly appointed Viceroy of India, was on the defensive in 1899. “I read in many newspapers,” he told graduates at the University of Calcutta, “that our system of higher education in India is a failure, that it has sacrificed the formation of character upon the altar of Cram.”
• In 1901, Curzon called an education conference at Shimla following which the University Commission was appointed in 1902.
• The Indian Universities Act was passed in 1904 upon the recommendations of the commission.
• Curzon created a separate Muslim majority province of the North-West Frontier Province, sent a British expedition to Tibet, established a separate police service, and established the Archaological Survey of India, in order to study and protect historical monuments.

 Additional Information

• Annie Besant's long-time interest in education resulted in the founding of the Central Hindu College at Benares (1898).
• In India, Lord Dalhousie established a number of Anglo-vernacular schools. He also instituted social changes, such as the prohibition of female infanticide. He was a believer in western administrative changes.
• Macaulay was the first person in the history of the Indian education system who made financial resources the center of educational activities. In 1835, Lord Macaulay successfully westernized education in India.

Key PointsStatement I: According to Classical Indian School of Logic, the method of induction is used to affirm the major premise, since generality or universality cannot be perceived.

Explanation:

• Statement I states that according to the Classical Indian School of Logic, the method of induction is used to affirm the major premise because generality or universality cannot be directly perceived. This statement is true. The Nyaya school of classical Indian logic recognized the method of induction as a valid form of reasoning to establish universal propositions based on particular instances or observations.
• The following example illustrates how an inductive argument uses specific facts to make a broader conclusion:
• Premise: All the tigers I saw on my safari trip to South Africa were orange.
• Conclusion: Therefore, all tigers are orange.

Hence Statement I is true.

Statement II: Classical Indian logicians give separate treatment of the inductive method.

Explanation:

• Statement II states that Classical Indian Logicians give separate treatment to the inductive method. However, this statement is false. Classical Indian logicians did not give separate treatment to the inductive method.
• Instead, they incorporated the method of induction as part of their broader logical framework, which included other forms of reasoning such as deduction and analogy.

Hence Statement II is False.

Therefore Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Key Points

Dioxins:

• Dioxins are environmental pollutants.
• They belong to the so-called “dirty dozen” - a group of dangerous chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
• Dioxins are of concern because of their highly toxic potential.
• Once dioxins enter the body, they last a long time because of their chemical stability and their ability to be absorbed by fat tissue, where they are then stored in the body.
• Their half-life in the body is estimated to be 7 to 11 years.
• In the environment, dioxins tend to accumulate in the food chain.
• The higher an animal is in the food chain, the higher the concentration of dioxins.

Sources of dioxin contamination

• Dioxins are mainly by-products of industrial processes but can also result from natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires.
• Dioxins are unwanted by-products of a wide range of manufacturing processes including smelting, chlorine bleaching of paper pulp and the manufacturing of some herbicides and pesticides.
• In terms of dioxin release into the environment, uncontrolled waste incinerators (solid waste and hospital waste) are often the worst culprits, due to incomplete burning.

Therefore we conclude that the correct answer is B, C and E only.

The correct answer is 'For the emergence of the State'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the passage.
• 'Social contract theorists like Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau were not in the first instance trying to give empirical accounts of how State arose. They were attempting, rather to understand a government's basis of legitimacy. But it is still worth thinking through whether the first states could have arisen through some form of explicit agreement among tribesmen to establish a centralised authority. Thomas Hobbes lays out the basic "deal" underlying the State: in return for giving up the right to do whatever one pleases, the State (or Leviathan) through its monopoly of force guarantees each citizen basic security.............................................................'.
• ​From the highlighted statement it is clear that many social contract theorists were keen in understanding the motive behind the formation of State.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is -'For the emergence of the State'.

The correct answer is 'For giving up his/her freedom'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the passage.
• '.................................Thomas Hobbes lays out the basic "deal" underlying the State: in return for giving up the right to do whatever one pleases, the State (or Leviathan) through its monopoly of force guarantees each citizen basic security. The State can provide other kinds of public goods as well, like property rights, roads, currency, uniform, weights and measures, and external defence, which citizens cannot obtain on their own...........................................'.
• ​From the highlighted sentence it is clear that one had to give up ones freedom, for the state to offer basic security.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is -'For giving up his/her freedom'.

The correct answer is 'The first state arose out of an explicit social contract for promotion of public good.'

Key Points

• Let's consider the given statements from the passage.
• '........................................... It seems highly unlikely that the first State arose out of an explicit social contract if the issue motivating it were simply economic, like the protection of property rights or the public goods......................................................'.
• ​From the highlighted statement it is clear that the author believes it was unlikely that the reason behind the formation of first state is for the protection of property rights or public goods.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is -'The first state arose out of an explicit social contract for promotion of public good.'

The correct answer is 'From voluntary delegation of power'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the passage.
• '...................................................It seems highly unlikely that the first State arose out of an explicit social contract if the issue motivating it were simply economic, like the protection of property rights or the public goods. Tribal societies are egalitarian and close-knit kinship groups very free. In contrast, States are coercive and hierarchical. This means the real driver of state formation is violence or threat of violence....................................................'.
• ​From the highlighted statement it is clear that the author is convinced the state didn't form for an efficient cause but was formed as a result of violence.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Tribal societies voluntarily gave up their rights for limited public good'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the passage.
• '.......................................Tribal societies can provide only limited public goods because of their lack of centralised authority. So if the State arose by a social contract, we would have to posit that at some point in history, a tribal group decided voluntarily to delegate dictatorial powers to one individual to rule over them. The delegation would not be temporary, as in the election of a tribal chief, but permanent, to the king and all his descendants. And it would have to be on the basis of consensus on the part of all of the tribal segments, each of which had the option of simply wandering off if it did not like the deal........................................'.
• ​From the highlighted statements it is clear that the posit suggested is that a tribal group might have decided voluntarily to delegate dictatorial powers for public goods.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is -'Tribal societies voluntarily gave up their rights for limited public good'.

Key Points

Assertion A: Free Wi-Fi access to every citizen is one of the objectives of 'Digital India' programme of the Government of India.

Explanation:

• The Digital India mission scheme has been launched by the Government of India for offering high-speed internet connections in rural areas. The Digital India Mission was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in JULY 01,2015.
• The main objective of the Digital India Mission is ‘Power to Empower.
• The three core components of Digital India Initiatives are digital delivery of services, digital infrastructure creation, and digital literacy.
• The initiative encompasses the following three key objectives:
• Establish a secure and stable digital infrastructure
• Deliver digital services
• Ensure that every citizen has access to the Internet

Hence Assertion A is false.

Reason R: ICT is a powerful enabler of a digitally empowered society.

Explanation:

• Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is a broader term for Information Technology (IT), which refers to all communication technologies, including the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computers, software, middleware, video-conferencing, social networking, and other media applications and services .
• ICT can contribute to fostering empowerment and participation and making government processes more efficient and transparent. by encouraging communication and information-sharing among people and organizations, and within government.
• ICT education makes women economically sound that is source of other all types of women empowerment.
• In short  ICT is a powerful enabler of a digitally empowered society.

Hence Reason R is true

Therefore we can say that A is false but R is true

The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 10⁹ in the International System of Units (SI).

Key Points

1 gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB = 1024 * 1024 kilobytes (KB).

= 1GB = 2¹⁰ MB = 210 * 210  KB

= 1GB = 2²⁰KB

= 16GB = 2⁴ * 2²⁰KB

Then, simply divide the total KB by the size of each file (2 KB):

= (24 * 220KB / 2Kb) = 2³ * 2²⁰ = 2²³KB files.

Therefore the correct answer is 223

Key Points

Nuclear power plants are a type of power plant that use the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity. 

• Nuclear energy originates from the splitting of uranium atoms – a process called fission.
• This generates heat to produce steam, which is used by a turbine generator to generate electricity.
• Because nuclear power plants do not burn fuel, they do not produce greenhouse gas emissions.
• Nuclear power provides the world with around 11% of its total electricity, with the largest producers being the United States and France.

Important Points

• Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium (U-235) or plutonium (Pu-239) by bombardment with neutrons must have at least five components:
• nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, reactor coolant, control rods, and a shield/containment system.

Moderator in Nuclear Power plant:

• The moderator is a material intentionally placed in a nuclear reactor core to slow neutrons down from their initial fast speeds.
• Adding a moderator makes it much easier to attain a nuclear chain reaction. In common water-cooled nuclear reactors, the moderator is the same thing as the coolant: water.
• A material, such as ordinary water, heavy water, or graphite, that is used in a reactor to slow down high-velocity neutrons, thus increasing the likelihood of fission
• Heavy water is a form of water that contains only deuterium rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water.

Therefore we conclude that the correct answer is B and E only.

Key Points 

Statement I: According to National Education Policy ( 2020 ) the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) is to be enhanced to 50% by 2030

Explanation:

• The NEP 2020 lays down the framework for transformational reforms in school and higher education systems in the country.
• The new policy targets a 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education in next 10 years (by the year 2030) and also envisions universalization of education from pre-school to secondary
• Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population in the official age group corresponding to this level of education.

Hence Statement I is incorrect.

Statement II: Distance mode education is going to play a crucial role in enhancing GER in India.

Explanation:

• The NEP 2020 has planned to overhaul the open and distance learning system (ODL).
• Some of the imperative schemes are ensuring quality open and distance learning programmes equivalent to on campus programmes, encouraging accredited such institutions to develop quality online courses and framing guidelines for regulations and accreditation, besides exploring vocational courses through ODL.
• Even though it deals with the expansion of ODL, it does not have specific schemes and plans for open universities.
• Though the previous policies recommend setting up open universities in all states, the present one does not propose any such plans to increase the strength of Open Universities.
• Instead it allows higher educational institutions without experience to conduct ODL and online programmes.
• This may stall the existence of the existing open universities that are already suffering from the Financial crisis.
• So when the NEP 2020 permits these institutions to conduct ODL programmes, quality will be a concern.
• Distance education programmes may be helpful to  achieve 50% GER by 2035, but the sustainability of the promised "high quality higher education" may be uncertain.

​​Hence Statement II is correct

Therefore we can say that Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Key PointsStatement I: "To slow a beast, you break its limbs. To slow a nation you break its people."- is an example of analogical argument.

Explanation:

• Argument from analogy or false analogy  is a special type of inductive argument, whereby perceived similarities are used as a basis to infer some further similarity that has yet to be observed
• To argue by analogy is to argue that because two things are similar, what is true of one is also true of the other.

Example

• To slow a beast, you break its limbs. To slow a nation you break its people.
• The beast and nation are compared with each other and limbs and people are compared with each other. The terms are analogies to each other but they are not argument. Hence it is an example of nonargumentative use of analogy.

Hence Statement I is false.

Statement II: "To slow a beast, you break its limbs. To slow a nation you break its people"- is an example of nonargumentative use of analogy.

Explanation:

• An analogical argument or Non-argument analogy is an argument in which one concludes that two things are alike in a certain respect because they are alike in other respects.
• Non-argument analogies are often used in cases in which one thing (X) is understood and another (Y) is not, to conclude something about Y.
• Some of the nonargumentative uses of analogy include cases in literature and explanation.
• For example Metaphor which is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them like the ship plows the sea.

Hence Statement II is true.

Therefore the correct answer is Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Key Points

Photochemical smog

• Photochemical smog, also known as summer smog, is a type of smog that is produced when UV light originating from the sun interacts with the oxides of nitrogen present in the atmosphere.
• This type of smog usually manifests as a brown haze and is most commonly seen in highly populated cities that are placed in relatively warm climates.
• Furthermore, photochemical smog is most prominently visible during the mornings and afternoons.
• It is a mixture of pollutants that are formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react to sunlight, creating a brown haze above cities.
• It tends to occur more often in summer, because that is when we have the most sunlight.

Therefore we can say that correct answer is B, C and E only

Additional Information

The four components for the formation of photochemical smog:

• The major undesirable components of photochemical smog are nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), PAN (peroxyacetylnitrate), and chemical compounds that contain the –CHO group (aldehydes).
• PAN and aldehydes can cause eye irritation and plant damage if their concentrations are sufficiently high.

The correct answer is DNS

Important Points

Domain Name System (DNS):

• The Domain Name System is a hierarchical and distributed naming system for computers, services, and other resources in the Internet or other Internet Protocol networks.
• It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the associated entities.
• It translates human readable domain names (for example, www.amazon.com) to machine readable IP addresses (for example, 192.0. 2.44).
• Hence we can say that The hostname 'book.com' is converted into an IP address by a DNS server that has a database of matching names and addresses and is queried for the address.

Additional Information

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a network protocol for transmitting files between computers over Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) connections.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-layer protocol for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as HTML, designed for communication between web browsers and web servers, but it can also be used for other purposes.
• The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is an Internet standard communication protocol for electronic mail transmission. Mail servers and other message transfer agents use SMTP to send and receive mail messages.

Key Points 

Statement I: Punjab University was established by a Special Act of Incorporation in 1914.

Explanation:

• Punjab University is an Indian collegiate public state university located in Chandigarh.
• Funded through both State and Union governments, it is considered a state university.
• It traces its origins to the University of the Punjab in Lahore, which was founded in 1882.
• After the partition of India, the university was established on October 1, 1947, and called East Punjab University.
• Initially housed primarily at a cantonment in Solan, it later relocated to a newly built campus in Chandigarh, and was renamed Punjab University.

Hence Statement I is incorrect

Statement II: University of Allahabad was established by a Special Act of Incorporation in 1887.

Explanation:

• The University of Allahabad is a collegiate central university located in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
• It was established on 23 September 1887 by an act of Parliament and is recognised as an Institute of National Importance (INI).
• It is one of the oldest modern universities in India.
• Its origins lie in the Muir Central College, named after Lt. Governor of North-Western Provinces Sir William Muir in 1876, who suggested the idea of a Central University at Allahabad, which later evolved to the present university.
• It is known as the "Oxford of the East

Hence Statement II is correct

Therefore we can say that Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Institute of Eminence (IoE) is a recognition scheme under University Grants Commission (UGC) that helps empower higher educational institutions.

Key PointsInstitute of Eminence (IOE) Scheme:

• The status of ‘Institute of Eminence’ was launched to empower higher education institutions in India and help them implement world-class teaching systems to enhance affordable access to high-quality education.
• The University Grants Commission set the IoE scheme in 2017.
• Twenty institutions received the grant, and eleven among the selected ones got the Institutions of Eminence status in April 2021.
• It helps empowering the higher educational institutions.
• The HRD Ministry of India grants the Institution of Eminence status to multiple universities.
• The Institute of Eminence list includes three private institutions – BITS Pilani, JIO Institute, and Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE). The list has three public institutions – IIT Delhi, IIT Bombay, and IISc Bangalore. Institutions that acquire the IoE status get full autonomy over their educational structure and courses.
• The public institutions under IoE tag will receive a government grant of Rs. 1,000 crore, while the private institutions will not get any funding under the scheme.

Additional Information

• A government institution recognized as an Institute of Eminence is set to receive additional funding of 1000 cr (crores), then it indicates that the institution has been granted a significant financial boost by the government.
• This additional funding is intended to support the institution's development, research activities, infrastructure enhancement, and overall growth. The recognition as an Institute of Eminence signifies the institution's exceptional potential and its contribution to the field of education and research.