UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 23rd Oct 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Given:

Total Population of Town F = 763000

Formula Used:

Number of Males = Total Population × (100% - % Female) 

Calculation:

Total Population of all towns = 763000 / (21.8) = 35000

Total population of Town A = (Total Population of all towns  × Distribution of Total Population of Town A %) /100

⇒ 35000 ×  21.0 / 100

⇒ 7350

The number of males in Town A can be calculated as follows:

Number of Males = Total Population of Town A × (100 - % Female)

⇒ 7350 × (100 - 51.10) 

⇒ 359415.

The number of males in Town A​ is 359415.

Calculation: 

Total Population of all towns = 763000 / (21.8) = 35000

Total Population of Town B =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town B / 100

⇒ (35000 × 10.6) / 100

⇒ 3710

According to formula:

Difference = 3710 × 53.20 - 3710 × 46.8 

Difference = 23744

Given:

Total Population of Town F = 763000

Formula Used:

Percentage = (Male Population of Town F / Male Population of Town E) × 100%

Calculation: 

Total Population of all towns = 763000 / (21.8) = 35000

Total Population of Town E =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town E / 100

⇒ (35000 × 7.5) / 100

⇒ 2625

Total Population of Town F =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town F / 100

⇒ (35000 × 21.8) / 100

⇒ 7630

Number of Males in Town E = Total Population of Town E × (100 - % Female)

⇒ 2625 × (100 - 47.80) 

⇒ 137025

Number of Males in Town F= Total Population of Town F × (100 - % Female)

⇒ 7630 × (100 - 49.20) 

⇒ 387604

According to formula

Percentage = (Male Population of Town F / Male Population of Town E) × 100%

Percentage = (387604 / 137025) × 100%

Percentage = 282.87 ~ 283%

The male population of Town F as a percentage of the male population of Town E is approximately 283%

Calculation: 

Total Population of all towns = 763000/(21.8) = 35000

Total population of Town A = 

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town A / 100

⇒ 35000 ×  21.0 / 100 ⇒ 7350

Total Population of Town B =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town B / 100

⇒ (35000 × 10.6) / 100 ⇒ 3710

Total Population of Town C =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town C / 100

⇒ (35000 × 23.7) / 100 ⇒ 8295

Total Population of Town D =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town C / 100

⇒ (35000 × 15.4) / 100 ⇒ 5390

Total Population of Town E =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town E / 100

⇒ (35000 × 7.5) / 100 ⇒ 2625

Total Population of Town F =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town F / 100

⇒ (35000 × 21.8) / 100 ⇒ 763

Number of females in Town A = 7350 × (51.10 / 100) = 3753.35

Number of females in Town B = 3710 × (53.20 / 100) = 1978.72

Number of females in Town C = 8295 × (52.80 / 100) = 4379.36

Number of females in Town D = 5390 × (53.80 / 100) = 2888.62

Number of females in Town E = 2625 × (47.80 / 100) = 1248.95

Number of females in Town F = 7630 × (49.20 / 100) = 3767.56

The number of females in all six towns together would be the sum of the number of females in each town:

3753.35 + 1978.72 + 4379.36 + 2888.62 + 1248.95 + 3767.56 = 1801786.

Calculation: 

Total Population of all towns = 763000 / (21.8) = 35000

Total population of Town A = 

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town A / 100

⇒ 35000 ×  21.0 / 100 ⇒ 7350

Total Population of Town B =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town B / 100

⇒ (35000 × 10.6) / 100 ⇒ 3710

Total Population of Town C =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town C / 100

⇒ (35000 × 23.7) / 100 ⇒ 8295

Total Population of Town D =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town C / 100

⇒ (35000 × 15.4) / 100 ⇒ 5390

Total Population of Town E =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town E / 100

⇒ (35000 × 7.5) / 100 ⇒ 2625

Total Population of Town F =

Total Population of all towns  × % Distribution of Total Population of Town F / 100

⇒ (35000 × 21.8) / 100 ⇒ 7630

According to this formula:

Number of Males in Town  = Total Population of Town × (100 - % Female)

Number of males in Town A = 7350 × (100 - 51.10) = 360150

Number of males in Town B = 3710 × (100 - 53.20) = 173628

Number of males in Town C = 8295 × (100 -52.80 ) = 391524

Number of males in Town D = 5390 × (100 - 53.80) = 249018

Number of males in Town E = 2625 × (100 - 47.80 ) = 137025

Number of males in Town F = 7630 × (100 - 49.20) = 387604

Number of males in Towns A-F 

360150 + 173628 + 391524 + 249018 + 137025 + 387604 = 1698949

Percentage = (Number of males in Towns A-F /population of Towns A-F) 

Percentage  = 1698949 / 35000

Percentage  = 48.54 ~ 49%

The correct answer is  Learner Centered teaching

Key Points

• Learner Centered teaching:
• ​Learner-centered teaching methods shift the focus of activity from the teacher to the learners. These methods include: Active learning, in which students solve problems, answer questions, formulate questions of their own, discuss, explain, debate, or brainstorm during class.
• I never teach my pupils: I only attempt to provide the conditions in which they can learn" Albert Einstein quote correctly describes this.

Additional Information

• Teacher Centered:
• Sometimes called the “Sage on the Stage” style, the teacher-centered model positions the teacher as the expert in charge of imparting knowledge to his or her students via lectures or direct instruction.
• In this setting, students are sometimes described as “empty vessels,” listening to and absorbing information.
• Parents Centered teacher learning:
• Parents need to offer support and help their children. They may even need to find help outside of the home, a tutor, for example. * Role Model:
• The parent needs to be a positive role model for the child in helping to shape the child's opinions and attitudes about learning.

The correct answer is Chalk and board

Key Points

• Offline education
• It is the traditional counterpart to online education and the original method of learning that allows students to have regular face-to-face interactions with their peers and teachers.
• In this the teachers and students are physically present in a classroom and where teachers teach lessons and concepts on a blackboard
• Teaching usually takes place in a fixed location, such as a lecture hall or a physical classroom.

Additional Information

• Online teaching
• It is a student-centric methodology that increases students' interest and participation levels in virtual classrooms.
• Online teaching and learning is faculty-delivered instruction via the Internet. Online instruction includes real-time (synchronous) and anytime, anywhere (asynchronous) interactions.
• Example Live classes, use of Video conferencing tools, LMS and digital sources

Video conferencing tools:

Participants connect in a virtual meeting using HD video and audio across web, desktop, mobile or video system. Solutions like Webex also offer sophisticated video conferencing features like screen sharing, meeting recording and transcription.

LMS:

A learning management system is software that helps you create, manage, organize, and deliver online training materials to your audience.

Digital resources:

Digital resources are those information resources in an electronic format accessible through internet-connected computers or other electronic devices in libraries known as in-house digital resources.

The NEP 2020 replaces the National Policy on Education of 1986 under which the old educational structure of 10+2 system has been shifted by 5+3+3+4 system.

Key Points 

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020:

• The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes the importance of value-based courses in schools. The NEP calls for integrating values such as empathy, compassion, honesty, respect, and other human values into the curriculum and teaching methods. The goal is to help students develop into well-rounded individuals with strong moral and ethical values.
• Value-based education is a crucial component of the NEP's vision for a holistic, multidisciplinary, and student-centred approach to education. The NEP encourages schools to create a supportive and inclusive environment that promotes the development of positive values and attitudes in students.
• In addition, the NEP promotes the integration of value-based education into all subjects and activities, including sports, music, and arts. The NEP also calls for the development of teacher training programs that promote the integration of values into teaching and learning.

Therefore the correct answer is Value-based courses

Additional Information

MOOC:

A massive open online course (MOOC) is a free web-based distance learning program that is designed for large numbers of geographically dispersed students. A MOOC may be patterned on a college or university course or be less structured.

The correct answer is Reading text disorder

Key PointsLearning Disorder:

Learning disabilities affect how a person learns to read, write, speak, and do math. They are caused by differences in the brain, most often in how it functions but also sometimes in its structure.

 Dyslexia

• It is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding).
• Also called a reading disability, dyslexia is a result of individual differences in areas of the brain that process language

Additional Information

Dysgraphia: 

People with dysgraphia may have difficulty putting their thoughts into writing due to issues with vocabulary, spelling, grammar, memory, and critical thinking. 

Dyscalculia: 

Sometimes known as “math dyslexia,” this condition includes learning disorders related to mathematics, such as difficulty with numbers, concepts, and reasoning.

Auditory processing disorder (APD): 

People with APD may have difficulty processing sounds because their brain misinterprets auditory information received by the ear.

Key Points

• Online methods of teaching
• Online teaching and learning is faculty-delivered instruction via the Internet. Online instruction includes real-time (synchronous) and anytime, anywhere (asynchronous) interactions.
• With Online classes, teachers need not collect students in the classroom to teach them. Instead, they can deliver lectures in real-time through live online classes. Live online classes allow teachers and students to interact face-to-face and give the same classroom-like environment for learning.
• Few examples are
• Using LMS, Using video conferencing tools,  Field based activity, Live classes etc.

Therefore the correct answer is A, B and D Only.

Additional InformationOffline education

• It is the traditional counterpart to online education and the original method of learning that allows students to have regular face-to-face interactions with their peers and teachers.
• In this the teachers and students are physically present in a classroom and where teachers teach lessons and concepts on a blackboard
• Teaching usually takes place in a fixed location, such as a lecture hall or a physical classroom.

The correct answer is Objectivism.

Social phenomena include all behaviour which influences or is influenced by organisms sufficiently alive to respond to one another. 

Key Points

• Objectivism:
• Objectivism is a philosophical theory that emphasizes the reality of the external world and the importance of objective knowledge.
• Objectivists believe that social phenomena can be studied objectively without considering the subjective viewpoints of social actors.
• This approach is often contrasted with subjectivism, which emphasizes the importance of understanding the subjective experiences of social actors.

The following are some examples of how objectivism has been used in sociology:

• Functionalist sociologists have used objectivism to study the role of social institutions in society.
• Conflict sociologists have used objectivism to study how power and inequality are reproduced in society.
• Feminist sociologists have used objectivism to study how gender roles are constructed and maintained.
• Objectivism is a valuable research tool in sociology, but it is important to remember that it is not the only approach to studying social phenomena.
• For example: a tree falls in the forest, and it does make a sound, even if no one hears it. Everyone else is living a life just as vivid and detailed as yours, whether you know it or not. Everyone is born and dies; how they live may be subjective, but their existence is objective.

Additional Information

• Relativism:
• Relativism is the belief that there's no absolute truth, only the truths that a particular individual or culture happens to believe. If you believe in relativism, you think different people can have different views about what's moral and immoral.
• Subjectivism
• It is the doctrine that "our own mental activity is the only unquestionable fact of our experience", instead of shared or communal, and that there is no external or objective truth.
• Positivism
• It is a term used to describe an approach to the study of society that relies specifically on empirical scientific evidence, such as controlled experiments and statistics. Positivism is a belief that we should not go beyond the boundaries of what can be observed.

The correct answer is Description - oriented

Key Points. 

Trend Study:

• A trend study is a type of research that investigates the direction and rate of change in a particular phenomenon over time.
• Trend studies are typically descriptive in nature, meaning they are designed to describe the phenomenon rather than explain it. T
• rend studies can be used to identify emerging trends, track the progress of a trend, or compare trends across different populations.
• Trend studies can be conducted using a variety of methods, including surveys, interviews, and content analysis.
• The specific method will depend on the nature of the phenomenon being studied and the research questions being asked.
• Trend studies can be valuable for businesses, governments, education and other organizations.
• By tracking trends, organizations can identify opportunities and threats, and make informed decisions about their future.

Here are some examples of how trend studies can be used:

• A business might use trend studies to identify new markets or track its customers' changing preferences.
• A government might use trend studies to track a country's economic growth or identify its citizens' needs.
• A non-profit organization might use trend studies to track a social issue's progress or identify new ways to raise awareness.

Trend studies can be a valuable tool for understanding the world around us. We can gain insights into the past, present, and future by tracking trends.

Additional Information

Action-oriented:

• An action-oriented study focuses on understanding social phenomena to bring about practical changes or interventions. It aims to identify problems or issues and develop strategies or solutions to address them. This type of study is often driven by a desire to create positive social change or impact.

Impression-oriented:

• An impression-oriented study emphasizes capturing and understanding subjective impressions or experiences of individuals. It seeks to explore the perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and opinions of individuals or groups regarding a particular phenomenon. This type of study is concerned with understanding how people make sense of and interpret their social world.

Experiment-oriented:

• An experiment-oriented study involves controlled experiments to test specific hypotheses or research questions. It typically involves manipulating variables, measuring outcomes, and comparing experimental and control groups' results. This type of study is common in scientific research and aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships by isolating specific variables under controlled conditions.

Key Points

• Qualitative research
• It is a type of research that aims to gather and analysis non-numerical data in order to gain an understanding of individuals' social reality, including understanding their attitudes, beliefs, and motivation
• The most frequently used qualitative research methods are one-on-one interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, case study research, record keeping, and qualitative observation
• Four criteria are widely used to appraise the trustworthiness of qualitative research: credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability
• Credibility is a measure of the truth value of qualitative research, or whether the study's findings are correct and accurate. To some degree, it relies on the credibility of the researchers themselves, as well as their research methods
• Dependability refers to the consistency and reliability of the research findings and the degree to which research procedures are documented, allowing someone outside the research to follow, audit, and critique the research process
• Confirmability is The degree to which the findings of the research study could be confirmed by other researchers. Confirmability is concerned with establishing that data and interpretations of the findings are not figments of the imagination, but clearly derived from the data.
• Transferability The degree to which the results of qualitative research can be transferred to other contexts or settings with other respondents. The researcher facilitates the transferability judgment by a potential user through thick description.

Therefore we conclude that correct answer is A, B, C Only.

Key Points

Statement I: In historical research. external criticism is necessary to establish the authenticity of data.

• Explanation:
• Historical research is a process of collecting and interpreting data about past events or ideas in order to find how they affected the present events and ideas.
• It studies possible reasons behind certain events to explain their influence on the events that followed.
• External criticism authenticates evidence and establishes texts in the most accurate possible form.
• Once a document has been determined to be genuine (external criticism), researchers need to determine if the content is accurate (internal criticism).
• We conduct historical research for a number of reasons: – to avoid the mistakes of the past.

Hence Statement I is true

Statement II: Various tests of authenticity are there in historical research but there is no need to use them.

• Explanation:
• It is necessary to validate historical sources because a source can always lie, and a source can always be false. A good historian both checks any new and unusua
• l source for signs that it is not real, and then considers whether it is accurate.
• External Criticism – determines the authenticity of the source. The material must be investigated based on the time and place it is written. The critic must determine whether the material under investigation is raw, meaning unaltered, and it exists exactly as the author left it.

Hence Statement II is false

Therefore we can say that Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

The correct answer is Grasp of communicated contents

Key Points

• Effective Communication in the Classroom
• Communication is key in the classroom: successful teaching is generally considered to require only 50% knowledge to 50% communication skills.
• Proper communication between teacher and student is vital for improving student success rates
• A teacher, after communicating with students, should always check for Grasp of communicated contents.​
• Effective communication between teachers and students has the potential to improve the learning experience and create a positive environment in the classroom.
• However, the relationship takes work on both ends. Communication barriers in the classroom  certainly make it difficult for students to get the most out of their education.

Additional Information

• Acculturation is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society.

The correct answer is  A, C, B, E, D.

Key Points

Chronological order means to put it in order by the time the events occurred. Words such as first, next, and finally are apropos for this framework. 

The chronological order of effects of newspaper reading on different groups of people is as follows:

A) The instrumental effect -

• This effect refers to the practical benefits of newspaper reading, such as acquiring information, gaining knowledge, and staying informed about current events and issues. It highlights the informational and educational value of newspapers.

C) The prestige effect -

• ​ This effect relates to the influence of newspaper reading on enhancing the social status or perceived prestige of the readers. Reading newspapers is associated with being well-informed, educated, and engaged in current affairs, which may contribute to a sense of prestige.

B) The reinforcement effect -

• This effect emphasizes how newspaper reading can reinforce or shape existing beliefs, attitudes, and opinions of readers. People often seek newspapers that align with their pre-existing views, and the content they encounter can reinforce their perspectives.

E) The aesthetic effect -

This effect focuses on the aesthetic appreciation of newspapers, including their visual and artistic aspects such as layout, design, and photography. It highlights the enjoyment and aesthetic appeal derived from the newspaper as a medium.

D) The respite effect -

• This effect pertains to the psychological relaxation or escape that newspaper reading can provide. It offers a temporary break from daily routines and pressures, serving as a form of leisure or diversion.

Therefore, the correct chronological order of the effects of newspaper reading on different groups of people is A, C, B, E, and D.

Given:

A single discount equivalent to a series of discounts 10%, 20% and 30%

Calculation:

To find the equivalent single discount, we can multiply the original price by the product of the individual discounts as decimals:

Price after first discount = Original price ×  (1 - 10/100) = 0.9 × Original price

Price after second discount = Price after first discount × (1 - 20/100)

⇒  0.9 × 0.8 × Original price

⇒  0.72 × Original price

Price after third discount = Price after second discount × (1 - 30/100)

⇒  0.72 × 0.7 × Original price

⇒  0.504 * Original price

So, the equivalent single discount would be 1 - 0.504 = 49.6%.

Key Points

 Statement I: Conversion is an inference that proceeds by interchanging the subject and predicate terms of the proposition.

• Explanation:
• Conversion is the immediate inference which proceeds by change of position of the terms i.e. interchanging the subject and the predicate terms of a proposition.
• A standard form categorical proposition is called converse of another proposition when we derive it simply by interchanging the subject and predicate of that proposition

Hence Statement I is true

Statement II: All conversions are valid inferences

• Explanation:
• The proposition from which the converse is derived is called convertend.
• Structure of conversion can be put as follows:
• Premise: S is P
• Conclusion by conversion: P is S
• For example “Some authors are rich people” is “Some rich people are authors” which is logically equivalent to it
• But For example, “Some animals are not pets” is true but its converse the proposition “Some pets are not animals” is false. They are not logically equivalent statements.
• Therefore Such interchange not always represents a valid inference.

Hence Statement II is false

Therefore we can say that Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Key Points

• Nyaya and Aristotle syllogism
• Nyaya and Aristotle syllogism which in derived from inference, contains certain rules by the violation of this rule fallacy occurred.
• Fallacies are formed by premises and terms the fallacy derived from Nyaya Tarka logic Anumana is called Hetvabhasa the Aristotelian logic is called as the fallacy of syllogism.
• Aristotelian syllogism and Nyaya syllogism both have three terms, however, they differ in number of propositions it contains.
• Aristotelian syllogism has three propositions whereas Nyaya syllogism has five propositions.
• Aristotelian syllogism is deductive and formal. Nyaya syllogism is deductive - inductive and formal and material at the same time.
• In the Aristotelian syllogism, though connected by the middle term, the major and the minor terms stand apart in the premises.
• In the Nyaya syllogism all the three terms stand synthesized in the upanaya i.e. fourth proposition
• Propositions of Aristotelian syllogism are nothing more than the absolutely necessary constituent parts of an inference.
• Propositions of Nyaya syllogism on the other hand constitute a fully reasoned out argument whose parts follow one after another in their natural sequence

Therefore we can say that correct answer is A, B, C, D, E.

The correct answer is A Web portal for dissemination of e-Transaction statistics of National and State level e-Governance Projects

Key Points

• eTaal 
• It is a web portal for dissemination of e-Transaction statistics of Central and State level e-Governance Projects including Mission Mode Projects.
• It receives transaction statistics from web based applications periodically on near real time basis.
• eTaal presents quick analysis of transaction counts in graphical form (Bar Chart, Pie Chart, Bubble Chart, etc.) and as Tabular Statements to give quick view of transactions done by various e-Governance projects

Key Points

 Statement I: In terms of communication, the mass media are the most powerful influencers in any developing country.

• Explanation:
• Mass media refers to a diverse array of media that reach a large audience via mass communication.
• Broadcast media transmit information electronically via media such as films, radio, recorded music, or television
• But Radio is one of the most common forms of mass media in developing countries because it’s affordable and uses less electricity than many other forms of mass media, but only approximately 75 percent of people in developing countries have access to a radio, and roughly 77 percent of people in rural areas have access to electricity.
• But Nowadays social media has become the most powerful influencers in any developing country.

Hence Statement I is false

Statement II: Interpersonal communication is more powerful than mass media in any developing society.

• Explanation:
• mass communication involves one-way communication between a source—like a television station—and a receiving audience, interpersonal communication involves a two-way exchange of information
• With mass communication, feedback from other cultures is more unlikely since people are not obligated to respond.
• With interpersonal communication though, a person of another culture is obligated to respond to the other person, probably making the intentional message more clear.

Hence Statement II is true

Therefore we can say that Statement I is false but Statement II is true

The correct answer is 76 

Key Points

Given,

4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, --, 123, 199.

To Find,

The missing number in the series.

Solution,

Given that,

A series

4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, -, 123, 199.

Here, one term is missing.

Let's take missing number = x

4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, x, 123, 199.

We need to find the relation of each term with each other.

By looking into the series, it's clear that

the third term is the sum of the preceding two numbers.

ie,

here, the third term

11 = 4+7 (preceding two terms)

Like that,

18 = 7+11

29 = 11 +18

47 = 29+18

So the missing number will be the sum of its preceding two numbers.

x = 29+47

x = 76.

Hence the number that is missing in the series is 76. Option(b) is correct.

Given:

A sum of Rs. 1550 is lent out into two parts, one at 8% and the other at 6%.

The total annual income is Rs. 106

Calculation:

Let's call the amount lent out at 8% as x.

So, the amount lent out at 6% is 1550 - x.

The annual income from the amount lent at 8% is 8/100 × x = 0.08x.

The annual income from the amount lent at 6% is

6/100 ×  (1550 - x)

⇒ 0.06 * 1550 - 0.06x.

The total annual income is the sum of the two:

0.08x + 0.06 × 1550 - 0.06x = 106

Simplifying the equation, we get:

0.02x = 106 - 0.06 × 1550

0.02x = 106 - 93

0.02x = 13

So, x = 13 / 0.02 = 650.

Therefore, the amount lent out at 8% is 650 and the amount lent out at 6% is 1550 - 650 = 900.

Given:

The ratio of the present ages of two persons A and B is 4 ∶ 3.

If 4 years ago, the ratio of their ages was 2 ∶ 1

Calculation:

Let's assume the present ages of A and B are 4x and 3x, respectively.

4 years ago, the ages of A and B were 4x - 4 and 3x - 4, respectively.

The ratio of their ages 4 years ago was (4x - 4) : (3x - 4) = 2 : 1.

So, we can write the equation:

2 / 1 = (4x - 4) / (3x - 4)

Expanding and simplifying the equation, we get:

2 = 4x - 4 / 3x - 4

Multiplying both sides by 3x - 4, we get:

2 ×  (3x - 4) = 4x - 4

Solving for x, we get:

x = 8.

So, the present age of A is 4x = 4 × 8 = 32 years

The present age of B is 3x = 3 × 8 = 24 years.

A : B = 32 : 24 = 8 : 6

Given:

The average of squares of consecutive even numbers from 1 to 20

Formula Used:

\(Avg = \frac{sum\ of \ square\ of \ consecutive \ even \ number}{total \ number}\)

The average of squares of consecutive even numbers from 1 to 20 we will follow the following steps:

As we know,

Even numbers from 1 to 20 are 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18

Now,

Square of even number =

2²= 4, 4²= 16, 6²= 36, 8² = 64, 10² = 100, 12² = 144 , 14² = 196, 16² = 256,

18² = 324 , 20² = 400

Now,

Sum of squares of consecutive even numbers

⇒ 4 + 16 + 36 + 64 + 100 + 144 + 196 + 256 + 324 +400 = 1540

The average Sum of squares of consecutive even numbers is

⇒ 1540 / 10 = 154

The correct answer is All umpires are non-partisans.

Key Points

• Obversion Inference
• Obversion is the inference in which the quality of the proposition is changed and the predicate is interchanged with its complement.
• It is a form of inference in which a negative proposition is obtained from an affirmative, or vice versa, as “ None of us is immortal” is obtained by obversion from “All of us are mortal”
• Similarly All umpires are non-partisans are obtained from No umpires are partisans'

The correct answer is Appeal to Majority

Informal fallacies are a type of incorrect argument in natural language. The source of the error is not just due to the form of the argument, as is the case for formal fallacies, but can also be due to their content and context.It can be of various types Appeal to Majority,Diversion,Begging the Question , Equivocation etc.

Important Points

• ​Appeal to Majority Informal fallacy:
• This fallacy occurs when you argue that your conclusion must be true, because there is no evidence against it. This fallacy wrongly shifts the burden of proof away from the one making the claim.
• Example
• Since you haven't been able to prove your innocence, I must assume you're guilty.
• "The Beatles were the best rock group of the 1960s since they sold more records than any other rock band".

Additional Information

• Diversion  Informal fallacy
• This fallacy consists in diverting attention from the real issue by focusing instead on an issue having only a surface relevance to the first.
• Examples: Son: "Wow, Dad, it's really hard to make a living on my salary." Father: "Consider yourself lucky, son. Why, when I was your age, I only made $40 a week."
• Begging the Question
• The fallacy of begging the question occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it. In other words, you assume without proof the stand/position, or a significant part of the stand, that is in question. Begging the question is also called arguing in a circle.
• For example, “Wool sweaters are superior to nylon jackets as fall attire because wool sweaters have the higher wool content” begs the question because the argument fails to explain why having the higher wool content makes a garment superior.
• Equivocation
• The fallacy of equivocation occurs when a key term or phrase in an argument is used in an ambiguous way, with one meaning in one portion of the argument and then another meaning in another portion of the argument.
• Example Noisy children are a real headache. Two aspirin will make a headache go away. Therefore, two aspirin will make noisy children go away$.

Bookmark is a way to quickly access a  website by saving it in your browser.

Key Points

Bookmark

• A bookmark in the context of the World Wide Web is a Uniform Resource Identifier that is saved for later retrieval in any of several storage formats.
• Bookmark functionality is available in all current web browsers.
• Bookmarks help users and browsers save time, which is particularly important when browsing Web pages with lengthy URLs or a specific section of the site that isn't always the homepage.

Additional Information

Cookie 

• Cookies are text files made by the websites you visit. For a more convenient internet experience, they save browsing information.
• Cookies enable websites to keep you logged in, remember your choices, and deliver content that is appropriate for your location.
• A cookie is a bit of information that a website sends to a web browser and then stores there for later retrieval by the same website.
• Cookies are used to inform a server when visitors return to a specific website.

Blog

• A blog, also known as a Web log or Weblog, is an online journal where a person, group, or organisation keeps a record of their actions, ideas, or views.
• Some blogs serve primarily as news aggregators, gathering information from numerous online sources and including brief comments and links to the Internet.
• Other blogs place more emphasis on offering original content. Many blogs also offer forums where readers can post comments and engage with the author. The act of creating content for a blog is called "blogging."
• The majority of content is written, but many blogs also include key visual, aural, and visual components. The internet realm of blogs is referred to as the "blogosphere."

Wiki

• A wiki is a collaborative tool that enables students to add to and edit one or more pages of course-related resources.
• Wikis encourage community formation within a course because they are collaborative in nature.
• A wiki is essentially a web page with a public editing process. Wikis were developed primarily to provide a platform for collaborative text writing on a particular topic and text-to-text connections.
• Sharing knowledge for the greater good is another major goal of many wikis.

Key Points

• Effective communication
• It is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions, knowledge, and data so that the message is received and understood with clarity and purpose.
• Educators should be skilled in listening and understanding in thoughts and ideas of their students and elaborating things clearly. Educators need clarity in communication while talking to their students.
• For effective communication between student and teacher, A teacher should 
• Main Eye contact with students
• Reduce spatial distance
• Use Non-confrontational gestures

Additional Information

• Reduction in personal space of students
• Understanding and keeping good personal space helps children to engage more successfully in everyday interactions and in personal relationships with peers and adults, as well as helping them to stay safe. Everyone feels more comfortable when the person they are with, respects their personal space.
• it should be avoided by teachers.
• Keeping the arms folded:
• ​Crossing arms across the chest is a classic gesture of defensiveness. This defensiveness usually manifests as discomfort, uneasiness, shyness, or insecurity.
• it should be avoided by teachers.

Therefore the correct answer is A, B. E Only.

Key Points

• Upamāna as a means of knowledge according to Nyāya school
• According to Nyāya, upamāna is a way of knowing the denotation of words and solving the problem of identification
• It is knowledge derived from similarity.
• It has been defined as the knowledge of the relation between a word and its denotation According to the Nyāya Philosophy, comparison (upamāna) is the third source of valid knowledge.
• The expression ‘upamāna’, is derived from two words, ‘upa’ and ‘māna’.
• The word ‘upa’ means similarity or ‘sādrusya’ and the word ‘māna’ means ‘cognition
• It is defined as knowledge of the relation between a word and its denotation.
• Example of Upamāna:
• A person does not know what a ‘squirrel’ is? S(he) is told by a forester that it is a small animal like rat, but it has a long fury tail and strips on its body. After some period of time, when s(he) sees such an animal in the forest, s(he) knows that it is a squirrel.

Hence , the correct answer is A, B and C Only

Information Technology (IT)

• Information Technology specifies the components that are used to store, fetch and manipulate the information at the minimum level with the server having an operating system.
• It has a wide area of application in education, health, business, and industries. In IT it is necessary to have knowledge of security issues and privacy issues.

Key Points

Some of the major ethical issues are following:-

• Personal privacy - It is an important aspect of ethical issues in IT. Due to the distribution of the network on a large scale, data or information transfer in a big amount takes place which leads to the hidden chances of disclosing information and violating the privacy of any individual or a group. It means revealing the clinical history of a patient without the consent of the patient is unethical.

Thus, A hospital reveals clinical history of a patient without the consent of a patient is correct.

• Copyright - some licenses may restrict use to a specific computer. Copyright law does not permit you to run your software on two or more computers. Copyright law works as a very powerful legal tool in protecting computer software. It means if a student is using proprietary software without having a license, is unethical.

Thus, A student using proprietary software without having license is correct.

• Harmful Action - harmful action in IT refers to the damage or negative consequences to the IT such as a loss of important information, loss of property, loss of ownership, destruction of property, and undesirable substantial impact. so stealing another person's credit card number is unethical.

Thus, A person stealing another person's credit card number is correct.

• Piracy - piracy is an activity in which the creation of an illegal copy of software is made.
• Patents - patents can preserve unique ideas. the patent holder has to reveal the full details of the program to the programmer to build a program.

Hence. the correct answer is A, B and C Only

Additional Information Open source software -open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance. It may be developed in a collaborative public manner. It means The use of the Linux Operating System ( being an open-source software ) on over 200 computers is ethical.

Hence we can conclude that option 3 is correct in the context of Information Technology.

Key Points  

Therefore the correct answer is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

The correct answer is Political communication

Key Points

• Agenda-setting:
• The agenda-setting definition is mainstream media using their influence to sway the importance of topics on the public agenda.
• The media often has the power to shape the public's perception of events.
• In politics, the agenda definition is the goals and objectives that an organization or individual is focused on achieving.
• Agenda setting describes the "ability (of the news media) to influence the importance placed on the topics of the public agenda"
• According to agenda-setting theory, the news media may not tell the public what to think (for example, what position to take on a political issue or what candidate to support in an election), but they tell the public what to think about (for example, what issues are important or what candidates are viable).

Additional InformationLegal communication:

• In the legal world, one needs to communicate well with the lawyers, the staff, the partners, the associates, the clients, and the vendors.
• Good communication skill not only boosts confidence in oneself but also helps clients and other people to understand the language of law in a better manner.

Grapevine communication:

• Grapevine is a form of informal communication, that operates both in internal and external informal channels which can contribute to and benefit the organization.
• Therefore, it is found in all organizations.
• It does not follow any prescribed or predetermined rule and spreads any information quickly.

The correct answer is A and B Only

Key Points

Statement A: The setting up of C-DAC was to build Supercomputers in context of denial of import of Supercomputers by USA.

• C-DAC was established by India to support the digital advancement  in the country. India asked supercomputer from USA but USA reject the demand on ground of dual use of technology for weapon development. After that India decided to developed its own Supercomputer.
• It developed different types of supercomputers. In this range it also developed Param with 1 GF in 1988.
• It is placed under ministry of Information Technology and Electronics.
• The objective of C-DAC is to revolutionalised the I.T sector of India.

Hence statement A is correct.

Statement B:  C-DAC started building Indian Language Computing Solutions with setting up of GIST group (Graphics and Intelligence based Script Technology)

• C-DAC is also mandated to developed Indian Language Computing Solution with setting up of GIST group. Through this Indian wants to bridge the language barrier.
• Among the different mandate of C-DAC, it is also developing VLSI system.
• It is also play a key role in developing emerging technology in the field of I.T.
• It is also playing a key role in developing industries and strategic technology areas.

Hence statement B is correct.

Statement C:This Centre was started in the year 1995.

• As USA rejected the demand in 1980s. India developed the system in the year 1988.
• A total of 24 petaflops of computing power are available across 15 supercomputers in India.
• There are just two supercomputers: PARAM Siddhi and Pratyush, two of the top 100 fastest supercomputers in the world, and three more on the Top 500 list.

Hence statement C is incorrect.

Therefore, We can draw a conclusion from the above discussion that Statement A and B is correct but Statement C is Incorrect.

The correct chronological order of the given agreements are as follows: Stockholm Conference, Montreal Protocol, Convention on biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris agreement.

Key Points

(A) Paris agreement

• The Paris Agreement, often known as the Paris Accords or the Paris Climate Accords, is a global agreement on combating climate change.
• The 2015 agreement, which addresses financing, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change, was adopted.
• It is a legally binding agreement on climate change.
• It was approved by 196 Parties at COP 21 in Paris on December 12, 2015, and it became effective on November 4, 2016.
• It aims to keep warming considerably below 2 degrees Celsius, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.

(B) Convention on biodiversity

• The Biodiversity Convention, also referred to as the Convention on Biological Diversity, is a multilateral agreement.
• The Convention's three fundamental objectives are the conservation of biological variety, the sustainable use of its elements, and the just and equal distribution of the advantages resulting from genetic resources.
• The Convention on Biological Variety (CBD), ratified by 196 countries, is an international legal framework for "the protection of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits emerging from the usage of genetic resources."

(C) Kyoto Protocol

• According to the Kyoto Protocol, developed nations must lower their emissions of greenhouse gases to levels lower than those in 1990.
• The first significant multilateral initiative to slow climate change was the Kyoto Protocol. Despite the absence of the United States, 191 nations have supported the accord since 1997.
• Based on the scientific consensus that global warming is happening and that human-caused CO2 emissions are what's causing it.
• Kyoto Protocol extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and committed state parties to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

(D) Montreal Protocol

• The Montreal Protocol is a global agreement that aims to preserve the ozone layer by phasing out the manufacture of several chemicals that contribute to ozone depletion.
• The agreement was made on September 16, 1987, and it became effective on January 1, 1989.
• The Montreal Protocol has proved effective in reducing the amount of ozone-depleting gases (also known as halogen source gases) in the atmosphere and even turning the trend around.
• The difference in the value of effective stratospheric chlorine serves as a key indicator of its effectiveness.

(E) Stockholm Conference

• The Stockholm Conference had its beginnings in Sweden's request to the UN in 1968 to host a global conference to review environmental issues and determine which ones needed international cooperation to be resolved.
• 114 governments sent delegations to the summit in 1972.
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, of 1981, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, of 1974, and the Forest Conservation Act, of 1980 were all passed by the Indian Parliament to carry out the Stockholm Convention.

Key Points

The National Council for Women's Education:

• The National Council for Women's Education endorsed the suggestion made by the union education minister that a small committee should be appointed to look into the reasons for the lack of public support, particularly in rural areas for girls’ education.
• The National Council for Women’s Education chairman appointed a committee in May 1963 under the Chairmanship of Shri M. Bhaktavatsalam, the then Chief Minister of Madras (now Chennai).
• He was tasked with looking into the causes of the lack of public support for girls' education and enlisting public support.

Some of the key recommendations of the Bhaktavatsalam Committee Report:

• The provision of free and compulsory education for girls up to 14.
• The creation of more girls' schools, especially in rural areas, and the appointment of more female teachers to cater to the educational needs of girls.
• The introduction of vocational education for girls to provide them with employment opportunities and to equip them with practical skills.
• Providing financial assistance to poor and underprivileged girls to help them continue their education.
• Including education on family planning and child care in the curriculum improves women's status and encourages family planning.
• The creation of a mechanism for monitoring the implementation of the recommendations of the report and evaluating their effectiveness.

Hence, the correct answer is Bhaktavatsalam

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true  

Key Points

Statement I: A blockchain is a growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked using Cryptography.

• It keeps a secure, decentralised log of cryptocurrency transactions. In order to eliminate the requirement for a third party, blockchain can ensure the accuracy and security of data records.
• In blocks that are connected in a chain, data is stored in a blockchain database.
• A blockchain is a decentralised, distributed, and public digital ledger that is used to log transactions across numerous computers in a way that prevents changes to the record from being made in the past without also changing all blocks that come after them and getting network consensus.

So, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: Block-chains which are readable by the public are widely used by cryptocurrencies.

• Blockchain technology is a cutting-edge database system that permits open information exchange inside a business network.
• Immutability, a feature of the blockchain, makes it hard to alter or change data that has already been recorded.

So, Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, We can draw a conclusion from the above discussion that statements I and II are correct.

Propeller rotor is mostly used in wind turbines for electricity generation.

Key Points

a. Multiblade rotor

• It has different blades in its rotor.

b. Propeller rotor

• A mechanical device's rotating component is referred to as a "rotor" in general.
• A rotor that induces a flow in a fluid is a fan (i.e. gas or liquid).
• A propeller is a fan that produces thrust.

c. Savonious rotor

• The Savonius rotor's main benefit is simplicity. It can even be produced in small local workshops because it doesn't require advanced techniques or technical knowledge.
• Applications in less developed nations find it appealing because of this.
• Savonius rotors are extremely solid and operate at low speeds.

d. Darrious rotor

• Two blades in this device rotate around a perpendicular shaft while being vertically oriented.
• An example of a VAWT is a Darrieus wind turbine.
• The Darrieus type is a lift-type VAWT, unlike the Savonius type.
• The turbines will drag around rather than encircling the airstream in cups.

The correct answer is Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Key Points

 Statement I: Total absence of fluoride in drinking water causes dental caries.

• Dental caries is the most prevalent non-communicable health condition globally.
• The surface-based susceptibility hierarchy indicates that surfaces in the same group have similar susceptibility to caries, where the most susceptible group consists of occlusal surfaces of first molars and buccal surfaces of lower first molars, and the least susceptible surfaces are smooth and proximal surfaces of first premolars, canines and incisors.
• Therefore, fluoride in the drinking water could impact one group more than the other group.
• Fluoride levels in the drinking water and dental caries experience very much.

Hence ,Statement I is correct.

Statement II: With presence of fluoride in drinking water, all the dental problems can be avoided.

• Water fluoridation can cause dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of developing teeth, most of this is mild and usually not considered to be of aesthetic or public-health concern.
• Fluoride’s effects depend on the total daily intake of fluoride from all sources. Drinking water is typically the largest source of fluoride.

Hence, Statement II is not correct.

DU was established in 1922 by the central legislative assembly of British India.

Key Points

Statement I: As  a result of the recommendation of the 'Woods despatch, ' modern University education in India began in 1857. When the universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were founded by the British.

• The Wood's Despatch, also known as the "Magna Carta of English Education in India", was a recommendation by Charles Wood, the then President of the Board of Control for India, in 1854.
• The recommendations of Wood's Despatch are considered the foundation of the modern education system in India. Some of the key recommendations of the despatch include:
• Establishing universities in major cities across India would provide higher education to students.
• The creation of a network of government-supported schools that would provide primary and secondary education to students from all social backgrounds.
• The introduction of the system of grants-in-aid would provide financial support to private schools that met certain standards set by the government.
• The promotion of the study of Indian languages and literature, along with the study of Western sciences and literature.
• The creation of teacher training institutions to improve the quality of teaching in schools.

The following developments were reflected post-Charles Wood’s Despatch:

1. Bombay, Madras and Calcutta universities were set up in 1857
2. In all provinces, education departments were set up
3. Bethune School (founded by J.E.D. Bethune) was started for women's education
4. Agriculture Institute at Pusa (Bihar) and an Engineering Institute at Roorkee were started
5. British India witnessed rapid westernisation of the education system with European headmasters and principals in schools and colleges.
6. Private Indian educators appeared.

The Wood's Despatch significantly shaped the Indian education system and is considered a landmark in India's education history.

Statement II: The Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, was established in the year 1927.

• Banaras Hindu University (BHU) is a public central university in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Established in 1916, BHU is one of India's oldest and largest universities, with more than 140 departments spread across six institutes and more than 40 faculties.
• BHU is known for its strong academic programs, particularly in the arts, sciences, engineering, and technology fields.
• The university offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various subjects, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, commerce, and law.
• One of the notable features of BHU is its campus, which covers an area of over 1,300 acres and is one of the largest residential universities in Asia.
• The campus is known for its blend of traditional Indian architecture and modern facilities and is home to several academic and research institutes, libraries, auditoriums, and student housing.

Thus, Statement II is incorrect.

Hence, the answer is Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Statement I: 'Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission of Teachers and Teaching 'aims to promote socially relevant science research.

Key Points

• The Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching (PMMMNMTT) was launched by the Honourable Prime Minister of India on 25^th December as a part of the Ministry of Human Resource Development's National Mission on Education through ICT.
• The scheme was established to improve the quality of teacher education and promote educational research.
• The mission is named after Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, an Indian educationist and freedom fighter who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and was one of the leaders in the Hindu Nationalist Movement.

Objectives:

• To ensure a coordinated approach to holistically address the various shortcomings relating to teachers and teaching across the educational spectrum, from school to higher education, including technical education, using the best international practices for excellence.
• To create and strengthen the institutional mechanisms (Schools of Education, Institutes of Academic leadership and Education Management, Subject-based networks, Teaching-learning Centres etc.) at the Centre & in the States for augmenting training and discipline-wise capacity building of faculty and their periodic assessment for excellence.
• To empower teachers and faculty through training, re-training, refresher and orientation programmes in generic skills, pedagogic skills, discipline-specific content upgradation, ICT and technology-enabled training and other appropriate interventions.
• To improve the quality of teacher education and to develop a pool of competent and motivated teachers who can deliver quality education to students and contribute to the development of the education sector in the country.

Hence, Statement I is false.

Statement II: 'Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration' aims at teacher training and faculty development.

• The Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration (SPARC) initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India.
• Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,** is the National Coordinating Institute to implement the SPARC programme.**

 Objectives:

• SPARC aims to improve the research ecosystem of India’s higher educational institutions by facilitating academic and research collaborations between Indian institutions and the best institutions in the world from 28 selected nations to jointly solve problems of national and international relevance in the first phase.
• The scheme aims to enhance the research capabilities of Indian institutions, promote the exchange of knowledge and expertise, and foster international collaboration in higher education. The scheme also seeks opportunities for Indian students and faculty to pursue advanced studies and research in premier institutions abroad.
• Under this Scheme, 600 joint research proposals will be awarded for two years to facilitate research collaboration between Indian research groups with the best-in-class faculty and renowned research groups in the leading universities of the world in areas that are at the cutting edge of science or with direct social relevance to the mankind, specifically India.

Hence, Statement II is false.

Hence it can be concluded that both statements are incorrect.

U235 is the isotope of Uranium used as fissile material in nuclear thermal power plants.

Key Points

• Atomic number 92 and the letter U both identify the chemical element uranium. In the periodic table's actinide series, it is a metal that is silvery-grey in colour.
• A uranium atom possesses 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. The half-lives of uranium's naturally occurring isotopes range from 159,200 years to 4.5 billion years, making uranium weakly radioactive because all of its isotopes are unstable.
• The most prevalent uranium isotopes are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and makes up more than 99% of the uranium on Earth) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons).
• Among the elements that are found in the early universe, uranium has the highest atomic weight.
• The most popular fuel for nuclear fission used by nuclear power plants is uranium. Because its atoms are easily separated, nuclear power plants use a specific form of uranium—U-235 as fuel.

The correct option is (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (III), (D) - (I)

Key Points

The correct answer is Moderate.

Key Points

Indian National Ambient Air Quality standards:

The NAAQS set by the CPCB are applicable to the whole country. The CPCB draws this power from the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. 

• These standards are essential for the development of effective management of ambient air quality.
• The first ambient air quality standards were developed in 1982 pursuant to the Air Act.
• Later, in 1994 and 1998, these standards were revised. The latest revision to the NAAQS was done in 2009 and this is the latest version being followed.
• The 2009 standards further lowered the maximum permissible limits for pollutants and made the standards uniform across the nation. Previously, industrial zones had less stringent standards as compared to residential areas.
• The compliance of the NAAQS is monitored under the National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). NAMP is implemented by the CPCB.

The correct answer is 'Responsible politics'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the given passage.
• '.........................................The Sapru committee claimed that even though political circumstances had changed, for example, the party structure had evolved, substantial changes in such matters could occur only after full responsible government had been introduced, it said. In keeping with this rationale, if reiterated the idea that the very exercise of franchise would provide the education necessary to enable a responsible politics.........................................................'.
• ​From the highlighted statement it is clear that universal franchise would help in the formation of responsible politics.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is -'Responsible politics'.

The correct answer is 'Suppress the demand for freedom'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the given passage.
• '.............................The support for universal franchise could also be seen in proclamations by major political actors. Nationalist leaders viewed restrictions on the franchise as colonial attempts to curb growing disaffection..................................'.
• From the highlighted statement it is clear that Indian leaders were of the opinion that the restrictions on universal franchise was an attempt to put an end to disaffection toward the colonial rule i.e to restrict the demand for freedom.
• Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is -'Suppress the demand for freedom'.

The correct answer is 'The issue of illiteracy'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the given passage.
• '...............................Mohandas Gandhi, who returned from South Africa in 1915 and swiftly became the face of India's entire effort at emancipation, boldly declared in 1939 that he was unworried by illiteracy. He said he would plump for an unadulterated franchise for both men and women.....................................................'.
• ​From the highlighted statement it is clear that Mohandas Gandhi supported Unadulterated franchise for both men and women and declared that he wasn't worried about illiteracy.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is -'The issue of illiteracy'.

The correct answer is 'B. R. Ambedkar's effort for emancipation of lower sections of society.'

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the given passage.
• The contribution of B.R. Ambedkar, who took up the cause of lower sections of the society during the anti-colonial struggle was significant in this regard.
• His focus on the issue of social divisions made him sensitive to restrictions on the right to vote.
• Qualifications based on education and property during colonial rule meant the defacto exclusion of lower sections of the society..

From the above statements it is clear that the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is 'Various political interests'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the given passage.
• 'The Sapru Committee report was published in 1945. It was an Indian attempt to propose a constitutional scheme to accommodate different domestic political interests. It too made the case for universal suffrage..........................................................'.
• ​From the highlighted part it is clear that The Sapru Committee report which was published in 1945 was a result of the attempt to accommodate various domestic political interests.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is -'Various political interests'.