UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 22nd Nov 2021 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

According to Good et al., effective teaching is the ability to improve student achievement.

 Key Points

 Therefore, A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1 is correct.   

Additional Information

• Essential elements of Effective teaching are Lesson clarity, Instructional variety, teacher task orientation, student engagement and success rate.
• Teacher task orientation refers to how much classroom time the teacher devoted to teaching a course.
• It is difficult to define the behaviours of effective teaching as the new patterns of behaviours may effective classroom productivity.
• The success of these behaviours can increase the outcome of the learning process.

The statement's sense organ that perceives a property also perceives the "propertyness", as well as the absence of that property', can be attributed to Nyaya schools of classical Indian Philosophy.

Key Points

• The most comprehensive, and the most influential, the definition of perception in classical Indian philosophy is offered in Gautama’s Nyāya-sūtra
• Perception is cognition that arises from the contact of the sense organ and object and is not impregnated by words, is unerring, and is well-ascertained.
• Thus perception is that which arises out of a close connection between the sense organ and its object.

Additional Information

• Lokayala/Carvika: The terms Lokāyata and Cārvāka have historically been used to denote the philosophical school of Indian Materialism.  Literally, “Lokāyata” means philosophy of the people.
• Buddhism: Buddhism is one of the world's largest religions and originated 2,500 years ago in India. Buddhists believe that the human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana.
• Uttara mimamsa: Thus, Vedanta is also referred to as Vedanta Mimamsa (“Reflection on Vedanta”), Uttara Mimamsa (“Reflection on the Latter Part of the Vedas”), and Brahma Mimamsa (“Reflection on Brahman”).

Lokayala thought systems hold that universal relation in case of inference (anumana) cannot be determined because there is always room for doubt about the unobserved cases.

Key Points 

• A materialistic school of philosophers in India opposed Hinduism by regarding only matter as real, sense data as the only source of knowledge, and the gratification of the appetites as the only good.
• In its most generic sense, “Indian Materialism” refers to the school of thought within Indian philosophy that rejects supernaturalism.
• It is regarded as the most radical of the Indian philosophical systems.
• It rejects the existence of otherworldly entities such as an immaterial soul or god and the after-life.  Its primary philosophical import comes by way of a scientific and naturalistic approach to metaphysics.
• Thus, it rejects ethical systems that are grounded in super naturalistic cosmologies.

Additional Information

• Naiyayikas: The Naiyayikas (the Nyaya scholars) accepted four valid means (pramaṇa) of obtaining valid knowledge (pramana) - perception (pratyakṣa), inference (anumāna), comparison (upamāna) and word/testimony of reliable sources (śabda).
• Mimamsa: Mimamsa, (Sanskrit: “Reflection” or “Critical Investigation”) is one of the six systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy.
• Buddhists: Buddhists believe that the human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labour, and good behaviour are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana.

Given:

0, 6, 24, 60, 120, ?

Calculation:

Here, the series is following double difference pattern in which the numbers are multiple of 6.

Hence, the correct answer is 210.

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can be defined in broad categories that technological devices and resources that are used to communicate.

Key Points

Statement I: Use of ICT in research is a superimposition that should be discouraged.

• It is undeniable that day by day research and learning is being done by novel communication systems.
• Therefore, today’s world is considered informational literacy and digital worlds; using communication technology creates an added value that is the result of knowledge, creation, and mental research.

Some of the advantages of using ICT in scientific studies are,

1. Universality
2. Reducing time
3. Accuracy
4. Discipline
5. Motivation strengthening
6. Durability
7. Being multimedia
8. Easy publish
9. Independency from time and location, and so on.

It is incorrect that the Use of ICT in research is a superimposition that should be discouraged.

Statement II: Research ethics and its observance have to be a mandatory requirement. 

• Research ethics promote the aims of the research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error.
• Research required collaboration and coordination among many different people from many fields and institutions, ethical norms encourage principles like trust, responsibility, mutual respect, and fairness, which are crucial to collaborative work.
• Many ethical guidelines serve to ensure that researchers can be held accountable in front of the public.

So, Research ethics and its observance have to be a mandatory requirement is correct. 

Therefore, the statement I is false but Statement II is true.

​Understanding level teaching is a more deliberate teaching method in which students connect with concepts and, as the name implies, comprehend the material.

Key Points

Teachers teach students at three levels. 

• At understanding level teaching, examine the concepts and put together the facts and other conceptions related to it based on the students' prior knowledge and comprehension level.
• Teachers and students are both equally active in this process, and in this teaching level, teachers use discussions, lectures, explanations, and other comparable methods.
• The classroom atmosphere is welcoming and stimulating.
• The teacher's role is more active at the understanding stage.
• At this level, the new knowledge you've achieved is linked to what you've already learned.
• A generalization is established based on facts, which are then applied to new situations.
• pupils complete control over the topic content

Therefore, the Understanding level of teaching 'Seeing of relationship' is promoted as an objective.

Additional Information

The Schwartz theory of basic values specifies ten main personal values that are distinguished by the motive or objective that drives them. 

Key PointsThe central motivational goal as evident in personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards takes the form of a basic value called Achievement value.

Achievement value

• Achievement values are “the incentives or purposes that individuals have for succeeding on a given task”.
• Children’s achievement values affect their self-regulation and motivation because goals influence how children approach, engage in, and respond to academic tasks.
• “When students value a task, they will be more likely to engage in it, expend more effort on it, and do better on it”.
• Research indicates that children’s subjective task values are strong predictors of children’s intentions and decisions to continue taking coursework in both Maths and English.

Additional Information

Ten main personal values. 

Teaching methods are the larger strategies used to assist students in achieving learning outcomes, whereas activities are the various ways in which these methods are implemented.

Key Point

• Classroom discourse refers to the language that teachers and students use in the classroom to interact with one another.
• Not just teacher-presentation, but constant dialogue between teacher and students is a part of dialogic teaching.
• Teachers can elicit students' everyday, common-sense perspectives, interact with their growing ideas, and assist them in overcoming misunderstandings through discourse.
• Students can examine the limits of their own understanding when they are given the opportunity to contribute to classroom conversation in a variety of ways.
• Teachers can explain ideas clarify the objective and purpose of activities, model scientific ways of using language that can help students grasp new scientific ways of explaining phenomena by engaging students in discourse.

Therefore, tutorials and case studies., group discussions, and interactive presentations of teaching methods are called dialogic. 

Additional Information

• The teaching method can benefit the master the course's content and learning how to apply it in certain situations.
• Instructors should figure out which teaching approaches will best support a specific learning goal.
• Its effectiveness is determined by how well it is aligned. An instructor should consider learning outcomes, student needs, and the learning environment while making the best decision.

A person's social environment includes their society as well as all of their surroundings that are influenced by people in some way. All relationships, institutions, culture, and physical structures are included.

Key Points

• According to McIver, the environment has both its physical and social aspects.
• The social features include the characteristics of the group to which we belong, as well as the norms and standards that we accept as our folkways, mores, and customs.
• Individuals in today's complex society have issues, and they respond to them with attitudes of conflict and, to some extent, accommodation.
• Society is never static as it is constantly shifting from one state to the next. This component alone necessitates a dynamic attitude of adjustment in man.
• The effort necessary by a person who is accustomed to one environment to adjust to a new and unknown setting raises the issue of re­adjustment.

​Therefore, conflict and clashes and Aggression and threats manifest in collective behavior in groups features are indicative of the negative social. 

 Additional Information

• Land, air, water, plants and animals, buildings and other infrastructure, and all-natural resources that offer our basic necessities and chances for social and economic growth are all part of the physical environment.
• In any developing country, the impact of industrialization is so strong that the individual experiencing it must change as quickly as possible.

The correct response is A - 3, B - 1, C - 4, D - 2.

Key Points

• The air quality index (AQI) is a statistic that indicates how contaminated the air is now or will become in the future.
• As the AQI rises, a greater percentage of the population is expected to suffer from negative health effects.

Therefore, A - 3, B - 1, C - 4, D - 2 is correct option.

Additional Information

• The AQI is the most used metric for describing ozone levels at ground level.
• The AQI, on the other hand, can be used to represent five contaminants that are harmful to human health.

The AQI monitors eight important air contaminants in the atmosphere which are mentioned below: 

 

Important Points

In 2014, the government of India launched National Air Quality to measure the air quality in cities and towns with the slogan One Number – One Color – One Description.

Value education is critical to the development of a society that is tolerant, humane, socially cohesive, and ethically sound.

Key Points

• Prof. Marmar Mukhopadhyay gives the idea of four-stage of value development.

Therefore, A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1 is correct.

An experimental method of research is a type of study in which the researcher speculates on the possible reasons for a previously observed result.

Key Points

Experimental research:

• The experimental method involves manipulating one variable to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable.
• This method relies on controlled methods, random assignment, and the manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis.
• The experimental method under which the researcher can directly modify the independent variable(s) (that is, the cause) in an experimental study to see how it affects the dependent variable (that is, the effect).

Therefore, Experimental method research methods, the process of hypothesis testing optimally safeguards the role of extraneous variables. 

Additional Information

• Both experimental and ex-post facto research attempt to study links between existent variables and their conclusions are logically as well as empirically valid and accurate, but there is various difference between them.
• Ex post facto research is undertaken when a researcher wishes to investigate the cause of an event that has already occurred as an outcome of the cause.
• The phrase historical method refers to a set of strategies and rules used by historians in their investigation and writing of past histories.
• Descriptive Survey Research is a type of descriptive research that combines quantitative and qualitative data to give you reliable and relevant facts.

The Correct Answer is Self-conceited

Important Points 

• Self-conceited communicator:
• Self Conceited people idolize themselves as much as they despise others
• Conceited people assume that others hold them in very high regard because they are simply superior.
• Their personality is made up of excessive arrogance and conceit.​

Additional Information

• Self-confidence
• It is an attitude about your skills and abilities.
• It means a person accepts and trusts himself and has a sense of control in your life.
• The self-confident person knows strengths and weakness well, and have a positive view of yourself as well as others.
• Self-esteem :
• Self-esteem is your overall opinion of yourself — how you feel about your abilities and limitations.
• An authentic person is sensitive to what others think yet chooses not to subordinate themselves to the opinions or judgments of others. This is a key source of genuine self-esteem
• Pessimistic Person:
• it the attitude that things will go wrong and that people's wishes or aims are unlikely to be fulfilled
• They  are considered to have lower levels of self-esteem and self confidence

communication is the transmission of information from one place, person, or group to another. Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message, and a recipient.

Key PointsStatement I: Society plays a key part in the shaping of the communication process.

• Communication plays a vital role in human life and human society.
• It not only helps to facilitate the process of sharing information and knowledge with others but also helps people to develop relationships with others.
• Therefore, the importance of communication cannot be underestimated.

Hence statement I is correct

Statement II: Communication is concerned with the production, distribution, and formation of public knowledge in society.

• Communication enables the spread and reiteration of culture.
• It propagates the values and schemas of a culture through the repeated interaction and exchange enabled by the communications process.
• It leads production, distribution, and formation of public knowledge in society.

Hence statement II is correct

Therefore we can conclude that Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Given:

Average speed of train = 50 km/hr

Formula Used:

Speed = Distance/Time

Distance = [(S₁ × S₂)/(S1 - S2)] × t

Calculation:

Traditional Method:

Here S₁ = 50 km/hr, S₂ = 40 km/hr and t = 24 minutes

Distance = [(S1 × S2)/(S1 - S2)] × t

⇒ D = [(50 × 40)/(50 - 40)] × 24/60

⇒ D = (2000/10) × 2/5

⇒ D = 80 km

 Alternate MethodLet the distance to be covered be x km

⇒ (x/40) - (x/50) = 24/60

⇒ (5x - 4x)/200 = 2/5

⇒ x/200 = 2/5

⇒ x = 80 km.

∴ The total distance travelled is 80 km.

Additional Information

• If two objects are travelling in the same direction at S₁ km/hr and S₂ km/hr respectively such that S1 > S2 then,

Relative speed = S1 - S2

• If two objects are travelling in the opposite direction at S1 km/hr and S2 km/hr respectively such that S1 > S2 then,

Relative speed = S1 + S2

Key Points

Statement I: Promoting classroom dialogue that encourages students to examine alternatives is an example of direct instruction. 

• Dialogic teaching means finding out what students think, engaging with their developing ideas, and helping them to talk through misunderstandings.
• Dialogic teaching, as the name suggests, is the responsibility of the teacher.

By engaging students in dialogue, teachers can:

• elicit ideas;
• explain ideas;
• clarify the point and purpose of what the students will do in class;
• model or demonstrate useful ways of using language;
• help students to grasp new concepts and new ways to describe their thoughts.

The teacher’s role in encouraging listening, speaking, and thinking is crucial. The teacher provides stimulus by asking genuine questions and encouraging students to do the same. 

Direct instruction refers to instructional approaches that are structured, sequenced, and led by teachers, and/or the presentation of academic content to students by teachers, such as in a lecture or demonstration. 

Hence Statement I is incorrect

Statement II: Probing refers to teacher statements that encourage students to elaborate an answer

• Probing:
• During teaching, a teacher's statements that encourage students to elaborate on an answer, either their own or that of others will be called Probing.
• It is a teaching skill.
• The teacher pertains to asking question to a question in response to the answer of the student.

Hence Statement II is correct

Thus we can conclude that Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

The correct answer is 

Effective communication leads to understanding. The communication process is made up of four key components. Those components include encoding, medium of transmission, decoding, and feedback. 

Key Points

The Communication Loop.

• Step 1: The Sender Encodes the Message
• The Sender encodes when she takes the idea she wants to communicate and puts that idea into words, gestures, or symbols that can be understood by her Receiver. ​
• Step 2: The Sender Chooses the Channel.
• in this, the Sender chooses the channel.
• The “channel” refers to the method used to send the message: verbal, email, telephone, text etc.
• Step 3: The Receiver Decodes the Message
• After receiving the encoded message through a certain channel, the receiver decodes the message. ​
• Step 4: The Receiver Provides Feedback
• Finally, when the Receiver decodes the message, he must send feedback to the Sender. Feedback lets the Sender know whether the message received was the one they intended to send. ​
• Step 5: Closing of the communication loop channel:
• It is the process of acknowledging the receipt of information and clarifying with the sender of the communicated message that the information received is the same as the original, intended information.
• In essence, it is the process of confirming and cross-checking information for accuracy.

Many Voices One World, also known as the MacBride report, was written in 1980 by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which reports to its International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems.

Key Points

• The MacBride report was named after Irish Nobel laureate and peace and human rights activist, Seán MacBride.
• it was tasked with analyzing communication problems in modern societies and the developing world, particularly relating to mass media and news.
• Considering the emergence of new technologies, and suggesting a form of communication order (New World Information and Communication Order) to reduce obstacles to further peace and human development.
• The commission called for the democratization of communication and strengthening of national media to avoid dependence on external sources, among others.

Therefore, based on the above information statement A,D, and E are correct.

The correct answer is C and D only

Key Points 

World Wide Web:

• The World Wide Web was invented by a British scientist, Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.
• It is a special software or application program with which you can access the web is called "Web Browser
• It is a collection of websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local computers through the internet.
• These websites contain text pages, digital images, audio, videos, files, etc.
• Users can access the content of these sites from any part of the world over the internet using their devices such as computers, laptops, cell phones, etc.
• The WWW, along with the internet, enables the retrieval and display of text and media to your device
• Netscape was the earliest widely-used browser
• With the introduction of the Mosaic browser. the WWW started spreading tremendously across the world.

Hence we can conclude that C and D only are the correct statements.

Given:

Average age of three boys = 25 years

Ratio of their ages = 3 : 5 : 7

Calculation:

Let the ages of three boys be 3x, 5x and 7x.

Total age of three boys = 25 × 3 = 75 years

⇒ 3x + 5x + 7x = 75

⇒ 15x = 75

⇒ x = 5

Age of youngest boy = 3x = 3 × 5 = 15 years

∴ The age of the youngest boy is 15 years.

The correct answer is River water in replenished by the rain

Seawater salinity is expressed as a ratio of salt (in grams) to a liter of water. The salt in Ocean comes from two sources: runoff from the land and openings in the seafloor which aids in the ocean salinity.

Key PointsOceans salinity:

• The normal range of ocean salinity ranges between 33-37 grams per liter (33‰ - 37‰).
• The primeval seas were slightly salty but due to rainfall on the Earth and which ran over the land, broke up rocks, and transported their minerals to the ocean, the ocean become saltier.
• Rain replenishes fresh water in rivers and streams, so they don’t taste salty. However, the water in the ocean collects all of the salt and minerals from all of the rivers that flow into it
• Throughout the world, rivers carry an estimated four billion tons of dissolved salts to the ocean annually.
• About the same tonnage of salt from ocean water is deposited as sediment on the ocean bottom the ocean making oceans a balanced salt input and output and so the ocean is no longer getting saltier.

Hence we can conclude that correct explanation is  option 3 River water in replenished by the rain

Code given for EARTH is QPMZS

Code for letters is

E → Q, A → P, R → M, T → Z, H → S

Similarly, 

H → S, E → Q, A → P, R → M, T → Z

Hence, the correct answer is SQPMZ.

In the digital computer, there are four types of number systems used for representing information i.e-Binary Number System Decimal Number System Hexadecimal Number System, and Octal Number System.

The binary number system uses only two digits, either 0 or 1, and the decimal number system contains ten digits from 0 to 9(base 10).

Key PointsStatement I: The largest decimal number that can be represented using a 7-bit binary number is 128.

In general, the largest unsigned number with n bits is 2^n-1, with all the bits being 1.

For example:

For n=5, 32–1=31

For n=6, 64–1=63

For n=7, 128–1=127

Hence, the statement I is incorrect.

Statement II: Minimum number of bits required to store the largest 2-digit decimal number is 7.

The decimal number system where we use the digits 0 to 9 to represent a number. So the largest 2-digit decimal number is 99

• How to Convert 99 in Binary?
• Step 1: Divide 99 by 2. Use the integer quotient obtained in this step as the dividend for the next step. Repeat the process until the quotient becomes 0.
• Step 2: Write the remainder from bottom to top i.e. in the reverse chronological order. This will give the binary equivalent of 99.

Therefore, the binary equivalent of decimal number 99 is 1100011 which is formed by 7 Binary digits. Hence statement II is also correct.

Therefore we can conclude that Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

There are so many things that we know indirectly, without the direct aid of the senses. Such means of valid knowledge are classified into six broad groups. These are called Pramanas. Pramanas are valid means of knowledge.

These six means of knowing are 

1. Direct Perception by Sense Contact (Pratyaksa)
2. Inference by Previous Experience (Anumana)
3. Verbal Testimony of the Vedas (Sabda)
4. Knowing by Example (Upamana)
5. Conjecture from Insignificant Information (Arthapatti)
6. Absence of a Thing (Anupalabdhi).

Sagarika is never seen reading any Mathematics book during the daytime. Yet she scored 98% marks in Mathematics. Therefore she must be studying during the night. It is an example of Arthapatti (Implication).

Key Points

• Arthapatti is a Sanskrit term meaning "presumption" or "implication."
• In the yogic philosophy of the Advaita Vedanta system and the Bhatta school of Purva-Mimamsa, it is said to be one of the six pranamas, or means of obtaining knowledge.
• Arthapatti refers to the way in which knowledge is derived from a set of circumstances.
• It is analogous in contemporary logic to the concept of circumstantial implication.
• It generally requires an observation of fact(s) and postulation based on such fact(s) to arrive at the information.

Additional Information

• Pratyaksha - Perception - Acquiring knowledge from experience
• Anumana - Inference - Gaining right knowledge from logical conclusion
• Upamana - Comparison - Learning by observing similarities
• Arthapatti - Postulation - Supposition of a fact to support a well-established fact
• Anupalabdhi - Non-apprehension - Understanding non-existence by non-perception
• Sabda - Verbal testimony - Gaining authentic knowledge from spoken and written words

In conditional statements, "If p then q" is denoted symbolically by "p q"; p is called the hypothesis, and q is called the conclusion.

Key Points

The contrapositive of a conditional statement of the form "If p then q" is  "If  ~q then  ~p". 

• Symbolically, the contrapositive of p q is qp.
• A conditional statement is logically equivalent to its contrapositive.

​Statement A: "All physicians whose licenses have been revoked are physicians ineligible to practice"

• Let P stand for the statement "All physicians whose licenses  have been revoked"
• Let q stand for the statement  "physicians ineligible to practice"

Statement B: "All physicians eligible to practice are physicians whose licenses are entailed".

• Let ~q stands for "All physicians eligible to practice"
• Let ~p stands for "physicians whose licenses are entailed"
• ​This follows logically from our initial statement and, like it, it is evidently true.

​​Thus, Statement B is the contrapositive of statement A and these two statements are logically equivalent. 

Additional Information

Over 80%of India's energy needs are met by three fuels: coal, oil, and solid biomass. Coal has underpinned the expansion of electricity generation and industry and remains the largest single fuel in the energy mix.

Key Points

• Thermal power plants convert the heat energy of primary fuels such as coal, to electric power.
• In most thermal power stations, the combustion of primary fuels heats the water and transforms it into steam. The steam drives steam turbines, which eventually generate electricity.
• The Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station in the Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh, with an installed capacity of 4,760MW, is currently the biggest thermal power plant in India.

Additional Information

• A hydroelectric power station consists of turbines that rely on a gravity flow of water from the dam to turn a turbine to generate electricity.
• A nuclear power plant is a facility that converts atomic energy into usable power.
• In a nuclear electric power plant, the heat produced by a reactor is generally used to drive a turbine which in turn drives an electric generator.
• Solar power is energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy.
• Solar energy is the cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source available.

Hence India's maximum energy comes from thermal power plant.

National Education Policy (NEP) mentions various timelines for important themes and activities.

Key Points

• For training of teachers, NEP emphasizes continuous professional development (CPD) for improvement of skills of teachers and learning the latest innovations and advances in their professions through multiple modes, including in the form of local, regional, state, national, and international workshops as well as online teacher development modules.
• Each teacher is expected to participate in at least 50 hours of CPD opportunities every year for their own professional development, driven by their own interest, covering the latest pedagogies regarding foundational literacy and numeracy, formative and adaptive assessment of learning outcomes, competency-based learning, and related pedagogies, such as experiential learning, arts-integrated, sports-integrated, and storytelling-based approaches, etc.

Therefore, for continuous professional development and self-improvement, every teacher is supposed to at least devote 50 hrs every year.

Shortcut Trick

If a sum becomes n times in T years at compound interest, it will become n^k times in k × T years.

Here, the sum doubles (n = 2) in 15 years (T = 15).

We need it to become 8 times, and 8 = 2³ (so, k = 3).

Required time = k × T = 3 × 15 = 45 years.

∴ The correct answer is 45 years.

Alternate Method

Given:

Principal = P, Time (t₁) = 15 years, Amount (A₁) = 2P

Target Amount (A₂) = 8P, Target Time = t₂

Formula Used:

A = P(1 + r/100)^t

Calculations:

⇒ 2P = P(1 + r/100)¹⁵

⇒ 2 = (1 + r/100)¹⁵ --- (Equation 1)

⇒ 8P = P(1 + r/100)^t₂

⇒ 8 = (1 + r/100)^t₂

⇒ 2³ = (1 + r/100)^t₂

Substitute the value of 2 from Equation 1:

⇒ [(1 + r/100)¹⁵]³ = (1 + r/100)^t₂

⇒ (1 + r/100)⁴⁵ = (1 + r/100)^t₂

⇒ t₂ = 45 years

∴ The correct answer is 45 years.

Additional Information

Compound Interest Basics

Interest is calculated on the initial principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods. Formula: A = P(1 + r/n)^nt.

Rule of 72

A quick way to estimate how long it takes for an investment to double: Time ≈ 72 ÷ Annual Interest Rate.

Multiplication Logic in CI

In Compound Interest, if a sum increases by a factor 'x' in 't' years, it will always increase by the same factor 'x' in every subsequent 't' years.

A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes it, and outputs the intended result.

Key Points

• Although there are many different types of memory in a computer.
• The most basic distinction is between primary memory, also known as system memory, and secondary memory, often known as storage.
• The main distinction between primary and secondary memory is access speed.
• Primary memory is the Main memory, which consists of ROM and RAM which is positioned near the CPU on the computer motherboard, allowing the CPU to read data.
• It's used to store data that the CPU requires right away so that it doesn't have to wait for it to arrive.
• Secondary memory is typically housed in a separate storage device, such as a hard disc drive or solid-state drive (SSD) which is connected to the computer system either directly or through a network.
• Secondary memory has a lower cost per gigabyte, but read and write speeds are much slower.

Therefore, C⇒B⇒A⇒D is the correct sequence of computer memories that are ranked from largest to smallest in terms of storage capacity. 

Additional Information

• Information is stored in computers as binary code, which is written as a series of 0s and 1s.
• Bistable is a physical device that may be in either of two stable states to represent 0 and 1 can store each bit.
• Capacitors and transistors, which act as tiny electrical switches, are now employed for temporary storage, and long-term storage is done via magnetic discs or tape, or plastic discs having pit patterns.

The correct answer is < 220 Dobson Unit

Important Points ​Dobson units

• The thickness of the ozone in a column of air from the ground to the top of the atmosphere is measured in terms of Dobson units (DU).
• One Dobson Unit is the amount of ozone that would be present if it formed a layer 0.01mm thick at average sea-level pressure and temperature.
• Over the Earth’s surface, the ozone layer’s average thickness is about 300 Dobson Units or a layer that is 3 millimeters thick.
• In Antarctica where the ozone hole phenomenon is predominantly observed, the total column ozone level of less than 220 Dobson Units due to catalyzed ozone loss from chlorine and bromine compounds.
• For these reasons, NASA uses 220 Dobson Units as the boundary of the region representing ozone loss.

Additional Information

• Ozone:

• It is found in the upper part of the atmosphere called the stratosphere, and it acts as a shield absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

• Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen and also degraded into molecular oxygen

• Ozone depletion is the gradual thinning of Earth's ozone layer in by the release of chemical compounds containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which move upward and reach the stratosphere and degrade ozone releasing molecular oxygen.

• Although ozone depletion is occurring widely in the stratosphere, the depletion is particularly marked over the Antarctic region where it has resulted in the formation of a large area of the thinned ozone layer, commonly called as the ozone hole

The Correct Answer is Appeal to Ignorance

A fallacy is reasoning that is logically incorrect, undermines the logical validity of an argument, or is recognized as unsound.

Important Points

• Appeal to Ignorance:
• It asserts that a proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false or a proposition is false because it has not yet been proven true
• Example: No one can actually prove that God exists; therefore God does not exist.
• So similarly as per the question, One must conclude that the immoral behavior of some officials does not erode public morality.

Additional Information

• Appeal to Pity:
• it is a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his opponent's feelings of pity or guilt.
• Appeal to Force:
• It relies on fear as a tool to influence the beliefs of others
• The bully's argument is what is known as an appeal to force
• It is based on the threat of harm and is not relevant to the argument itself. In short, the threat does not prove or disprove the truth of the statement.
• Appeal to the People
• It is a type of arguing that a claim is true because a lot of people believe it, or that a claim is false because a lot of people do not believe it.
• Example:"many people buy extended warranties, therefore we should buy one for our new computer".

A research thesis is a report on a research project or study or an extended analysis of a topic.

Assertion (A): Format and styles of referencing in a research thesis are formal requirements.

• Format and styles of referencing in a research thesis are important to show the reader that the researcher has done proper research is done by listing sources.
• it is also used to get information.
• To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas.
• To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other authors.

Reason (R): Formal requirements and their observance help promote standardization and objectivity.

• A good thesis should be clear and unambiguous and should have a logical structure that should assist the reader's understanding of the argument being presented not obscure it.
• In order to achieve this objective, the layout, and physical appearance of the thesis should conform to a set pattern.

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

The Research Process is a process of multiple scientific steps in conducting the research work. Each step is interlinked with other steps

Important Points

Hence the correct match is A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3

The audience is the person or people you want to communicate with.

Key Points

Assertion (A): Those who receive the message and get themselves influenced by them in the process, are designated as the audience.

• The audience is the person or people you want to communicate with.
• By knowing more about them (their wants, needs, values, etc.), the sender is able to better craft the message so that they will receive it the way the sender intended.
• When people become audience members in a speech situation, they bring with them expectations about the occasion, topic, and speaker.
• Violating audience expectations can have a negative impact on the effectiveness of the speech.
• Depending on the priority audience, examples of influencing audiences could include family members, peers, community leaders, local associations and groups, services providers, or local authorities.

Hence, the assertion is correct.

Reasons (R): An individuals or many, who listens, watch or read the messages are called audience.

An audience is a group of people who participate in a show or encounter a work of art, literature (in which they are called "readers"), theatre, music (in which they are called "listeners"), video games (in which they are called "players"), or academics in any medium.

Hence both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Oriental learning is an academic discipline that studies near eastern and far eastern societies, cultures, languages, peoples, history, and archaeology. 

Key Points

• Students had to beg alms for the Guru's and his own maintenance.

This ritual was followed by everyone, rich or poor.

• This would instill the virtue of humility in the students, and he would learn the concrete lesson of society's humanitarian goodwill toward him, as well as his sense of commitment to it.
• The student's primary responsibility, in addition to his or her exterior responsibilities, was to study.
• Their education would begin with the study of the Vedas.
• Prior to acquiring an education, the student was required to demonstrate that he was calm, patient, and determined.
• His life mantra was simple living and elevated thinking.
• After completing their schooling, students were encouraged to use their academic knowledge in a practical and real-world setting by taking extended excursions.

Therefore, Under the rubric oriental learning program in India, The role of the learner was Active. 

Additional Information

• The method of teaching was mostly oral.
• Students were trained in the art of debating from the very beginning of their academic careers.

Education through the digital mission shows promise since it is economical, accessible to all, can address quality teaching and can increase enrolment in higher education.

Key Points

The Ministry of Human Resource Development's (MHRD) Department of Higher Education has launched a number of efforts which are mentioned below: 

Therefore, A - 3, B - 4, C - 2, D - 1 is correct.

​Experimental design is a statistically based approach in which the researcher combines different variables. 

Key Points

• Experimental Design is genuinely experimental because the sample is chosen using randomized procedures.
• There are numerous options designs available under "True-Experiment" are following: 
• Two groups randomized subjects post-test only design
• Two groups randomized matched subjects post-test only design
• Randomized groups pre-test post-test design
• Randomized Solomon three group design
• Randomized Solomon four groups design

Thus, Two groups of randomized subjects with post-test only design and Randomised groups with pre-test post-test design belong to the category of true experimental design.

Hence statements B and D are correct.

Additional Information

• In a randomized experimental design, objects or individuals are assigned to an experimental group at random.
• Any multi-variable experiment must follow experimental design principles to ensure validity and efficiency.
• Four major design types with relevance to user research are experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, and single subject.

Given:

Cost of total production of both items together by seven companies is Rs. 25 crores

Ratio of production between item I and II of company A = 2 : 3

Ratio of production between item I and II of company B = 3 : 2

Calculation:

Cost of the total production of company A = 15% of 25 crore

⇒ 25,00,00,000 × 15/100 = 3.75 crore

Production of item II by company A = (3.75 cr) × 3/5 = 2.25 crore

Now, the profit earned by company A on the production of item II is,

Profit = 20% of 2.25 crore = 2.25 × 1/5 = 45 Lakhs

Cost of the total production of company B = 11% of 25 crore

⇒ 25,00,00,000 × 11/100 = 2.75 crore

Production of item I by company B = (2.75 cr) × 3/5 = 1.65 crore

Now, the profit earned by company B on the production of item I is,

Profit = 32% of 1.65 crore = 2.25 ×  8/25 = 52.8 Lakhs

Required sum = 45 + 52.8 = 97.8 Lakhs

∴ The sum total of the profit earned by company B on production of item I and the profit earned by company A on the production of item II is 97.8 Lakhs.

Given: 

Cost of total production of both items together by seven companies is Rs. 25 crores

Ratio of production between item I and II of company A = 2 : 3

Ratio of production between item I and II of company D = 3 : 5

Calculation:

Cost of the total production of company A = 15% of 25 crore

⇒ 25,00,00,000 × 15/100 = 3.75 crore

Production of item I by company A = (3.75 cr) × 2/5 = 1.5 crore = 1.5 × 10⁷

Cost of the total production of company D = 8% of 25 crore

⇒ 25,00,00,000 × 8/100 = 2 crore

Production of item I by company D = (2 cr) × 3/8 = 75 Lakhs = 7.5 × 10⁶

Required ratio = Cost of production of item I by company A : Cost of production of item I by company D

⇒ (1.5 × 107) : (7.5 × 106) = 2 : 1

∴ The ratio of cost of production of item I by company A to the cost of production of item I by company D is 2 : 1.

Given:  

Cost of total production of both items together by seven companies = Rs. 25 crores

The profit earned by company G for items I and II = 30% and 24% respectively.

Ratio of production between Items I and II by company G = 1 : 2

Calculation:

Cost of the total production of company G = 12% of 25 crore

⇒ 25,00,00,000 × (12/100) = 3 crore

Since the ratio of production between Items I and II by company G = 1 : 2

Hence the total production of items I = 3 crore × 1/3 = 1 crore

Also the total production of items II = 3 crore × 2/3 = 2 crore

Total profit earned by company G for items I = 30% of 1 crore = 30 lakhs

Total profit earned by company G for items II = 24% of 2 crore = 48 lakhs

Profit of company G = 30 lakhs + 48 lakhs = 78 lakhs

∴ Total profit earned by company G for items I and II together is 

78 lakhs.

Given:  

Cost of total production of both items together by seven companies = Rs. 25 crores 

Ratio of production between item I and II of company D = 3 : 5

Ratio of production between item I and II of company F = 1 : 4

Calculation:

Cost of total production of both items together by seven companies is Rs. 25 crores

Cost of total production of company D = 8% of 25 crore

Now, cost of production of item II by company D is,

⇒ (8% of 25 crore) × 5/8 

Cost of total production of company F = 5% of 25 crore

Now, cost of production of item I by company F is,

⇒ (5% of 25 crore) × 1/5

Required percentage = [(Cost of production of item I by company F) / (Cost of production of item II by company D)] × 100

⇒ {[(5% of 25 crore) × 1/5] / [(8% of 25 crore) × 5/8 ]} × 100

⇒ [(5 × 1/5)/(8 × 5/8)] × 100

⇒ (1/5) × 100 = 20%

∴ Required percentage is 20%.

Given:

Cost of total production of both items together by seven companies is Rs. 25 crores

Ratio of production between item I and II of company A = 2 : 3

Ratio of production between item I and II of company B = 3 : 2

Calculation:

Cost of the total production of company A = 15% of 25 crore

⇒ 25,00,00,000 × 15/100 = 3.75 crore

Now, the cost of production of item I by company A

⇒ 3,75,00,000 × 2/5 = 1.5 crore

Cost of the total production of company B = 11% of 25 crore

⇒ 25,00,00,000 × 11/100 = 2.75 crore

Now, the cost of production of item II by company B 

⇒ 2,75,00,000 × 2/5 = 1.1 crore

 

Hence, total cost = (1.5 + 1.1)crore = 2.6 crore

∴ The total cost of production of item I by company A and item II by company B is 2.6 crore.

Evaluation is the systematic assessment of the worth or merit of some object. It is the systematic acquisition and assessment of information to provide useful feedback about some object.

Key Points Assertion (A): Innovation in evaluation system have to amply safeguard the reliability and validity issues of the tools used.

• Evaluation is a continuous process.
• It forms an integral part of the total system of education and is intimately related to educational objectives.
• For the assessment of systematic planned and quality learning and for teachers to make better judgments, we need a variety of evaluation tools.
• It is important that instruments of measurement used for research purposes should be properly standardized with regular innovation.
• The evaluation tools serve a variety of uses.

Reason (R): The very purpose of the evaluation is frustrated if the evaluation tools do not meet the requirement of reliability and validity.

• Selecting a proper tool is the basis for accurate results of the evaluation.
• An evaluation tool may be defined as a sophisticated means of intelligently and scientifically designed to evaluate what is required.
• All types of evaluation should possess certain characteristics.
• The most important characteristics are validity, reliability, objectivity, and usability.

Therefore, based on the above statement both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

A computer virus is a type of malicious code or program written to alter the way a computer operates and is designed to spread from one computer to another.

Key Points

• Once a virus has successfully attached to a program, file, or document, the virus will lie dormant until circumstances cause the computer or device to execute its code.
• In order for a virus to infect the computer, one has to run the infected program, which in turn causes the virus code to be executed.
• Viruses can be spread through email and text message attachments, Internet file downloads, and social media scam links.
• To avoid contact with a virus, it’s important to exercise caution when surfing the web, downloading files, and opening links or attachments.

Hence, it is a computer program that copies itself to infect a computer without the permission/knowledge of the user.

The correct answer is SARS-Cov-2.

Key Points

• Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus the first virus strain of which was first detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019.
• This strain of coronavirus was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization as CoV belonged to the family of Coronavirus and 19 name refers to the year it was detected first hence Covid-19

Important Points SARS-Cov-2:

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus  or SARS-CoV-2 is a member of a large family of viruses called coronaviruses.
• It causes a respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).
• Research is being done to treat COVID-19 and to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2​

Additional Information

• SARS-Cov-1:
• It stands for the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1
• It is a strain of coronavirus that causes the severe acute respiratory syndrome, the respiratory illness responsible for the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.
• H2N2:
• Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 (A/H2N2) is a subtype of the Influenza A virus.
• H2N2 has mutated into various strains including the "Asian flu" strain (now extinct in the wild), H3N2, and various strains found in birds.
• TB-Cov-2:
• ​There is no virus called TB-Cov-2. Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The correct answer is '(B) and (C) only'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:  
• ​Viewed thus, education may be considered to be the most potent instrument of inequalisation in history.
• With qualitative transformation of technology, it was no longer possible for the skilled craftsman to participate in production without transcending the boundaries of training and moving into the work of education.
• The hitherto unsurmountable wall between training and education had to be breached in the new situation. ​​
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that inequalisation due to education could be addressed by challenging the watertight distinction between training and education and through qualitative transformation of technology.

​Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Theory without practice infertile, practical benefit of theory is in vain'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage: 
• ​The separation of work from knowledge was operationalised by separation of training from education.
• The former was intended to transfer the skills of labour and the secrets of craftsmanship to the younger generation of the toiling poor so as to enable them to produce value from the sweat of their labour.
• The latter was intended to pass on the abstracted generalisations of social practice as gems of knowledge to the younger generations of the propertied class so as to enable them to wield power through a monopoly of such knowledge and appropriate surpluses generated by the labour of the former.
• The essentially integrated task of transferring the accumulated social experience of mankind to the younger generation was thus fractured.
• The world of the master craftsman and his disciples was a world apart from the protected cloisters where in the wise debated on the number of angles that could comfortably sit on the point of the needle.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that a suitable title to the paragraph is  'Theory without practice infertile, practical benefit of theory is in vain'.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• ​The separation of work from knowledge was operationalised by separation of training from education.
• The world of the master craftsman and his disciples was a world apart from the protected cloisters where in the wise debated on the number of angles that could comfortably sit on the point of the needle.
• This tradition of separating work from knowledge and work from power has been the basis for the exclusion of the toilets from the domain of knowledge by denying education to them, and from the domain of power by closing its door to the uneducated.
• Viewed thus, education may be considered to be the most potent instrument of inequalisation in history.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

​Thus, option 1 is the correct answer**.**

The correct answer is 'Both Statement I and Statement II are correct'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage: 
• The separation of work from knowledge was operationalised by separation of training from education.
• The former(training) was intended to transfer the skills of labour and the secrets of craftsmanship to the younger generation of the toiling poor
• The latter (education) was intended to pass on the abstracted generalisations of social practice as gems of knowledge to the younger generations of the propertied class ​
• ​From the above-mentioned points, it is evident that the two given statements are correct.

​Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is '(A) and (C) only'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the last paragraph passage:
• With qualitative transformation of technology, it was no longer possible for the skilled craftsman to participate in production without transcending the boundaries of training and moving into the work of education.
• The hitherto unsurmountable wall between training and education had to be breached in the new situation.
• It became possible to do so in the traditionally virgin ethos of the lands across the Atlantic wherever the tanner and the historian, the blacksmith and the physicist, the tiller and the poet were put together in the wilderness of the wild west to fashion their common destiny.
• ​Therefore, according to the author, interrelation between theory and practice by bridging the gap between education and training is essential for creating a classless society.
• From the above lines, it is evident that the author argues for a classless society and interrelation between theory and practice.

​Thus, option 2 is the correct option.