UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 21st Oct 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Research is the methodical consideration of investigation into a certain issue or topic using scientific techniques.

Key Points

• The research process entails a number of organised steps that a researcher must take in order to provide knowledge that will be valued by the project and concentrate on the pertinent topic.
• The research question is an inquiry that a study or research initiative seeks to answer.
• This question frequently refers to a problem or issue, and the study's conclusion provides a response based on data analysis and interpretation.
• It is opted for when a researcher is interested only in general indications, not in data collection for statistical tests.

Thus, when a researcher is interested only in general indications, not in data collection for statistical tests, he may opt for Research questions. 

Additional Information

• Research problems: A research problem is a claim about an area of interest, an issue that needs to be resolved and a challenge that needs to be overcome.
• Null hypothesis: The null hypothesis asserts that no statistical significance can be found in a collection of provided observations.
• Quantification of data: It is a process of assigning a numerical value to a measurement, which entails counting the quantity of the measured object.

Key Points 

Experimental studies are research designs where the researcher manipulates one or more independent variables and measures the effect on one or more dependent variables while controlling for extraneous variables.

The characteristics of experimental studies include:

• Evidence of causality: Experimental studies are the most effective way of establishing causality between independent and dependent variables. Researchers can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables by manipulating the independent variable and controlling for extraneous variables.
• Control of experimental elements: Experimental studies involve the control of experimental elements to isolate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. This includes controlling for extraneous variables impacting the results and systematically manipulating the independent variable.
• Possibility of replication: Experimental studies should be designed to allow for replication by other researchers. This helps to establish the reliability and validity of the results and strengthens confidence in the conclusions drawn from the study.

In addition to the characteristics mentioned above, here are some other characteristics of experimental studies:

• Randomization: Participants should be randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group to ensure no systematic difference between the groups that could impact the results.
• Manipulation of the independent variable: The independent variable should be systematically manipulated by the researcher to ensure that any changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.
• Hypothesis testing: The study should be designed to test a specific hypothesis or research question. The results should be analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to determine whether the hypothesis is supported.

Additional Information

• Absence of researcher's bias: Though the study's design should minimize the possibility of the researcher's bias affecting the results, this is typically achieved using randomization and blinding techniques. But this is not a typical characteristic of ER.
• Absence of conditioned environment: This is not a characteristic of experimental studies. Experimental studies typically involve creating a controlled environment to manipulate the independent variable and controlling for extraneous variables.

Hence option 4 is the correct answer.

Key PointsAn extraneous variable is a variable that may affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables but is not the focus of the study. These variables are often not directly controlled by the researcher, but they can still impact the study's outcome.

The sequence of basic procedures to control the extraneous variables in an experiment.

• Randomisation: Randomisation refers to assigning participants to different groups or conditions to control for individual differences that may impact the results.
• Elimination of spurious relations: Spurious relationships refer to relationships between variables that are not causal but appear to be because of the influence of extraneous variables. These relationships can be eliminated by controlling for the extraneous variable.
• Matching: Matching involves selecting participants who are similar in important characteristics and then assigning them to different groups or conditions.
• Introduction of additional variables: In some cases, it may be necessary to introduce additional variables into the experiment to control for extraneous variables that cannot be eliminated. These variables are called control variables.
• Statistical test: Finally, statistical tests can be used to determine whether the results are statistically significant and to control for the influence of extraneous variables. Various statistical techniques can be used to control for extraneous variables, including analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

Hence (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) is the correct sequence.

Research methods are instruments one uses to do research. 

Key Points 

Therefore, (A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III) correct matching.

Concept Used:-

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. Suppose, 20 number is x% of y. Then, the relation between x and y can be given as,

\(\dfrac{x}{100}\times y=20\)

Explanation:-

Average budget of State Q,

\(\Rightarrow \dfrac{270+314+296+346+364}{5}=318\)

Average budget of State P,

\(\Rightarrow \dfrac{200+250+264+410+430}{5}=310.8\)

Percentage of average budget of state Q to P,

\(\Rightarrow \dfrac{318}{310.8}\times100=102.3\approx102%\)

So, the average budget of State Q to that of the average budget of State P from the year 2018 to 2022 is 102%.

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Given:

In 2022, State Q allocated 35% of the budget for girls.

In 2023, this budget allocation for girls was proposed to be increased by 35% of the allocation for girls in 2022.

Calculation:

Budget allocation for girls in 2022 = \(\dfrac{35}{100}\) × 364 = 127.4 crores

Budget allocation for girls in 2023 = 127.4 +  (\(\dfrac{35}{100}\) × 127.4) = 127.4 + 44.59 = 171.99

⇒ Change in budget = 171.99 - 127.4 = 44.59 crores

⇒ Percentage increase in budget = \(\dfrac{44.59}{364}\) × 100 = 12.25%

∴ The percent increase in budget allocation for 2023 with reference to 2022 is 12.25%.

Given:

In 2021, State P spent three-fourths of the allocated budget for boys. From this amount, money spent on school education and higher education of boys was in the ratio 20 ∶ 21.

Calculation:

Budget allocation for boys = \(\dfrac{3}{4}\) × 410 = 307.5

According to the question,

⇒ 20m + 21m = 307.5

⇒ 41m = 307.5

⇒ m = 7.5

Money spent on higher education = 21m = 157.5 crores 

∴ The money spent on boys for their higher education is 157.5 crores.

Given:

There is an increase in the budget allocation of State R in 2023 to the tune of 13% of the average budget allocation from 2019 to 2022.

Concept used: 

Average = Sum of observation / Number of observations

Calculation:

Sum of observation = 374 + 344 + 384 + 440 = 1542

Number of observations = 4

⇒ Average = \(\dfrac{1542}{4}\) = 385.5

Budget of 2023 = 1.13 × 385.5 = 435.615

Change in budget = 440 - 435.615 = 4.385

∴ The allocation for the year 2023 from 2022 is Decrease by Rs. 4.385 Crore.

Concept Used:-

The average of the group of numbers is the ratio of the sum of all the numbers given to the total number.

The formula to found the average is given below.

⇒ Average (A) = (sum of all the observation, S) / (Total number of observation, n)

Explanation:-

The average budget of State R for the years 2018-2022,

\(\dfrac{330+374+344+384+440}{5}=374.4\)

So, the average budget of State R for the years 2018-2022 is 374.4 Crore.

Hence, the correct option is 1.

The role of a teacher has existed as long as mankind has, but the role's definition has undergone significant change. Even 20 years ago, the duties of a teacher were very different from what they are now.

Key Points

• In the past, teachers facilitated the teaching-learning process entirely using blackboards or verbal dissemination of knowledge.
• Teachers used to conduct research and participate in FDP (Faculty Development Programmes) and seminars to equip themselves according to the prevalent teaching style.
• Today, technology is beginning to enter classrooms with projectors and screens and installing interactive panels to enhance learning.
• This is an exciting development for teachers as it allows them to enhance the learning quality of their students through a blend of technology and research.
• However, to effectively harness the power of this technology, teachers must become information technology experts.
• So, knowing how to use tools such as PowerPoint and overhead projectors and creating digital resources can help teachers make learning more interactive and livelier for students.
• Additionally, by familiarising themselves with the different classroom technologies, teachers can better understand how to use them to achieve different learning objectives.

It can be concluded that the Creation of digital resources is not a traditional role of teachers.

Effective teaching happens When a teacher is successful in keeping the students engaged in learning by offering a range of learning experiences. 

Key Points

• Effective teaching will push students to learn by focusing on how well they have learned a particular subject.
• ​There are numerous teaching methods that are effective in each classroom are mentioned below: 
• Use of suitable teaching aids
• Effective Communication Skills
• Discussion in classroom
• Using multimedia tools
• Work as a team
• Encourage learning from experience

Thus, the correct answer from the options is (A), (B), (D) and (E) only. 

Additional Information

• The classroom is a dynamic environment, bringing together students from different backgrounds with various abilities and personalities.

Hence option 4 is the correct answer.

Curriculum is all the selected, organized, integrative, innovative and evaluative educational experiences provided to learners consciously or unconsciously under the school authority in order to achieve the designated learning outcomes which are achieved as a result of growth, maturation and learning meant to be best utilized for life in a changing society.

Key Points

The sole basis of designing a curriculum depends on several factors, including:

Education standards and goals: Curriculum should align with the education standards and goals of the school or institution.

Students Educational needs and abilities: Curriculum should consider the diverse needs and abilities of students, including their age, culture, language, and learning style.

Relevance to the real world: Curriculum should aim to provide students with knowledge and skills that are relevant to the real world and will prepare them for future careers.

Assessment and evaluation: The curriculum should include ways to measure student learning and assess the effectiveness of the curriculum.

Input from stakeholders: The curriculum design process should involve input from various stakeholders, including teachers, parents, administrators, and community members.

Hence it can be concluded that option 01 is the correct.

Key PointsAdult Learner:

• Adult learners are 18 years of age or older and engage in learning activities for personal or professional reasons.
• Adult learners are typically characterized by their life and work experiences, self-directedness, and learning motivation.
• They may pursue education and training to advance their careers, gain new knowledge and skills, or pursue personal interests and hobbies.
• Adult learners are non-traditional learners who are categorised based on their age or level of cognitive development.
• Characteristics of adult learners are mentioned below: 
• Autonomous and Self-learning: Adult learners tend to take responsibility for their learning and prefer to learn at their own pace and in their way.
• Life Experience and Knowledge: Adults have accumulated experiences and knowledge from various aspects of their lives, including work, family, and community involvement. This can be leveraged in learning, as adults can bring practical knowledge and skills to the classroom.
• Social learning: Adult learners often prefer to learn in groups or collaborate, as this provides opportunities for discussion, debate, and sharing of ideas.
• Time flexibility for learning: Adult learners often have work and family responsibilities, requiring flexible learning schedules.
• Goal-Oriented:
• Practical
• Self-Respect
• Adult learners typically do not rely on rote learning, which involves memorization without understanding. Instead, they prefer to learn through practical application, problem-solving, and critical thinking.

Hence, Rote learning is usually NOT a characteristic of Adult learners.

There are two types of statistical hypotheses: the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. 

Key Points

• The alternative hypothesis in statistical hypothesis testing states your research's prediction of an effect or relationship.
• The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no association between variables.
• Power is the likelihood that the null hypothesis will be accepted even when it is incorrect.
• The power of a test of significance is the likelihood that it will find a departure from the null hypothesis.

Thus, the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when an alternative is true is called Power. 

Additional Information

• Probability level: The probability that the observed result would have been attained if the null hypothesis of no real effect were true in statistical significance testing.

Classroom communication is central to teaching. 

Key Points

• Effective classroom communication laid down the foundation for successful educational results.
• Rules of effective presentation that should be adopted by a classroom communicator are mentioned below: 
• Repeated rehearsals before deliberation
• Create a safe environment
• Options for a satisfactory introduction
• Better level of comfort
• concise and focused on the topic.

Thus, rules of an effective presentation that should be adopted by a classroom communicator are repeated rehearsals, a better level of comfort and Options for a satisfactory introduction. 

Additional Information

• Teachers who interact with their students more effectively help their courses achieve higher retention and grade levels.
• Ineffective classroom communication contributes to higher dropout rates.

Communication is the process to transfer information or messages from one person or group. 

The symbolic power of communication refers to the ability of communication to create and convey meaning through symbols, such as language, images, and sound. Symbols are culturally constructed and carry meaning that is often shared within a society or group. By using symbols, communication can create and reinforce social norms, beliefs, and values, and can shape attitudes and behaviors.

Statement I: The symbolic power of communication operates through linguistic, pictorial and aural images.

Key Points

• The symbolic power of comprises non-verbal cues including vocal groans, body language cues like gestures and facial expressions, and body language cues like body language.
• According to Mehrabian, nonverbal communication accounts for around 55% of all communication.
• Whereas, tone of voice is 38% and Words account for 7%.

Thus, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: Not all forms of power are associated with the communication.

Key Points

• Communication is an essential element of power dynamics, as it enables individuals and groups to assert their influence and maintain social control.
• Power can be expressed through language, symbols, and discourse, and can be used to shape the meanings and understandings that underpin social relations.
• Communication can shine a spotlight on problems, making them easier to see and offering a stage to popularize solutions.
• It has the power to mobilise crowds and foster camaraderie.
• All forms of power are associated with the communication.

So, Statement II is not true. 

Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Communication is the process to transfer information or messages from one person or group. 

Key Points 

Therefore, (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II) is correct matching.

Concept Used:-

The time required to cover a distance by an object is equal to the ratio of distance to the speed of the object.

⇒ Time = Distance / Speed

Explanation:-

Suppose that the needed distance is x km. Difference in the time taken at two speeds,

\(\begin{aligned} & \Rightarrow \text{Difference of time} =70 \min \ & \Rightarrow \frac{x}{3}-\frac{x}{4}=\frac{70}{60} \mathrm{hr} \ & \Rightarrow \frac{x}{3}-\frac{x}{4}=\frac{7}{6} \ & \Rightarrow 4 x-3 x=14 \ & \Rightarrow x=14 \mathrm{~km} \end{aligned}\)

So, the distance of his destination from his starting point is 14 km.

Hence, the correct option is 2.

The positional value of letters in the alphabetic series:

The letters of the word are coded as:

Similarly,

Hence, the word BOMBAY will be coded as AMJXVS.

The series follows the following order:

Alternate numbers are the addition of 2 to the previous numbers. 

Hence, the following number in the series is 7.

Phenomena is observable facts or events.

Key Points 

Thus, (A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III) are correct matching.

The ancient education system was mainly on Vedas, Upanishads and Dharma sutras. 

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III) is correct macth.

Indian culture has a strong foundation in Indian principles.

Key PointsStatement I: The Indian Parliamentary Committee on Value Education in February 1999 identified five core Universal Values as truth; righteous conduct, peace, love and non-violence.

• The Indian Parliamentary Committee on Value Education in February 1999 under the chairmanship of S B Chavan.
• The fundamental universal values that can be used as the cornerstone for the construction of a programme.
• It is based on values that can be recognised as Truth (Satya), Righteous Behavior (Dharma), Peace (Shanti), Love (Prema), and Nonviolence (Ahimsa).

Thus, Statement I is true.

Statement II: Their values are derived from various sources of Indian tradition and culture.

• Indian civilization began as early as 2800 B.C., with the highly advanced urban Harappan civilization.
• Their values are derived from various sources of Indian tradition and culture.
• The Indian culture during the past 5000 years has reacted differently to various influences and has maintained, absorbed, and assimilated components from many cultures.

So, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Modern education was introduced to India by the British government.

Key Points

• The foundation of the Indian educational system during the colonial era was laid by the Macaulay Minute, Wood's dispatch, Sadler Commission, and the 1904 Indian Education Policy.
• The Calcutta Madrassa was founded by Warren Hastings in 1781 to teach Muslim law for this reason.
• Indians were to receive education in both their mother tongue and English.
• In 1854, Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India, and Sir Charles Wood was the President of the company's Board of Control.
• J. Richter in his book "A History of Missions in India", referred to the Education Despatch of 1854 as the "Magna Carta of Indian education."

Thus, J. Richter described the Education Despatch of 1854 as the "Magna Carta of Indian Education" in his work, "A History of Missions in India". 

Additional Information

• The universities of Madras, Calcutta and Bombay were set up in 1857.
• Punjab University was founded in 1882, and Allahabad University in 1887.

Key Points

• The ancient system of education in India was based on the study of various texts that were considered sacred and authoritative in Indian society.
• These texts covered a wide range of subjects, including philosophy, religion, ethics, law, and social customs, and were studied by students in order to gain knowledge and understanding of the world around them.
• The Vedas are the oldest and most sacred texts in the Hindu tradition, and are considered the foundation of Indian philosophy and religion.
• The Brahmanas are a collection of texts that provide instructions for the performance of Vedic rituals and ceremonies, and were studied by students in order to become priests and perform these rituals.
• The Upanishads are a collection of texts that provide insights into the nature of reality, consciousness, and the self, and were studied by students as part of their philosophical and spiritual education.
• The Dharmasutras are a collection of texts that provide guidelines for ethical behavior and social conduct, and were studied by students in order to understand the principles of righteousness and justice.

Hence option 4 is the correct answer.

the National Knowledge Commission (NKC), a high-level advisory body to the Prime Minister of India established in 2005.  

Key PointsAssertion (A): As per the National Knowledge Commission report, the number of engineering institutions in India is more than 1,500, but there is a regional imbalance in their distribution in the country.

• The National Knowledge Commission's main objective was to promote the growth of a thriving knowledge-based society.
• In spite of the abundance of engineering schools in some regions of India, access, quantity, and quality remain grave issues.
• It mentioned that the number of engineering institutions in India is more than 1,500, but there is a regional imbalance in their distribution in the country.

Thus, (A) is true. 

Reasons (R): A major reason for this is entry of Private (aided as well as self-financing) institutions.

• According to UGC, All Colleges under Section 2(f), are aided, unaided, partially aided and self-financing are or are not covered.
• The Commission accepted that a major reason for this is the entry of Private (aided as well as self-financing) institutions.
• It recommends enhancing access including a reduction in regional

disparities.

So, (R) is true. 

Therefore, both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Communication is transferring information or messages from one person or group. 

Key Points

• Intrapersonal communication is a conversation with oneself, which might involve self-talk, visualization, and even recall and recollection.
• It can be used to judge your actions.
• The delayed feedback in the case of intra-personal communication may happen due to Optical illusion.
• It might involve cognitive biases and distortions that can create an illusion of reality.

Thus, delayed feedback in the case of intra-personal communication may happen due to Optical illusion.

Additional Information

• Intrapersonal communication is a conversation with oneself, which might involve self-talk, visualization, and even recall and recollection.
• It can be used to judge your actions.

A logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that reduces the strength and persuasiveness of an argument. 

Key Points

• There are two main types of fallacies: Formal fallacy and informal fallacy.
• An informal fallacy is an error in the argument's form, content, or context.
• The fallacies of ambiguity include Equivocation and amphiboly.
• The fallacy of equivocation happens when a crucial term or phrase is employed unclearly.
• It has one meaning in one section of the argument and a different meaning in other sentences.
• In the above argument, Killing is used in two different meanings.

Thus, the Fallacy of Equivocation is committed in this argument. 

Additional Information

• Fallacy of Appeal to Inappropriate Authority: The appeal to authority fallacy is the mistaken belief that something is true just because an authoritative person said it.
• Ad Hominem Fallacy: It is an Informal fallacy that occurs between two arguers when an argument makes an appeal to the character of the person.
• The fallacy of Appeal to Emotion: It is the manipulation of the recipient's emotions in order to win an argument, particularly in the absence of factual evidence.

The Naiyayikas, who were ancient Indian logicians, recognized various forms of inference,  These forms of inference are known as hetvābhāsa, which means "fallacious reason" in Sanskrit, because they can sometimes lead to incorrect conclusions. However, when used correctly, they can be a powerful tool for understanding the world and making logical deductions.

Anumăna means the word "inference" or "knowledge that follows". 

Key Points

Causal inference:

• It refers to the inference of the effect from the cause or the cause from the effect
• It involves observing a cause and deducing the effect that it produces.

Inductive inference:

• It refers to the inference from observation for general inseparability,
• It involves observing that two things are always or usually found together and inferring that they are inseparable in general.

Additional Information

Analogical inference.

• It refers to the inference from knowledge of similarity between two kinds of objects.
• It involves observing similarities between two objects and inferring that they are similar in other respects as well.
• However, they (Naiyayikas) did not consider inference from knowledge of similarity between two kinds of objects as a distinct form of inference.

Hence option 2 is the correct answer.

Key Points

• In IPv6, an address is given by eight 16-bit numbers usually written in hexadecimal, separated by colons.
• Each 16-bit number can have a value from 0 to FFFF (in hexadecimal), which means that there are 2^16 or 65,536 possible values for each number.
• Therefore, the total number of unique IPv6 addresses that can be created is:
• 2^16 x 2^16 x 2^16 x 2^16 x 2^16 x 2^16 x 2^16 x 2^16
• which equals 655368.

​​Hence option 4 is the correct answer

The Earth's land surface is covered by biodiversity hotspots about 2.3 percent. 

Key Points

• A biodiversity hotspot contains a large percentage of endemic plants.
• To be recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, a region must have lost at least 70% of its original natural vegetation.
• India has four noteworthy biodiversity hotspots that meet the requirements to be named hotspots for biodiversity:
• ​The Himalayas
• Indo-Burma Region
• The Western Ghats
• Sundaland

Thus, The Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Indo-Burma region, and Sundaland are the biodiversity hot-spot regions. 

Additional Information

• India is noted for its diverse flora and wildlife. More than 200 bird species, 500 mammalian species, and 30,000 insect species can be found in India.

Personal Barriers refer to issues that are private to the sender and recipient and obstruct communication.

Key Points

• These elements include a person's life experiences, emotions, attitudes, and conduct that obstruct communication.
• The most common personal barriers are mentioned below: 
• Lack of Listening Skills
• Selective Attention
• Poor retention
• Failure to respond
• Lack of knowledge
• Trust deficit in the encoder

Thus, Poor retention, Failure to respond and Trust deficit in the encoder are can be considered personal barriers in communication. 

Additional Information

• Communication is greatly influenced by a number of personal elements that differ from person to person.
• These factors may prevent communication from serving its intended objective.

The square of opposition is a diagram used in categorical logic to depict the logical relationship.

Key Points

Relationships between Propositions:

• Now, "All women are honest" is True is given as True, I (Subalternation) is True, E (contrary) is False and O is (contradictory) True.
• So, 'No women are honest' is false, 'Some women are honest' is true and "Some women are not honest" is true.

Thus, the correct answer from the options are (A), (C) and (D) only.

A computer is a device that accepts information and manipulates it in order to produce a certain result according to a programme, software, or set of instructions. 

Key Points

• It uses a series of binary digits to represent decimal numbers.
• Internal memory and the central processing unit are typically referred to as computers.
• There are basic components which include:
• RAM: short-term memory where data is stored as the processor needs it.
• Hard Disk Drive: storing data permanently
• CPU:  computing

Thus, the correct answer from the options are (C), (A), and (B). 

Additional Information

• There are five fundamental elements which include Input Unit, Output Unit, Memory Unit, Control Unit, Arithmetical and Logical Unit.

Key Points 

DNS stands for Domain Name System.

• It is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system that translates domain names, which are human-readable names like www.example.com, into IP addresses, which are numerical identifiers that computers use to communicate with each other over the internet.
• DNS is used in many applications, such as web browsing, email, and online gaming, to resolve domain names to IP addresses.
• DNS works by using a distributed database system that contains information about domain names and their corresponding IP addresses.

Additional InformationHTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.

• It is a protocol that is used for transmitting data over the internet, particularly in the context of the World Wide Web.
• HTTP is the foundation of data communication on the Web and enables communication between web servers and web clients, such as web browsers.

SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. 

• It is a standard protocol used for sending and receiving email messages over the internet.
• SMTP is responsible for delivering email messages from a mail client or server to a mail server, and for relaying email messages between mail servers.

SSH stands for Secure Shell.

• It is a cryptographic network protocol used for secure remote access and management of network devices, servers, and other computers.
• SSH provides secure encrypted communication between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network, such as the internet.

Hence it can be concluded that, in the context of computer networking, DNS protocol is used to turn names, such as www.abc.edu, into IP addresses.

Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless gas. 

Key Points

• Cars, trucks, and other machinery that burns fossil fuels are the main emitters of CO in the outdoor air.
• Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb ) forms after a mixture of carbon monoxide gets mixed with haemoglobin in blood cells.
• At a COHb level of about 10%, carbon monoxide is likely to cause headaches.
• At a COHb level of about 40%, carbon monoxide starts to cause coma and collapse and at 50–60% the poisonings are often lethal.

Thus, Carbon monoxide pollution may cause loss of consciousness or death in the exposed individual. For such an event to occur, the likely minimum percentage saturation level of carboxyhemoglobin in human blood would be 60%. 

Additional Information

• It has an affinity for haemoglobin that is 200 times greater than that of oxygen.

Ground-level ozone produced just above the earth's surface is colourless, intensely irritating gas. 

Key Points

• It is created when two principal pollutants react in sunlight and still air.
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are these two main pollutants.
• It is known as a secondary pollutant.
• Its usual concentration is 20 to 30 parts per billion by volume.
• ​Summertime temperatures and increased sunlight cause more ozone to accumulate.
• In the summer, when direct sunlight is at its strongest, ozone levels are normally at their maximum in the afternoon.

Thus, at a typical urban site, the ground level ozone concentration would be maximum in the Afternoon. 

Additional Information

• Ground-level ozone in contrast to stratospheric ozone can be hazardous to human health.

The NAPCC identifies actions that advance development goals and have added advantages for successfully combating climate change.

Key PointsStatement I: National Action Plan on Climate Change was launched in 2014.

• It was launched on June 30^th, 2008.
• The NAPCC is made up of its eight "National Missions" at its core.
• They emphasise raising awareness of climate change, its adaptation and mitigation, energy efficiency, and the preservation of natural resources.

Thus, Statement I is false. 

Statement II: National Mission for Smart Cities is one of the missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change.

• The Smart Cities Mission is a creative and recent project by the Indian government
• It aims to promote local development and use technology to produce smart outcomes for citizens.
• National Mission for Smart Cities is NOT one of the missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change.

So, Statement II is false.

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are false.

Given:

In a class of 73 students, Raman's rank is 19^th from the bottom.

Formula Used:

Total students = {(Raman's rank from the top) + ( Raman's rank from the bottom) - 1}.

73 = Raman's rank from the top + 19 - 1

Raman's rank from the top = 73 - 18 = 55.

Hence, 55 is the answer.

Nyaya is one of six darshans of Indian philosophy. 

Key PointsStatement I: According to Naiyayikas (Indian Logicians), in inference for others, five steps are required.

• The word "inference" or "knowledge that follows" is anumana in Sanskrit.
• It is one of the pramanas or sources of correct knowledge.
• Anumana consists of five steps: a hypothesis (pratijna), reason (hetu), an example (udaharana), reaffirmation (upanayana), and a conclusion (nigamana).

Thus, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: According to Naiyayikas, in inference for oneself, only three steps are required.

• The five-membered "syllogism" is frequently condensed into the following three phases in practice: 
• The hill is qualified by fieriness
• because it is qualified by the smokiness
• like a kitchen hearth and unlike a lake.

So, Statement II is true.

The correct response is (A) is true but (R) is false.

Key PointsAssertion (A): Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) are fast gaining popularity among students and working professionals across the world.

• ​It is a particular kind of online course that is intended to be available to a sizable audience via the Internet, usually for free or at a moderate fee.
• MOOCs frequently use pre-recorded video lectures, online readings and conversations, evaluations, and assignments as part of their structure.
• It is fast gaining popularity among students and working professionals across the world.

Thus, (A) is true. 

Reasons (R): MOOCs help them study at their own convenience and delivery of quality education is location specific.

• ​It is a particular kind of online course that is intended to be available to a sizable audience via the Internet.
• The basic philosophy of MOOCs is 3A's i.e., Anytime, Anyone, Anywhere.
• They enable people to develop their jobs, pursue personal interests, or learn new skills all from the comfort of their own computer or mobile device.

So, (R) is false. 

Therefore, (A) is true but (R) is false.

Concept Used:-

When there is gain in the selling of an item, then,

\(\mathrm{SP}=\mathrm{CP}\left[1+\frac{\text { Gain% }}{100}\right]\)

Here, SP = Selling price

CP = Cost price

Explanation:-

Given that,

Cost price to 3^rd person = Rs. 10500

So, 2^nd person selling price = Rs. 10500

2^nd person profit = 40%

Thus,

\(\mathrm{SP}=\mathrm{CP}\left[1+\frac{\text { Gain% }}{100}\right]\)

\(10500=\mathrm{CP}\left[1+\frac{40}{100}\right]\)

\(\mathrm{CP}=\frac{10500}{1.4}=\mathrm{Rs} .7500\)

Now, this is the cost price of 2^nd person and selling price of first person.

Since 1^st person get the 20% profit. Thus, the cost price of first person,

\(\begin{aligned} &\Rightarrow 7500=\mathrm{CP}[1+0.2] \ &\Rightarrow \mathrm{CP}=\frac{7500}{1.2}\ &\Rightarrow \mathrm{CP}=\rm Rs. \ 6250 \end{aligned}\)

So, the amount did the 1^st person pay for the music system is Rs. 6250.

Hence, the correct option is 2.

A computer is a device that accepts information and manipulates it in order to produce a certain result according to a programme, software, or set of instructions. 

Key Points 

• A and O, E, and I propositions are contradictory.
• The truth of an assertion of the form All S are P implies the falsity of the corresponding proposition of the type is Some S are not P.

Thus, Some S is not P contradicts 'All S is P'.

The correct answer is "Religious affiliations".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the passage.
• Previously the estates of religion and nobility had negotiated contracts with their princes in which claims to power were defined on a case-by-case basis.
• From the above statements it is clear that historically, the claims to power were decided on the basis of religious affiliations.

Therefore the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is "Parliament"

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statement from the passage.
• As we know, this development followed a different course in England, where princely power was relativized through Parliament, more than on the continent.
• From the above statement, it is clear that the princely power in England was reduced by Parliament.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is "Non-political"

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the above passage.
• Given a commercial economy, a division of authority accomplished through differentiation of the rights of those possessing feudal authority, liberties belonging to the estates, was no longer possible-the power under private law of disposition of capitalist property is non-political.
• From the above statement, it is clear that In the eco-system of commercial economy, the power of property disposition has become "Non-political".

Therefore the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is "The established authority".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the passage.
• The bourgeois are private persons; as such, do not rule. Thus their claims to power in opposition to public power are directed not against a concentration of authority that should be divided but rather against the principle of established authority.
• From the above statement it is clear that the claims of bourgeois to power are intended against the established authority.

Therefore the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is "Redefining the principle of control"

Key Points

• The correct answer is 4) Redefining the principle of control.
• As the passage mentions that the bourgeois public opposes the principle of established authority and aims at a transformation of authority as such, not merely the exchange on basis of legitimation of another. The focus is on redefining the principle of control in opposition to established authority.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

​A transistor is a tiny semiconductor that regulates or controls the flow of current or voltage.

Key Points

• It regulates or controls the flow of current or voltage in addition to generating, amplifying, and functioning as a switch or gate for these electrical signals.
• According to Moore's Law, a microchip's transistor count doubles every two years.
• Moore's law is a historical tendency that has been observed and projected.
• It is an empirical relationship connected to production experience gains rather than physical law.

Thus, computers will be 32 times as powerful as they are now.

Additional Information

• Gordon Moore, a co-founder and former CEO of Intel, is credited with creating the law.