UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 21st Nov 2021 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Formula used:

Profit = SP - CP

Profit % = (Profit/CP) × 100

Here, SP → Selling price, CP → Cost price

Concept used:

Profit and the loss is always given on CP

Calculation:

Let the SP and CP be x and y respectively

Profit = (x - y)

Now, the S.P. is doubled, then the new S.P. is 2x

New profit = (2x - y)

According to the question:

⇒ 3(x - y) = 2x - y

⇒ 3x - 3y = 2x - y

⇒ x = 2y      ----(1)

Now, Profit = SP - CP

⇒ x - y = 2y - y = y      ----(from eq (1))

Profit % = (Profit/CP) × 100

⇒ (y/y) × 100 = 100%

∴ The profit is 100%

Freshwater is typically described as water having a salinity of less than 1% of that of the oceans, or less than 0.35. Water with a salinity between this and one is referred to as marginal water since it is unsuitable for many human and animal uses. On Earth, the ratio of saltwater to freshwater is roughly 50 to 1.

Key Points

• Water is the most important component of life on Earth.
• It can be found in the atmosphere above us, the ocean, rivers, and lakes around us, and the rocks beneath our feet.
• The majority of the water on Earth is saltwater, leaving only 3% as freshwater, only 1% of which is readily available for human consumption.
• For power, irrigation, industrial activities, and daily use, the world's population is becoming increasingly dependent on this valuable resource.

Important Points

• The earth's surface is composed of about 70% water. However, only about 2.5% of this is fresh water and less than 1% is available for human use and consumption.
• Groundwater storage around the world is on the decline, largely as a response to human consumption, primarily from irrigation.

Additional Information

Availability of water on earth in percentage-

Therefore, the correct answer is 1%.

Given:

The total number of PC produced by company A in 2017 = 70000

Total percentage of produced PC sold by Company A in 2017 = 80%

The total number of PC produced by company B in 2016 = 64000

Total percentage of produced PC sold by Company B in 2016 = 75%

Calculation:

The total number of PC was sold by Company A in 2017 = 80% of 70000 = 70000 × 80/100 = 56000

The total number of PC was sold by Company B in 2016 = 75% of 64000 = 64000 × 75/100 = 48000

The number of PCs that remained unsold by Company B in 2016 = 64000 - 48000 = 16000

The difference between the number of PCs sold by Company A in 2017 and the number of PCs unsold by Company B in 2016 = 56000 - 16000 = 40000

The percentage = 40000/16000 × 100 = 250%

∴ The number of PCs sold by Company A in the year 2017 is 250% more than the number of PCs unsold by Company B in the year 2016.

Given:

There is a total number of produced (in thousands) and sold PC by Company B from the year 2014 to 2019 in the given table.

Calculation:

The total number of PC was sold in 2014 = 50% of 45000 = 45000 × 50/100 = 22500

The total number of PC was sold in 2015 = 40% of 48000 = 48000 × 40/100 = 19200

The total number of PC was sold in 2016 = 75% of 64000 = 64000 × 75/100 = 48000

The total number of PC was sold in 2017 = 60% of 62000 = 62000 × 60/100 = 37200

The total number of PC was sold in 2018 = 80% of 65000 = 65000 × 80/100 = 52000

The total number of PC was sold in 2019 = 50% of 80000 = 80000 × 50/100 = 40000

Total number of produced PC in six years = 45000 + 48000 + 64000 + 62000 + 65000 + 80000 = 364000

Total number of sold PC in six years = 22500 + 19200 + 48000 + 37200 + 52000 + 40000 = 218900

The number of unsold PC = 364000 - 218900 = 145100

The difference between the total number of PCs sold and the total number of unsold PC = 218900 - 145100 = 73800

∴​ The difference between the total number of PCs sold and the total number of unsold PCs of Company B in all the six years together is 73800.

Given:

There is a total number of produced (in thousands) and sold PC by Company A from the year 2014 to 2019 in the given table.

Calculation:

The total number of PC was sold in 2014 = 60% of 40000 = 40000 × 60/100 = 24000

The total number of PC was sold in 2015 = 75% of 52000 = 52000 × 75/100 = 39000

The total number of PC was sold in 2016 = 50% of 60000 = 60000 × 50/100 = 30000

The total number of PC was sold in 2017 = 80% of 70000 = 70000 × 80/100 = 56000

The total number of PC was sold in 2018 = 40% of 72000 = 72000 × 40/100 = 28800

The total number of PC was sold in 2019 = 60% of 90000 = 90000 × 60/100 = 54000

Total number of produced PC in six years = 40000 + 52000 + 60000 + 70000 + 72000 + 90000 = 384000

Total number of sold PC in six years = 24000 + 39000 + 30000 + 56000 + 28800 + 54000 = 231800

The number of unsold PC = 384000 - 231800 = 152200

∴ The total number of PCs produced by Company A which remain unsold in all the six years together is 152200.

Given:

The total number of PC produced by company B in 2018 = 65000

Total percentage of produced PC sold by Company B in 2018 = 80%

The total number of PC produced by company A in 2015 = 52000

Total percentage of produced PC sold by Company A in 2015 = 75%

Calculation:

The total number of PC was sold by Company B in 2018 = 80% of 65000 = 65000 × 80/100 = 52000

The total number of PC was sold by Company A in 2015 = 75% of 52000 = 52000 × 75/100 = 39000

The number of PCs that remained unsold by Company A in the year 2015 = 52000 - 39000 = 13000

The number of PCs sold by Company B in 2018 : The number of PCs that remained unsold by Company A in the year 2015 = 52000 : 13000 = 4 : 1

∴ The ratio of the number of PCs sold by Company B in 2018 to the number of PCs that remained unsold by Company A in the year 2015 is 4 : 1

Given:

The total number of PC produced by company A in 2015 = 52000

Total percentage of produced PC sold by Company A in 2015 = 75%

The total number of PC produced by company B in 2019 = 80000

Total percentage of produced PC sold by Company B in 2019 = 50%

Calculation:

The total number of PC was sold by Company A in 2015 = 75% of 52000 = 52000 × 75/100 = 39000

The total number of PC was sold by Company B in 2019 = 50% of 80000 = 80000 × 50/100 = 40000

The percentage = 39000/40000 × 100 = 195/2% = 97.5%

∴ The number of PCs sold by Company A in 2015 is 97.5% of the number of PCs sold by Company B in the year 2019.

Communication is the exchange of information between two or more people. It entails the exchange of thoughts, concepts, imaginations, behaviors, and written material.

Important Points

 

Additional Information

 

Therefore, the correct answer is (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

A computer is a digital electrical machine that can be programmed to perform arithmetic or logical operations in a predetermined sequence. Programs are generic collections of operations that modern computers can do. These programs allow computers to carry out a variety of tasks.

Key Points

Therefore, the correct sequence is (A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)

Teaching is defined as engaging with students in order to help them grasp and apply knowledge, concepts, and procedures. 

Key Points  There are three levels of teaching:

• Memory Level- It is a memory level of teaching in which the emphasis is on memorization rather than learning, and the instruction is done to convey textbook knowledge to students.
• It is not considered to be the best level of instruction because memorization is not beneficial and emphasis should be placed on understanding the subject. This level, on the other hand, aids with memory enhancement.
• Understanding Level- Understanding level teaching is a more intentional teaching technique in which students connect with concepts and comprehend the subject, as the name implies.
• Based on the students' prior awareness and comprehension level, they analyze the concepts and put together the facts and other thoughts linked with them.
• Professors and students are both interested in this phase, and teachers employ debates, seminars, explanations, and other similar tactics at this stage of instruction. The environment in the classroom is warm and stimulating.
• The reflective level-The reflective level is also known as the introspective level of instruction.
• This is the highest stage of the teaching-learning process. This is due to the fact that instruction does not finish until the students have mastered the concept. It goes beyond comprehension and asks students to concentrate on what they've heard or comprehended.
• This is the level of training when the instructor pushes the students to try new things.
• This stage is also known as exploratory learning because students engage in reflective learning by reflecting on what they have read, done, or learned, applying the lesson to their own life, and making sense of the content. It's not only a matter of remembering some information, formulas, or dates but also exploring ways to find the answers.

Therefore, the correct answer is the Reflective level of teaching.

Additional Information 

• The autonomous development level in learning and teaching refers to a stage where a learner is able to self-direct their learning and take responsibility for their own educational goals and outcomes, while a teacher may act as a facilitator or guide rather than a traditional authority figure.

Established research methodologies are an important tool for scientific progress since it helps researchers to test ideas using well-defined parameters, settings, and assumptions. 

Key Points

• Participant observation is a qualitative research approach in which the researcher observes and actively participates in the study participants' activities.
• This necessitates the researcher to be immersed in the milieu of the participants while still taking objective notes on what is happening. Most researchers who perform participant observations take on the role they want to research.
• In participant observation, the researcher immerses themselves in their study setting and collects data through their own observations, interactions, and reflections. This type of research often produces data in words or pictures, as the researcher is the key instrument for collecting and interpreting the data.

Here are some examples of how data in the form of words or pictures might be collected in participant observation studies:

• The researcher might take notes on what they see and hear in the setting.
• The researcher might take photographs or videos of the setting and its people.
• The researcher might interview people in the setting.
• The researcher might reflect on their own experiences in the setting.
• The data collected in participant observation studies can be used to understand various phenomena, such as the social dynamics of a group, the culture of an organization, or the lived experiences of a particular population.

There are three important pieces of participant observation:

1. Gaining entry into the location of the study
2. Establishing rapport with the research participants under investigation
3. Spend enough time with the research participants in the environment to get a sufficient amount of data for the study

Additional Information

• Ex-Post Facto Studies- An ex post facto research design is an approach in which groups with existing traits are compared on a dependent variable.
• Ex post facto research, sometimes known as an "after the fact" study, is considered quasi-experimental since the subjects are not randomly allocated; instead, they are grouped based on a specific attribute or trait.
• Experimental Studies- Experimental studies are ones where researchers introduce an intervention and study the effects.
• Experimental studies are usually randomized, meaning the subjects are grouped by chance.
• Descriptive research might entail one-time interactions with groups of people (cross-sectional study) or follow individuals over time (longitudinal study). Surveys or interviews may be used to collect data for descriptive studies where the researcher interacts with the participant.
• Descriptive studies in which the researcher does not interact with the participant include observational studies of people in an environment and studies involving data collection using existing records (e.g., medical record review).

Therefore, the correct answer is Participant observation-based studies.

Research ethics are moral principles that guide researchers. 

Key Points  

Statement I: At every step of research genuineness is to be vouched. Hence the issue of research ethics becomes germane.

• In doing and reporting research without dishonesty or the purpose to harm study participants or society as a whole, whether intentionally or unintentionally.
• It is critical to follow ethical principles when doing and reporting research in order to ensure the validity of the findings*.*
• While doing research following research ethics is important at every step.
• The authenticity of the sources and the participants should be kept in mind, honesty and consent with the participants should be taken and proper citations should be kept in mind while citing.

Hence, the statement I is true.

Statement II: ICT application in research is supportive and facilitative rather than mandatory and absolute.

• ICT contributes to high-quality research and is a supportive tool that contributes to speeding up research work hence, more thesis, journals and manuscripts, and dissertations can be worked upon and submitted.
• The use of ICT enhances the quality of the research and the accessibility of the sources. It important support and facilitative tool but not a mandatory one.

Hence, statement II is true.

Therefore, both statements I and II are true.

The University Grants Commission or Committee of India (UGC) is an initiative of the Indian Union Government that is governed by the UGC Act 1956 and is linked with the Ministry of Higher Education.

 Important Points

• The commission's responsibilities are coordinating, determining, and vetting higher education standards across the country.
• To decentralize numerous operations, the commission established its headquarters on Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg in New Delhi, as well as regional units in key states including Hyderabad, Bhopal, Bangalore, Pune, Guwahati, and Kolkata.
• The commission has the authority to distribute funds to universities and other institutions of higher learning, as well as to ensure that these institutions follow the commission's requirements.
• Fake universities or colleges are defined as those that do not meet the criteria, and the University Grants Commission publishes a list of them on a regular basis.

Key Points According to Section 12 of the UGC Act, It shall be the general duty of the Commission, in consultation with the Universities or other bodies concerned, to take all such steps as it may think fit for the promotion and coordination of University education, and for the determination and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination, and research in Universities.

For the purpose of performing its functions under this Act, the Commission may:

• investigate the budgetary requirements of universities;
• allocate and disburse funds to Universities formed or incorporated by or under a Central Act for the maintenance and growth of such Universities, or for any other general or specific purpose, from the Commission's Fund.

Additional Information Functions of the UGC are as follows-

1. It fosters and coordinates university education across the country
2. It makes and strengthens rules on minimum standards of education.
3. It maintains standards for examinations such as ICAR NET, UGC NET & CSIR UGC NET
4. It evaluates growth in the areas of college and university education.
5. It enables grants to universities and colleges.
6. It remains in the connection between the Union and State Governments and institutions of higher education.
7. It recommends necessary methods for Central and State governments to make positive changes in university Education.

Therefore, for maintenance of standards of teaching examination and research and coordination of University Education section 12 of the UGC act should be referred to.

Presently, higher education is regulated by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and 14 professional councils such as the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) and the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Key Points

• The Indian Medical Council Act, 1933, formed the Medical Council of India for the first time in 1934.
• The Indian Medical Body Act, 1956, superseded the previous Act and reorganized the council. Until September 25, 2020, the Medical Council of India (MCI) was a statutory organization responsible for ensuring uniform and high standards of medical education in India. It was superseded by the National Medical Commission on September 25, 2020. The Council certifies medical qualifications, accredits medical schools, registers medical practitioners, and oversees medical practice in India.
• The Medical Council of India was automatically dissolved and the approximately 63-year-old Indian Medical Council Act was removed when the National Medical Commission was established on September 25, 2020.

Additional Information

• All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) was set up in November 1945 as a national-level Apex Advisory Body to conduct a survey on the facilities available for technical education and to promote development in the country in a coordinated and integrated manner.
• The Bar Council of India (BCI) is a statutory body established under section 4 of the Advocates Act 1961 that regulates the legal practice and legal education in India.
• The University Grants Commission (UGC) of India is a statutory body set up by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Government of India in accordance to the UGC Act 1956 and is charged with coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards of higher education.
• ​The main goal and duty of the UGC in higher education are to provide finances to universities as well as to coordinate, determine, and uphold ethics in higher education institutions. The commission upholds the universities', government's, and community's interpretations.

Therefore, the first regulatory body in higher education in India was set up under the rubric of MCI.

Blogs are easily created, updatable Web pages that people can use to share their opinions on a particular topic

Key Points 

• A blog (short for "web log") is an online journal or instructional website that displays content in reverse chronological order, with the most recent posts at the top.
• A weblog featuring brief, dated postings, usually maintained by an individual (although collective blogs do exist).
• It's a platform where a writer or a group of authors may express their thoughts on a specific topic.
• It includes commentary and links to other blogs and web pages.
• Readers' comments may also be included.

A blog is updated on a regular basis and contains journal-style entries that are shown in reverse chronological order.

Additional Information

• The content of a blog can only be edited by the person who has created the contents of the blog. The viewer can only express his views through comments in the comment box of the blog.
• The blog is an asynchronous communication system. And no real-time chats are possible in the blogs.
• The history of web pages visited is maintained by an ISP is done by the internet service provider.

Therefore, the correct answer is that a blog consists of posts in reverse chronological order.

Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies, and understandings.

Key Points

Therefore, the correct answer is (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)- (II), (D)-(I)

The Correct answer is: Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect (Option 2)

Key Points

• Statement I: An informal fallacy is one that may be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of an argument.
• This statement is incorrect.
• Informal fallacies are identified not by the structure, but by analyzing the content, context, or meaning of the argument.
• They often involve misuse of evidence, irrelevant reasoning, or assumptions that distort the conclusion.
• Examples include ad hominem, strawman, appeal to authority, etc.
• Statement II: Formal fallacy is one that can be detected only through analysis of the content of the argument.
• This statement is incorrect.
• Formal fallacies are flaws in the logical structure or form of an argument, regardless of the content.
• They occur when the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises, even if the premises themselves are true.
• Examples include affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent, or invalid syllogisms.

Additional Information

• Formal Fallacies:
• Errors in the logical form of deductive arguments.
• The mistake lies in the reasoning pattern, not the subject matter.
• Informal Fallacies:
• Errors in reasoning found within the content, assumptions, or context of arguments.
• Often persuasive but logically weak, relying on rhetoric rather than valid logic.
• Key Difference:
• Formal Fallacy → Structural flaw in logic (form).
• Informal Fallacy → Content-based flaw in reasoning (meaning/context).

The Government of India founded the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) in 1969 to support social science research in the country.

Key Points

One of the major activities of the ICSSR is the following: 

• To promote research in the social sciences.
• Examine the status of social science research and offer guidance
• Identifying the areas where social science research should be fostered
• Sponsor social science research initiatives and programs
• Enhancing the quality of social science as a discipline
• Scholarships and fellowships for social science research are established and administered.

Therefore, The Indian Council of Social Science Research was established for promoting research in social science and enhancing the quality of social science as a discipline. 

Additional Information

• It was established in New Delhi in 1969.
• The ICSSR Data Service intends to make data sharing, preservation, accessibility, and reuse easier for the whole social science research community in India and worldwide.

Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants that are formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react to sunlight, creating a brown haze above cities. 

Key Points 

• Ozone has the least concentration in the Photochemical smog whereas Carbon Monoxide has the highest concentration.
• The combustion of fossil fuels produces nitric oxide (a nitrogen component with the chemical formula NO) and nitrogen dioxide (another nitrogen compound with the chemical formula NO2).
• The high concentration of these contaminants in densely populated regions is a major source of worry. This is because natural emissions tend to spread over considerably larger distances.
• The NO2 molecule is known to undergo a complex series of hydrocarbon processes when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, resulting in the photochemical smog components. Ozone, aldehydes, nitric acid, peroxyacyl nitrates (abbreviated: PANs), and a variety of other secondary pollutants are among them.

Additional Information

• Photochemical smog tends to occur more often in summer because that is when we have the most sunlight. While nitrogen oxides and VOCs are produced biogenically (in nature), there are also major anthropogenic (man-made) emissions of both.
• Natural emissions tend to be spread over large areas, reducing their effects, but man-made emissions tend to be concentrated close to their source, such as a city. Photochemical smog is also popularly known as the Los Angeles Smog.
• Effects of Photochemical smog-The interaction of sunlight with certain atmospheric molecules causes photochemical haze. The main component of this type of air pollution is ozone. When ozone is present in the stratosphere, it protects humans from dangerous ultraviolet radiation, but when it is present on the ground, it is damaging to human health.
• **Control of Photochemical smog-**The most obvious solution to reduce photochemical smog levels is to stop the use of fossil fuels and replace them with non-polluting or sustainable energy sources like nuclear, hydropower, and wind power.

Therefore, In a polluted urban area, ozone has the least concentration (parts per billion by volume) in photochemical smog.

Field-independent learners are characterized by their ability to focus on details, their competitive nature, and their ability to organize information independently. They are less likely to seek teacher guidance or relate concepts to personal experience.

Key Points

• Theorists explain these two cognitive styles in terms of how they differ psychologically, making this a useful model for teachers attempting to comprehend their students. It's a notion that refers to how individual learners receive, structure, and digest information relatively convincingly.
• It concerns how people think, perceives, solves issues, and learn. This approach to cognitive style, it is believed, has consequences for individual and organizational learning efficacy.

Important Points The characteristics of Independent learning are-

1. Independent learners are self-reliant.
2. They are always aware of their strengths and weaknesses.
3. They can connect classroom learning with the real world.
4. They know about different strategies for learning.
5. Focuses on details of curriculum materials.
6. Likes to compete.
7. Can organize information by himself or herself.

Additional Information

Differences between Field Dependent and Field Independent Learners are-

Therefore, the correct statements (B), (C), and (E) only

The concept of sustainable development states that human civilizations must survive and meet their needs without jeopardizing future generations' ability to meet their own needs.

Key Points

• The Sustainable Development Goals are a series of seventeen key targets that all UN members have pledged to work on in order to improve the country's future.
• The Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Objectives of the United Nations General Assembly set 17 goals with 169 targets and 304 indicators to be accomplished by 2030.
• The United Nations Sustainable Development Summit established a post-negotiation agenda named "Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development."
• The Rio+20 summit (2012) in Rio de Janeiro produced the SDGs, which are non-binding documents.

Important Points

• The full text of Target 3.2 as per UNICEF  is: "By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under‑5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births

Additional Information

• Indicator 3.2.1: Under-5 mortality rate. The under-5 mortality rate measures the number of children per 1,000 live births who die before their fifth birthday.
• Indicator 3.2.2: Neonatal mortality rate. The neonatal mortality rate is defined as the share of newborns per 1,000 live births in a given year who die before reaching 28 days of age.

The Brundtland Report, published in 1987, was the first to provide an "official" concept of sustainable development. Economy, society, and environment are the three pillars of sustainable development.

Therefore, as per Sustainable Development Goal 3, one of the targets is to reduce under-5 mortality per 1000 live births to at least as low as 25.

Given:

The cost price of 10 items = The selling price of N items

Required profit = 25%

Formula used:

Profit% = (S.P. - C.P.)/C.P. × 100

Where, S.P. = Selling price

C.P. = Cost price

Calculation:

Here, the cost price of 10 items = The selling price of N items

⇒ C.P. × 10 = S.P. × N

⇒ S.P./C.P. = 10/N   ....(1)

According to the question, (S.P. - C.P.)/C.P. × 100 = 25

⇒ S.P./C.P. - 1 = 25/100

⇒ S.P./C.P. - 1 = 1/4

⇒ S.P./C.P. = 5/4

⇒ 10/N = 5/4   [We get from equation (1), S.P./C.P. = 10/N]

⇒ N = 40/5 = 8

∴ The value of N is 8.

Information technology (IT) is the creation, processing, storage, security, and sharing of all types of electronic data using computers, storage, networking, and other physical devices, infrastructure, and procedures. 

Key Points

• Information technology can be defined as the study, design, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems.
• IT typically includes hardware, software, databases, and networks.
• The IT department makes ensuring that the company's systems, networks, data, and applications are all connected and working effectively.

Important Points In the context of IT-

1. Unix, Windows, and Linux are all operating systems.
2. Register, Cache Memory, and Hard Disk are all memory modules.

Accurately represent the I.T.

Additional Information

Operating system- An operating system is a software program that manages and operates computing devices such as smartphones, tablets, computers, supercomputers, web servers, cars, network towers, smartwatches, and so on. It is the operating system that removes the need to understand coding languages in order to interact with computing devices. It is a graphical user interface (GUI) layer that serves as a bridge between the user and the computer hardware. Furthermore, the operating system manages a computer's software and controls program execution.

Memory Module- A memory module, also known as a RAM (random-access memory) stick, is a printed circuit board that houses memory integrated circuits. Memory modules make it simple to install and replace memory in electronic systems, particularly computers such as personal computers, workstations, and servers.

Therefore, the correct answer is (B) and (C) only

Tidal energy is a type of power generated by the natural rise and fall of tides caused by the gravitational interaction of the Earth, sun, and moon. 

Key Points

• Tidal currents with enough energy to harvest form when water flows through a constriction, causing the water to move faster.
• Tidal energy can be converted into useful forms of power, including electricity, by using specially designed generators in appropriate locations.
• Other types of energy can be generated by the ocean, such as waves, persistent ocean currents, and temperature and salinity differences in seawater.
• Tidal energy is most effectively captured in areas with large tidal ranges and strong currents.
• Tidal turbines can be installed in areas with high tidal activity, either floating or on the seafloor, and can be installed individually or in arrays.
• They look and operate similarly to wind turbines, with blades turning a rotor that powers a generator, but they must be significantly more robust due to their operating environment, and because tidal turbines are much smaller than large wind turbines, more turbines are required to produce the same amount of energy.

Important Points

• The tidal range is the vertical difference in height between consecutive high and low waters over a tidal cycle.
• The range of the tide varies between locations and also varies over a range of time scales. Differences in the tidal range are important, as they are often related to variations in coastal processes and morphology.
• Tidal range R is a critical factor in determining whether an estuary would be useful for tidal power generation as energy (E) available per tidal cycle depends on scales with R as E ∞ R2.

Additional Information Functioning of a Tidal energy plant

Therefore, the correct answer is E ∞ R2

On July 29, 2020, the Government of India announced the New National Education Policy 2020. This comprehensive education policy proposes fundamental changes in the fundamental framework of education at various levels throughout the country, and it replaces the previous education policy, which was adopted in 1986.

Key Points

• Gross Enrollment Ratio can be defined as total enrolment in primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official primary school-age population in a given school year.
• This indicator shows the overall coverage of an educational system in relation to the population eligible for participation in the system.
• This ratio is useful for those who are interested in the overall participation of the school-age population, including both primary and secondary levels It can be used for comparing two or more countries and urban and rural areas.

Important Points

• The NEP 2020 establishes the framework for transformational reforms in the country's school and higher education systems.
• The new policy aims for a 100 percent Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) in school education within the next ten years (by 2030), as well as the universalization of education from pre-school to secondary level.
• With the addition of pre-schooling provisions for children, the structure of school education has been revamped

 Therefore, by 2030 the NEP 2020 prioritizes the increase in the GER in preschool to secondary level by 100%.

Network topologies describe the methods for mapping all of the elements of a network.

Key PointsStatement I:-Bus, Ring, Star, and Mesh are types of network protocols.

Bus, Ring, Star, and Mesh are types of network topologies. The term "topology" refers to the physical and logical layout of a network.

Bus, ring, star, and mesh network topologies can be explained as-

• Ring-Every device in a ring network has exactly two neighboring devices for communication purposes. It is known as a ring topology because its form resembles a ring.

Every computer in this topology is linked to another computer. The last node is combined with the first one in this case.

• Bus-A single cable connects all of the included nodes in a bus topology. The main cable serves as the network's spine. The computer server is one of the computers in the network. A linear bus topology is one that has two endpoints.
• **Star-**All computers in a star topology are linked together by a hub. This cable is referred to as a central node, and it connects all other nodes. It is most commonly used on LAN networks because it is inexpensive and simple to set up.

Hence, Bus, Ring, Star, and Mesh are types of network protocols is a wrong statement as they are network topologies.

Statement II:-A short-range radio communication standard that transmits data over short distances up to approximately 30 feet is known as Bluetooth.

• Bluetooth is an open wireless technology standard that allows for the exchange of information (data) over short distances, resulting in Personal Area Networks (PANs).
• This is a low-power wireless network standard that allows computers, peripherals, and consumer electronics to communicate with one another over distances of up to 30 feet.
• Bluetooth is a secure, unlicensed short-range wireless technology that allows devices such as mobile phones, PDAs, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras, mice, and keyboards to connect and transfer data.

Hence, statement II is correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

The term "research" refers to the careful consideration of study concerning a specific concern or problem using scientific methods. According to Earl Robert Babbie, an American sociologist, "research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon." It employs both inductive and deductive methods."

Important PointsAssertion: Research has shown that the two-step flow theory is oversimplified for every field of interest.

• The two-step flow model of communication is a communication theory that proposes that interpersonal interaction has a far greater influence on shaping public opinion than mass media outlets.
• Recent research has shown the two-step flow theory as oversimplified because of the increasing external factors that can influence one's views and ideas, from newspapers to radio, and television, and in recent times the increased usage of the internet.

Hence the assertion (A) is correct

Reason: People tend to make great use of the media now in their respective interests.

• People tend to make greater use of the media to acquire, increase and follow their respective interests as the media in today's time is easily accessible and through the usage of the internet, a lot of information can be gathered from multiple sources in a single device.
• Providing a feeling of control as well as accessibility to its users.

Hence the reason (R) is correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Information and communication technology (ICT) in education is a mode of education that uses information and communication technology to support, enhance, and optimize information delivery. Global research has shown that ICT can lead to improved student learning and better teaching methods.

Important Points

Assertion (A): The teaching support system as provided by ICT-based gadgets is intended to optimize learning and interest in learning material.

• The teaching support system as provided by ICT-based devices in the form of e-learning has helped students and also helped the education to outgrow the physical constraints of the classrooms and acquired mobility.
• Students access information whenever and wherever they want, and institutions that provide such advanced technological terrains is rising in number day by day. Leading to optimized learning and updating young learners with interesting learning material.

Hence the assertion is correct.

Reason (R): Any meaningful support in teaching has to be instrumental in augmenting learning conditions and outcomes. 

• In the recent trends when new devices are launching continuously in the market, it is important to understand the support the device can provide to the learner.
• Teaching-Learning Materials (TLMs) are important for the teachers in teaching her lesson effectively as they help her to a better interpretation and appreciation of the concepts, contents as well as subject matter.
• TLMS also enables the students to proceed toward concrete learning.
• The gadget plays an instrumental role in providing learning materials and also helps the learner increase their knowledge about the subject matter.

Hence the reason is correct.

Additional InformationImportant elements of ICT-

 

Therefore, the correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Key PointsStatement I:- Engagement in the learning process refers to the time students devote to learning in the classroom.

• Engagement in the learning process refers to the degree to which students are actively involved in their learning.
• This can be measured in several ways, such as the amount of time students spend on tasks, their level of participation in class discussions, and their completion of assignments.
• Students who are more engaged in their learning are more likely to succeed.

 

Therefore, Statement I is true

Statement II:- Formative assessment is formal whereas summative assessment is informal. 

• Formative assessment refers to a range of approaches used by teachers to assess student comprehension and learning needs during the progress of the course.
• Summative assessment is used to assess student learning progress and accomplishment at the end of a period of instruction.
• Formative assessment is informal whereas summative assessment is formal.

Thus, Statement II is false. 

Therefore, The correct answer is 3) Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.

Additional Information

Here are some additional details about the two types of assessment:

• Formative assessment is used to provide feedback to students and to help them improve their learning. It is typically informal and can be done in various ways, such as through quizzes, discussions, and peer-to-peer feedback. Formative assessment can help students identify areas where they need to improve and help teachers adjust their instruction accordingly.
• Summative assessment measures student learning at the end of a unit or course. It is typically formal and can be done in various ways, such as through tests, essays, and projects. Summative assessment can help teachers determine how well students have learned the material and can be used to make decisions about student placement and graduation.

The CPU of a computer is the microprocessor. 

Key Points

Therefore,  INTEL processors in increasing order of speed sequence are 8085⇒80486⇒Pentium III⇒Dual Core.

The term teaching method refers to the general principles, pedagogy, and management strategies used in classroom instruction.

Key Points

Therefore, the correct sequence is (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)- (IV), (D)-(I)

Mass communication is the process of developing, transmitting, receiving, and evaluating messages to large audiences via vocal and written media. 

Key Points

• Mass communication includes a person, a group of individuals, or an organization that conveys a message to a large group of anonymous.
• The message is usually provided by a professional communicator who frequently represents an organization to the audience.
• The process of mass communication is costly.
• Mass communication feedback is typically delayed and indirect.
• Examples of mass communication are Broadcast television, radio, digital media, social media, print, etc.

Therefore, Mass communication is most difficult in gearing messages to an audience. 

Additional Information 

• Interpersonal communication is defined as the spoken or non-verbal exchange of information, ideas, and feelings between two or more individuals.
• Intrapersonal communication is when individuals indulge in Self-talk, acts of imagination and imagery, and even recall and recollection.
• Group communications: The act of sending and receiving messages to several members of a group.

Given:

The price of the second-hand television = Rs. 7500

Total spend on the television = Rs. 500

Selling price = Rs. 9000

Formula used:

Profit% = (S.P. - C.P.)/C.P. × 100

Calculation:

Mohan spends total amount for the second-hand television = 7500 + 500 = Rs. 8000

The selling price of the second-hand television = Rs. 9000

Profit percentage = (9000 - 8000)/8000 × 100

= 1000/8000 × 100

= 12.5%

∴ Mohan gets a total profit of 12.5%.

A hypothesis is a statement that introduces a research question and proposes an expected result. It is an integral part of the scientific method that forms the basis of scientific experiments. Therefore, one needs to be careful and thorough when building a hypothesis.

Important Points

Assertion (A): Research Hypothesis (H1) cannot be directly verified.

• Alternative hypothesis or research hypothesis is symbolized as H1 or Ha, is the hypothesis that specifies those values that the researcher believes to hold true, and the researcher hopes that sample data will lead to acceptance of this hypothesis as true.
• The alternative hypothesis represents all other possibilities and indicates the nature of the relationship.

Hence assertion is correct.

Reasons (R): Null Hypothesis (H0) is helpful in making a claim by the researcher that his/her findings are not fortuitous or by chance.

• The null hypothesis is symbolized as H0.
• A null hypothesis is a useful tool for testing the significance of the difference.
• In its simplest form, this hypothesis asserts that there is no true difference between two population means, and the difference found between sample means is, accidental and unimportant, which is arising out of fluctuation of sampling and by chance.
• Traditionally null hypothesis states that there are zero relationships between terms of the hypothesis.
• For example, (a) schizophrenics and normal do not differ with respect to digit span memory.

Hence the reason is also correct.

Hence both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

In Indian logic, the inference is known as “Anumāna.” It is knowledge (mānā) that arises after (anu) other knowledge. Thus the literal meaning of anumāna is the knowledge that comes after some other knowledge. 

Structures of Anumāna: In every anumāna, there are 03 terms viz. Sadhya, Paksa and Hetu. These 03 terms correspond to the major, minor and middle terms respectively. Hetu is also called linga. Vyāpti is the ground of Anumāna.

Key Points

 According to the Application, anumāna is of three kinds:

1. Kevalānvayi: An inference is called Kevalānvayi when it is based on a middle term that is only positively related to the major term. For example, All knowable objects are namable. The Pot is a knowable object. Therefore, The Pot is a namable object.
2. Kevalavyatireki: An inference is kevalavyatireki when it is based on a middle term that is only negatively related to the major term. It is based on the invariable concomitance between the middle term, which is established by the method of agreement in the absence (Vyatireka) since there can be no positive instances of agreement in the presence between the terms. For example,  No non-soul substance has life.

All beings possessing animal functions have life, Therefore, all beings possessing animal functions have souls. 3. Anvaya-Vyatireki: An inference is anvaya-vyatireki when it is based on a middle term that is both positively and negatively related to the major term. The universal relation (vyāpti) in this inference is established by the method of agreement in the presence (anvaya) and agreement in the absence (vyātireka). (a) All Smokey objects are fiery     The hill is smoky Therefore, the hill is Fiery. (b) No non-fiery objects are Smokey. The hill is Smoky. Therefore, the hill is fiery.

Therefore, when it is based on the middle term which is only positively related to the major term is the condition when an inference may be categorized as Kevalānvayi.

The square of opposition is a diagram used in categorical logic to depict the logical relationship that exists between particular propositions based on their form.

Key Points 

Diagram of Aristotelian Square of Opposition. 

The four corners of this diagram represent the four basic forms of propositions. 

Contrary:

• A and E propositions are contrary.
• It's always Between Universal.
• Both statements cannot be true at the same time but both can be False.
• If One is True the other will be False definitely.
• If One is False the other will be  Doubtful.

Now applying the rule of the Square of Opposition.

Additional Information

Thus, The truth of one entails the falsity of the other is correct.

Given:

Efficiency of thermal power = 35%

Efficiency of power plant = 20%

Calculation:       

Overall efficiency of conversion from coal to lighting = \(\frac{35}{100} \times \frac{20}{100} \times 100\) 

∴ The overall efficiency of conversion from coal to lighting = 7%

The correct option is 4 i.e. 7%

Given:

The average age of A, B, and C = 25 years

The average age of A and B = 22 years

The average age of B and C = 23 years

Formula used:

Average = Sum of the terms/Number of terms

Calculation:

Suppose, the age of A = a

The age of B = b

The age of C = c

Therefore, a + b + c = 25 × 3

⇒ a + b + c = 75   .....(1)

The average age of A and B = 22 years

Then, a + b = 22 × 2

⇒ a + b = 44   .....(2)

The average age of B and C = 23 years

Then, b + c = 23 × 2

⇒ b + c = 46   .....(3)

Adding equations (2) and (3),

a + b + b + c = 44 + 46

⇒ a + b + c + b = 90

⇒ 75 + b = 90

⇒ b = 90 - 75

⇒ b = 15

∴ The age of B is 15 years.

The mental and psychological barriers can prevent people from communicating effectively.

Key Points

• A psychological barrier occurs when a person is preoccupied with something else and does not pay attention to what the other person is saying.
• lack of trust between the two parties can cause messages will be interpreted negatively.
• The power of a brain to keep or store items in memory is referred to as retention.
• A person's emotions have a significant impact on communication.
• Different person's cultures can create differences between "us and they" which can impact the message's comprehension and develops hatred.
• Many people have a tendency to jump to conclusions and make snap decisions without examining all of the facts.

Therefore, (A), (D) and (E) are correct options. 

Additional Information

• Anger, anxiety, jealousy, insecurity, shyness, and close-mindedness are among psychological barriers.
• Examples of physical barriers are Noise, closed doors, malfunctioning communication equipment, closed cabins, etc.

Anumana is a Sanskrit word that means "following knowledge" or "inference."

Key Points

• In Indian philosophy, it is one of the pramanas, or sources of true knowledge.
• Anumana comes to a new conclusion and truth by combining observation, past truths, and logic.
• Anumana can also be classified into 3 types:
• Purvavat
• Sheshavat
• Samanyatodrishta
• Sesavat Anumana: An inference in which we infer the unperceived cause from a perceived effect.
• It entails demonstrating something's truth by ruling out all other possibilities.
• This is demonstrated when someone claims that sound must be qualified because it cannot be a substance, action, relationship, or anything else.

Therefore, Ṡ Sesāvata inference is illustrated when one argues that sound must be qualified because it cannot be a substance or an activity or a relation and so on. 

Additional Information

• Purvavat Anumana: An inference in which we infer the unperceived effect from a perceived cause.
• Samanyatodrasta Anumana: An inference in which we infer not based on causal relation but the experience of uniformity.

On November 4, 1948, the Government of India the University Education Commission.

Key Points

• Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was chairman of University Education Commission.
• It is also known as Radhakrishanan Commission.
• In August 1949, the Commission issued a report that included a number of significant recommendations on various aspects of higher education.
• Their responsibilities are no longer limited to the two basic functions of teaching and knowledge advancement.
• This commission had a total of ten members.

​Therefore, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan was the Chairman of the University Education Commission (1948).

Additional Information

• The Secondary Education Commission is also known as the Mudaliar Commission.
• Dr. A Laxman Swami Mudaliar was appointed Chairman of the Secondary Education Commission by the Union Government of India in 1952.

the fallacy is an erroneous step in the development of an argument. 

Key Points

• In academic writing, an argument is essentially a conclusion or assertion with assumptions or reasons to back it up.
• In Indian logic, a fallacy is known as hetvabhasa.
• Five kinds of fallacies are occurred due to middle term appears to be a reason but is not a valid reason.
• Svarupasiddha: 
• ​the minor term is not unreal.
• But the middle term cannot by its very nature be present in the minor term.
• for example, 'sound is a quality since it is visible.'
• Visibility cannot be associated with an audible sound.

​Therefore, the Svarupāsiddha fallacy is committed in the argument - "Sound is a quality because it is visible". 

Additional Information

• Ashrayasiddha: 
• The middle term's locus is the minor term.
• The middle term cannot be present if the minor term is unreal;
• for example, 'the sky-lotus is fragrant because it is a lotus, like the lotus of a lake.'

Vyapyatvasiddha: 

• Vyapti is conditional in this case (sopadhika).

Given:

The run rate of first 20 overs = 4.5

Total runs needed = 325

Formula used:

In a cricket match,

Total runs = Run rate × Total number of overs

Calculation:

Run rate of first 20 overs = 4.5

Total runs in first 20 overs = 20 × 4.5 = 90

Total runs needed in last 30 overs = 325 - 90 = 235

Required run rate for last 30 overs = 235/30 = 7.83..... ≈ 7.83

∴​ The run rate should be 7.83 in the remaining 30 overs to meet a target of 325.

A message is defined in rhetorical and communication studies as information delivered through words and other signs and symbols. 

Key PointsStatement I:- Audience noise is potent when the message is controversial.

• The content of the communication process is a message.
• Communication is the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information that can create a response in the receiver.
• If the message is controversial then indeed the audience can make noise in response as Feedback.

Thus, Statement I is true. 

Statement II:- It is impossible for any communication to convert an audience from one viewpoint to another.

• Communication's fundamental goal is to elicit a reaction or affect human behavior.
• There is no doubt that inspiration originates from within but a communicator may also motivate others.
• Communication should be relevant to the circumstance in order to build comprehension.

So, Statement II is False. 

Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Additional Information

• Sender, Receiver, and Channel are the three most critical and crucial elements in every communication process.
• Sender:  The message is encoded by the sender in any form, such as voice, writing, or signs.
• Receiver: To interpret the message, the receiver decodes the sender's message.
• Channel: Any communication or piece of information requires a channel or medium.

The hypothetico-deductive method is also known as the H-D method. 

Key Points

• Christiaan Huygens (1629–95), a Dutch physicist, proposed the first version of the hypothetico-deductive method.
• The characteristic features of the 'Hypothetico-deductive research' paradigm:
• Constructing a scientific theory that accounts for results obtained through direct observation
• Experimentation and predicts further effects through inference
• Logical framework in which specific empirical events are explained by linking them to broader principles and definitions
• The researcher detached from the study to avoid bias
• The final goal of the scientific technique is to attempt is made to set up universal context-free generalizations.​

Therefore, (A), (C), and (E) are only the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The hypothetico-deductive approach is commonly employed by scientists to assess empirical hypotheses and theories.
• The hypothetico-deductive technique is used in sciences such as biology, physics, geology, and chemistry but it can be employed in social science also.

The correct answer is 'discussion which involve emotions'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage: 
• Group work can easily get out of hand in the excitement, controversy, and natural dialogue that can come from passionate discussion.
• From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that discussions which involve emotions can disrupt group work.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Precaution in the conduct of cooperative learning'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage: 
• Group work can easily get out of hand in the excitement, controversy, and natural dialogue that can come from passionate discussion.
• This possibility requires you to place limits on each stage of the cooperative learning activity, so one stage does not take time from another and leave the task disjointed and incomplete in your learners’ minds.
• ​The passage also explains how to divide time for each stage of cooperative learning activity such as individual group work, individual group presentation, whole-class discussion and group reports.
• It also describes the importance of allotting time for the class members to reflect on their group reports and experiences.
• From the above lines, it is evident that the most appropriate caption for the passage will be precaution in the conduct of cooperative learning.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Individual group work'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage: 
• Group work can easily get out of hand in the excitement, controversy, and natural dialogue that can come from passionate discussion.
• This possibility requires you to place limits on each stage of the cooperative learning activity.
• Most time naturally will be devoted to the work of individual groups, during which the major portion of the end product will be completed.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that a major chunk of time in cooperative learning is devoted to individual group work.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Complexity and the number of tasks involved'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• Group work can easily get out of hand in the excitement, controversy, and natural dialogue that can come from passionate discussion.
• This possibility requires you to place limits on each stage of the cooperative learning activity, so one stage does not take time from another and leave the task disjointed and incomplete in your learners’ minds.
• Most time naturally will be devoted to the work of individual groups, during which the major portion of the end product will be completed.
• The remaining time must be divided among individual group presentations and/or whole-class discussion and debriefing that places the group work into the perspective of a single end product.
• Form the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the main determinant of time allocation in cooperative-learning is complexity and the number of tasks involved.

Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'reflect'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage: 
• If you plan both group reports and whole-class discussions for the same day, be aware that the discussion probably will get squeezed into a fraction of the time required to make it meaningful.
• To avoid this, the group discussion or debriefing for the following class day may be so scheduled so that class members have ample time to reflect on their group reports and to pull together their own thoughts about the collaborative process, which may or may not have occurred as intended.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the members of cooperative learning team should be given enough time to reflect.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.