UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 20th Nov 2021 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Key Points

Statement I: One of the basic principles of the progressive view of teaching is that education should be life itself rather than a preparation for living. 

• As John Dewey said famously, “Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself”. This progressive view of education has a great influence in today’s time.
• This viewpoint advocated that the young fellows should be given the freedom to learn according to their choices.
• It is a ‘social need and function’ of society.
• Here social and individual aspects are mutually dependent on each other.

Hence, Statement I is correct.

 

Statement II: According to the reconstructionist view of education the new social order must be 'genuinely democratic'.

• Social reconstructionism is a relevant theory today.
• This theory talks about holistic education and developing critical thinking skills in the students.
• It focuses on experiential learning.
• It is a more radical form of progressivism.
• It believed in the new social order that must be 'genuinely democratic'.

Hence, Statement II is correct.

Therefore, both Statement I and Statement II are true.

The terms “teaching” and “training” are often used interchangeably, but there are important distinctions.

Key Points Assertion (A): 'Teaching' involves critical and creative interchanges between teacher and learner and hence it is different from 'instruction' and 'training'.

• Teaching is an academic activity, in which a teacher imparts knowledge and concepts to the student on a given topic, to prepare him/her for future challenges while training is  hands-on and practical knowledge on the basis of this theoretical knowledge
• Teaching provides new and creative knowledge to students whereas training is the application of existing knowledge of the learners, in a specific manner.

Hence  teaching  is different from 'instruction' and 'training'

Therefore assertion (A) is correct

Reason (R): Both 'instruction' and 'training' are directed at lower-order cognitive interchanges. 

• Based on Bloom’s taxonomy of critical thinking, The Lower Order Thinking Skills have three levels. They are:
• Remembering
• Understanding
• Applying

      

• As Teaching is primarily associated with classroom learning, wherein theoretical knowledge of various subjects whereas, training and Instructions help in imparting specific skills to the trainee, so as to specialize him/her in the specific job or work.
• Hence Both 'instruction' and 'training' are directed at lower-order cognitive interchanges where a student learns to remember and understand theoretical knowledge on the basis of hands-on experience

Hence Reason (R) is correct

Thus we conclude that both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions is called research.

Key Points 

Experimental Study: 

• It is also known as Laboratory studies.
• This research sticks to the scientific research design.
• It aims at testing hypotheses.
• It is conducted typically isolated from the social world.
• It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated, and other variables that can be measured.
• It is completed in a controlled environment.
• Researchers are the decision-maker here.
• A variable is manipulated to see its effect on another variable.
• In this research, attempts are made to establish context-free generalizations.

Hence, an experimental study is a research in which attempts are made to establish context-free generalizations.

Additional Information

Symbolic interactionism:

• It is a framework in sociological theory that talks about a theory regarding social behaviour that emphasizes verbal or gestural communication.
• It focuses on subjective understanding.
• It analyzes individual interpretations.
• It focuses on how and why people behave in a situation and their actions and reactions.

Phenomenology:

• It is a study design that aims to study the individual subjective, lived experiences and perspectives.
• Interviews are the most appropriate tool for data collection.
• Information relies heavily on the interviewing skills of the researcher.

Grounded theory:

• It was developed by Glaser and Strauss in 1967.
• It is a specific methodology with the purpose of building theory from data.
• It aims to build explanations of social phenomena by working backward – from data to theory.

A communication barrier is anything that prevents us from receiving and understanding the messages others use to convey their information, ideas, and thoughts. They can interfere with or block the message you are trying to send.

Key Points

There are two types of barriers—internal and external.

• Examples of internal barriers are fatigue, poor listening skills, attitude toward the sender or the information, lack of interest in the message, fear, mistrust, past experiences, negative attitude, problems at home, lack of common experiences, and emotions.
• Examples of external barriers include noise, distractions, e-mail not working, bad phone connections, and the environment.
• Barriers keep the message away from getting through.

Communication barriers may take place because of the following

• Time Pressure: Supervisors/ Managers are often subjected to time pressure because decisions must be made within a specified deadline. Such time pressure can create communication problems.
• By-passed instructions: This is the most serious barrier to communication.

Therefore, Time and distance, and Bypassed instructions are the barriers to communication.

The correct answer is (A) and (B) only

Additional Information

Other communication barriers are:

• Filtering: Sometimes the information is filtered by the sender himself.
• Selective Perception: The receiver in the communication process generally resorts to this, i.e. he selectively perceives the message based on the organizational requirements, the needs and characteristics background of the employees, etc.
• Emotions: How the receiver feels at the time of receipt of information influences effectively how he interprets the information. For example, if the receiver feels that the communicator is in a jovial mood, he interprets the information being sent by the communicator to be good and interesting.
• Language or Semantic Barrier: Communicated message must be understandable by the receiver. Words mean different things for two different people, words also vary in degree of abstraction.
• Information Overload: The effectiveness of communication is likely to be hampered when Supervisors / Managers allow themselves to be updated or overloaded with a wealth of information. That is the reason why Supervisors / Managers are forced to ignore or just give a cursory review of too many messages.

Vyapti is an invariable, unconditional, and universal relationship between an inferential argument's middle word and major term.

Key Points

• Knowledge of an object is gained from prior knowledge of a sign or mark in an inference.
• The past knowledge is due to the minor word containing the universal relation between the major and middle terms.
• The inference is based on the unconditional universal concomitance between the middle term and the major term.
• the middle term indicates the existence of the major term and is found in the minor term or "paksa,".
• The main and minor premises must both be true for the inference to be valid;
• Naiya̅yikas school on the question of How is Vyapti-universal concomitance between the mark and the inferred property?
• They assert that by perceiving that in all cases the presence of x is accompanied by the presence of y and not perceiving any instance to the contrary.

Therefore, (B) and (D) are correct statements. 

Additional Information

• On the subject of inference, the Naiya̅yikas school considers knowledge of vyapti to be the cause of successful inference.
• Internal perception does not allow for the perception of all instances of the middle and major terms, nor does it allow for the knowledge of vyapti.

The process of inference involves three basic terms and their interrelations. The three terms are paksa (anumeya), hetu (linga), and sadhya.

Key Points

Hence the correct matching code is (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

A pair of sentences are logically equivalent if and only if it is not possible for one of the sentences to be true while the other sentence is false.

Key Points

• A pair of sentences may turn out true under exactly the same circumstances.
• The two sample sentences above express quite different beliefs.
• The following statements are logically equivalent:

1. "All radically egalitarian societies are societies that do not preserve individual liberties".
2. "No radically egalitarian societies are societies that preserve individual liberties".

• Syntactically, (1) and (2) are derivable from each other via the rules of contraposition and double negation.
• Semantically, (1) and (2) are true in exactly the same models.
• Thus they are logically equivalent. Note that this doesn’t mean that they "say the same thing".

Therefore, "No radically egalitarian societies are societies that preserve individual liberties" is obverse to the given statement and it is logically equivalent.

Online teaching and learning must meet the requirements of the subject and the needs of the target learner group. Online learning can be a supplement to face-to-face instruction, equally mixed with face-to-face instruction, or the main delivery method, instead of face-to-face instruction.

Key Points

Statement I: The abbreviation 'MOOC' stands for 'Massive Open Online Courses.

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)

• These are free online courses available for anyone to enroll in.
• Academicians from hundreds of institutions throughout India are involved in developing & delivering MOOCs through the SWAYAM program

Hence Statement 1 is correct

Statement II: The abbreviation 'SWAYAM' stands for 'Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Academic Minds

SWAYAM

• It stands for 'Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM)'
• It provides one integrated platform and portal for online courses. This covers all higher education subjects and skill sector courses.
• The objective is to ensure that every student in our country has access to the best quality higher education at an affordable cost.
• Quality Online courses are provided through SWAYAM which is an indigenously developed MOOCs (Massive Open Online Course) platform.

Hence Statement 2 is incorrect

Thus we conclude that Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Noise pollution is defined as repeated exposure to excessive sound levels that may cause harm to humans or other living beings.

Key Points

Statement I: Noise Pollution has an adverse impact on the hearing ability as well as the psychological well being of a person. 

• According to the World Health Organization, Continuous noise above 85 dB for more than 8 hours can be dangerous.
• Noise pollution of around 140 dB for adults and 120 dB for children can cause hearing damage.
• Noise pollution can cause psychological dysfunctions, a term describing an emotional reaction.

​Thus, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: Human perception of noise levels is linear.

• Loudness is a subjective reaction to sound amplitude.
• It is a human's assessment of the strength of a sound.
• It is not linearly related to either sound pressure level (dB) or sound power level.

Therefore, Statement II is false.

Hence, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Additional Information

• There are direct links between noise and health, according to studies.
• Among the problems such as stress-related illnesses, high blood pressure, speech difficulties, hearing loss, sleep disruption and lost productivity are caused by noise.

At the COP26, India pledged to achieve 500 GW of installed non-fossil energy capacity by 2030.

Key Points

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi lay the foundation stone for the project in December 2020 which is estimated to generate 30 gigawatts (GW) of power or 30,000 megawatts (MW).
• It will be the world's largest hybrid renewable energy park.
• The Gujarat government provided 1,00,000 hectares of wasteland in Kutch for an energy park.
• The park will generate 30 gigawatts of electricity from solar panels and wind turbines.
• In April 2020, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) approved the usage of 72,600 hectares of the designated area for the park.

​Therefore, India is in the process of setting up the largest integrated solar-wind energy park with a 30 GW capacity. 

Additional Information

• India agreed to this goal at COP 21 (UNFCCC).
• As of 30 November 2021, India installed Renewable Energy capacity was 150.54 GW.
• It is divided into solar: 48.55 GW, wind: 40.03 GW, Small hydro Power: 4.83, Bio-power: 10.62 and Large Hydro: 46.51 GW.

The Sustainable Development Goals aim to achieve a balance between economic growth, environmental balance, and social advancement, guaranteeing that all people have equal opportunities. 

Key Points

Assertion (A): There has to be an integrated approach to achieve the targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 

• The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are a set of 17 goals the UN Member States have committed to achieving by 2030.
• Countries choose an integrated approach to achieve the SDGs Many SDGs are intertwined with each other.
• Taking a holistic approach means balancing trade-offs and maximizing synergies across goals.

So, Assertion (A) is correct. 

Reason (R): Many of the SDGs are interconnected. 

• The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are interconnected and interwoven.
• They are interconnected and inseparable, and they strike a balance between the three pillars of sustainable development: economic, social, and environmental.
• For example, SDG 1 No Poverty has direct and indirect positive effects on health and wellbeing (SDG3), quality education (SDG4), gender equality (SDG5), etc.

Thus, Reason (R) is correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). 

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

International days are opportunities for educating the general public about pressing concerns. 

Key Points 

Therefore, (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I) is correct options. 

Additional Information

• On November 11, India commemorates the birth anniversary of India's first Education Minister, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, with a National Education Day.
• Azad was a major supporter of women's education.

The correct answer is '(B) and (D) only'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage - 
• SAARC remains an important component of India's cultural diplomacy representing multilateralism and people-to- people contacts.
• ​From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that India's cultural diplomacy is centered around multilateral engagements and people to people contacts.

Thus, it is clear that option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• SAARC stands for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. It was established in 1985. Its members are India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and the Maldives.

The correct answer is '(A) and (D) only'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• There is a visible impact of the Indian heritage on the scriptures and the way of life of the people of the Mekong region.
• There is deep conviction about the Buddhist traits of humility, gentleness, justice and charity.
• The Ramayan culture is visible all across South East Asia.
• The common culture binding India  with South East Asian Countries apart from Buddhism is the great epic of Ramayana.
• ​From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that the common thread binding India and South East Asian Countries are Buddhist tenets and Ramayan.

​Thus, it is clear that option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information Tenet - A principle, belief or doctrine which is usually accepted as the truth by a group or movement.

The correct answer is 'Skill India'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage :
• The theoretical framework for the formulation of India's soft power status is best represented in the Government's new ideas - Digital India, Business Promotion, Yoga Diplomacy.
• From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that skill development is not reflective of India's soft power status.

Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is '(A), (C), (D) and (E) only'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• ​Cultural exchanges amongst the Member Nations of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is also being actively promoted in the fields of tourism, education, science, archeology, music, dance and yoga.
• From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that cultural exchanges amongst the member nations of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation are in the fields of archaeology, tourism, yoga and education.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is a transcontinental organisation. It consists of eight member countries - China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It was established to strengthen the political, military, security and economic ties among  its member countries.

The correct answer is 'The role of culture for peace and harmonious relations with other countries'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• India's cultural heritage is a source of inspiration to people everywhere.
• India's century old cultural exchanges with South East Asia continue to inspire people-to-people relationships.
• ​UNESCO has also focused on building Peace through Cultural Diplomacy.
• • The influence of - Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr around the world, and the popularity of their ideas of harmonious co-existence amongst various layers of society is considerable.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the passage highlights the role of culture for peace and harmonious relations with other countries.

​Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

Effective teaching is the ability to improve student achievement as shown by research.

 Key Points

Five key behaviors of effective teaching are

Lesson Clarity –

• Ideas and instructions provided in the class should be clear to all the students at all levels.
• Lessons should be given in a clear and concise manner.
• Providing some advanced organizers in the beginning and summary lessons at the end will be helpful.

Instructional Variety** –**

• Use various different types of teaching tools to make lessons and teaching processes engaging.
• Use humor, variation in tone and voices, and gestures to tech.
• Use various types of questions to access learning.

Teacher task orientation –

• Teachers should handle inevitable interruptions quickly, prevent and put an end to indiscipline in the classroom, organize classes well and establish smooth transitions.

Engagement in the learning process –

• Keep students in a disciplined way so that lectures run smoothly.
• There should be proper organization in the classroom.
• The teacher should monitor the classwork provided by him or her.
• Keep a dedicated time to understand the students' confusion and provide guidance to them.

Student success rate –

• Students should spend major time on tasks that allow them to absorb the learning material provided to them.
• Content should be organized in such a way that it connects the prior learning and helps in building concepts.

Hence, (B), (C), and (D) only is the correct answer.

Additional Information

Probing –

• It is one of the helpful behaviors of the teacher. The teacher draws out more from the students by questioning, clarification, etc.

Structuring –

• Teachers should teach in such a manner that students are able to connect the previous learning with the new one.

Evaluation is the collection of, analysis, and interpretation of information about any aspect of a program of education or training as part of a recognized process of judging its effectiveness, its efficiency, and any other outcomes it may have.

Key Points

 

Hence (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I) are correct.

Qualitative research is research using methods such as participant observation or case studies that result in a narrative, descriptive account of a setting or practice.

Key points

The main features of qualitative research are: 

• It is a naturalist approach that seeks an understanding of social phenomena.
• It deals with human behavior from an informant's perspective.
• This type of research analyzes non-numeric data.
• It focuses on the ‘why and what’ of social phenomena.
• Inductive in approach.
• It has a Post Positivist approach.
• It is concerned with understanding the phenomena from the participant's perspective.
• The researcher becomes immersed in the situation, present or past.
• There is greater flexibility in both the methods and the research process.
• Biases of the researcher are quite evident in this type of research.

Hence, (A), (C), and (E) are the main features of qualitative research.

Additional Information

Examples of qualitative research methods

• Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes.
• Interviews: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.
• Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.

Research ethics can be defined as norms of good conduct. Ethics works as guidelines and principles that help us to uphold the things we value. Ethics emerge from the conflicts between values.

Key Points

Statement I: Data analysis in research being a technical job, 'research ethics' does not matter. 

• In research, researchers rely heavily on data, hence, data analysis becomes an important part of research.
• Research ethics matter the most here. This step in the research process has technical bend but it also requires ethics to handle data.
• Researchers should ensure that there should not be data falsification and fabrication happening in the research.
• Confidentiality and Integrity are important parts of research ethics that should be taken care of by the researcher.

Hence, Statement I is false. 

Statement II: ICT is helpful at almost all stages of research. 

• ICT has played a significant role in all stages of the research.
• Role of ICT is visible in three phases:
• Pre-Data Analysis phase – It is the use of ICT tools during the research process before one reaches the data analysis part. Literature review can be done easily through the use of ICT.
• Data Analysis Phase – Data, whether qualitative or quantitative can be processed easily through the use of ICT tools. Tools like SPSS, NVivo, etc help in data processing in an efficient and effective manner.
• Post data analysis – Research paper and thesis can be checked and verified for plagiarism and grammar. Publishing of the research paper becomes easy and cost effective through the use of ICT.

Hence, Statement II is true.

Therefore, Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.

A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative statement that is a generalization and the validity of which remains to be tested. It is guiding print to research.

Key PointsAssertion (A): When the Null Hypothesis (H0) is rejected, the researcher's hypothesis (H1) is accepted. 

• The null hypothesis is assumed to be true unless there is strong evidence to the contrary – similar to how a person is assumed to be innocent until proven guilty.
• A research hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study
• The null hypothesis is the reverse of the Research hypothesis.
• The researcher’s aim is to refuse this hypothesis on the basis of the obtained results so that it is reversed.

Hence, the assertion is correct.

Reason (R): Null Hypothesis (H0) is a chance hypothesis and as such (H1) being true, the researcher's hypothesis lies in the domain of acceptability. 

• It is derived from the researcher’s theory about some aspects of behavior known as the research hypothesis.
• It is also called the Working hypothesis.
• The null hypothesis is the reverse of the Research hypothesis.
• Researchers' have the faith and belief that their hypothesis is true as it is derived from the theory which is adequate to answer the research proposition.

Hence, the reason is also correct.

Therefore, both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Nonverbal communication is the transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, and body language.

 Key PointsPara–Language can be defined as a broad range of vocal characteristics that help in varied expression and reflects back on the speaker’s attitude.

• It is highly non-verbal in nature and depends on vocal aspects like voice, intonation, pitch, pause, volume, stress, gestures, and signals.
• These aspects are present in one’s voice that convey the speaker's enthusiasm, confidence, anxiety, and the speaker’s mental state and temperament.

Different aspects of paralanguage are as follows**:**

• Facial expression
• Gestures
• Eye contact
• Expressive movements
• Silence
• Intonation
• Pitch
• Pause
• Proper word stress
• Overall impression

Additional Information

• The linear communication model explains the process of one-way communication, whereby a sender transmits a message and a receiver absorbs it.
• A model proposes that an individual's behavior is determined by the interaction between the individual's personality traits and the environmental situation in which the behavior occurs.

In 1981, Albert Mehrabian presents his rules of communication as:

• Verbal – Words (What we say) - 7%
• Non-verbal – Our expressions and actions - 55 %
• Para-Verbal – Tone (How we say it) - 38%

The Semantic barrier in communication can be defined as the misunderstanding and interpretation of meaning which restrict effective communication.

Key PointsAssertion (A): In the context of communication, the perceptual process creates, semantic-noise also called word noise.

• Semantic noise 
• In communication, it is a type of disturbance in the transmission of a message that interferes with the interpretation of the message due to ambiguity in words, sentences, or symbols used in the transmission of the message
• It doesn't involve sound but rather ambiguity in words, sentences, or other symbols used in communication. The ambiguity is caused because everybody sees a different meaning in the same words, phrases or sentences. or any perceptual process

Hence Assertion (A) is correct

Reason (R): The various meanings either connotative or denotative are sources of semantic noise

• Semantic Noise Barriers:
• Denotative barriers are those that are based on the actual meaning of words, while connotative barriers are those based on the associations people have with words.
• Differences in dialect, cultural differences, body language, the choice of words, pronunciation differences, and spelling errors are the main causes of a semantic barrier.

Hence Reason (R) is correct

Thus we conclude that both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

A computer language is a formal language used to communicate with a computer.

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II) is correct.

Research methods are the strategies, processes, or techniques utilized in the collection of data or evidence for analysis in order to uncover new information or create a better understanding of a topic.

There are different types of research methods that use different tools for data collection.

Key Points

 

Hence, (A) - (III),(B) - (IV). (C) - (II), (D) - (I) are correct answer.

Given:

Cost price = 25% of Selling price

Formula Used:

Profit = Selling price - Cost price 

Profit percentage = (Profit/Cost price) × 100

Calculation:

According to the question,

Cost price = 25% of Selling price

Cost price = (25/100) × Selling price

Cost price = (1/4) × Selling price

(Cost price)/(Selling price) = 1/4

Let us assume, the selling price be 4x and cost price be 1x then,

Profit = Selling price - Cost price 

Profit = 4x - 1x = 3x

Profit percentage = (Profit/Cost price) × 100

Profit percentage = (3x/1x) × 100 = 300%

∴ The profit percentage is 300%.

Alternate MethodLet the selling price be Rs.100

Given, Cost price = 25% of Selling price

Cost price = (25/100) × 100 = Rs.25

Now, Profit = Selling price - Cost price = 100 - 25 = Rs.75

Profit percentage = (Profit/Cost price) × 100

Profit percentage = (75/25) × 100 = 300%

∴ The profit percentage is 300%.

Shortcut TrickGiven:

Cost price of milk = Rs. X per litre

Selling Price = Rs. 2X per litre

He mixes 2 litres of water with every 6 litre of pure milk

Calculation:

 

Profit percent = {[(Profit)/CP] × 100}

⇒ (10x/6x) × 100 = 166.66%

∴ The profit percentage is 166.66%.

Alternate MethodGiven:

Cost price of milk = Rs. X per litre

Selling Price = Rs. 2X per litre

He mixes 2 litres of water with every 6 litre of pure milk

Formula Used:

Profit = Selling price - Cost price

Profit percent = {[(SP - CP)/CP] × 100}

Where, SP = Selling price and CP = Cost price

Calculation:

According to the question,

Cost price of 6 litres milk = Rs. 6

Cost price of 2litres water = Rs. 0

Total cost price of mixture = 6x

Selling price of 6 litres milk and 2litres water = 8 × 2x

⇒ 16x

Profit = Selling price - Cost price

⇒ 16x - 6x = 10x

Profit percent = {[(SP - CP)/CP] × 100}

⇒ (10x/6x) × 100 = 166.66%

∴ The profit percentage is 166.66%.

Shortcut Trick

Sum of all three averages directly gives the total income of all three people.

Total Income = 5050 + 6250 + 5200 = Rs. 16500

Income of Q and R combined = 2 × 6250 = Rs. 12500

Income of P = Total Income − Income of Q and R

Income of P = 16500 − 12500 = Rs. 4000

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 4000.

Alternate Method

Given:

Average monthly income of P and Q = Rs. 5050

Average monthly income of Q and R = Rs. 6250

Average monthly income of P and R = Rs. 5200

Formula Used:

Sum of observations = Average × Number of terms

P + Q = 10100

Q + R = 12500

P + R = 10400

2(P + Q + R) = 33000 P + Q + R = 16500

Calculations:

⇒ Total income of P and Q = 2 × 5050 = 10100 ... (i)

⇒ Total income of Q and R = 2 × 6250 = 12500 ... (ii)

⇒ Total income of P and R = 2 × 5200 = 10400 ... (iii)

Adding equations (i), (ii), and (iii):

⇒ (P + Q) + (Q + R) + (P + R) = 10100 + 12500 + 10400

⇒ 2(P + Q + R) = 33000

⇒ P + Q + R = 33000 ÷ 2 = 16500

Substitute the value of (Q + R) from equation (ii):

⇒ P + 12500 = 16500

⇒ P = 16500 − 12500

⇒ P = 4000

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 4000.

Additional Information

Average Basic Formula

The average of any set of values is the sum of the values divided by the number of values. Consequently, Sum = Average × Number of entities.

Cyclic Sum Rule

When variables are given in pairs forming a continuous cycle (like A+B, B+C, C+A), adding all pairs gives exactly twice the total sum of all individual variables: 2(A + B + C).

Individual Value from Total Sum

Once the total sum of all given entities (A+B+C) is determined, any individual unknown value can be directly calculated by simply subtracting the sum of the remaining entities from the total sum.

To convert decimal number 67.625, we convert its integer and fraction part individually and then add them to get the equivalent binary number, as below:

Important Points

To convert integer 67 to binary, follow these steps:

Divide 67 by 2 keeping notice of the quotient and the remainder. Continue dividing the quotient by 2 until you get a quotient of zero.

Then just write out the remainders in the reverse order to get the equivalent binary number.

67 / 2 = 33 with remainder 1

33 / 2 = 16 with remainder 1

16 / 2 = 8 with remainder 0

8 / 2 = 4 with remainder 0

4 / 2 = 2 with remainder 0

2 / 2 = 1 with remainder 0

1 / 2 = 0 with remainder 1

Here is the answer to 67 decimal to binary number: 1000011

For converting decimal fraction 0.625 to binary number, follow these steps:

Multiply 0.625 by 2 keeping notice of the resulting integer and fractional part. Continue multiplying by 2 until you get a resulting fractional part equal to zero (we calcuclate upto ten digits).

Then just write out the integer parts from the results of each multiplication to get equivalent binary number.

0.625 × 2 = 1 + 0.25

0.25 × 2 = 0 + 0.5

0.5 × 2 = 1 + 0

Here is the answer to 0.625 decimal to binary number: 0.101

Therefore, decimal number 67.625 converted to binary is equal: 1000011.101

Here are some more examples of decimal to binary conversion

Global warming is without a doubt, the most serious environmental threat.

Key Points

Assertion (A): Mankind's interaction with Earth has led to a highly complex and diverse ecosystem to an increasingly degraded environment. 

• Human activities on land and in the sea can have a significant impact on ecosystems.
• Humans have a variety of effects on the physical environment, including overcrowding, pollution, fossil fuel combustion, and deforestation.
• Land-use change is the direct source of biodiversity loss, accounting for roughly 30% of global biodiversity reduction.
• Overexploitation for food, medicine, and timber accounts for around 20% of the total.

​So, Assertion (A) is true. 

Reason (R): Many of the changes taking place in Earth's environment are irreversible. 

• ​In a report, a scientific team working under the auspices of the United Nations concluded that rising seas, melting ice caps, and other effects of a warming climate may be irreversible.
• Many of these events could occur at lower global temperature changes than anyone imagined.

​Thus, Reason (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). 

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Additional Information

• CO2 levels are the most significant factor, ranging from respiration to more harmful causes such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
• Many issues confront ecosystems from human activities including climate change, ocean acidification, permafrost melting, habitat loss, etc.

The University Grants Commission of India (UGC) introduced the CBCS as a way to provide students with a more effective learning platform by shifting away from the traditional grading system of marks. 

Key Points

• The CBSC stands for Choice Based Credit System.
• The implementation of the systems allows for smart and integrated classroom learning possibilities while maintaining educational goals and objectives.
• Under the CBCS system, students in higher education can choose from a list of prescribed elective, core, and selective foundation subjects.
• Choice Based Credit System provides students with a simple and flexible technique of adaptability.
• It allows the transfer of credits from onefrom one college or university to another.

Thus, CBCS stands for Choice Based Credit System. 

Additional Information 

• CBCS assessment approach makes evaluating student achievement on a single scale simple.
• Students can enrol in extra courses to obtain more credits at their own discretion.

The Planning Commission has been superseded by the NITI Aayog after65-year history.

Key Points

• NITI Aayog whereas NITI stands for National Institution for Transforming India.
• On January 1, 2015, the NITI Aayog was established.
• The replacement appears to be more relevant and sensitive to the country's current economic demands and situation.
• It serves as an advisory Think Tank and served as an extra-constitutional body.
• Chairperson od NITI Aayog is Prime Minister of India.
• Governing Council consists of Chief Ministers of all states and Lt. governor of Union Territories.

​Therefore, NITI Aayog is National Institution for Transforming India.

Additional Information

• NITI Aayog has two bodies: Team India Hub and Knowledge and Innovation Hub.
• Team India: It entails the involvement of Indian states alongside the national government.
• The Knowledge and Innovation Hub:  is responsible for the establishment of the institution's think tank.

Teachers teach students at three levels. The developmental level of the learner needs to be kept in mind when providing lessons to the learners. So that appropriate educational objectives can be achieved. 

Key Points

Hence, the Reflective level is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

The autonomous development level is student-centered.

• There is little or no leadership, direction, coercion, prescription, or imposition of student thought or behavior to promote self-feelings leading to a sense of freedom.

Communication is the act of sending information from one place, person, or organisation to another. 

Key PointsStatement I: Appropriate word choice is essential for effective oral communication.

• Oral communication refers to communication through the use of spoken words.
• principles of effective oral communication are clarity in ideas, appropriate language, attention, consistency, adequacy, appropriate time, informality, and feedback.
• Oral communication includes speeches, presentations, and dialogues.

​So, Statement I is true. 

​Statement II: Facial expression and postures fall under visual communication. 

• Nonverbal communication is the transmission of messages or signals across a nonverbal platform such as gestures, voice tone, body language, etc.
• Examples of nonverbal communication: Facial expressions, gestures, paralinguistics such as voice volume or tone, body language, proxemics or personal space, eye gaze, haptics (touch), appearance, and artifacts.
• Facial expression is incredibly expressive and capable of conveying a wide range of emotions without saying anything.

Thus, Statement II is also true.

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Additional Information

• Oral communication is interpersonal, there is a high level of understanding and transparency.
• Nonverbal communication is important in our lives because it improves a person's capacity to relate, participate, and form meaningful interactions in daily life.

The square of opposition is a chart that was introduced within classical (categorical) logic to represent the logical relationships holding between certain propositions in virtue of their form.

Key Points

 The square of opposition:

• Universals on top vs particulars on the bottom
• Affirmatives on left vs negatives on right
• Contradictories (diagonals):

They always have the opposite truth values--you will always be able to determine the truth value of contradictories.

• Contraries:
• Two propositions are said to be contraries if they can't both be true, and the truth of one entails the truth of the other. i.e. Two statements are contrary to one another if they are both universals but differ in quality.
• Contraries cannot at the same time both be true, but can, at the same time, be false.
• If either of these propositions is true, then the other must be false.
• Contraries cannot both be true at the same time
• Sub-contraries
• ​The relation between two particular propositions having the same subject and predicate but differing in quality is subcontrary opposition
• Subalternation
• It is a relation between the particular statement and the universal statement of the same quality (affirmative or negative) such that the particular is implied by the universal,
• Opposition:
• It occurs when two standard-form categorical propositions refer to the same subject and predicate classes but differ in quality, quantity, or both.

Hence we conclude that the correct answer is one is denial or negation of the other

Computer memory is any physical device, used to store data, information, or instruction temporarily or permanently. It is the collection of storage units that stores binary information in the form of bits. 

 Key Points

There are four major storage levels.

Internal memory for example cache.

• Cache memory
• It is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory that provides high-speed data access to a processor and stores frequently used computer programs, applications, and data.
• It is the fastest memory in a computer,

Main memory like RAM and controller cards.

• Main memory is used to keep programs or data when the processor is active to use them.
• Random Access Memory (RAM) is one of the faster types of main memory accessed directly by the CPU.
• It is the hardware in a computer device to temporarily store data, programs, or program results.
• It is used to read/write data in memory until the machine is working.

Online mass storage or Secondary storage like Solid-state drive

• Solid-state drive:
• it is a non-volatile storage device, which stands for Solid State Drive. SSD stores the data on flash memory chips and maintains the data in a permanent state, even when the power is off.
• As of 2017, the best access speed is from a consumer solid-state drive is about 2000 MB/s
• It is faster than tertiary storage devices.

Off-line bulk storage or Tertiary storage like Optica drive 

• An optical drive is an internal or external computer disk drive that uses laser beam technology to read and write data. For example CDs and DVDs
• Access speed is 150 milliseconds

Thus we conclude that the correct answer is (C), (A), (D), (B)

The globalisation trend has been aided by rapid advancements in transportation and communication technologies. 

Key Points

• The rapid advancement of transportation technology has aided in the faster delivery of commodities across great distances at reduced rates.
• Computers, internet facilities, telegraph, telephones, mobile phones, and fax are used to communicate with one another around the world.
• The globalisation process has been accelerated by the liberalisation of international trade and investment policies.
• Globalization of culture promotes the sharing of cultural values and the blending of traditions from many countries.
• Globalisation promoted multicultural values among individuals because of recognising the difference.

Therefore, Multicultural values are most effectively promoted by Globalisation among societies. 

Additional Information

• According to Sotshangane (2002), globalisation diminishes local people's indigenous identities.
• it also allows and supports diversity in some respects.

Shortcut Trick

Weight ratio = 26 : 30 = 13 : 15

Weighted CP = (13 × 20 + 15 × 36) / (13 + 15) = 800 / 28 = 200/7

SP = 30 per kg

Profit % = [(30 − 200/7) / (200/7)] × 100 = (10/200) × 100 = 5%

Profit in decimal = 5/100 = 0.05

∴ The correct option is A.

Alternate Method

Given: Weight₁ = 26 kg, Price₁ = Rs. 20; Weight₂ = 30 kg, Price₂ = Rs. 36; SP = Rs. 30/kg

Formula: Total CP = (W₁ × P₁) + (W₂ × P₂); Profit % = (Total SP − Total CP) / Total CP × 100

Total CP = (26×20 + 30×36) = Rs. 1600

Total SP = (56×30) = Rs. 1680

Profit = Rs. 80 Profit % = (80 / 1600) × 100 = 5% or 0.05

⇒ Total Cost Price = (26 × 20) + (30 × 36) = 520 + 1080 = Rs. 1600

⇒ Total Quantity = 26 + 30 = 56 kg

⇒ Total Selling Price = 56 × 30 = Rs. 1680

⇒ Profit = Total SP − Total CP = 1680 − 1600 = Rs. 80

⇒ Profit % = (Profit / CP) × 100 = (80 / 1600) × 100 = 5%

⇒ In decimal form = 5 / 100 = 0.05

∴ The correct option is A.

Additional Information

Weighted Average Price

When two items are mixed, the mean price CP_m = (n₁c₁ + n₂c₂) / (n₁ + n₂).

Rule of Alligation

The ratio of quantities mixed is (Cheaper Price − Mean Price) / (Mean Price − Dearer Price).

Profit Percentage

Profit % = (Profit / Cost Price) × 100, where Profit = Selling Price − Cost Price.

An earthquake is the shaking of the Earth's surface caused by a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere which causes seismic waves.

Key Points

• According to the seismic zoning map of the country, India is divided into four seismic zones.
• The four seismic zones in the area are Zone-V (Very High Risk), Zone-IV (High Risk), Zone-III (Moderate Risk), and Zone-II (Low Risk).
• Earthquakes of various intensities strike 57 % of India's landmass.
• The entire Himalayan belt is thought to be vulnerable to large earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 8.0 on the Richter scale.
• According to government data, the majority of earthquakes occurred in the Himalayan arc region, IndoMyanmar region, and Andaman-Nicobar region.

​Therefore, India's land is vulnerable to earthquakes is 57%. 

Additional Information

• ​The circum-Pacific seismic belt, the world's largest earthquake belt, runs along the Pacific Ocean's rim. ​
• According to the Geological Survey of India (GSI), India's largest flood-prone zones cover over 12.5 per cent of the country.​

Confusion Points

• The government told the Lok Sabha that seismic monitoring suggests that 59 per cent of India is vulnerable to earthquakes​

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that infect mammals and birds and cause sickness.

Key Points

• COVID-19 is an acronym that stands for coronavirus disease of 2019.
• On February 11, 2020, the WHO announced the official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2.
• It is the broadest classification for an RNA virus.
• June Almeida and David Tyrrell, the first to observe and study human coronaviruses coined the name.
• The virus was given this name because it is genetically linked to the coronavirus that caused the SARS pandemic in 2003.

Therefore, the COVID-19 acronym stands for Corona Virus Disease 2019. 

Additional Information

• The World Health Organization was notified of cases of pneumonia of an unknown origin in Wuhan, China.
• Coronaviruses cause infections of the respiratory tract in humans that can vary from moderate to fatal.

Information flow in an information theoretical context is the transfer of information from a variable to a variable In a given process.

These patterns of communication are called flows, and they are commonly classified according to the direction of interaction: 

• downward
• upward
• horizontal
• diagonal
• external.

Key Points 

Hence the correct matching code is (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)

Given:

The average of 4 terms = 20

The first term = 1/3^rd × sum of the remaining 3 terms

Concept Used:

Average = Sum of observations/Number of observations

Calculation:

Let the four terms be P, Q, R, and S

The average of 4 terms is 20

⇒ \(\frac{P~ +~Q ~+ ~R~+ ~S}{4}\) = 20

⇒ P + Q + R + S = 80 →(1)

The first term = 1/3^rd × sum of the remaining 3 terms

P = \(\dfrac{1}{3}\)(Q + R + S)

⇒ 3P = Q +  R + S

From Eqⁿ (1), Q + R + S = 80 - P

⇒ 3P = 80 - P

⇒ 4P = 80 

⇒ P = \(\dfrac{80}{4}\) = 20

∴ The value of the first term is 20.

Corresponding to the minor, major, and middle terms of the syllogism, inference in Indian logic contains three terms, namely, Paksa, Sadhya, and Hetu. While the Paksa is the subject, the Sadhya is the object of inference.

Key Points Statement I: According to Classical Indian Logic, the fallacies (hetva̅bhasa) are not errors of inference, but rather hindrances to inference. 

• In Indian logic, a fallacy is technically called hetvabhasa, a word that means hetu or reason that appears as a valid reason but is not.
• Since the fallacies of inference are due to such fallacious reasons, the Naiyayikas consider these only as ones that may infect the constituent propositions of the syllogism.

​Hence statement I is correct.

Statement II: A fallacy is really a "seeming reason or mark" (hetva̅bhasa), which, if recognized, would prevent the inferential cognition from arising.

• Inferences are ubiquitous in social cognition, governing everything from first impressions to the communication of meaning itself.
• Social cognitive inferences are typically varieties of diagnostic reasoning or, more properly, “abductive” reasoning, in which people infer simple but plausible—although not deductively certain—underlying causes for observable social behaviors.

​Hence statement Ii is correct. 

Therefore both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Citizens have access to information and services through the use of ICT in the governance process which increases public participation in the administrative process. 

Key Points

 The role of ICT in citizens services are mentioned below: 

• Access to Public Documents:
• ​The internet can be used to access various government directives, schemes, programmes, yearly budgets, gazette notices, and legislation materials such as ordinances and laws, among other things.
• ​ Authentication Statements: 
• This would cover areas where citizens demand certificates of authentication from government officials, such as copies of land records, registration etc.
• Online Payments:
• Payment of taxes, tariffs, rentals, and rates, as well as user fees for government-provided services, can all be done via the internet.
• ​Grievances and Suggestions:
• ​Citizens can use ICTs to air their problems online, and government can use them to collect feedback on their policies, declarations, and actions.

​Therefore, access to public documents and online payments are related to the role of ICT in citizen services.

Additional Information

• ICT serves as a key to good governance by providing an administrative structure that is effective, efficient, accountable, and transparent.
• It is recognised as a powerful change agent with the potential to improve government accountability, transparency, and Public Expenditure Management, among other things.

Given:

Total number of PCs sold in all these six months put together is 45000.

Percentage (%) Distribution in November = 12%

Ratio of HP to DELL during November = 7 : 8

Calculation:

The total number of PCs sold during November = 12% of 45000 

PCs sold of Company HP during November = 12% × 45000 × 7/15

⇒ \(\frac{12}{100}\) × 45000 × \(\frac{7}{15}\) = 2520

It is given that  35% of the PCs sold by Company HP during November were sold at a discount = 2520 × \(\frac{35}{100}\) = 882

So, the remaining PCs of Company HP during that month were sold without a discount = 2520 - 882 = 1638

∴ The correct answer is 1638.

Given:

Total number of PCs sold in all these six months put together is 45000.

Percentage (%) Distribution in October = 8%

Ratio of HP to DELL during October = 7 : 5

Calculation:

The total number of PCs sold during October = 8% of 45000 

PCs sold of Company DELL during October = 8% × 45000 × \(\frac{5}{12}\)

⇒ \(\frac{8}{100}\) × 45000 × \(\frac{5}{12}\) = 1500 

It is given that the dealer earned a profit of Rs. 433 on each PC sold of Company DELL during October then,

The total profit = 1500 × 433 = Rs. 6,49,500

∴ The total profit earned on the PCs of that company during October is Rs. 6,49,500.

Given:

Total number of PCs sold in all these six months put together is 45000.

Percentage (%) Distribution in July = 17%

Percentage (%) Distribution in December = 16%

Ratio of HP to DELL during July = 8 : 7

Ratio of HP to DELL during December = 7 : 9

Formula used:

Required percentage = [(PCs sold of Company HP during July)/(PCs sold of Company HP during December)] × 100

Calculation:

The total number of PCs sold during July = 17% of 45000 

PCs sold of Company HP during July = 17% of 45000 × 8/15 

⇒ \(\frac{17}{100}\) × 45000 × \(\frac{8}{15}\) = 4080

The total number of PCs sold during December = 16% of 45000  

PCs sold of Company HP during December = 16% of 45000 × 7/16

⇒ \(\frac{16}{100}\) × 45000 × \(\frac{7}{16}\) = 3150

Required percentage = [(PCs sold of Company HP during July)/(PCs sold of Company HP during December)] × 100

⇒ (4080/3150) × 100 = 129.52 ≈ 130%

∴ The required percentage is 130%.

Given:

Total number of PCs sold in all these six months put together is 45000.

Percentage (%) Distribution in August = 22%

Percentage (%) Distribution in September = 25%

Ratio of HP to DELL during August = 4 : 5

Ratio of HP to DELL during September = 3 : 2

Calculation:

The total number of PCs sold during August = 22% of 45000 

PCs sold of Company DELL during August = 22% × 45000 × 5/9

⇒ \(\frac{22}{100}\) × 45000 × \(\frac{5}{9}\) = 5500

The total number of PCs sold during September = 25% of 45000 

PCs sold of Company DELL during September = 25% × 45000 × 2/5

⇒ \(\frac{25}{100}\) × 45000 × \(\frac{2}{5}\) = 4500

Now, required sum = PCs sold of Company DELL during August + PCs sold of Company DELL during September

⇒ 5500 + 4500 = 10,000

∴ The total number of PCs sold by Company DELL during August and September together is 10,000.

Given:

Total number of PCs sold in all these six months put together = 45000

Percentage (%) Distribution in July = 17%

Percentage (%) Distribution in December = 16%

Ratio of HP to DELL during July = 8 : 7

Ratio of HP to DELL during December = 7 : 9

Calculation:

According to the question,

The total number of PCs sold during July = 17% of 45000 

PCs sold of Company DELL during July = 17% × 45000 × \(\frac{7}{15}\)

Again,

The total number of PCs sold during December = 16% of 45000

PCs sold of Company DELL during December = 16% × 45000 × \(\frac{9}{16}\)

Required ratio = (17% × 45000 × 7/15) : (16% × 45000 × 9/16)

⇒ ( \(\frac{17}{100}\) × 45000 × \(\frac{7}{15}\)) : ( \(\frac{16}{100}\)× 45000 × \(\frac{9}{16}\))

⇒ 119 : 135

∴ The required ratio is 119 : 135.