UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 1st Oct 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Key Points Assertion (A): Experimenter bias is a real issue at different phases of research.

• Experimenter bias arises when a researcher purposefully or inadvertently impacts data, participants, or outcomes in an experiment.
• The one thing that makes qualitative research far more reliant on intuition and experience than quantitative research is bias.
• It can occur at different phases of research, such as during design, selection/Sampling, and procedural.

Thus, (A) is correct.

Reason (R): A researcher can influence the results of a study by mistakes in observation and data entry, either intentionally or otherwise.

• It happens when a researcher unknowingly affects outcomes, data, or a participant in an experiment due to subjective influence.
• It is challenging for humans to be completely impartial and unaffected by their feelings, desires, or biases.
• The phenomenon is also known as observer bias, information bias, research bias, expectancy bias, experimenter effect, observer-expectancy effect, experimenter-expectancy effect, and observer effect.

So, (R) is correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). 

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

The variable is a property that can be measured and given varied values. 

Key Points Statement I: A discrete variable can represent only a finite set of values. 

• The discrete variable can only have a finite number of values.
• Discrete variables are frequently utilised in probability theory and statistics.
• Integers, non-negative integers, positive integers, or solely integers 0 and 1 are required for discrete variables.

Thus, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: A continuous variable can be broken into subparts, including fractions.

• ​A continuous variable is a variable that can take either an infinite or an uncountable number of values.
• Continuous variables can be usefully divided into smaller sections and take on any integer value.
• It has accurate fractional and decimal values.

So, Statement II is true. 

Hence, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet created the two-step flow model in 1948. 

Key Points

• The two-step flow of communication theory implies that mass media is not as potent as many believe.
• According to the two-step flow theory, messages from opinion leaders and the media impact public opinion.
• The two-step flow model of communication consists of two basic processes.
• In the first phase, information travels from the mass media to opinion leaders.
• In the second step, opinion leaders formulate their viewpoints or interpretations of the problem and then communicate these viewpoints to others in their social network.

Thus, in a two-step flow of communication, messages pass through Mass Media and Opinion leaders. 

Additional Information

• There are two steps involved in the transmission of information and influence from mass media to mass audiences.
• Mass media refers to all forms of communication that reach a large audience.

Key Points 

Communication is exchanging information, ideas, and messages between individuals or groups.

• The real basis of communication is the shared understanding of common experiences, situations, or contexts.
• Effective communication requires the sender and receiver to share similar experiences or knowledge, which can serve as a basis for understanding and interpreting the message.

Without a shared common experience, communication can be difficult or even impossible.

Option 1) Peer pressure

• refers to the influence of peers on an individual's behaviour or decision-making.
• While peer pressure can play a role in communication,
• it is not the basis of communication itself.

Option 2) Personal ambition

• refers to an individual's desire to achieve goals or aspirations.
• While personal ambition can motivate individuals to communicate,
• it is not the basis of communication itself.

Option 4) Desire for divergence

• refers to the tendency of individuals to deviate from the norm or pursue non-conformist behaviour.
• While the desire for divergence can influence communication,
• it is not the basis of communication itself.

 

Therefore, the real basis of communication is Common experience.

Transaction Model communication is a process through which communicators create social realities in a variety of social, relational, and cultural contexts.

Key Points

• The transactional model is a constant change and transformation process where every element, including the people, their settings, and the media being used, is changing.
• Features of the transactional model of communication: 
• Extensively used in interpersonal communication
• Feedback is a new message
• Role exchange by encoder and decoder
• Reduce noise in communication.
• Shared understanding between the sender and receiver.
• The efficiency of communication

 

Thus, extensively used in interpersonal communication, feedback is a new message and role exchange by encoder and decoder are the key features of the transactional model of communication.

Key Points 

Statement I:

• Refers to the transmission view of communication, which sees communication as transmitting messages from a sender to a receiver.
• This view is criticized for being hegemonic, meaning it reinforces power imbalances in society, and mechanistic, meaning it reduces communication to a machine-like process.
• Many scholars argue that the transmission view of communication is too simplistic and fails to account for the complex ways communication operates in social contexts.

Statement II:

• refers to the ritualistic view of communication, which emphasizes communication's social and symbolic aspects.
• This view sees communication as establishing and maintaining social relationships rather than transmitting the information.
• The ritualistic view of communication highlights the importance of commonality, communion, and fraternity in communication and emphasizes the role of shared cultural meanings and symbols in shaping communication practices.

Both statements are true,

• as the transmission view of communication is often criticized for being hegemonic and mechanistic,
• while the ritualistic view of communication emphasizes the social and symbolic aspects of communication and the importance of shared cultural meanings and symbols.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1). Both Statements I and II are true.

Additional Information 

different theories of communication 

Theory of Social Constructivism:

• The social constructivist model emphasizes culture as the prime determinant of individual development. According to social constructivism, reality exists in the social context, and learning is a social process.
• The notion of reality, knowledge, and learning are all situated in the social context.

Audience Marginalization Theory:

• The term marginalization refers to excluding or removing some people or groups.
• It talks about inequality where one is at the top level, and the other is at the lowest subordinate level.

 

Ritualistic Theory: This theory asserts that ritual is at the heart of all social dynamics.

• Rituals generate group emotions linked to symbols, forming the basis for beliefs, thinking, morality, and culture. People use the capacity for thought, beliefs, and strategy to create emotion-generating interactions in the future.

Theory of Hegemony:

• Hegemony is the central concept of international relations. The concept of hegemony approaches questions of the world,
• politics, and global order in the field of international relat

Key Points

Kinesics:

• Kinesics or body language is expressive communication resulting from various physical actions, like changing postures, gestures, facial expressions, and appearances.
• The role of Kinesics is very important in non-verbal communication because sometimes it acts as a substitute for words or oral language. Sometimes it may accompany the words to make them more effective or to modify them.
• It is truly said that ‘actions speak louder than words’; thus, body movement can reflect attitudes, feelings, emotions, confidence, respect, happiness, nervousness, comfortable, uncomfortable, friendliness, joy, anger, and a lot more.

Important Points

The sequence of zones in kinesics is:

• Intimate zone:
• This is the closest zone, ranging from skin contact to about 18 inches from the body.
• This zone is reserved for intimate relationships, such as close family members, romantic partners, and friends.
• Personal zone:
• This zone ranges from about 18 inches to 4 feet from the body.
• This zone is used for conversations with friends, family, and acquaintances.
• Social zone:
• This zone ranges from about 4 to 12 feet away from the body.
• This zone is used for public speaking, business meetings, and other formal interactions.
• Public zone:
• This zone ranges from about 12 feet away from the body and beyond.
• This zone is used for speeches, lectures, and other public performances.

Therefore, the correct sequence of zones in kinesics is option 4) (B), (A), (D), (C), which are Intimate, Personal, Public, and Social zones, respectively.

Concept Used:

The average of the group of numbers is the ratio of the sum of all the numbers given to the total number.

The formula to found the average is given below.

⇒ Average (A) = (sum of all the observation, S) / (Total number of observation, n)

Explanation:-

In the given group, there are total 3 males, 3 females and 5 children.

So, total number of person in this group,

⇒ 3+ 3+ 5 = 11

The average age of the males is 50 years, that of females is 45 years and that of children is 10 years. So, the average age of the group,

\(\Rightarrow \rm {Av. Age} =\dfrac{50\times3+45\times3+10\times5}{11}\ \Rightarrow \rm {Av. Age} =\dfrac{335}{11}\ \Rightarrow \rm {Av. Age} \approx30.45 \ years\)

Thus, the approximate average age of the group is 30.45 years.

Hence, the correct option is 2.

Shortcut Trick

Difference in ratio units between B and A = 5 − 2 = 3 units.

Given income difference = Rs. 291

1 unit = 291 ÷ 3 = Rs. 97

Income of C = 11 units = 11 × 97 = Rs. 1067

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 1067.

Alternate Method

Given:

Ratio of daily income of A, B and C = 2 : 5 : 11

Income of B is Rs. 291 more than that of A.

A

2x

B

2x

3x

3x = Rs. 291

C

11x

11x = 11 × 97 = Rs. 1067

Calculation:

Let the daily incomes of A, B and C be 2x, 5x and 11x respectively.

⇒ Income of B − Income of A = 291

⇒ 5x − 2x = 291

⇒ 3x = 291

⇒ x = 291 ÷ 3

⇒ x = 97

Now, the income of C is 11x.

⇒ Income of C = 11 × 97

⇒ Income of C = 1067

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 1067.

Additional Information

Ratio Multiplier

When quantities are given in a ratio a : b : c, their actual values can be assumed as ax, bx, and cx where x is a common multiplying factor.

Direct Proportion

If two quantities are in direct proportion, their ratio remains constant. If one quantity increases, the other increases at exactly the same rate.

Difference in Ratio

The real-world difference between two absolute values corresponds directly to the difference in their ratio parts. This is the fastest way to find the base multiplier.

Logic in the given series is: 

Consecutive prime number is adding in the previous number to get the next term, starting from 3.

7 + 3 = 10

10 + 5 = 15

15 + 7 = 22

22 + 11 = 33

33 + 13 = 46

46 + 17 = 63

So, the missing number is 63.

Concept Used:

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. Suppose, 20 number is x% of y. Then, the relation between x and y can be given as,

\(\dfrac{x}{100}\times y=20\)

Explanation:-

Suppose that the three numbers are x, y and z.

Here, x is 28% less than z. Thus,

\(\begin{aligned} &\Rightarrow \mathrm{x}=(100-28)% \text { of } \mathrm{z}\ &\Rightarrow \mathrm{x}=\frac{72}{100} \times \mathrm{z}=0.72 \mathrm{z} \end{aligned}\)

Also, y is 25% less than z. Thus,

\(\begin{aligned} &\Rightarrow \mathrm{y}=(100-25)% \text { of } \mathrm{z}\ &\Rightarrow \mathrm{y}=\frac{75}{100} \times \mathrm{z}=0.75 \mathrm{z} \end{aligned}\)

So, the percent first number of the second number,

\(\begin{aligned} &P%=\frac{y}{x} \times 100 %\ &P%=\frac{0.72 \mathrm{z}}{0.75 \mathrm{z}} \times 100 %\ &P%=0.96 \times 100 %\ &P%=96% \end{aligned}\)

Thus, 96% is the first number of the second number.

Hence, the correct option is 1.

Concept Used:

The formula used to calculate the percentage gain in the buying and selling of an item can be given as,

\(\text { Gain } %=\frac{\text { Selling Price }-\text { Cost Price }}{\text { Cost Price }} \times 100\)

Explanation:-

Suppose, the cost price of the article is Rs. 100.

We know that (3/4)th of 100 is 75. So, the sells price of the article according to the questions,

\(\Rightarrow SP= \dfrac{100+20}{100}\times 75+25 \ \Rightarrow SP= 90+25\ \Rightarrow SP= 115 \)  

So, the percentage gain earned by dealer,

\(\Rightarrow \rm Gain%=\dfrac{Selling \ Price-Cost \ Price}{Cost\ Price}\times 100\ \Rightarrow \rm Gain%=\dfrac{115-100}{100}\times 100\ \Rightarrow \rm Gain%=15%\)

Thus, the gain earned by dealer in the whole transaction is 15%.

Hence, the correct option is 4.

A logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that reduces the strength and persuasiveness of an argument. 

Key Points

• The fallacy of relevance is the premises of the arguments in which they appear are logically irrelevant to the conclusion.
• Appeal to force is one that is founded on the threat of harm and has no bearing on the argument itself.
• In other words, neither the threat nor the statement's veracity is established by it.
• In the above argument, the arguer Claims that bail-out is the best option for our organization but the arguer does not give reasons.
• Instead of giving a reason, the arguer asserts that if you do not accept it harm will come to you.

Thus, an Appeal to force informal fallacy is committed in the above argument.

Additional Information

• False alternative: It is informal fallacy based on a presumption that incorrectly restricts the options that are accessible.
• Circular

Argument:

It refers to an argument's tendency to circle back around to its origin without being supported by evidence.

• Fallacy of Appeal to Inappropriate Authority: The appeal to authority fallacy is the mistaken belief that something is true just because an authoritative person said it.

 

Thus Appeal to force is the correct answer.

The square of opposition is a diagram used in categorical logic to depict the logical relationship.

Key Points

 

Relationships between Propositions:

Some S are not P. | | Contrary | - A and E propositions are contrary. - Propositions are contrary when they cannot both be true. | | Sub-contrary | - I and E propositions are subcontrary. - Propositions are subcontrary when it is impossible for both to be false. | | Sub alternation | - A and I, E and O propositions are Subalternation. - The subalternation relation exists between a proposition and the equivalent I proposition. - the falsity of an I or O assertion implies, respectively, the falsity of the corresponding A or E proposition. |

• Now, "All women are honest" is True is given as True, I (Subalternation) is True, E (contrary) is False and O is (contradictory) True.
• So, 'No women are honest' is false, 'Some women are honest' is true and "Some women are not honest" is true.

Important Points 

Statement (A) "Some animals are birds", and statement (B)

• "Some birds are animals" are logically equivalent because they convey the same information.
• Both statements mean that at least one animal is also a bird, and vice versa.

Statement (C) "Some animals are not non-birds"

• is also logically equivalent to statements (A) and (B)
• because it means the same thing.
• If an animal is not a non-bird, it must be a bird, so this statement is equivalent to saying, "Some animals are birds."

Statement (D) "Some animals are non-birds"

• is not logically equivalent to the other statements.
• This statement means that at least one animal is not a bird, which is the opposite of statements (A) and (B).

Statement (E) "Some non-birds are not non-animals"

• is not logically equivalent to any of the other statements.
• It is a double negative and is logically equivalent to "Some non-birds are animals."

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1) (A), (B), and (C) only

Alternate Method

This is a question of logical equivalence. Logical equivalence refers to the relationship between two or more statements or propositions that convey the same meaning. If two statements are logically equivalent, they are interchangeable in any logical context.

We are given five statements in this question and asked to identify which ones are logically equivalent. The statements are presented as "Some X are Y" or "Some X are not Y". The key to solving this question is translating the statements into logical terms and determining if they convey the same information.

To solve this type of question, we can follow these steps:

1. Identify the given statements and their logical structure.
2. Look for any logical relationships between the statements. For example, if two statements say the same thing, they are logically equivalent.
3. Determine which statements are logically equivalent and eliminate those that are not.
4. Choose the option that includes only the logically equivalent statements.

• In this specific question, we can see that statements (A), (B), and (C) are all saying that there is at least one animal that is a bird,
• while statement (D) says that there is at least one animal that is not a bird.
• Statement (E) is a double negative and is logically equivalent to "Some non-birds are animals".

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1) (A), (B), and (C) only

Anumăna means the word "inference" or "knowledge that follows". 

Key PointsStatement I: According to the classical Indian School of Logic inference for oneself is called Svartha Anumana.

• On basis of the psychological process is divided into Svartha and Paratha.
• Svarthanumana means inference from prior knowledge.
• It does not require a formal statement of the different members of the inference.

Thus, Statement I is true.

Statement II: Svārtha Anumāna is a syllogism and has to be presented in language.

• Svārtha Anumāna is a syllogism
• Svartha Anumana is knowledge obtained through psychological connection from prior knowledge.
• For Example, if someone sees smoke on the hill, then remember the universal connection between fire and smoke.

Thus, Statement II is false. 

Hence, Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Key Points The classical Indian School of Logic, also known as the Nyaya-Vaisheshika school, is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy. It is known for its emphasis on logic and epistemology and has made significant contributions to the development of Indian logic.

The Nyaya-Vaisheshika school of thought recognizes five steps of inference, known as the panch-avayava method. These steps are:

1. Pratijna: The proposition or statement to be proved.
2. Hetu: The reason or evidence that supports the proposition.
3. Udaharana: The example or illustration that supports the reason or evidence.
4. Upanaya: The application of the universal concomitance to the present case.
5. Nigamana: The conclusion that follows from the premises.

• In the given options, statement A simply states the conclusion that the hill has a fire.
• Statement B provides the reason or evidence for the conclusion by stating that the hill has smoked.
• Statement C expresses a general rule that states that whatever has smoke has fire, but it does not apply this rule to the present case.
• Statement E is the conclusion that follows from the premises.
• It is a restatement of Statement A and follows from the application of the universal concomitance to the specific case of the hill with smoke.
• Finally,

Statement D is the one that applies the universal concomitance to the present case.

• It states that "This hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire."
• This statement expresses the universal concomitance that wherever there is smoke, there is fire.

Therefore, the correct answer is D only.

The correct answer is (A) and (B) only.

 

Key Points 

• Indian grammarian Panini is associated with Takshashila. While there is no definitive evidence that he studied there, it is believed he may have worked or studied there due to his deep knowledge of the Sanskrit language and grammar, which was a prominent subject of study at Takshashila.
• Jivaka, the renowned physician of ancient India, is also associated with Takshashila. There are historical references suggesting that Jivaka may have studied or practiced medicine there.

Additional Information

• Xuan Zang, the Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler, did study Yogashastra (Yoga) in India, but there's no direct evidence to support the claim that he specifically studied at Takshashila.
• I-Qing, the Chinese scholar, indeed visited India in the 7^th century CE, but there's no specific historical evidence to suggest that he visited Takshashila. His accounts mainly focus on Buddhist sites and teachings in India, without mention of Takshashila.

Key Points 

• The Vedangas are six auxiliary disciplines developed to help understand and interpret the Vedas, the oldest Hindu scriptures. The six Vedangas are
• Six Vedangas are there in total. 
• The Vedanga are six auxiliary disciplines of Hinduism that developed in ancient times and have been connected with the study of the Vedas.
• They are as follows:
• Shiksha (Phonetics)
• Kalpa (Ritual Canon)
• Vyakaran (Grammar)
• Nirukta (explanation)
• Chhanda (Vedic meter)
• Jyotisha (Astrology)
• Shiksha :
• This auxiliary discipline has focused on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, accent, quantity, stress, melody, and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation.
• Chandas :
• This auxiliary discipline has focused on poetic meters, including those based on a fixed number of syllables per verse and those based on a fixed number of more perverse.
• Vyakarana :
• This auxiliary discipline has focused on grammar and linguistic analysis rules to establish the exact form of words and sentences to express ideas properly.
• Nirukta :
• This auxiliary discipline has focused on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words, given the context they are used in.
• Kalpa  :
• This field focused on standardizing procedures for Vedic rituals, rites of passage rituals associated with major life events such as birth, wedding, and death in the family, and discussing the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life.
• Jyotisha :
• This auxiliary Vedic discipline focused on timekeeping.

 

​​The correct answer is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

The correct answer is 'National integration'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the passage.
• '..................................To end both mass poverty and political uncertainty, the newly liberated nations required economic development. Rapid economic growth was required not only to raise living standards, but also to sustain a spirit of national solidarity. Such was the broadly accepted consensus, which, however, admitted of variations in policies adopted or rejected by post- colonial governments............................................................'.
• ​From the highlighted statement it is clear that the newly liberated nations required economic development not only to raise standard of living but also to maintain national solidarity.

Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is '(A) and (D)'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the passage.
• '............................ Where communists were in charge, there was a push to nationalise industries and eliminate private sector production units. In agriculture, family farms were discouraged.........................................................'.
• ​From the highlighted statement it is clear that countries where communist regime existed where forced to nationalise industries and eliminate private sector production.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Broad policy consensus'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the statements from the passage.
• '.............................Rapid economic growth was required not only to raise living standards, but also to sustain a spirit of national solidarity. Such was the broadly accepted consensus, which, however, admitted of variations in policies adopted or rejected by post- colonial governments. Where communists were in charge, there was a push to nationalise industries and eliminate private sector production units....................................'.
• ​From the highlighted statement it is clear that the post-colonial government adopted various policies to attain economic growth to reduce poverty and political uncertainty.

Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Divided'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the passage.
• '...........An important factor in the history of modern Asian nations is that of foreign policy. Countries governed by communist parties were allied with the Soviet Union, while other Asian countries allied with the united States. The latter were attracted by Western financial and technical aid. Yet other countries chose to strike out on a path of non-alignment, choosing not to closely identify with either the Russians or the Americans.................................................'.
• ​From the highlighted statement it is clear that in the case of foreign policy Asian countries were divided in their opinion. Countries governed by communist parties allied with the Soviet Union and other countries allied with the United States.

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Their post-colonial politico-economic policies'.

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements of the passage.
• '..................................To end both mass poverty and political uncertainty, the newly liberated nations required economic development. Rapid economic growth was required not only to raise living standards, but also to sustain a spirit of national solidarity. Such was the broadly accepted consensus, which, however, admitted of variations in policies adopted or rejected by post- colonial governments...................................................'.
• ​From the passage it is clear that it discusses about the policies and developments the newly liberated countries try to achieve to improve their economy.

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

Concept Used:

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. Suppose, 20 number is x% of y. Then, the relation between x and y can be given as,

\(\dfrac{x}{100}\times y=20\)

Explanation:-

Suppose, the number of students in the school who like to play cricket is x. Thus,

\(\Rightarrow x = \dfrac{60}{100}\times240+\dfrac{50}{100}\times280+\dfrac{40}{100}\times320+\dfrac{60}{100}\times240+\dfrac{65}{100}\times360+\dfrac{70}{100}\times480\ \Rightarrow x =144+140+128+234+336\ \Rightarrow x =982\)

Thus, the number of students in the school who like to play cricket is 982.

Hence, the correct option is 3.

Concept Used:

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. Suppose, 20 number is x% of y. Then, the relation between x and y can be given as,

\(\dfrac{x}{100}\times y=20\)

Explanation:-

The number of students who like to play cricket in Class B  

\(\Rightarrow \dfrac{50}{100}\times280=140\)

The number of students who like to play Football in Class C is,

\(\Rightarrow \dfrac{45}{100}\times320=144\)

Required ratio,

⇒ 140 : 144 = 35 : 36

Thus, the ratio of the number of students who like to play cricket in Class B to that of the number of students who like to play Football in Class C is 35 : 36.

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Concept Used:

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. Suppose, 20 number is x% of y. Then, the relation between x and y can be given as,

\(\dfrac{x}{100}\times y=20\)

Explanation:-

The number of students in each class who likes to play handball are represented in the below table using the above formula,

Here, class D and class E are the classes in which more than 180 students like to play handball. So, the value of M is 2.

Hence, the correct option is 1.

Learner attributes are numerous bits of information regarding our learners' characteristics. 

Key Points 

Therefore, (A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV) are the correct match.

The correct answer is option 1) (A), (B), (C) only.

Important Points

The positivist paradigm of research is based on the belief that knowledge can be acquired through scientific observation and experimentation. Positivism emphasizes using objective and quantitative methods to test hypotheses and verify theories.

• Therefore, (A) Quantification, (B) Construction of hypotheses, and (C) Use of objective measures are all included in the positivist paradigm.

(D) Subjective analysis and (E) Rejection of theories are not typically associated with positivism.

• A research paradigm is a philosophical framework that underpins your research.
• It provides a framework of beliefs and understandings upon which the research project's theories and methods are based.
• Positivism does not take into consideration human interest.
• The main thrust of Positivism is reason or logic to derive the facts related to the research.
• Positivism used existing theory to develop the hypothesis in conducting the research.
• It uses different quantitative tools to conduct research.

Additional Information

Post-positivist paradigm:

Postpositivism or postempiricism is a metatheoretical stance that critiques and amends positivism and has impacted theories and practices across philosophy, social sciences, and various models of scientific inquiry.

• Postpositivists consider both quantitative and qualitative methods to be valid approaches.
• Robert Dubin describes the basic components of a postpositivist theory as being composed of basic "units" or ideas and topics of interest, "laws of interactions" among the units, and a description of the "boundaries" for the theory.
• A postpositivist theory also includes "empirical indicators" to connect the theory to observable phenomena and hypotheses that are testable using the scientific method.
• Postpositivism rejects the positivist approach that a researcher can observe the social world independently.
• Postpositivists argue that a researcher's ideas, and even the particular identity, influence what they observe and therefore impact what they conclude.

A computer is a device that may be configured to automatically perform series of logical or mathematical processes.

Key Points 

 

Therefore, (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III) is the correct match.

Key Points 

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

• The documentary Sustainable Development Goals was presented at the Rio+20 summit in 2012.
• It is an integrated and transformative agenda, preceded by the MDGs, that aims to spur actions to end poverty and build a more sustainable world over the next 15 years from 2015.
• The documentary is known as 'Future we Want
• It is proposed by the United Nations General Assembly Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals to be achieved by 2030.
• There are 17 goals, 169 targets, and 304 indicators.

Out of the given options, the following are the SDGs:

• (A) Life below water
• (B) Life on land
• (D) Clean water
• Option (C) Zero deforestation and option (E) Clean Air are not official SDGs, although they are closely related to several.​

Important Points 

• There are 17 Sustainable Development Goals-
• GOAL 1: No Poverty.
• GOAL 2: Zero Hunger.
• GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being.
• GOAL 4: Quality Education.
• GOAL 5: Gender Equality.
• GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.
• GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy.
• GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth.
• GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure.
• GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality.
• GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities.
• GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production.
• GOAL 13: Climate Action.
• GOAL 14: Life Below Water.
• GOAL 15: Life on Land.
• GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions.
• GOAL 17: Partnerships to Achieve the Goal.

In 2016, the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) was released. 

Key Points

• The plan's main objective is to make India more disaster-resistant and significantly reduce the damage done during and after natural and man-made disasters.
• ​The National Disaster Mitigation Plan (NDMP) acts as a manual or guide for government entities to use while responding to disasters.
• It is based on the Sendai Framework, a plan put forth by the UN to significantly reduce disaster risk and losses in terms of lives and livelihoods.
• The NDMP also complies with the National Policy on Disaster Management from 2009 and the Disaster Management Act from 2005.

 

Thus, India's disaster management plan is based on Sendai Framework. 

Additional Information

• Kyoto protocol: It was adopted on 11 December 1997 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, legally binding.
• Rio summit: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, happened in December 1992.
• Montreal protocol seeks to regulate the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances or ODFs, 1992.

Key Points 

Distance Learning:

• Distance learning describes any learning that happens without the students being physically present in the lesson.
• Open, and Distance Learning (ODL) system is a system wherein teachers and learners need not necessarily be present at the same place or time. It is flexible regarding modalities, the timing of teaching and learning, and the admission criteria; without compromising on necessary quality considerations.
• advantages of the distance education system
• Flexibility
• Access
• Cost-effectiveness
• Variety of programs
• Technology
• Customization
• Career Advancement

(A) Free education for all:

• Distance education can make education accessible to a wider population,
• including those who cannot afford traditional classroom education. However**, it is not necessarily free for all,**
• as there is tuition or other fees associated with distance education programs.

(B) Flexible system of education:

• Distance education allows students to learn at their own pace and on their schedule,
• which can be especially helpful for those who have work or family obligations.

(C) Encourages the earn-and-learn approach:

• Distance education can provide opportunities for students to work and earn a living while also pursuing their education,
• which can benefit those who cannot afford to take time off from work to attend traditional classroom education.

(D) No regular attendance is required:

• Distance education does not require students to attend classes regularly,

(E) High and complex method of knowledge acquisition: 

• This is not true, as Distance Education has no regular mode of education.

 

Therefore the correct answer is option 2) (b), (c), (d) only.

Concept Used:

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. If x% of people likes something, then the number of people who does not like it,

⇒ (100 - x) %

Explanation:-

Given that, In class A,

Total percentage of students who like to play Cricket = 60%

Total percentage of students who like to play Tennis = 70%

Total percentage of students who like to play Handball = 50%

Total percentage of students who like to play Football = 60%

Here, the students who do not like to play Cricket, Tennis, Handball, and football are 40%, 30%, 50% and 40% respectively.

So, 30% can only be the maximum percentage of students in Class A who do not like to play any of the given four games.

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Teaching can be done with such finesse and grace that teachers and students have an artistic appreciation of the entire process.

Key Points

• According to Philip, there are three phases of teaching: pre-active, interactive, and post-active.
• The following tasks are included in the pre-active stage:
• Evaluating entry-level proficiency
• Defining learning objectives
• The decision about the strategies
• Examining the subject matter and supporting ideas
• Defining different modes of learning

Thus, the Decision about the strategies comes under the pre-active teaching phase, according to Philip. W. Jackson. 

Additional Information

• These activities are part of the educational process that is Interactive: Perception, Diagnosis, and Reaction process.
• Post-active operations are involved: Evaluates the expected behavioural changes, Selection of appropriate testing devices, and Change and improve teaching strategies.

 

Hence it is clear that, according to Philip, decisions about the strategies come under the pre-active phase of teaching. W. Jackson

Key PointsStatement I: In synchronous mode, both teacher and learners are present at the same time.

• ​Synchronous communications are two-way communications in which parties can talk with each other in real-time.
• With video conferencing, live streaming, and live chat, the teacher engages with students in real time, utilising online platforms like Google Meet, WebEx, Skype, Zoom, and others.
• The instructor can monitor the pupils' comprehension and modify the lesson as necessary.

Thus, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: Tutors in online spaces do not have the opportunity to show partiality and steadfastness towards knowledge.

• There is a greater sense of the teacher being there for the students.
• Teachers can lead breakout group activities and workshop-style classes.
• While online instruction is convenient for the student, it also invites interruptions.
• A learner will miss the opportunity to benefit from online tutoring if he permits himself to become sidetracked.
• In contrast to a tutor who is physically present, the trainer, in this instance, won't be able to recognize this issue when it arises.
• The teacher might not be able to help when the student is frustrated.
• Tutors in online spaces can show partiality and steadfastness towards knowledge.

So, Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect. 

Hence, Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect.

German psychologist J. Friedrich Herbert was the first to develop the five-step lesson planning process.

Key Points

• J. Friedrich Herbert was adamant that when a subject is properly given to pupils.
• The five distinct processes in his five-stage system for designing lessons are
• Preparation: The process of activating previous knowledge
• Presentation: Present the concept using concrete objects
• Association: Process of comparing new knowledge with the previous knowledge
• Generalisation: Arrive at general ideas or necessary conclusion
• Application: Acquired knowledge by the learners in real-life

Thus, the correct arrangement is Preparation⇒ Presentation⇒ Association⇒ Generalization ⇒Application.

Additional Information

• These five steps are also known as the Herbartian method.
• They connect it to what they already know and learn coherently.

Important Points 

• Analytic induction is a qualitative research strategy
• Analytic induction (AI) is a research logic used to guide data collection, develop analysis, and organize the presentation of research findings.
• The strategy of AI is exclusively qualitative, seeking encounters with new varieties of data to force revisions that will make the analysis valid when applied to an increasingly diverse range of cases.
• Analytic induction is a formal, qualitative method for building causal explanations of phenomena from closely examining cases.
• The method involves the following steps:
• (1) Define a phenomenon that requires explanation and propose an explanation.
• (2) Examine a single case to see if the explanation fits.
• (3) If it does, then examine another case. An explanation is accepted until a new case falsifies it.
• It is a qualitative research strategy for developing and testing a theory in which the researcher tentatively defines a phenomenon, creates a hypothesis to explain it and examines a specific occurrence to confirm or refute the hypothesis.

 

​Therefore the correct answer is Qualitative analysis

 Additional Information 

 Inductive research approach

When there is little to no existing literature on a topic, it is common to perform inductive research because there is no theory to the test. The inductive approach consists of three stages:

• Observation
• A low-cost airline flight is delayed
• Dogs A and B have fleas. Elephants depend on water to exist
• Seeking patterns
• Another 20 flights from low-cost airlines are delayed.

All observed dogs have fleas.

• All observed animals depend on water to exist
• Developing a theory or general (preliminary) conclusion
• Low-cost airlines always have delays
• All dogs have fleas.

All biological life depends on water to exist

 Deductive research approach

When conducting deductive research, you always start with a theory. This is usually the result of inductive research. Reasoning deductively means testing these theories. Remember that you cannot conduct deductive research if there is no theory yet.

The deductive research approach consists of four stages:

1. Start with an existing theory and create a problem statement
2. Formulate a falsifiable hypothesis based on existing theory
3. Collect data to test the hypothesis
4. Analyze and test the data
5. Decide whether you can reject the null hypothesis

Google Search is a search engine that is offered and run by Google.

Key PointsStatement I: Google search results return the same information to anyone who enters the same keywords.

• Google search results depend on the user's recent searches, search history, location, and other factors.
• Search engines give every user the same results for every search phrase but vary from person to person.
• Google's search results are determined by a unique algorithm.

So, Statement I is false 

Statement II: Search engines are gathering vast amounts of information about our searches and ourselves.

• Google Search employs software known as web crawlers to regularly search the internet for pages to add to our index.
• Web searches are associated with our search. Sometimes it displays precisely the stuff we request, and other times it displays related content.
• It uses an algorithm and is based on our research.

Thus, Statement II is true

Therefore, Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Key Points

Global cooling:

• It refers to a decrease in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and surface over an extended period of time.
• This can occur due to various factors, such as changes in the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth, changes in the Earth's orbit or axial tilt, volcanic activity, or the presence of certain atmospheric pollutants like sulphate aerosols.
• While global cooling can occur naturally, it is important to note that currently, the Earth is experiencing a trend of global warming caused by human activities, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.

 

Stratospheric ozone and Sulphate aerosols are responsible for global cooling.

• Stratospheric ozone forms a thin layer in the upper atmosphere that absorbs and scatters solar radiation, which can lead to cooling of the Earth's surface.
• The depletion of stratospheric ozone caused by human activities, such as the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), can actually contribute to global warming by allowing more solar radiation to reach the Earth's surface.
• Sulphate aerosols are tiny particles of sulfuric acid that are formed by burning fossil fuels, particularly coal. These particles reflect sunlight back into space, which can result in global cooling.

Additional Information

• Halocarbons, Tropospheric ozone and Black Carbon are all associated with global warming or climate change. Halocarbons and black carbon are powerful greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere,
• while tropospheric ozone is involved in complex atmospheric processes that can lead to warming of the planet.

Key Points The National Education Policy (NEP) of India, approved in 2020, proposes the establishment of the National Research Foundation (NRF), 

The NRF (National Research Foundation) will be governed, independently of the government, by a rotating Board of Governors consisting of the best researchers and innovators across fields.

It will act as an apex body for fostering a strong research culture and promoting excellence in all domains of education.

• The goal of the NRF will be to enable a culture of research to permeate our universities.
• The primary activities of the NRF will be to:
• Fund competitive, peer-reviewed grant proposals of all types and across all disciplines.
• The seed grew and facilitate research at academic institutions.
• Act as a liaison between researchers and relevant branches of government and industry; to allow breakthroughs to be optimally brought into policy and/or implementation.
• Recognize outstanding research and progress.

Therefore the correct answer is  National Research Foundation.

 Additional Information

National Education Policy 2020 is the first education policy of the 21^st century and aims to address our country's many growing developmental imperatives. This policy replaced the 34-year-old National Policy on Education (NPE), in 1986.

Important Highlights of National Education Policy 2020: 

• New Policy aims for Universalization of Education from preschool to secondary level with a 100 % Gross Enrolment Ratio in school education by 2030.
• The current 10+2 system is to be replaced by a new 5+3+3+4 curricular structure corresponding to ages 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18 years, respectively. The new system will have 12 years of schooling with three years of Anganwadi/ pre-schooling.
• New Policy promotes Multilingualism.

Key Points

Open, and Distance Learning (ODL) system is a system wherein teachers and learners need not necessarily be present at the same place or time. It is flexible regarding modalities, the timing of teaching and learning, and the admission criteria; without compromising on necessary quality considerations.

1. Dr B.R. Ambedkar Open University (Andhra Pradesh): Established in 1982
2. Indira Gandhi National Open University: Established in 1985
3. Nalanda Open University: Established in 1987
4. Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University: Established in 1989
5. Karnataka State Open University: Established in 1996

Therefore, the correct chronological sequence is: (E), (A), (D), (C), (B)

Additional Information

There are four distance education types 

1. Indra Gandhi National Open University(IGNOU),
2. State Open Universities (SOUs),
3. Institutions and Universities offering education,
4. Correspondence Course Institutes (CCIs)

There are at present, 13 State Open Universities set up by the respective state grants are single-mode institutions, which means they provide education only in the distance mode.

• These universities cater to people who cannot pursue regular courses for various reasons.
• These Universities are also instrumental in shaping the career growth of already employed learners.

The learner's individual philosophy and perspective must be a mediator in the process of meaningful learning.

Key Points

• Characteristics of the learning process are mentioned below: 
• Learning is a continuous process: to change his/her behaviour, thinking, attitude, interest etc.
• Learning is goal-directed:  continuously fit himself/ herself goals may be achieved through learning
• Learning is intentional: deliberately doing some activity to attain the goal.
• Learning is an active process: the mind has to remain active to acquire new experience
• Learning is individualistic: learning differs from person to person
• Learning is the outcome of the interaction of the individual with the environment: organize the environment carefully to motivate the students
• Learning is transferable:  used to solve problems in another situation

Thus, learning is a temporary change in behavior outside the preview of characteristics of learning.

=(B2 + C2 + D2 + I2)/15 + (E2 + F2 + G2 + H2)/10 would NOT be a correct calculation of the six-week weighted average for Jatin.

Important Points

The formula in option 4 is incorrect because it does not take into account the weight of each test, quiz, and homework notebook.

• In the correct formula, we need to multiply each test score by 0.15 (since each test counts for 15%), each quiz score by 0.1 (since each quiz counts for 10%), and the homework notebook score by 0.15 (since it counts for 15%).
• Option 1 and Option 2 correctly include the weight of each test, quiz, and homework notebook in the calculation. Option 3 is incorrect because it multiplies the sum of (B2 + C2 + D2 + I2) by 1.5, which is not a correct weight.

Key Points

• The question is about calculating a weighted average grade for a six-week period based on three tests, four quizzes, and a homework notebook.
• The weights for each component are provided, which means that each component's contribution to the final grade is different.
• The formula for the weighted average is provided, and the task is to choose the incorrect formula for calculating the weighted average for one student (Jatin). like in option 1

Option 1: = B2 * 0.15 + C2 * 0.15 + D2 * 0.15 + E2 * 0.1 + F2 * 0.1 + G2 * 0.1 + H2 * 0.1 + I2 * 0.15 = (87 * 0.15) + (92 * 0.15) + (80 * 0.15) + (76 * 0.1) + (79 * 0.1) + (87 * 0.1) + (74 * 0.1) + (90 * 0.15) = 13.05 + 13.8 + 12.0 + 7.6 + 7.9 + 8.7 + 7.4 + 13.5 = 84.05

The options for the formulae are given, and the correct answer is option 4. The formula in option 4 is incorrect because it adds the test and homework scores and divides them by the sum of quiz scores, which is not a valid calculation for a weighted average.

Key Points 

Organochlorine pesticides are chlorinated hydrocarbons used broadly in agriculture and mosquito control. Electron Capture detectors can analyze them.

Organochlorine pesticides such as DDT are known for their persistence, which means they do not break down easily in the environment and can remain in the soil, water, and food chain for a long time. This is why they can accumulate in the bodies of animals and humans, leading to potential health problems.

• Biomagnification is a phenomenon in which the concentration of a persistent object increases as it travels from one trophic level to the next along a food chain.
• DDT is a persistent organic pollutant; it does not degrade and persists in the environment and the body of animals who consume it. Therefore, due to biomagnification, the concentration of DDT increases at every successive trophic level.
• Originally used as a pesticide, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a crystalline chemical compound that has been discontinued due to its detrimental environmental effects.

These pesticides are also soluble in fat, oil, and other organic solvents, allowing them to easily dissolve and accumulate in the fatty tissues of animals and humans. As they move up the food chain, their concentration increases, leading to higher levels of acute toxicity in humans and animals.

Therefore, options (A) and (C) are the correct choices as they explain the properties of these pesticides that impact the food chain and cause acute toxicity in humans. 

Additional Information

Biomagnification increases the concentration of a toxic substance in the tissues over time.

Concept Used:

The percentage is a way of comparing the quantities. Suppose, 20 number is x% of y. Then, the relation between x and y can be given as,

\(\dfrac{x}{100}\times y=20\)

Explanation:-

The number of students who like to play Tennis in Class A,

\(\Rightarrow \dfrac{70}{100}\times240=168\)

The number of students who like to play Handball in Class E,

\(\Rightarrow \dfrac{75}{100}\times480=360\)

 

Thus, the number of students in the school who like to play cricket is 982.

Suppose, the number of students who like to play Tennis in Class A is x% less than those who like to play Handball in Class E. Thus,

\(\Rightarrow x=\dfrac{360-168}{360}\times100\ \Rightarrow x=\dfrac{192}{360}\times100\ \Rightarrow x=53.33%\)

Hence, the correct option is 3.

The correct answer is option 4) Rakesh.

Mistake Points

• Rakesh is the correct answer as Ravi is the sender who can see the contents of the message in the "To" field. Ravi is not the recipient.
• Rakesh can receive the email, so he is a recipient.
• None of the other recipients, including Ravi, Rajan, or Raj, can see that Rakesh has received the email, but Rakesh can see everyone.

Important Points 

In an email message,

• the "To" field is used to specify the primary recipient(s) of the message,
• while the "Cc" (Carbon copy) and "Bcc" (Blind carbon copy) fields are used to specify secondary recipients.

In this case, the "To" field specifies the primary recipient as Ravi@gmail.com. This means that Ravi is the sender who can see the contents of the message in the "To" field.

• The "Cc" field specifies Rajan@gmail.com and Raj@gmail.com as secondary recipients.
• This means that these two recipients can see each other in the "Cc" field, but they cannot see Ravi or Rakesh.

The "Bcc" field specifies Rakesh@gmail.com as a blind carbon copy recipient.

• This means that Rakesh can receive the email, but none of the other recipients, including Ravi, Rajan, or Raj, can see that Rakesh has received the email.
• He can see who has received the mail.

Therefore, the only recipient who can see all the other recipients is Rakesh, specified in the "Bcc" field.

Key Points 

• Email (short for electronic mail) is a method of exchanging digital messages between people using electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, or tablets over the internet or other computer networks.
• It allows users to send and receive messages and attachments containing text, images, and other files.
• The email was invented in 1971 by American computer scientist Ray Tomlinson who was the first person to send an email message using the @ symbol to separate the recipient's name from their address.
• To: Primary recipient(s) of the email
• Cc: Carbon copy recipients; secondary recipients who will receive a copy of the email but are not the primary recipient(s)
• Bcc: Blind carbon copy recipients; similar to Cc, but the recipients in this field are not visible to other recipients of the email
• Reply-to: Specifies the email address that the recipient should use to reply to the email
• From: Specifies the email address of the sender of the email
• Subject: Specifies the topic or subject of the email
• Attachment: A file or document attached to the email for the recipient(s) to access and download
• Signature: A pre-defined text, image, or signature that the sender includes at the end of the email

The correct answer is option 3) Grounded theory research.

Important Points 

• The coding paradigm is a central concept in grounded theory research,
• a qualitative research methodology used to develop theories or explanations for social phenomena based on data analysis.
• The coding paradigm is a set of theoretical assumptions and perspectives to guide coding data in grounded theory research.

It provides a framework for analyzing relationships between categories and concepts and structures theory development.

• The coding paradigm was developed by Strauss and Corbin in 1990 and involved a set of coding procedures that relate structures, actions, and subjectivity with each other.
• The coding paradigm consists of three main coding families:
• Substantive coding categorises data into descriptive codes that capture the meaning of the data.
• Theoretical coding of the categories to each other to develop concepts and hypotheses that explain the phenomenon being studied
• methodological coding.identifying how the researcher's actions and decisions may have influenced the data and analysis.

Key Points 

Grounded theory 

• Grounded theory (GT) is a research method concerned with generating theory.
• Grounded theory is significant because it provides explicit, sequential guidelines for conducting qualitative research.
• Grounded theory discovers or constructs theory from data systematically obtained and analyzed using comparative analysis.
• A hypothesis in a scientific context is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables or a proposed explanation for some observed phenomenon.
• Attributes are the common properties that are assigned to a category. Items that are assigned to the category inherit these attributes.
• The grounded theory involves the collection and analysis of data.

Key Points

An output device is any device that can display, present, or output data or information from a computer system

• An output device is a piece of peripheral computer hardware equipment that receives data from the system and converts it into human-readable form.
• The most popular output devices are Monitors, Printers, Projectors, speakers, Plotter, and headphones.
• An Input device enables the user to send data, information, or control signals to a computer.
• The most popular input devices are Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, Microphone, Webcam, and Joystick.

(A) Blu-Ray disc

• is not an output device.
• It is a storage medium used to store high-definition videos and other data.

(B) Buzzer

• is an output-only device
• used to generate audible alerts or warning sounds.
• Works by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy to produce sound

(C) Web-Cam

• is an input device
• that can capture video or images and display them on a computer screen.

(D) SSD (Solid State Drive)

• is not an output device.
• It is a storage device used to store data in a computer system.

(E) Laser printer

• is an output-only device
• that can print text and graphics on paper.
• Uses a laser beam to create an electrostatic image of the page to be printed on a photosensitive drum

 

Therefore, only options 1) (B) and (E) only are output devices

Hydrogen is a clean, alternative fuel source.

Key Points

• Hydrogen is a good choice for fuel in both transportation and energy generation.
• Types of Hydrogen
• Grey Hydrogen:
• Black/Brown Hydrogen
• Blue Hydrogen
• Green Hydrogen:
• The term Blue Hydrogen refers to natural gas-derived hydrogen that is backed by carbon capture and storage.
• It is produced by steam reforming of natural gas or methane.
• The steam methane reforming process (SMR) converts natural gas into blue hydrogen**.**

Thus, Blue hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of natural gas or methane. 

Additional Information

• Advantages of Hydrogen Fuel: 
• It is a plentiful and renewable source of energy.
• It leaves almost no carbon footprint.