UGC NET Paper 1: Held On 19 June 2023 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Key PointsStatement I: According to NEP, 2020, value-based education shall include universal values and scientific temper. 

• According to the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, value-based education shall include universal values and scientific temper.

Hence Statement I is true.

Statement II: Value based education did not include life skills and constitutional values as per the NEP document.

• The NEP 2020 emphasizes the inclusion of life skills and constitutional values in value-based education.
• These aspects are considered essential for holistic development and the promotion of responsible citizenship.

However, Statement II is incorrect. 

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3) Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Calculation:

Total work = LCM of (10, 12, 15) = 60 unit

Efficiency of A + B = 60/10 = 6 unit, efficiency of B + C = 60/12 = 5 unit, and efficiency of C + A = 60/15 = 4 unit

Then Efficiency of 2(A + B + c) = (6 + 5 + 4) = 15 unit, so efficiency of  (A + B + C) = 15/2 unit

Now, the efficiency of A = 15/2 - 5 = 5/2 unit

A alone can complete the work in = \(\frac{60}{\frac{5}{2}}\) = 24 days

∴ The correct answer is 24 days

Key Points 

• The formula A will return Yes if the final exam score is greater than or equal to 75, and No if it is not. However, it will not check if the homework and midterm scores are also met.
• The formula B will first check if the homework and midterm scores are met. If they are, it will return Yes. If they are not, it will check if the final exam score is greater than or equal to 75. If it is, it will return Yes. If it is not, it will return No.
• The formula C will first check if the homework and midterm scores are met, or if the final exam score is greater than or equal to 75. If either of these conditions is met, it will return Yes. If neither of these conditions is met, it will return No.

Therefore, the correct formulas are A, B and C.

UGC has considered this question as a dropped one, we have provided the answer after certain modifications in the correct option. Hence, only C and E are the correct statements.

Key Points 

• Mean
• ​It is the average of all the values in a distribution. In a negatively skewed distribution, the mean is pulled towards the tail, which means that it is lower than the median and mode.
• Mode 
• It is the most frequent value in a distribution. In a negatively skewed distribution, the mode is not affected by the tail, so it remains relatively unchanged.
• Second quartile (Q2)
• is the middle value in a distribution when the data is arranged in ascending (or descending) order. In a negatively skewed distribution, the second quartile is equal to the median.
• Fifth quartile (Q5)
• Fifth quartile: Quartiles divide the data into four equal parts, not five. There is no "fifth quartile." This option is incorrect.
• 50^th percentile 
• It is the value that is greater than 50% of the values in a distribution. In a negatively skewed distribution, the 50^th percentile is equal to the median.

As you can see, the mean, mode, and fifth quartile are all affected by the tail of the distribution, so they will not be equal to the median. The median and the 50^th percentile are not affected by the tail, so they will be equal.

Therefore, the correct answer is C, and E only.

Prior to Indian independence, several educational institutions were established by the British to serve the various needs and populations of colonial India. One of these was an exclusive school established specifically for the education of Indian princes and nobles.

Key Points

Daly college, Indore:

• Daly College, located in Indore, is the correct option.
• It was established in 1882 by Sir Henry Daly, the then British Agent to the Governor-General for Central India.
• Initially, it was set up as a school for the sons of the nobility of Central India, specifically the sons of local rulers and princes.
• Later, it became a recognized Chief's College and was meant exclusively for the education of Indian princes before independence.
• Daly College played an important role in the British strategy of shaping and influencing the future rulers of India's princely states.

 Additional Information

• Reid College, Lucknow: To the best of my knowledge and as of my training data cutoff in September 2021, there isn't a known Reid College in Lucknow.
• St. Xavier's College, Kolkata: St. Xavier's College in Kolkata was founded by the Jesuits in 1860 to provide a Catholic education to the local population. It was not exclusively meant for the education of Indian princes.
• Forman Christian College, Lahore: Forman Christian College, named after its founder, Dr. Charles W. Forman, was established in Lahore in 1864. It was designed to provide higher education to the general population of India, not exclusively to princes.

In conclusion, Daly College in Indore was the institution established specifically for the education of Indian princes before independence.

The pattern followed here is,

Hence, the correct answer is "210".

The correct matching of the computer terms in List I with their definitions in List II is as follows:

Here is an explanation of the answer:

• Router uses the Internet Protocol (IP) to send packets across a network. So the definition of router matches with option IV.
• Firewall is a device that provides perimeter security by filtering packets. So the definition of firewall matches with option III.
• CERT-In is an organization that is assigned responsibility for reducing problems and incidents related to computer security. So the definition of CERT-In matches with option II.
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a protocol that governs the division of a file into packets and subsequent reassembly of the file from those packets. So the definition of TCP matches with the option I.

 

Therefore, the correct matching of the computer terms in List I with their definitions in List II is IV, III, II, I.

Key Points

 The sharing of meaning between two positions of thought within a person is called "Intra-personal communication."

Intra-personal communication:

• Intra-personal communication refers to the process of communication that takes place within an individual's own mind or consciousness.
• It involves the internal dialogue, reflection, and exchange of ideas, beliefs, and perspectives within oneself.
• It is a form of self-talk or self-communication where individuals engage in a conversation with themselves, exploring different thoughts, feelings, and viewpoints.
• Intra-personal communication plays a crucial role in self-reflection, self-awareness, decision-making, and personal growth.
• It allows individuals to understand their own thoughts, emotions, values, and beliefs, and helps in reconciling different perspectives within themselves.
• It is an important aspect of introspection and self-exploration, enabling individuals to gain insights and make sense of their own experiences and worldview.

Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a measure of how much energy the emissions of one ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of one ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). 

Key Points

Nitrous Oxide (N2O):

• Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas with a considerably higher GWP than the other gases listed.
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assigns nitrous oxide a GWP of 298 over a 100-year period, meaning it is 298 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than an equivalent mass of carbon dioxide over that time.

 Additional Information

• Methane (CH4): While methane is a potent greenhouse gas, it does not have as high a GWP as nitrous oxide. Over a 100-year period, methane has a GWP of 25, meaning it is 25 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide.
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide is the baseline gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured, and thus has a GWP of 1. Despite its low GWP, its high concentration in the atmosphere makes it a significant contributor to global warming.
• Carbon Monoxide (CO): Carbon monoxide is not a significant greenhouse gas. It has an indirect effect on global warming by influencing the levels of other, more potent greenhouse gases. It does not have a GWP value as it does not directly absorb longwave radiation and contribute to the greenhouse effect.

In summary, nitrous oxide (N2O) is the gas among the given options with the highest Global Warming Potential, making it a substantial contributor to climate change despite its relatively lower concentration in the atmosphere compared to carbon dioxide.

Key Points 

The DOI number would come in the end in APA style of referencing for a journal article.

• The APA style of referencing is a system for citing sources in academic writing. It is used in many disciplines, including psychology, sociology, and education.
• The APA style for referencing journal articles includes the following elements:
• Last name of the author(s)
• Initials of the author(s)
• Year of publication
• Title of the article
• Journal title
• Volume number
• Issue number
• Page numbers
• DOI number
• The DOI number is a unique identifier for a digital object. It is used to cite electronic sources, such as journal articles, books, and websites.
• In APA style, the DOI number is placed at the end of the reference, after the page numbers. For example:
• Bard, J. M., & Todd, P. M. (2015). The effects of sleep deprivation on decision-making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(2), 309-323. doi:10.1037/xlm0000031

Given:

Number of valid votes of females in 2020 = 300

Calculation:

Total number of valid votes = 0.38 × 2000 = 760

Number of valid votes by males = 760 - 300 = 460

Required Ratio = 460 : 300 = 23 : 15

∴ The ratio of valid votes of males and females in 2020 is 23 : 15.

Calculation:

Let, total votes polled in 2021 = m

⇒ 0.6m × (7/12 - 5/12) = 300

⇒ 0.1m = 300

⇒ m = 3000

∴ The number of votes polled in 2021 was 3000.

Calculation:

The number of votes polled in 2018 = m

Total Valid votes polled = \(\dfrac{4}{5}\)m

⇒ Number of valid votes by females = \(\dfrac{4m}{5} \times \dfrac{3}{8}\) = \(\dfrac{3m}{10}\)

⇒ Difference =  m - \(\dfrac{3m}{10}\) = \(\dfrac{7m}{10}\)

⇒ Required percentage = \(\dfrac{7m}{10m} \times 100\) = 70%

∴ In 2018, if the ratio of number of votes to number of valid votes was 5 ∶ 4, then the number of valid votes by females in 2018 is 70 % less than the number of votes polled in the same year.

Calculation:

Total votes in 2023 = \(\frac{600}{100}\) × 1000 + 1000 = 7000 votes

Valid votes in 2023 = 0.76 × 7000 = 5320 votes

∴ The valid votes polled in 2023 are 5320.

Calculation: 

Valid votes polled in 2022 = 0.4 × 5000 = 2000

Valid votes polled in 2019 = (1270 × 2) - 2000 = 540

Valid votes polled by females in 2019 = 540 × (4 ÷ 9) = 240

∴ If the average number of valid votes polled in 2019 and 2022 was 1270 then the number of valid votes polled by females in 2019 was 240.

Key Points Statement I: Google Meet is a pure Cloud-based Video conferencing solution.

• Statement I is true because Google Meet is a pure cloud-based video conferencing solution.
• It does not require any software to be installed on the user's computer. All of the video conferencing functionality is provided by Google's cloud servers.

Statement II: Google Meet provides clouds storage as well as the ability to open and modify documents online.

• Statement II is false because Google Meet does not provide cloud storage or the ability to open and modify documents online.
• These features are provided by other Google products, such as Google Drive and Google Docs.

 

Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Key Points

 The fallacy exemplified in the statement "There is no such things as knowledge which cannot be carried into practice. for such knowledge is really no knowledge at all" is begging the question.

• Begging the question:
• Begging the question is a logical fallacy in which the conclusion of an argument is assumed in the premises.
• In this case, the conclusion is that knowledge that cannot be carried into practice is not real knowledge.
• The premise is that all knowledge must be able to be carried into practice. However, this premise assumes the conclusion.
• In other words, the premise says that knowledge that cannot be carried into practice is not real knowledge, and then the conclusion says that knowledge that is not real knowledge is not knowledge.\
• Hasty generalization is a fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn about a whole group based on a small sample.
• Red herring is a fallacy in which an irrelevant or misleading point is introduced to distract from the main issue.
• Slippery slope is a fallacy in which it is argued that a small step will inevitably lead to a chain of events that will end in a bad outcome.

Key Points 

ICSSR (Indian Council of Social Science Research):

• ICSSR was established after Indian independence. It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Education, Government of India.
• It was established in 1969 with the aim of promoting and funding social science research in India.

AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education):

• AICTE was established before Indian independence. It is a statutory body and a national-level council for technical education in India.
• It was established in 1945 as an advisory body and later given statutory status in 1987. AICTE is responsible for the regulation and development of technical education in the country.

ICHR (Indian Council of Historical Research):

• ICHR was established after Indian independence. It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Education, Government of India.
• It was established in 1972 with the objective of promoting and coordinating historical research in India.
• ICHR provides financial assistance for research projects, fellowships, and scholarships in the field of history.

ICPR (Indian Council of Philosophical Research):

• ICPR was established after Indian independence. It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Education, Government of India.
• It was established in 1977 with the aim of promoting research in philosophy and related disciplines.
• ICPR provides grants for research projects, organizes seminars and conferences, and publishes philosophical journals.

Key Points 

• In hypothesis testing, the p-value is a measure of the evidence against the null hypothesis. It quantifies the probability of obtaining the observed results (or more extreme results) if the null hypothesis is true. In simple terms, it tells us how likely it is to get the observed data if the null hypothesis is correct.
• Typically, in hypothesis testing, we set a significance level (also known as alpha) which is the threshold for determining statistical significance.
• Common significance levels are 5%, 1%, or 0.01%. If the p-value is less than or equal to the chosen significance level, we reject the null hypothesis, indicating that the observed results are unlikely to occur by chance alone.
• If the p-value is greater than the significance level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, suggesting that the observed results could reasonably occur due to random chance.

The p-values given in the question:

• B. 32%:
• Here, the p-value is 32%. If we have set the significance level at 5% (for example), the p-value of 32% is greater than the significance level.
• Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, meaning that the evidence against the null hypothesis is not strong enough to consider it false.
• D. 0.42:
• ​ In this case, the p-value is 0.42. If the significance level is set at 2% (as mentioned in the question), the p-value of 0.42 is greater than the significance level.
• Again, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, indicating that the evidence against the null hypothesis is not significant.

 

So, both for p-value 32% and p-value 0.42, the null hypothesis is likely to be accepted, as the evidence against it is not strong enough to support its rejection.

Key Points

 The answer is 4) Portfolios.

Portfolios:

• A portfolio is a collection of a student's work in an area, showing growth, self-reflection, and achievement.
• Portfolios are often used in education to assess student learning and progress.
• Portfolios can include a variety of student work, such as essays, projects, artwork, and test scores. They can also include student reflections on their work and their learning process.
• Portfolios can be used to assess student learning in a number of ways. They can be used to track student progress over time, to identify areas where students need additional support, and to showcase student work.
• Portfolios can also be used to help students reflect on their own learning. By reviewing their work, students can identify their strengths and weaknesses, and they can set goals for their future learning.
• Portfolios are a valuable tool for both students and teachers. They can help students to track their progress, reflect on their learning, and to set goals for their future.
• They can also help teachers to assess student learning and to identify areas where students need additional support.

Here are the other options and their descriptions:

• Positive practice is a term used in behaviourism to describe a behaviour that is reinforced. Positive practice is typically used to teach new behaviours or to increase the frequency of existing behaviors.
• Personal development is a broad term that refers to the process of improving oneself. Personal development can include a variety of activities, such as setting goals, learning new skills, and taking care of one's physical and mental health.
• Anecdotal record is a type of informal assessment that records observations of student behavior. Anecdotal records can be used to track student progress, to identify areas where students need additional support, and to document student learning.

Key Points 

The secondary laws of learning are:

• Law of multiple response states that when a response is made to a stimulus, other responses that have been associated with that stimulus in the past are also likely to be made.
• Law of associative shifting states that when a new response is learned to a stimulus, the old response is not forgotten, but is simply less likely to be made.
• Law of Analogy is the tendency to respond automatically as responded in the past.

The law of effect and the law of exercise are primary laws of learning.

Therefore, the secondary laws of learning are A, B, and D only.

The correct response is ​B, C, D, and E only.

Key Points 

• Darshan (Philosophy): Various schools of philosophical thought (e.g., Nyaya, Samkhya, Vaisheshika) formed the bedrock of ancient Indian education. They provided frameworks for understanding the world, questioning knowledge, and engaging in critical thinking.
• Arth Shastra (Economics): While not the sole focus, this treatise on statecraft and governance found its place in some institutions, like Takshashila, which trained students in skills like administration and diplomacy.
• Niti (Ethics): Ethical conduct, duty, and moral principles were deeply woven into the educational system, guiding both teachers and students. Learning often involves discussions, debates, and reflection on ethical dilemmas.
• . Ahimsa (Non-violence): While a core principle of Indian society, it wasn't directly integrated into the structure of education itself.

Additional Information 

• Higher education in ancient India was primarily centered around the Gurukula system, where students lived with their teachers (gurus) in an ashram-like environment.
• Education encompassed a wide range of subjects including mathematics, astronomy, grammar, philosophy, medicine, and more. Rigorous oral transmission and memorization were key components of learning, with texts like the Vedas being central to education.
• Universities such as Takshashila, Nalanda, and Vikramashila were renowned centers of learning attracting scholars from across the world.
• Education was not limited by social status, and both men and women had access to learning, although there were some differences in the subjects they studied.
• The system emphasized holistic development, moral values, and spiritual growth alongside academic excellence.

Key Points 

The answer is 2) Shareware.

Shareware:

• Shareware is a type of software that is distributed for free, but the user is encouraged to pay for it if they find it useful.
• Shareware typically has some limitations, such as not having all the features of the full version or displaying nag screens.
• Shareware is a good way to try out software before you buy it. It is also a good way for software developers to get feedback from users.

Here are the other options and their descriptions:

• Freeware is software that is distributed for free and there are no limitations. Freeware is typically ad-supported or has some other way of generating revenue.
• Firmware is software that is embedded in a hardware device. Firmware is typically used to control the device's operation.
• Malware is software that is designed to harm a computer system. Malware can steal data, damage files, or even take control of the system.

Key Points 

The terms in decreasing extension are:

• Vertebrate is the most general term because it includes all animals with a backbone. This means that all of the other terms in the list are also vertebrates.
• Animal is a more specific term because it includes all animals, including vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. This means that all of the other terms in the list are also animals, but not all animals are vertebrates.
• Mammal is a more specific term than animal because it includes all animals that give birth to live young and nurse their young with milk. This means that all of the other terms in the list are also mammals, but not all mammals are animals.
• Feline is a more specific term than mammal because it includes all animals in the cat family, such as lions, tigers, and house cats. This means that all of the other terms in the list are also felines, but not all felines are mammals.
• Wildcat is the most specific term because it refers to a particular type of feline, such as the bobcat or the mountain lion. This means that all of the other terms in the list are also wildcats, but not all wildcats are felines.

 

Therefore, the correct order is D, E, A, C, B.

Key Points Statement I: Contiguity theory gives no place to effect in learning.

• Statement I is correct because the contiguity theory of learning, also known as connectionism, states that learning occurs through the association of stimuli and responses.
• The theory does not take into account the effect of the response on the organism.

Statement II: Watson's theory gave emphasis on the importance of frequency or exercise in learning.

• This statement is correct. Watson, a behaviourist psychologist, emphasized the significance of frequency and repetition in learning.
• According to his theory, learning occurs through the repeated association of stimuli and responses, leading to the formation of habits.

 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Key Points

Statement I: Perceptual time is related to the processing of non-verbal cues or signals by us.

• This statement is true. Perceptual time refers to the way our brain processes and interprets non-verbal cues or signals from the environment.
• These non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions, body language, gestures, and tone of voice, play a significant role in communication and how we perceive and understand the information being conveyed.

Statement II: Signalic or perceptual communication is related to the induction of others' communication into our brains, and this kind of communication is also known as semiotics.

• This statement is also true. Signalic or perceptual communication refers to the process of receiving and understanding communication from others and interpreting it in our brains.
• Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their meanings in communication. It is related to how we interpret and make sense of the signs and symbols used in communication.

Therefore, option 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Here are some more details about the two statements:

• Perceptual time 
• It is the amount of time it takes for our brains to process sensory information.
• This includes both verbal and nonverbal cues.
• For example, it takes longer for our brains to process a complex nonverbal cue, such as a facial expression, than it does to process a simple verbal cue, such as a word.
• Signalic or perceptual communication
• It  is a type of communication that involves the use of nonverbal cues.
• These cues can be used to convey a variety of messages, such as emotions, intentions, and relationships.
• For example, a person might use eye contact to signal interest, or they might use body language to signal that they are feeling uncomfortable.
• Semiotics 
• ​It is the study of signs and symbols. It is a branch of linguistics that examines how meaning is created and communicated through the use of signs and symbols.
• For example, semiotics can be used to analyze the meaning of facial expressions, gestures, and other nonverbal cues.

Shortcut Trick

The net percentage change in area of any 2D shape can be found directly using the successive percentage formula without needing its actual dimensions:

Net % Change = a + b + (a × b) ÷ 100

Here, a = +0.8 (increase in length) and b = −0.5 (decrease in width).

⇒ Net % Change = 0.8 − 0.5 + (0.8 × −0.5) ÷ 100

⇒ Net % Change = 0.3 − 0.004 = 0.296% ≈ 0.3%

∴ The correct answer is ~0.3%.

Alternate Method

Given:

Initial length = 150 m, Initial width = 120 m

Length is increased by 0.8%, Width is reduced by 0.5%

Calculations:

⇒ Initial Area = 150 × 120 = 18000 m²

⇒ New Length = 150 + (0.8 ÷ 100 × 150) = 150 + 1.2 = 151.2 m

⇒ New Width = 120 − (0.5 ÷ 100 × 120) = 120 − 0.6 = 119.4 m

⇒ New Area = 151.2 × 119.4 = 18053.28 m²

⇒ Change in Area = 18053.28 − 18000 = 53.28 m²

⇒ Percentage Change = (Change in Area ÷ Initial Area) × 100

⇒ Percentage Change = (53.28 ÷ 18000) × 100

⇒ Percentage Change = 0.296% ≈ 0.3%

∴ The correct answer is ~0.3%.

Additional Information

Successive Percentage Change Formula

When a final value relies on the product of two variables changing by a% and b% respectively, the net percentage change is: Net Change = a + b + (a × b) ÷ 100. For an increase, take the value as positive, and for a decrease, take it as negative.

Approximation Rule for Small Changes

If the individual percentage changes are extremely small (generally less than 2%), the product term (a × b) ÷ 100 becomes practically negligible. The overall net change can be well-approximated simply as the direct sum: a + b.

Key Points 

Statement I: Stratospheric ozone is known as 'good ozone'.

• Statement I is correct because stratospheric ozone is a layer of ozone gas in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
• This protects life on Earth from the harmful effects of UV radiation, such as skin cancer and cataracts.

Statement II: Ozone at the surface level is a serious health hazard and known as pollutant

• Statement II is also correct because ozone at the surface level is a serious health hazard.
• It is a pollutant that can cause respiratory problems, such as asthma and bronchitis. It can also damage crops and plants.

Therefore, both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Here are some additional details about ozone:

• Ozone: Ozone is a molecule that is made up of three oxygen atoms. It is a colorless gas that has a pungent odor.
• Stratospheric ozone: Stratospheric ozone is found in the stratosphere, which is the layer of the atmosphere that is between 10 and 50 kilometers above Earth's surface.
• Surface ozone: Surface ozone is found in the troposphere, which is the layer of the atmosphere that is closest to Earth's surface.

Key Points 

Statement I: The Hindu view of communication considers language as a tool to understand an illusory world.

• This statement is false.
• In Hindu philosophy and communication, language is not considered merely a tool to understand an illusory world.
• Hindu philosophy acknowledges the power and significance of language in expressing truths and conveying knowledge about the world and spiritual concepts.

Statement II: According to the Hindu view of communication, hearing and understanding of language are for the realization of some state of affairs.

• This statement is true.
• In Hinduism, communication, including hearing and understanding language, is seen as a means to attain knowledge, wisdom, and spiritual realization.
• Language serves as a medium through which individuals can grasp and comprehend the deeper aspects of life and the ultimate reality.

 

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4) Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Key Points 

Assertion A states that the argument claiming sound is eternal because it is produced is fallacious.

• This assertion is true. The argument is based on a flawed reasoning, as the production of sound does not necessarily imply its eternal nature.
• Sound can be produced and cease to exist.

Reason R: In the argument-"sound is eternal because it is produced," the middle term is contradicted by some other pramana and not by inference.

• The "middle term" in this context refers to the term that links the subject and predicate of the argument.
• Here, the middle term is "produced," which connects "sound" and "eternal" in the argument.
• The Reason R states that the middle term is contradicted by some other pramana, which means that some other source of knowledge or evidence contradicts the claim that sound is eternal because it is produced.
• However, Reason R is incorrect because the fallacy in the argument lies within itself, and it doesn't depend on another pramana or source of knowledge to be refuted.
• The argument itself lacks a logical connection between the premise (sound is produced) and the conclusion (sound is eternal), making it a fallacious argument.

 

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3) A is true but R is false.

Given:

Type 1 sugar mixed with 30 kg of type 2 sugar

Calculation:

Here, sugar₂ has 30 kg, so 2 unit → 30 kg, then 3 unit → 30/2 × 3 = 45 kg

∴ The correct answer is 45 kg

Key Points

 The mixture of petrol and ethanol to reduce the emission of carbon monoxide is known as Gasohol.

Gasohol:

• Gasohol is a blend of gasoline and ethanol. Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is made from corn or sugarcane.
• Gasohol is typically a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline. However, there are also gasohol blends that contain up to 85% ethanol.
• Gasohol is blended with gasoline to reduce the emission of carbon monoxide.
• Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced when gasoline is burned. It is a major contributor to smog and can be harmful to human health.
• Gasohol reduces the emission of carbon monoxide because ethanol burns more cleanly than gasoline.
• Gasohol is also blended with gasoline to improve the octane rating of gasoline.
• Octane rating is a measure of how resistant gasoline is to knocking. Knocking is a type of engine misfire that can damage the engine.
• Gasohol has a higher octane rating than gasoline, so it can help to prevent knocking.
• Gasohol is used in many countries around the world.
• It is particularly popular in Brazil, where it is used in over 90% of the gasoline that is sold.
• Gasohol is also used in the United States, Canada, and Europe.

The correct answer is Four Members Only.

 Key PointsInstitutional Academic Integrity Panel: 

• The Institutional Academic Integrity Panel (IAIP) will consist of four members according to UGC regulations 2018 on the promotion of academic integrity.
• The IAIP will be headed by a Chairperson who will be a professor or an equivalent academic officer of the institution. The other four members will be:
• One member from the faculty of the institution who is not a member of the teaching staff of the department or programme in which the alleged case of academic misconduct has arisen.
• One member from the non-teaching staff of the institution.
• One external member who is a person of eminence in the field of education or a person with experience in handling cases of academic misconduct.
• The IAIP will be responsible for investigating cases of academic misconduct and recommending appropriate action to the institution.

Key Points

 The Environmental Protection Act (1986) was last amended in 1991.

Environmental Protection Act (1986):

• The Environment (Protection) Amendment Act, 1991 was passed by the Parliament of India on June 23, 1991, with the objective of further strengthening the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
• The Act was amended to include new provisions on hazardous substances, air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, and environmental impact assessment.
• The following are some of the key provisions of the Environment (Protection) Amendment Act, 1991:
• The definition of "hazardous substance" was expanded to include new substances.
• The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was given the power to regulate the import and export of hazardous substances.
• The CPCB was also given the power to set standards for the discharge of hazardous substances into the environment.
• The Act also established the National Environment Tribunal to hear appeals against the orders of the CPCB.
• The Environment (Protection) Amendment Act, 1991 was a significant step in strengthening the environmental laws in India.
• The Act has helped to improve the management of hazardous substances, air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, and environmental impact assessment in India.

The correct answer is Equilibrium related socio-emotional concerns.

Key Points Equilibrium-related socio-emotional concerns is the correct answer.

• Group communication plays a crucial role in decision-making processes as it allows for the exchange of ideas, perspectives, and opinions among group members.
• It helps in maintaining a balance between task-related concerns (such as achieving goals and objectives) and socio-emotional concerns (such as managing relationships, fostering cohesion, and addressing individual needs).
• Maintaining equilibrium related socio-emotional concerns means ensuring that the group members feel psychologically safe, supported, and valued within the decision-making process.
• It involves considering and addressing the emotions, attitudes, and interpersonal dynamics within the group, which can significantly impact the decision-making outcomes.
• By promoting open communication, active listening, and collaboration, group communication helps in creating a conducive environment where individuals can express their thoughts and emotions, contribute to the decision-making process, and feel a sense of belonging and satisfaction.
• This, in turn, enhances the quality of the decisions made and promotes a positive group dynamic.

The correct answer is C, D, E only.

Key PointsHigh-context cultures:

• High-context cultures are cultures that rely on shared knowledge and understanding between people.
• This means that people in high-context cultures often communicate indirectly, using nonverbal cues and implicit messages.

Some of the features that are emphasized in high-context cultures include:

Politeness in communication.

• People in high-context cultures are often very polite in their communication. They may use indirect language and avoid making direct requests or demands.

Non-verbal communication.

• Non-verbal communication is very important in high-context cultures. People in these cultures often pay attention to things like body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice to get the full meaning of a message.

Indirect phrasing.

• People in high-context cultures often use indirect phrasing when they communicate. They may avoid saying things directly and instead use hints or suggestions.

Therefore, the features that are emphasized in high-context cultures are politeness in communication, non-verbal communication, and indirect phrasing.

The correct answer is C, D, E only.

Key Points

 The most suitable tools for Mr. Kim to create a live polling and feedback tool for his students are A, and D only, Mentimeter and Polleverywhere.

Mentimeter:

• Mentimeter is a great tool for creating live polls and quizzes. It is easy to use and can be integrated with Google Slides.

Polleverywhere:

• Polleverywhere is another great tool for creating live polls and quizzes. It is also easy to use and can be integrated with a variety of platforms, including Google Classroom.

 

• Both Mentimeter and Polleverywhere allow students to participate in polls and quizzes in real time, which can help Mr. Kim to get feedback from his students and assess their understanding of the material.

The other tools listed, Screencastomatic, Padlet, and Book Creator, are not as well-suited for creating live polling and feedback tools.

• Screencastomatic is a screencasting tool that can be used to record videos, but it does not have the functionality for creating polls or quizzes.
• Padlet is a digital whiteboard that can be used for collaboration, but it is not specifically designed for live polling or feedback.
• Book Creator is a tool for creating interactive ebooks, but it is not well-suited for live polling or feedback.

 

Therefore, the most suitable tools for Mr. Kim to create a live polling and feedback tool for his students are Mentimeter and Polleverywhere.

The correct answer is B, A, D, E, C.

The different steps followed by self-regulated learning are:

Analyzing the task.

• The next step is to analyze the task and identify the skills and knowledge you need to learn. This will help you to develop a plan for how you will learn.

Setting goals.

• The first step is to set goals for what you want to learn. This will help you to stay focused and motivated.

This will help you to develop a plan for how you will learn.

Devising plans.

• Once you have analyzed the task, you need to devise a plan for how you will learn. This plan should include the specific steps you will take, the resources you will need, and the time frame you will work within.

Enacting tactics and strategies.

• Finally, you need to enact tactics and strategies to learn effectively. This may include things like breaking down the task into smaller steps, using mnemonic devices, or practicing regularly.

Regulating learning.

• As you are learning, you need to regulate your learning. This means monitoring your progress, making adjustments to your plan as needed, and staying motivated.

Therefore, the correct order of the steps followed by self-regulated learning is B, A, D, E, and C.

Key Points 

• Statement I states that Solid State Drives (SSDs) are considerably faster than Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) when it comes to data access, which is generally true.
• SSDs, being flash-based storage devices, have no moving parts and can access data faster than HDDs, which rely on spinning disks and mechanical read/write heads.
• Statement II states that RAM is much faster to write to or read from compared to secondary memory such as a hard disk, but its main drawback is its volatility.
• This statement is also true. RAM (Random Access Memory) provides fast and temporary storage for actively running processes, allowing quick data access.
• However, it loses its data when power is removed, making it volatile.

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Note: As per Official Answer 1 and 3 both can be correct answer.

The correct answer is A,B and C only.  

Key PointsThe recommendations of the Radhakrishnan Commission regarding the medium of instruction in higher education were as follows:

A. The medium of higher education should be in regional languages.

• This recommendation aimed to promote education in regional languages and make it accessible to a larger population.

B.  Immediate steps should be taken to prepare scientific and technical terminologies in federal languages.

• The committee recommended  immediate steps should be taken to prepare scientific and technical terminologies in federal structure.

C. All the federal languages must be written in Devanagari script.

• The committee recommended all federal languages should be written in Devanagari Script.

 

Therefore, the correct answer is 4) A, B, and C only. The recommendations did not include international and scientific terminological words should be avoided and English should be banished from the higher education field in India immediately.

The logic followed here is:

Logic → The words are coded as the sum of the letter's positional values.

MALE: 13 + 1 + 12 + 5 = 31

FEMALE: 6 + 5 + 13 + 1 + 12 + 5 = 42

Similarly,

ADULT: 1 + 4 + 21 + 12 + 20 = 58

Hence, the correct answer is "58".

The correct answer is both Statement I & II is incorrect. 

Key Points Statement I is incorrect: In cohort studies, samples are drawn from a generally defined population over time.

• Cohort studies involve following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience and studying them over a specific period to observe the development of certain outcomes.

Statement II is incorrect: Trend studies do not necessarily involve drawing samples from a specific well-defined population.

• Trend studies focus on analyzing and identifying patterns or changes in data over time, such as analyzing trends in population statistics or economic indicators.

Therefore, the most appropriate answer is option 2) both Statement I & II is incorrect.

The correct answer is Denying the Antecedent.

Key Points The formal fallacy committed in the following argument is denying the antecedent.

• The argument goes like this:
• If your pet is a cat, then it has a tail.
• Your pet is not a cat.
• Therefore, your pet does not have a tail.
• The first premise is an if-then statement, also known as a conditional statement. Conditional statements have two parts: the antecedent and the consequent. The antecedent is the "if" part, and the consequent is the "then" part. In this case, the antecedent is "your pet is a cat" and the consequent is "it has a tail."
• The second premise denies the antecedent of the first premise. This means that the second premise says that the antecedent is not true. In this case, the second premise says that your pet is not a cat.
• The third premise then concludes that the consequent of the first premise is also not true. However, this conclusion does not follow from the premises. Just because the antecedent of a conditional statement is not true does not mean that the consequent is also not true.
• For example, the statement "If it is raining, then the ground is wet" is a valid conditional statement. However, the statement "It is not raining" does not mean that "The ground is not wet." The ground could be wet for other reasons, such as because it was sprinkled or because it is covered in dew.

 

The fallacy of denying the antecedent is a common mistake in logic. It is important to be aware of this fallacy so that you can avoid making it in your own arguments.

The correct answer is Both Statement I & II are incorrect.

Key PointsStatement I: Screen chamber in wastewater treatment is used to remove small and heavy suspended solids.

• Statement I is incorrect.
• Screen chambers are used to remove large floating materials, such as rags, sticks, and leaves.
• They do not remove small and heavy suspended solids.

Statement II: Grit chamber in waste water treatment is used to remove large floating materials.

• Statement II is incorrect.
• Grit chambers are used to remove sand, gravel, and other heavy inorganic solids.
• These solids can damage pumps and other equipment in the wastewater treatment plant.

 

The correct answer is 2) both Statement I and II are incorrect.

The correct answer is Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect.

Key Points Statement I: In deductive arguments, the claim is made that conclusions follow with certainly from their premises.

• Statement I is correct:
• In deductive arguments, it is not claimed that conclusions follow with certainty from their premises.
• Deductive arguments aim for conclusions that are logically entailed by their premises, meaning that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.
• However, deductive arguments are not concerned with certainty, as the truth of the premises and the validity of the logical structure determine the strength of the argument.

Statement II: Any inductive argument, if is is good, brings to light in its conclusion what was already burried in its premises.

• Statement II is incorrect:
• Inductive arguments, if they are good, bring to light in their conclusion what was already buried in their premises.
• Inductive arguments aim to provide probable support or evidence for their conclusions based on observations or evidence from specific cases to make generalizations or predictions.
• The strength of an inductive argument depends on the quality and relevance of the premises to the conclusion.

 

Therefore, the most appropriate answer is option 4) Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect.

The correct answer is: B, C and E only

Key Points

• In the passage, it is stated that for a democratic society, the following are essential:
• B. Political freedom - This is mentioned as a fundamental requirement for a democratic society.
• C. Freedom of the individual - This is implied in the passage when it mentions "freedom of conscience, freedom of choice between parties, and opportunities of peaceful and orderly changes of Government."
• E. Economic justice - The passage emphasizes the importance of improving the economic conditions of the people, and it mentions the country's engagement in a social and economic revolution to raise the material standards of the people.
• The other options, A (Complete literacy) and D (Population control) are not mentioned in the passage as essential for a democratic society.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4, i.e. "B, C and E only."

The correct answer is: Social and economic transformation

Key Points

• In the passage, the term 'revolution' is mentioned as an enterprise of effecting a social and economic revolution.
• It specifically clarifies that it does not mean barricades and bloodshed. Instead, it means only speedy and drastic changes.
• The focus is on bringing about significant and transformative changes in the social and economic aspects of the society.
• From here, we can conclude that The word 'revolution' in the passage implies "Social and economic transformation."

​Hence, the correct answer is option 4, i.e. Social and economic transformation.

The correct answer is: B, C and D only

Key Points

• In the passage, it is mentioned that "kindness and love are as contagious as unkindness and hate."
• This suggests that both kindness and love, as well as hate, can influence others and spread among people.
• The other traits mentioned (A. Honesty and E. Integrity) are not specifically referred to as contagious in the passage.
• From here we can say that 'Kindness', 'Love', and 'Hate' are considered to be contagious.

​Hence, the correct answer is option 2, i.e. "B, C and D only."

The correct answer is: Politics of Brotherhood 

Key Points

• In the passage, it is mentioned that the country is striving to raise the material standards of its people.
• It talks about engaging in an enterprise of effecting a social and economic revolution, which implies making significant changes to improve the economic conditions of the people.
• The passage emphasizes using peaceful and constitutional processes, as well as replacing the politics of power with the politics of brotherhood, to achieve these goals.
• The other options (1. Force, 2. Politics of power and 4. Politics of exclusion) are not mentioned as methods to raise economic standards in the passage.
• Therefore, it is clear that Economic standards of people could be raised by Politics of Brotherhood.

​Hence, the correct answer is option 3, i.e. "Politics of Brotherhood."

The correct answer is: Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Key Points

• In the second paragraph of the given passage, it states that "In the context of the international situation, there are many misunderstandings. We can build peace even on the basis of misunderstandings."
• From here we can say that Statement I is false according to the passage.
• In the third paragraph of the given passage, it states that "Through peaceful, constitutional processes we won our independence and integrated our country; and now we are striving to raise the material standards of our people."
• From here we can say that Statement II is true according to the passage.
• From here we can conclude that Statement I is false but Statement II is true according to the passage.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4, i.e. "Statement I is false but Statement II is true."