UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 14th Oct 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Given:

The total number of Laptops produced in 2019 was 35 lakh

Calculation:

The total number of laptops of models A, B, and E produced in 2019 can be calculated as:

⇒ 35 lakh x (30% + 15% + 15%)

⇒ 35 lakh x 60% = 21 lakh.

The answer is 21 lakh.

Given:

The total number of Laptops produced in 2019 was 35 lakh and in 2020, 1t was 44 lakhs.

Calculation:

Number of Model-F laptops produced in 2019 = 35 lakh × 10% = 3.5 lakh

Number of Model-C laptops produced in 2020 = 44 lakh × 15% = 6.6 lakh

the ratio of x to y is:

x : y = 3.5 lakh : 6.6 lakh

⇒  35 : 66

Given:

The total number of Laptops produced in 2019 was 35 lakh and in 2020, 1t was 44 lakhs.

Calculation:

Number of Model-B Laptops produced in 2019 = 35 lakh × 15% = 5.25 lakh

Number of Model-B Laptops produced in 2020 = 44 lakh × 20% = 8.8 lakh

Difference = 8.8 lakh - 5.25 lakh

⇒ 3.55 lakh

Given:

The Total Laptops produced in 2020 is 44 lakh

The Percentage production of Model-A Laptops in 2020 was 30% (as in 2019)

Formula Used:

Number of Model-A Laptops produced in 2020 = Total Laptops produced in 2020 x Percentage production of Model-A Laptops in 2020 / 100

Calculation:

Number of Model-A Laptops produced in 2020 = 44 lakh x 30 / 100

⇒  13.2 lakh

So, the answer is 13.2 lakh.

Given:

The total number of Laptops produced in 2019 was 35 lakh and in 2020, 1t was 44 lakhs.

Calculation:

For 2019, the number of Model-D laptops produced can be calculated as follows:

⇒ 35,00,000 x 10% = 3,50,000

And for 2020, the number of Model-D laptops produced can be calculated as follows:

⇒ 44,00,000 x 10% = 4,40,000

Now, let's find the number of Model-D laptops sold in each year:

For 2019, the number sold is 3,50,000 x 90% = 3,15,000

For 2020, the number sold is 4,40,000 x 90% = 3,96,000

And the number of unsold laptops for each year can be found by subtracting the number of sold laptops from the total number of produced laptops:

For 2019, unsold laptops = 3,50,000 - 3,15,000 = 35000

For 2020, unsold laptops = 4,40,000 - 3,96,000 = 44000

So the total number of unsold Model-D laptops = 35000 + 44000 = 79000.

The correct answer is Concept map.

Key PointsConcept map:-

Concept map refers to the visual representation of ideas. It also shows the relationships between two entities. 

Additional InformationDivergent thinking:-

Free flow of non -linear ideas particularly to find a solution to the problem is called divergent thinking. It comes from the word diversions. 

Episodic memory:-

Episodic comes from episode. It explains the remembrance of any specific event of life. 

Embodied cognition:-

Embodied cognition has its roots in dynamism of an individual. It focuses on motor skills.

The correct answer is Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.

Key Points

• Extrinsically motivated students get their inspiration from rewards and praise. They draw their inspiration from the positive reactions of the people surrounding them. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Intrinsically motivated people have their inspiration from personal pleasures and satisfaction. This brings a new passion in them to gain more knowledge. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

The correct answer is (A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV).

Key Points

• The question is based on 3P (Presage-process-product) model by Biggs.
• It says that learning outcomes reflects the satisfaction and effective involvement both on the part of teacher and learner.
• Learning-focused activities ongoing approach to learning.
• Student characteristics are based on prior learning.
• Teaching context is the assessment or whatever has been attained by the student. It also depicts how much goals have been fulfilled.

Research Methodology is the systematic process of conducting research. Research methodology helps the researchers to explain the underpinning of research problems. The different research methodology was developed in different period with the intent to analyze the cause and effect of different problems of the different disciple. 

Important Points

Hence, the correct matching is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II).

The correct answer is (B), (D), (E) Only.

Quantitative Research Methodology is represented by Survey research, Correlation research, and Descriptive research. 

Key Points

Quantitative Research Methodology is used to gather numerical data to analyze the correlation between different entities. This research is used to analyze the underpinning between different data sets.

• Survey Research: In this method, the researcher collects data from the respondent through multiple questions. It helps in collecting the characteristic of a large population more quickly.
• Correlation Research: In this research, the researcher tries to establish the relationship between two sets of entities.
• Descriptive Research: In this research type the thorough analysis of data takes place. It helps in deeply understanding the problem of the research.

Additional Information

• These two are the type of qualitative research.
• One-to-One Interview: In this research, only the researcher and respondent are involved to discuss the research problem.
• Focus Group: In this research, the subjective perspective from the key research holders are taken to understand the dynamics of the problem.

The correct answer is Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.

The consent form gives prospective research participants all the written information they need to make an informed decision about whether or not to take part in a study based on an explanation of the proposed research and the type of participation required.

Key Points

• Consent in research plays an important role in maintaining ethical standards in research.
• In order to obtain their agreement, participants must be informed about the study's goals and procedures, as well as their position in the experiment. The informed consent paper is a crucial component of the informed consent procedure.
• One of the foundational tenets of research ethics is informed consent. The goal is for human volunteers to enter research freely (voluntarily) after receiving complete information about what it means for them to participate and after giving their consent before doing so.

Additional Information

• The practice of research ethics entails the application of basic ethical principles to research activities, such as the planning and execution of research, respect for society and other people, the use of resources and research outputs, scientific misconduct, and the control of research.
• Research ethics are moral guidelines that help researchers conduct and disclose their work without lying to study participants or other members of society, whether consciously or unconsciously.

Chicago style​ is used for research in the field of Business, History, and Arts.

Key Points

Chicago referencing style

• A cited reference in the text, a related footnote at the bottom of the page, and a bibliographic list of references are the three components that make up the Chicago referencing style.
• You should be careful to adhere to the Chicago style's rules for word placement and punctuation.

Additional Information 

APA style:

• When citing sources inside of a paper, APA and MLA both use parenthetical, in-text references.
• The page number and the author's last name are used as references in MLA style.
• The author's last name and the year of publication are used in APA style.
• APA demands the author, year, and page number when a direct quote is utilized.

MLA style:

• The Modern Language Association devised the referencing system known as MLA style.
• MLA both use parenthetical, in-text references

IEEE citation style:

• In a paper, you can cite your sources using the IEEE citation style.
• The organization that developed the rules is known by the initials IEEE or Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
• Electrical and electronic engineering, computer science, and other technical subjects frequently employ this citation format.
• IEEE employs a numbered citation format.

The correct answer is (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (F).

Key Points

• Zimmerman (1998) suggested a social cognitive model which was rich with respect to the processes which are considered at each stage.
• According to this model, self-regulation is achieved in cycles consisting of (1) forethought, (2) performance or volitional control, and (3) self-reflection.
• Self-regulated learning is a cyclical process, wherein the student plans for a task, monitors their performance, and then reflects on the outcome.
• Cyclical phases/subprocesses of a self-regulated learning model by Zimmerman's correct sequence is:-
• (A) Task Analysis
• (B) Self-motivation beliefs
• (C) Self-control
• (D) Self-observation
• (E) Self Judgement
• (F) Self-Reaction

Historical Research Methodology considered relics as credible sources to conduct research. In Historical Research Methodology the researcher tries to dig deep down into the past to know the chronological history of mankind. Sources like relics help the researcher to understand the history of the early past and the process through which the civilization went through. 

Key Points

• Historical Research Methodology used past data to understand the present and predict the future of the respective concerned subject.
• It can use both quantitative and qualitative research methods based on the nature of the research problem and the data needed to understand the trend of the past.
• Some of the important sources of historical research include documentaries, biography, archaeological remains, etc.

Additional Information

• Experimental Research Methodology: This methodology strictly follows the scientific research method to gather information. In this type of methodology, the variable is in the control of the researcher.
• Quantitative Research Methodology: This method used numerical means to analyze the data. It can be used to predict trends, patterns, and correlations between different variables.
• Descriptive research Methodology: It is an important methodology of social science. in this methodology, the researcher used the descriptive method to analyze the nature of the research problem.

Internet-based communication is referred to as information exchange over the internet. 

Key Points

• The internet provides a variety of communication options including calling and instant messaging.
• These resources allow you to save a sizable sum of money.
• Higher education delivered online allows for more regular interaction with the subject matter.
• Online courses can and should be designed so that students must interact with the material on a daily basis.
• It provides learners Wide-range of courses.
• The capacity to communicate with peers remotely via text, voice, or video in real time.

Thus, Internet-based communication for learning is Interactive, Automatic and Wide-ranging. 

Additional Information

• It provides a greater diversity of students in a class and leads to a greater diversity of perspectives and points of view expressed in class discussions.

The correct answer is (A), (B), (C), (D) only.

Important Points

The tools used for shared viewing of visual and other interactive content within real-time environments are:

(A) Virtual whiteboard:

• This is an interactive tool that allows multiple users to write, draw, or annotate simultaneously in real-time.
• It's often used in remote learning, collaborative work, and brainstorming sessions, providing a shared viewing of content.

(B) Slide showing:

• This tool allows the presenter to share visual content in the form of slides with the audience in real-time.
• It's widely used in online meetings, webinars, and virtual classrooms.

(C) Polling:

• Polling is an interactive feature that engages the audience by allowing them to vote or answer questions in real-time.
• Although polling itself doesn't share visual content, it facilitates interactivity within a shared viewing environment, often used to gauge understanding or collect feedback.

(D) Quizzing:

• Similar to polling, quizzing is a tool that helps to engage participants, allowing them to answer questions in real-time.
• It can often provide visual feedback to all participants, showing correct answers, statistics, or leaderboard, which makes it a part of a shared viewing experience.

Additional Information

"Avatars", are graphical representations of users within a virtual environment. While they provide a sense of presence and identity in virtual spaces, they do not inherently enable the shared viewing of visual or interactive content.

Communication in the classroom is the essence of teaching. 

Key Points

• Effective classroom communication lays down a strong foundation for social and emotional learning.
• The foundation of successful educational results is effective classroom communication.
• Effective classroom communication can noticeable student achievement as a result.
• Teachers have the opportunity to recognize the skill, intelligence, and excellence of the students during the engagement.
• Teachers who interact with their students more effectively help their courses achieve higher retention and grade levels.

Thus, Exceptional classroom communication will result in noticeable student achievement. 

Additional Information

• It can assist in overcoming obstacles to learning that arise in the classroom, such as unfavourable attitudes
• Ineffective classroom communication contributes to higher dropout rates.

Communications are routed through groups of senders and recipients that are connected to one another.

Key PointsStatement (I): Through the attention frame, it is possible to assess the rate at which communicated content is brought to the notice of the people.

• The idea of framing is frequently utilized to comprehend the effects of media.
• Framing plays a crucial role in the daily transmission and processing of data.
• It is possible to assess the rate at which communicated content is brought to the notice of the people.

Thus, Statement (I) is true. 

Statement (II): In modern societies, the attention frames are uniform, unrefined, and non-interactive when all the frames available in the world are taken into account.

• Framing is a collection of ideas and theoretical viewpoints that describe how people, communities, and civilizations arrange, perceive, and talk about reality.
• The modern world presents special difficulties for our visual system. For instance, when driving, people frequently only have a few seconds to see and respond to road signs.
• In modern societies, the attention frames are non-uniform, refined, and interactive.

So, Statement (II) is false. 

Therefore, Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.

Formula used:

Time = Distance/Speed

Calculation:

Let the speed of the car be x km/hr.

⇒ Speed of bus = (x - 25) km/hr

According to the question,

[500/(x - 25)] - (500/x) = 10

⇒ 500 × 25 = 10x(x - 25)

(x - 25)x = 50 × 25

⇒ x²- 25x = 1250

By solving the above equation

⇒ x = 50 km/hr & x - 25 = 25 km/hr

∴  Speed of the Bus = 50 - 25 = 25 km/hr

Calculation:

Take the double difference of the number.

The square of opposition is a diagram used in categorical logic to depict the logical relationship. 

Key Points

So, (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)  is correct matching.

Communication is the act of successfully conveying or exchanging ideas and feelings, whether orally, in writing, or by some other means. 

Key Points

• Effective communication is the process of exchanging words in order to ensure clarity and purpose.
• Communication barriers are anything that prevents a message from being understood.
• There are different types of barriers to effective communication: 
• Physical: actors that interfere with a conversation; such as Noise
• Perceptual: internal biases
• Emotional: on the account of the emotional and psychological status of the sender and receiver
• Cultural: cultural differences between sender and receiver.
• Semantic: different words mean different things to different people

Thus, the correct sequence of barriers to effective communication is Physical ⇒Perceptual ⇒Emotional ⇒Cultural ⇒Semantic. 

Additional Information

• According to Robbins et al, the sequence of communication functions is control, motivation, emotional expression, and information.

Given:

400 students took a mock test: 60% of the boys

and 80% of the girls cleared the cut off in the test.

 the total percentage of students clearing the cut off in the test is 65%

Calculation:

Let's assume there were b boys and g girls in the test.

According To question:

the total number of students who cleared the cut off = (60/100)b + (80/100)g = 0.65 * 400

the total number of students who took the test =  b + g = 400 

⇒ b = 400 - g

Substituting this value of b in the first equation:

(60/100)(400 - g) + (80/100)g = 0.65 * 400

Expanding and simplifying the equation:

240 - 0.6g + 0.8g = 260

0.2g = 20

g = 100

So, 100 girls appeared in the test.

Given:

The principal if the compound interest is charged on the principal at the rate of \(16\frac{2}{3}%\) per annum for two years.

Formula Used:

A = P x (1 + r/100)ⁿ,

where A is the final amount,

P is the principal amount,

r is the interest rate,

and n is the number of compounding periods.

Calculation:

In this case, n = 2 and

r =  \(16\frac{2}{3}%\) .

So, 

196 = P * (1 + \(16\frac{2}{3}\) /100)²

⇒ P = 196 / (1 +   \(16\frac{2}{3}\) /100)²

⇒ P = 196 / (1 + 0.166)2

⇒ P = 196 / 1.34996

⇒ P ≈ 144

So, the principal amount is approximately Rs. 144.

The categorical proposition is an assertion that links two kinds of objects. 

Key Points

• A categorical assertion written in standard form always starts with the subject term.
• In a categorical proposition of standard form, the predicate term comes after the subject.
• There are four standard forms of a categorical proposition: 
• Universal affirmative, All S is P or Every S is P
• Universal negative, No S is P
• Particular affirmative, Some S is P
• Particular negative, Some S is Not P
• The Categorical proposition of ‘Roses are fragrant is Universal All Roses are fragrant things.

Thus, the standard form categorical proposition of "Roses are fragrant" is All Roses are fragrant things. 

Additional Information

Given:

A sum of Rs. 53 is divided among A. B and C

A gets Rs. 7 more than what B gets and B gets Rs. 8 more than what C gets.

Calculation:

Let's assume that C gets x amount of money.

Then, B gets  = x + 8

A gets  = x + 15.

The total amount of money given to all three is

⇒ x + x + 8 + x + 15 = 53.

⇒  3x + 23 = 53

⇒ 3x = 30

⇒ x = 10.

So, C gets 10,

B gets = x + 8 = 10 + 8 =18,

and A gets = x + 15 = 10 + 15 = 25.

The ratio of their shares can be expressed as A : B : C = 25 : 18 : 10.

A logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that reduces the strength and persuasiveness of your argument. 

Key Points

• There are two main types of fallacies: Formal fallacy and Informal fallacy.
• Formal fallacies are kinds of deductive arguments that have flaws in the structure of the argument.
• The fallacy of the Illicit process of Major Term is invalid because the major term is not distributed in the major premise but is distributed in the conclusion.
• The structure of the argument is as follows: 
• All A are B
• No C are A
• Therefore, No C are B
• Whereas A is the middle term, B is the major term in the major premise and C is the Minor term in the minor premise. The Major term B is No distributed in conclusion.
• In the above Question argument, the Major term is sportspersons but is not distributed in the Conclusion, Whereas, actors which is a minor term is distributed.

Thus, the Fallacy of the Illicit process of Major Term is committed in the given argument. 

Additional Information

• Fallacy of Illicit process of Minor Term is invalid because the minor word is not distributed in the minor premise but is distributed in the conclusion.
• Fallacy of exclusive premises is ineffective since both of its premises are false.
• Existential fallacy occurs when we falsely assume that some class or group has members.

Communication is a process of achieving a shift in understanding between two or more individuals. 

Key PointsAssertion (A): The understanding of communication as a ritual is not a radical view.

• James W. Carey put out the ritual model of communication as a communications theory.
• According to the Ritual model of communication, communication is seen as a process that facilitates and enacts societal change.
• The ritual model of communication is a radical view.

Thus, (A) is false. 

Reason (R) : The hegemonic view of transmission of communication is no longer valid.

• According to the hegemonic model of communication, society's elite determines which ideas predominate in the public domain.
• Stories like race-superiority capitalism or even the nature of democracy, as well as ideas about morality, family structure, and other social standards.
• The hegemonic view of the transmission of communication is no longer valid because communication as a ritual act as a change in the status quo.

So, (R) is true. 

Therefore, (A) is false but (R) is true

The correct answer is (A), (B), (D) and (E) Only.

Nyaya is one of the six darshans of Indian philosophy. 

Key Points

• ​Nyaya philosophy is a form of direct realism.
• Its main work is the Nyaya-sutras, which is attributed to Gautama
• There are six Pramanas in Indian philosophy, whereas Pramanas are a reliable means of gaining knowledge.
• Nyaya schools accept only four Pramanas: 
• Pratyakṣa (perception)
• Anumāṇa (inference)
• Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy)
• Śabda (word and testimony).

Thus, Perception, Inference Verbal Testimony and Comparison are accepted as valid by the Naiyayikas. 

Additional Information

• According to Nya̅ya philosophy, an argument does not proceed on those issues that are well established.

The term social engineering is used to describe a wide range of malevolent behaviours. 

Key Points

• Social engineering is an attack method that mainly relies on human contact and frequently entails influencing people into breaking regular security processes and best practices.
• Attacks by social engineers may involve one or more steps.
• Malicious hackers pose as reliable people or information sources while using social engineering techniques to mask their true identity and objectives.
• The goal is to persuade, deceive, or manipulate users into disclosing private information or access.

Thus, Social engineering is the act of obtaining a password or other confidential information from a person within an organization by using unauthorized means such as feigning an emergency situation. 

Additional Information

• Trojan viruses sneak onto your computer by impersonating legitimate, functional programmes.
• Password cracking is the process of finding a lost or forgotten password for a computer or network resource.
• In a stepping-stone attack, an attacker leverages a network of hosts as relay computers and logs in to these hosts remotely.

The correct answer is Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.

Anvaya means agreement or concordance, whereas Vyatireka means discordance or difference.

Key PointsStatement (I): In Anvaya-Vyatireki: middle term is both positively and negatively related to the major term.

• There are three types of clarification of inference or Anumana based on vyapti, Kevalanvayi Anumana, Kevalavyatireki anumana and Anvayavyatireki Anumana.
• It occurs when the middle term has both a positive and a negative relationship with the major term.
• The hetu and the sadhya have a vyapti with regard to both their existence and absence.

So, Statement (I) is true. 

Statement (II): The knowledge of vyapti in Anvaya-vyatireki is arrived at through the joint method of agreement in presence and in absence.

• Anvaya-vyatireki inference is used when the middle term in inference is both presence and negatively related to the major term.
• Anvayavyatireki inference corresponds to J.S. Mill's Joint Method of Agreement and Difference.
• Whereas, Kevalanvayi inference corresponds to Mill’s Method of Agreement and Kevalavyatireki inference corresponds to his Method of Difference.

Thus, Statement (II) is true. 

Therefore, Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.

Computer networking is the term for a network of connected computers that may communicate and share resources. 

Key Points

• These networked devices transmit data through wireless or physical technologies using a set of guidelines known as communications protocols.
• There are different types of computer networks.
• LAN (Local Area Network) is a computer network that connects devices within a small geographical area, such as a building or a campus.
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is a larger network than LAN, covering a metropolitan area, such as a city.
• WAN (Wide Area Network) is the largest type of computer network, covering a large geographical area, such as a country or the entire world.

Therefore, the ascending order of geographical area implied by these networks is LAN⇒ MAN⇒ WAN.

Additional Information

• Communications protocols are networked devices transmit data through wireless or physical technologies using a set of guidelines.

Social networking is the practice of maintaining contact with friends, family, coworkers, and consumers through web-based social media platforms. 

Key PointsStatement (I): ‘Twitter’ allows users to send small posts known as ‘tweets’ upto 140 characters in length.

• Twitter is a social networking and news website where users exchange brief messages known as tweets.
• Tweeting is the practice of sending quick messages to followers.
• Twitter permits users to up to 280 characters.

Thus, Statement (I) is false

Statement (II): By default. blogs display posts in chronological order on the home page with the earliest post at the top. 

• The blog is an online diary or informational website that displays content in reverse chronological order with the most recent posts appearing.
• It serves as a forum for writers to express their opinions on specific topics.
• Justin Hall was the first blogger on the internet.

So, Statement (II) is false. 

Therefore, Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false. 

Confusion Points

• On the home page, blogs by default display posts in reverse chronological order with the most recent post appearing first.

A computer system's memory is its most crucial component because a computer cannot carry out basic operations.

Key Points

• There are two basic forms of computer memory: primary memory (RAM and ROM), and secondary memory (hard drive, CD, etc).
• Primary memory is relatively quick since it is situated near the CPU on the computer motherboard and consists of ROM and RAM.
• RAM memory is used to store the programs and data that the CPU needs to run a program.
• It is a volatile memory because when the power is switched off, the data is lost.
• RAM allows the user to read and write data.
• ROM stands for Read Only Memory.
• The BIOS has always been stored in ROM.

Thus, the correct answers from the options are (B), (C), and (D) only.

A hub is a piece of hardware that connects various network devices at the physical layer.

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II) is the correct option.

​The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a forum for increasing the adoption of solar energy technology. 

Key Points

• Its primary goals are to support energy access, guarantee energy security, and promote energy transition.
• In order to organize efforts against climate change through the use of solar energy solutions.
• India and France came together to develop the ISA.
• Currently, 106 nations have signed the ISA Framework Agreement in total in which 86 of the 106 countries have ratified.
• In 2018, the ISA is open to participation by all United Nations members.

Thus, In 2018, the Original Framework Agreement on establishment of International Solar Alliance was amended to extend the scope of its membership to All member states of United Nations. 

Additional Information

• Some of the important projects of the ISA are One Sun One World One Grid, ISA Solar Technology and Application Resource Centre, Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation.

The correct answer is Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.

Key PointsStatement (I): Atmospheric stability is important because it determines the ability of pollutants to disperse vertically in the atmosphere.

• Atmospheric stability is the most crucial factor in the movement and dispersion of air pollution.
• It is the tendency of the atmosphere to either suppress or amplify existing turbulence to either minimize or intensify vertical motion.
• Whether air will ascend and generate storms descend and cause clear skies depends on the stability of the atmosphere

Thus, Statement (I) is true

Statement (II): In summer season in India the atmosphere is generally stable.

• The air conditions over the Indian landmass during the summer are characterized by high temperatures across the northwest region with low pressure over the region's northwest and the emergence of localized depressions.
• In summer season in India the atmosphere is generally non-stable.
• In the United States the atmosphere is generally stable in summer season.

So, Statement (II) is false 

Therefore, Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false

The correct answer is C > D > B > A.

Key Points

• Biogas is a renewable fuel created when organic material like food scraps and animal manure decomposes.
• It is created during a process known as anaerobic digestion in which microbes break down organic matter such as food or animal manure without the presence of oxygen.
• The waste material must be contained in an environment with no oxygen for this to happen.
• The components of biogas in terms of their abundance are mentioned below with their respective percentages. 
• Methane (50-85%)
• Carbon dioxide (5-50%)
• Water vapor (0-10%)
• Hydrogen (0-1%)
• Hydrogen sulphide (0-3%)
• Nitrogen (0-5%)

Thus, the correct sequence of various components of biogas in terms of their abundance is Methane (CH4) ⇒ Carbon dioxide (CO2) ⇒ Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) ⇒ Ammonia (NH3). 

Additional Information

• In place of coal or natural gas, stored biogas can offer a safe, dependable, and sustainable source of baseload electricity.

The correct answer is Advisory body to GOI.

Key Points

• NITI Aayog was founded on January 1^st, 2015.
• NITI Aayog stands for National Institution for Transforming India.
• NITI Aayog headquarters in New Delhi.
• On March 15, 1950, the Planning Commission was established.
• It gives the government advice on a variety of topics.
• It is severe as a Think tank to the government of India.

Thus, NITI Aayog is an Advisory body to GOI. 

Additional Information

• The NITI Aayog's composition is as follows:
• CHAIRMAN
• VICE-CHAIRMAN
• CEO

The correct answer is Radha Krishnan Commission.

Key Points

• On November 4, 1948, the University Education Commission was established by the Indian government.
• The University Education Commission's chairperson was Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.
• Radha Krishnan Commission's recommendation led to the establishment of The University Grants Commission.
• The Commission released a report in August 1949 that contained a number of key suggestions regarding many facets of higher education.
• They are now responsible for more than just the two fundamental tasks of teaching and knowledge expansion.
• The Radhakrishnan Commission recommended, among other things, that teachers earn a portion of higher pay as a means of incentivizing them to impart knowledge.
• Hon. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad released a statement outlining the government's objectives regarding the purpose and scope of the investigation.

Thus, The University Grants Commission was constituted on the recommendation of the Radha Krishnan Commission. 

Additional Information

• The Mudaliar Commission is another name for the Secondary Education Commission.

The correct answer is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II).

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II) are the correct options.

The correct answer is Acids of arsenic.

Drinking water is significantly contaminated by arsenic. 

Key Points

• Arsenic contamination is frequently brought on by naturally existing high quantities of arsenic in deeper layers of groundwater.
• Arsenic-contaminated water contains arsenic acid and derivatives of arsenic.
• They are not aggressive acids and are found in underlying rocks that encircle the aquifer.
• The World Health Organization suggests that water's arsenic content should be less than 10 g/L.
• Around 70 countries contain arsenic in drinking water.

Thus, Arsenic pollution in groundwater is due to Acids of arsenic. 

Additional Information

• Arsenic may also cause various cancers in addition to lung and skin cancers.

The correct answer is B > A > C > D > E.

Key Points

• The Sustainable Development Goals is a set of 17 connected goals.
• It serves as a "shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet now and into the future".
• The UNGA formed the SDGs in 2015 as part of the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
• The Sustainable Development Report is developed by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network in order to encourage practical problem-solving for sustainable development.
• According to Sustainable Development Index 2020: 
• The USA, 31
• China, 48
• Brazil, 53
• Russia, 57
• India, 117

Thus, the correct sequence of the countries in respect of their ranking in the Sustainable Development Index 2020 is the USA ⇒China ⇒Brazil ⇒Russia ⇒India. 

Additional Information

• According to Sustainable Development Index 2020, Sweden, Denmark and Finland are at the top.
• Some goals have no set deadline, the majority are to be accomplished by 2030.

Institute of National Importance is a status conferred to a premier public higher education institution. 

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (II), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (III) is the correct matching.

The correct answer is 'Large number of people going hungry'.

Key Points

• Let's understand the passage.
• From the passage, '................................The UNFAO had estimated that one-third of all produced food may be getting wasted. The world produces twice the amount of food that is needed, but large numbers of people are deprived of it due to wastage and other reasons............................................'.
• It is said that one-third of the food produced gets wasted leaving a large number of people hungry.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

​Therefore, the correct answer is -'Large number of people going hungry'.

The correct answer is '(A) and (B)'.

Key Points

• Let's understand the passage.
• From the passage, '...............................There is a need to improve production and storage practices, transport and infrastructure, cold chain systems and processing techniques. Modern technologies and packaging methods are needed................................................'.
• Wastage of food can be reduced by improving production and storage practices, transport and infrastructure, cold chain systems.
• Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

Therefore, the correct answer is -'(A) and (B)'**.

The correct answer is 'Public awareness'.

Key Points

• Let's understand the passage.
• From the given sentences, '............................So, the most important requirement is to improve popular awareness of the need to ensure that food is not wasted in any form, at any stage. China has launched a clean plate campaign against wastage. It is estimated that food worth at least Rs. 1 lakh crore is wasted in India, and this does not include wastage of cooked food..........................................'.
• China has launched an awareness program called clean plate campaign which spreads awareness among people on the need to stop food wastage.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

Therefore, the correct answer is -'Public awareness'.

The correct answer is 'Environmental pollution'.

Key Points

• Let's understand the passage.
• From the given sentences, '........................The UN report says that reducing food waste would also cut greenhouse gas emissions and slow the destruction of nature through land conversion and pollution. Avoiding food wastage should therefore became a national mission. It will have very positive environmental, social and economic impacts........................................'.
• According a report by the UN, reduction in the wastage of food could help cut down the emission of greenhouse gases, slow the destruction of nature. Therefore, reduction in food wastage, reduces environmental pollution.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

Therefore, the correct answer is -'Environmental pollution'.

The correct answer is 'Making food available to all '.

Key Points

• Let's understand the passage.
• From the given sentences, '.......................................The UNFAO had estimated that one-third of all produced food may be getting wasted. The world produces twice the amount of food that is needed, but large numbers of people are deprived of it due to wastage and other reasons..................................................'.
• More food than required for consumption is being produced but large number of people don't get food that is required for them. It is because a large quantity of food that is produced goes wasted before it is used. Therefore, it is very much needed to stop wastage of food to make it available for all.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

Therefore, the correct answer is -'Making food available to all'.

The term environmental education refers to systematic initiatives to impart knowledge about how natural environments work.

Key PointsStatement (I): Education for the environment is a process of inquiry and action on real environmental issues.

• The process of environmental education helps people to learn about environmental problems.
• Environmental education is a process that allows individuals to explore environmental issues, engage in problem-solving, and take action to improve the environment.
• People get a deeper grasp of environmental issues as a result, and they are more equipped to make responsible decisions.

Thus, Statement (I) is true. 

Statement (II): Children are educated about environmental problems, equality and many other issues, without the development of skills and attitudes to meet these challenges. 

• According to UNESCO, Education about the environment is essential for instilling a natural reverence in society and raising environmental awareness.
• It further helps individuals to solve them and takes steps to protect the environment.
• It will help individuals develop a deeper understanding of environmental issues and have the skills to make informed and responsible decisions.

The components of environmental education are:

• Awareness and sensitivity to the environment and environmental challenges
• Knowledge and understanding of the environment and environmental challenges
• Attitudes of concern for the environment and motivation to improve or maintain environmental quality
• Skills to identify and help resolve environmental challenges
• Participation in activities that lead to the resolution of environmental challenges

Hence, statement II is false.

Therefore, Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false