UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 12 Oct 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

To calculate the number of female teachers in City B, we need to find the total number of teachers in City B and then subtract the number of male teachers in City B.

Total number of teachers in City B = 4500 x 16/100 = 720

Number of female teachers in City B = 720 - 400 = 320

Number of male teachers in City C = 600

The ratio of the number of male teachers in City C to the number of female teachers in City B = 600 : 320 = 15 ∶ 8

The total number of male teachers in City F is 100.

The number of female teachers in City C is

⇒  (28% of 4500 teachers) - 600 male teachers

⇒ 1260 - 600 = 660 female teachers.

The number of female teachers in City B is

⇒ (16% of 4500 teachers) - 400 male teachers

⇒ 720 - 400 =  320 female teachers.

So, the total number of male teachers in City-F, female teachers in City-C, and female teachers in City-B together is

⇒ 100 + 660 + 320 = 1080.

In City B, there are 400 male teachers

And (16% of 4500 teachers - 400 male teachers = 320 female teachers)

In City E, there are 500 male teachers

And (21% of 4500 teachers - 500 male teachers = 445 female teachers).

Hence, In city B and E, the number of male teachers more than the number of female teachers.

The number of female teachers in City D

⇒ (15% of 4500 teachers) - 100 male teachers

⇒ 675 - 100 = 575 female teachers.

The number of teachers in City A

⇒ 14% of 4500 teachers

⇒ 6300 / 100 = 630 teachers.

Therefore, the number of female teachers in City D is approximately

⇒ 575 / 630 x 100 = 91%

91% of the total number of teachers in City A.

The difference between the total number of teachers in City E and the number of female teachers in City F is

⇒ (6% of 4500 teachers) - 100

⇒ 270 - 100 =  170.

The total number of teachers in all six cities is 4500

The number of female teachers in City E is

⇒ (21% of 4500 teachers) - 500 

⇒ 945  - 500 = 445

The number of male teacher in City E = 500

Total number of teacher in City E = 500 + 445 = 945

So, the difference between the total number of teachers in City E and the number of female teachers in City F is

⇒ 945 - 170 = 775

The National Education Policy of India was approved by the Indian Union Cabinet on July 29, 2020.

Key Points

• Its objectives are Quality, Affordability Equity, Access and Accountability.
• The policy calls for changes in education at every level, from elementary school to higher education.
• NEP aspires to enhance the emphasis on improving teacher preparation, changing the current exam system, early childhood care and reorganising the educational regulatory environment.
• It seeks to establish a super body for higher education Higher Education Council of India (HECI).
• Additionally, HECI will have four separate verticals:
• General Education Council (GEC)
• National Higher Education Regulatory Council (NHERC)
• National Accreditation Council (NAC)
• Higher Education Grants Council (HEGC)
• NHERC is a single-point regulator for the higher education sector including teacher preparation**, with the exception of medical and legal education.**

Thus, According to National Education Policy (2020), The National Higher Education Regulatory Council will be the single-point regulator for all disciplines except Medical and Legal education. 

Additional Information

• The General Education Curriculum will create a National Higher Education Qualification Framework (NHEQF).

Context refers to a process that involves the evaluation of information that affects the communication process.

Key PointsStatement I: The physical context of communication must be tangible.

• The term physical context of communication refers to all of the components that are tangible.
• It is perceptible to the senses around the speakers at the time of a communicative fact.
• These components immediately influence both the sender and the destination, simplifying or obstructing the message's transit.

So, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: The temporal context of message deals with the sequence of events.

• The positioning of a message inside a series of conversational events.
• It controls the tone of the conversation as well as how subjects are brought up and discussed further.
• Deciphering the order of various communication events requires knowledge of time in communication.

Thus, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Research is defined as a creative and methodical activity done to improve the body of knowledge. 

Key Points

• Types of Research on the basis of Objective are Descriptive, Diagnostic, Exploratory, and Experimental.
• Exploratory research is used when a research area hasn't been thoroughly examined before.
• Exploratory research is done to identify the nature of the problem.
• The researcher must be prepared to alter the course if new information or insights are discovered.
• It is also frequently referred to as interpretive research or a grounded theory approach because of its adaptable and open-ended nature.

Thus, the type of research in which the researcher gains familiarity with a phenomenon or achieves new insights into it is known as an Exploratory research study.

Additional Information

• Diagnostic research study: The diagnostic research paradigm is a normal and straightforward approach to problem-solving.
• Descriptive research study: Researchers can describe or offer a picture of the phenomenon or phenomena under inquiry using descriptive designs.
• Hypothesis testing study: It is evaluating how reliably one may extrapolate observed findings in a study sample to the larger population

Calculation : 

0.25, 2.25, 6.25, 12.25, ?

⇒ 2.25 - 0.25 = 2 

⇒ 6.25 - 2.25 = 4

⇒ 12.25 - 6.25 = 6

Now, as difference between the fourth and third term is 6. So, the difference between the fifth and fourth term is,

⇒ 6 + 2 = 8

Add 8 in fourth term to get fifth term,

Fifth term = 12.25 + 8 

Fifth term = 20.25

Thus, the sequence become,

0.25, 2.25, 6.25, 12.25, 20.25

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Ethnocentrism is the perception that one's own culture is superior to other civilizations. 

Key Points

• Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view others and their behaviour through one's own cultural filters.
• It is a component of cross-cultural communication that can have a significant impact on how people communicate.
• Ethnic identity is the devotion to one's own cultural values and philosophy.
• Effective communication distance on a continuum of ethnocentrism: 
• Equality
• Sensitivity
• Indifference
• Avoidance
• Disparagement

Thus, communication distance on a continuum of ethnocentrism in the sequence is Equality⇒ Sensitivity⇒ Indifference⇒ Avoidance⇒ Disparagement. 

Additional Information

• Ethnocentrism is a good self-centered emotion.

Education policy deals with the field of education as well as the body of laws and regulations that control how educational systems are run. 

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I) is correct matching.

A test of hypothesis is a procedure for evaluating the importance of population parameters based on a sample taken from it.

Key Points

• If the population mean (μ) is equal to the hypothesised mean (H₀) = 100.
• The null hypothesis is that the population mean equals the hypothesized mean of 100 and it is indicated by H0∶ μ = μH₀ = 100.
• The alternative hypothesis (Hα) is the collection of alternatives to the null hypothesis.
• If we accept H0, we reject Hα, and vice versa if we reject H0, we accept Hα.
• So, three possible alternative hypotheses can which are mentioned below: 
• Hα ∶ μ ≠ μH0, the Alternate hypothesis is that the population mean is not equal to 100
• Hα ∶ μ > μH0, the Alternative hypothesis is that the population mean is greater than 100
• Hα ∶ μ < μH0, the Alternative hypothesis is that the population mean is less than 100

Therefore, (A) -(III), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV) is correct matching.

A skill is the acquired capacity to move with deliberate intent and good execution. 

Key Points 

So, (A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (IV), (D) - (I) is correct matching.

Vermicompost is a fantastic, nutrient-rich organic fertiliser and soil conditioner. 

Key Points

• Vermicomposting is the process of earthworms that naturally turn garbage with hard structures into compost.
• The process of preparing vermicompost is mentioned below: 
• Construction of a pit of half a square meter area and one meter deep
• Lining up with straw or dried grass and leaves
• Putting into the pit the organic wastes as and when generated
• Introduction of the culture of worms into the pit.
• Water the pit once or twice a week

Thus, the correct sequence is (D)⇒ (B)⇒ (E)⇒ (A)⇒ (C). 

Additional Information

• Compost created through this environmentally friendly procedure is traditionally and frequently used as a natural fertilizer to promote plant development.

The correct answer is 100 DU. 

Key Points

• Ozone in the atmosphere is measured in "Dobson" units.
• The number of ozone molecules needed to produce a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimetres thick at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and an atmospheric pressure of one Dobson unit.
• As we know: 0.01mm = 1 Dobson unit.
• Then 0.50mm = 50 DU
• So, 1mm = 100 DU.

Thus, a 1 mm layer of pure ozone gas around the earth at normal temperature and pressure is equivalent to 100 DU. 

Additional Information

• The ozone layer is typically around 300 Dobson Units thick across the surface of the Earth.

A logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that reduces the strength and persuasiveness of an argument.

Key Points

• There are two main types of fallacies: Formal fallacy and informal fallacy.
• An informal fallacy is an error in the argument's form, content, or context.
• Fallacies of Ambiguity occur when some ambiguity over the meaning of the words used in the argument.
• There are various types of fallacies of ambiguity: 
• fallacy of equivocation
• fallacy of amphiboly
• fallacy of accent
• fallacy of composition

Thus, the fallacy of Accident is not a fallacy of Ambiguity. 

Additional Information

• The fallacy of Accident: It occurs when the general premise with a qualified meaning applies to all implied circumstances without exception or qualification.

Cybertheft happens when a thief accesses a victim's personal or financial information online. 

Key Points

Therefore, (A) -(III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II) is correct matching.

Given:

Price of a mobile is first increased by 20% and later decreased by 25%

Calculation:

Let's assume the original price of the mobile is 100.

When the price is increased by 20%, it becomes 100 x 1.20 = 120.

Then, when the price is decreased by 25%, it becomes

⇒ 120 * (1 - 0.25) = 90.

Final price of the mobile is

⇒ (90 - 100) / 100 * 100 = -10%.

So, the final price is decreased by 10% compared to the original price.

The square of opposition is a diagram used in categorical logic to depict the logical relationship.

Key Points

 

Relationships between Propositions:

• Now, All college professors are entertaining lecturers' is True is given as True, I (Subalternation) is True, E (contrary) is False and O is (contradictory) True.
• **So, '**No college professors are entertaining lecturers' is false and 'Some college professors are entertaining lecturers' is true.

Therefore, the correct answers from the options are (A) and (C) only.

Universities are regarded as significant role in societal growth and transformation processes.

Key PointsAssertion A: Universities play a key role in building a symbiotic relationship between the nation, state and society.

• Universities may also play a part in the creation of new civil society institutions and the advancement of fresh cultural ideals.
• Universities play a key role in building a symbiotic relationship between the nation, state and society.
• It provides the education and socialization of members of the emerging generation.

Thus, A is correct. 

Reason R: Universities are centres for the creation and transmission of knowledge.

• This entails solving existential issues, developing technological solutions, and producing fresh knowledge that can be applied to advancements in the economy, politics, and society.
• In addition, it plays a role in creating new knowledge and transferring knowledge to young students.
• It offers invaluable contextualized knowledge, insights, and recommendations that are locally relevant for policy formulation and implementation.

So, R is correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A. 

Therefore, Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

A logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that reduces the strength and persuasiveness of an argument.

Key Points

• There are two main types of fallacies: Formal fallacy and informal fallacy.
• An informal fallacy is an error in the argument's form, content, or context.

Thus, (A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (III), (D) - (II) is correct matching.

The correct answer is "​Actions of the public".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the above passage.
• ​Public action, in a broad sense, can play a central role in economic development and in bringing social opportunities within the reach of people as a whole.
• From the above statement of the passage it is clear that actions of the public can bring the social opportunities within the reach of the people.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct answer is "​Public influence on policy-decisions".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the above passage.
• The role of public activisim in influencing government policy can be particularly important in promoting the positive functions of the government.
• From the above statement it is clear that the positive functions of the government can be supported by public influence on policy-decisions.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is "​Effective public activism".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the above passage.
• The vigilance and involvement of the public can be quite crucial not only in ensuring an adequate expansion of these essential services but also in monitoring their functioning.
• From the above statement of the passage it is clear that the adequate monitoring of public services is possible through effective public activism.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is "Local community involved".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the above passage.
• Indeed the actual reach and effective quality of the services that are meant to be, in principle available often depends a great deal on the information that the local community gathers and the extent to which it can get its voice heard.
• From the above statement it is clear that the  effective quality of services depends upon making Local community involved.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is "Pressure by beneficiaries".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the above passage.
• Besides, schools, hospitals and other facilities can be made more sensitive to the public needs if there is a local pressure in that direction, better than the directions from the above.
• From the above statement it is clear that the passage advocate to make services sensitive to public needs pressure by beneficiaries.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Logical inference is a process of drawing logical conclusions from premises. 

Key PointsAssertion A: There are certain psychological conditions under which inference takes place.

• Inference in the narrow sense is the reasoning process expressed by an argument.
• If the conclusion of an inference is logically deduced from the premises and is supported by credible evidence, the inference is said to be valid.
• There are certain psychological conditions under which inference takes place.

Thus, A is true. 

Reason R: The absence of positive knowledge and the will to infer its presence or absence are prerequisites for inference to be drawn.

• The absence of positive knowledge of a fact must be supported by evidence.
• In case it is not supported then it can infer its presence or absence.
• To infer the presence or absence is a prerequisite for inference to be drawn.

So, R is true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

The idea of a learning management system was born out of e-Learning. 

Key Points

Thus, (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III) are the correct options.

An analysis of arguments necessitates paying close attention to language. 

Key PointsAssertion A: A proper name has only denotation but no connotation.

• Denotation is the extensional meaning of words which represents the class of the words or terms.
• Whereas, the connotation is the intentional meaning of words that represent the attribute & quality.
• For example, Cat as a proper name, in extensional meaning represents the meaning of class.

Thus, the assertion is correct. 

Reason R: Intension refers to a set of adjectives; Extension refers to a set of substantives.

• The intentional meaning of words which represent the attribute & quality, these are attributes of the noun.
• The extensional meaning of words represents the class of the words or terms.

So, R is true and R is the correct explanation of A. 

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical can harm another organism. 

Key PointsStatement I: Chronic toxicity caused due to hazardous wastes is not difficult to determine.

• A hazardous substance is any substance that could hurt directly or indirectly.
• It can produce two types of toxicity Chronic toxicity and acute toxicity.
• Chronic toxicity tests can be expensive and challenging.

So, Statement I is incorrect. 

Statement II: Chronic effects may be seen immediately after exposure.

• Chronic toxicity is the term used to describe the toxic effects that other harmful substances have on people or the environment.
• It happens after being exposed to them for an extended period of time.
• Cancer is one of the chronic toxins that are difficult to detect in the meantime.

Thus, Statement II is incorrect.

Hence, Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.

Concept:-

The expression between the population growth after time t and initial population can be given as,

⇒ N(t) = N₀2^t

Where N(t) = Population size after time t, N0 = Initial population, t = time required

Explanation:-

Given that, the population of a bacteria culture doubles every 2 minutes.

Here, initial amount of bacteria N0 = 1

Final amount of bacteria N(t) = 1024

Using the above formula, we get,

⇒ 1024 = 1 × 2t 

⇒ 1 × 2^t =1024

⇒ 2t =1024

⇒ 2t = 210 

As, the base is same. So, we can equate the powers of both the sides.

⇒ t = 10 minutes

Since, the bacteria culture doubles every 2 minutes. Thus, 10 two-minute intervals are required, which is 20 minutes.

So, the total time which will it take for the population to grow from 1 to, 1024 is 20 minutes.

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Communication is a process of transferring information from one person or group to another. 

Key Points

• There are five types of communication intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication.
• Organisational communication refers to the channels and modes of communication in an Organisation.
• Organisational communication is applied in nature.
• The effectiveness of a company can be significantly impacted by improving organizational communication.
• The process through which individuals create, control, and interpret behaviours and symbols.

Thus, Organisational communication is applied in nature. 

Additional Information

• Group communication occurs when three or more people interact to accomplish a common objective.

Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in October 2013.  

Key Points

Some of the Objective of RUSA is given below: 

• It aims to give qualifying state higher education institutions strategic funding.
• It establishes a supportive institutional framework at the state level, encourages state university autonomy and enhances institutional governance through accountability.
• It ensures reforms in the affiliation, academic and examination systems.
• It will help to Improve the quality of education and infrastructure.

Thus, the correct answers from the options are (A) and (B) only. 

Additional Information

• By 2020, RUSA wants to raise the nation's gross enrollment ratio to 30%.

Survey scales are indices that quantify the kinds of variables that are not directly observed but rather inferred from the other variables. 

Key Points 

• There are various types of Survey Scales such as the Likert Scale, Guttman Scale, Proximity Scale, and Mokken Scale.
• A Likert scale is a rating system used to quantify attitudes, behaviours, and views.
• The Likert-type scale is simpler to create because it can be used without a panel of judges.
• A Likert scale assumes the strength/intensity of the attitudes and opinions of individuals.
• The Likert scale is also known as the frequency scale, a succinct explanation of a scale that is frequently used in empirical research.

Thus, the correct answer from the options (A), (D), (E) only. 

Additional Information

• A Guttman scale is an ordinal scale type where assertions are put in a hierarchical sequence so that someone who agrees with one item will also agree with lower-order

Particulates are microscopic fragments of solid material that are released into the atmosphere.

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III) is correct matching.

Data collection is the process of acquiring and analysing information on relevant variables in a planned methodical way. 

Key Points

• There are different methods of Data Collection such as Surveys, Transactional Tracking, Interviews and Focus Groups, Observation, Online Tracking etc.
• Scaling is a method of placing respondents in a continuous, gradual shift in the pre-assigned values, symbols, or numbers based on the characteristics of an object.
• On the basis of primary scaling techniques, it can be divided into Nominal scale, Ordinal scale, Interval scale, and Ratio scale.

Thus, the procedure of assigning numbers to various degrees of opinion, attitude and other concepts, is called Scaling. 

Additional Information

• Variance: The statistical assessment of the difference between numbers in a data set.
• Regression: Regression is the effect of a dependent variable on one or more independent variables.
• Concordance: It is a correlation coefficient that measures the agreement between two variables.

Measurement tools to help in a subject, client, or patient assessment or evaluation.

Key Points

The technique for developing measurement tools is mentioned below: 

• Concept development: The researcher should come to an understanding of the key ideas involved in his investigation.
• Specification of concept dimensions: It is a more intuitive or empirical correlation.
• Selection of indicators: The use of many indicators increases the validity of the score and offers it stability.
• Formation of index: Aggregation of several aspects of a notion into a single index, which is often accomplished by adding the appropriate score values.

Thus, the correct sequence for the technique of developing measurement tools is Concept development⇒ Specification of concept dimensions ⇒Selection of indicators⇒ Formation of an index. 

Additional Information

• There are four scales of measurement such as nominal scale, ordinal scale, interval scale and ratio scale.

Thermal power plants release a number of pollutants that have been connected to the environment. 

Key PointsAssertion A: Bottom ash generated into the boilers of the thermal power plants are major cause of nearby river pollution.

• Bottom ash is a non-combustible byproduct of combustion in a thermal power plant.
• It is generated into the boilers of thermal power plants.
• Bottom ash disposed into the nearby river and its pollutant.

So, A is true. 

Reason R: The hotwater generated from thermal power plants are discharged into the nearby rivers.

• Thermal power plants generate hot water and discharge it into the nearby rivers.
• The high temperature and oxygen deprivation decrease the activity of aerobic decomposers.
• Aquatic life is negatively impacted when heated water from thermal power plants.

Thus, R is true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A

Therefore, Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

A file format is a common method of encoding data for storage in a computer file.

Key Points

• It describes the use of bits to encrypt data on a digital storage device.
• There are both proprietary and open-source file formats.
• The audio file format refers to the bit structure of the audio data that can be uncompressed or compressed
• The famous audio file formats are M4A, FLAC, FLAC, MP3, WAV, WMA and AAC.
• Waveform Audio File Format is a standard audio file format for storing an audio bitstream on PCs.
• A sound sequence can be compressed into a very little file using MP3.

Thus, WAV and MP3 are file formats containing exclusively the sound file format appropriate for web distribution. 

Additional Information

• AVI stands for Audio Video Interleave and is a file format suited for synchronized playback of various types of video and audio streams.
• WMV's full form is Windows Media Video and is used to share video content via HD DVD and Blu-ray Discs.

Digital education is a method of learning that makes use of technology and digital gadgets.

Key Points

• It enables learners to access study material from any location and time.
• A national education portal called DIKSHA was introduced on September 5^th, 2017.
• The National Council for Education Research and Training and the Ministry of Human Resource Development have launched this programme in the area of digital learning.
• It works as a national repository of high-quality resources on foundational literacy and numeracy.

So, Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA) is the national repository of high-quality resources on foundational literacy and numeracy. 

Additional Information

• National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS): It was established in 1989. It aims to provide education to all segments of society.
• National Repository on Open Educational Resources (NROER): It is developed by CIET and NCERT in 2013. It hosts a large number of educational resources in different Indian languages for Primary, Secondary and Senior Secondary classes.
• National Professional Standards for Teachers (NPST): It is guidelines for effective and high-quality teaching. It is mentioned NEP policy 2020.

Mass communication is the process of transferring and distributing information to broad population segments. 

Key Points

• Social networking is the practice of maintaining contact with friends, family, coworkers, and consumers through web-based social media platforms.
• Websites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, and social networking are examples of social networking.
• Video media is computer files containing video in different digital forms.
• A Viral video is a video that gains popularity online on social networking websites or apps.

Thus, Viral is describing a video that has been watched by a lot of people over a short period of time.

Additional Information

• Tag means when someone mentions another person in a post.

A computer is a device that may be configured to automatically perform a series of logical or mathematical processes.

Key Points

• The development of the computer had begun in the sixteenth century.
• It continued to advance in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and cost in order to push the design of computers.
• on the basis of the Generation of Computer and hardware features are mentioned below: 
• First Generation Computers - Vacuum-Tube Based
• Second Generation Computers - Transistor Based
• Third Generation Computers - Integrated-Circuit Based
• Fourth Generation Computers - Microprocessor-Based
• Fifth Generation Computers - Artificial Intelligence Based

Thus, the correct order of major technological changes in computers is based on the fourth to the first generation of computers Microprocessors⇒ Integrated Circuits⇒ Transistors⇒ Vacuum Tubes.

Additional Information

• The vacuum tube is an electronic device that regulates the flow of electrons in a vacuum.
• An integrated circuit (IC) is a compact electronic circuit that is printed on a silicon chip and has a large number of its own circuit components

Electronic mail is a way of sending and receiving communications online.

Key Points

Statement I: You can create folders to store and organise your emails.

• Emails offer a quick and simple method of communication.
• The mail inbox provides several folders and subfolders that can be created to help with message organization.
• It can be sent simultaneously to numerous recipients.

So, Statement I is true but Statement II is false. 

Statement II: You can add attachments of any file size to an email.

• Images, music, and video data are included in mail messages in addition to text.
• There is a limitation on the size of the attachment which can be sent through email.
• Email cannot express feelings which leads to misreading.

Thus, Statement II is false. 

Hence, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Shortcut Trick

Let the current sum of the twins' ages be S.

Current Kavita age = 3S + 8. After 9 years, sum of two twins increases by 18.

Condition: (3S + 8) + 9 = 2(S + 18) + 1 ⇒ 3S + 17 = 2S + 37 ⇒ S = 20.

Kavita current age = 3(20) + 8 = 68 years. Twins age = 20 ÷ 2 = 10 years each.

Age at birth = 68 − 10 = 58 years.

∴ The correct answer is 58 years.

Alternate Method

Given: Kavita age (K) = 3 × (Sum of twins) + 8. Twins are twins, so each has age x.

Formula Used: Linear equations based on age conditions.

⇒ Let age of each grandson be x. Sum of ages = 2x.

⇒ Kavita age (K) = 3(2x) + 8 = 6x + 8.

⇒ After 9 years, Kavita age = K + 9 and Sum of grandsons age = (x + 9) + (x + 9) = 2x + 18.

⇒ According to question: (6x + 8) + 9 = 2(2x + 18) + 1.

⇒ 6x + 17 = 4x + 36 + 1 ⇒ 6x + 17 = 4x + 37.

⇒ 2x = 20 ⇒ x = 10 years (Current age of each grandson).

⇒ Kavita current age K = 6(10) + 8 = 68 years.

⇒ Age when grandsons were born = 68 − 10 = 58 years.

∴ The correct answer is 58 years.

Additional Information

Sum of Ages in Future

If there are n people, the sum of their ages after t years increases by n × t.

Age Difference Constant

The difference between the ages of two individuals remains constant regardless of the number of years passed.

Ratio Method for Ages

When ratios at two different times are given, equalize the difference between ratio parts to find the multiplier.

Learning is the process of an individual changing their behaviour in a way that is desirable to society. 

Key Points

• Communication refers to the interchange of ideas or information used to transmit various messages through oral, written, or non-verbal means.
• Development of communication skills among learners involves:
• Logical argumentation
• Message should be in concise form
• Sharing of doubts
• Focus on a specific message at a time
• Understanding of human psychology

Thus, the development of communication skills among learners involves are Vertical flow of information, sharing of doubts and understanding of human psychology. 

Additional Information

• There are four main elements of communication Message, Source/ Sender, Medium or Channel and Receiver.

The classroom arrangement is a classroom's physical setup including the chairs, tables, and supplies. 

Key PointsStatement I: It is not desirable to have all the interest areas around the outside of the classroom, leaving a large dead space in the middle.

• There is more to a classroom's physical design than merely the instructor's organizational or aesthetic tastes.
• While designing the classroom arrangement, teachers avoid dead spaces and racetracks.
• Sometimes it is not desirable to have all the areas of interest outside of the classroom.

So, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: It is not desirable to put bookshelves next to the reading area and games equipments by the game table.

• The items which are going to be used in the schools have their own utility.
• So, each item should be organized according to the place of utility.
• Such as bookshelves next to the reading area and games equipment by the game table.

So, Statement II is incorrect. 

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Assessment is a systematic method of capturing and using empirical data to enhance programmes and student learning. 

Key Points

• There are two types of assessment, traditional and alternative assessment.
• Alternative assessment is used to assess higher-level ranking.
• This kind of assessment tool focuses on the student's development and performance.
• Performance tests, portfolios and exhibitions are the alternate assessment methods to assess the performance in context.
• Exhibitions feature exhibits of one's own works, objects, or performances.
• Portfolios to help students organise and keep track of their work.

Thus, approaches to assessment that require performance in context are Portfolios and Exhibitions. 

Additional Information

• Think-Pair-Share: It is a cooperative learning exercise that may be used in classrooms of various sizes and for any subject.
• Token reinforcement: It encourages the use and acceptance of constructive behaviours.
• Priming: Priming is a strategy used to assist kids to get ready for an upcoming activity.

Concept Used:-

A fraction number is used for representing the part of a whole number. There are two parts of a fraction numerator and denominator.

Suppose, there is a fraction number 1/2. Here, 1 is numerator and 2 is denominators.

Explanation:-

Let consider a fraction, such that,

⇒ \(\dfrac{15}{20}\)

Since, both numerator (15) and denominator (20) are the multiple of 5.

So, this fraction number can be reduced in its lowest form by dividing with the common factor 5 as,

⇒ \(\dfrac{3}{4}\)

Thus, statement I is true.

Also, we can compare two fraction numbers by comparing their numerators when their denominators become equal. In this case, the bigger numerator will be the bigger fraction.

For example, let's take two fractions, 5/17 and 12/17. Here, the denominator of both the fractions are same.  

Now, since the numerator of fraction 12/17 is greater, so it will be bigger than 5/17.

So, we can conclude that both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Hence, the correct option is 1.

State universities in India are public institutions that are overseen by the state governments of each of the country's union territories and states.

Key Points

• Section 12 (B) of the UGC Act of 1956 deals with the management of central, state universities, private and tube Deemed-to-be-University.
• The number of universities in the State is: 
• Gujarat, 94
• Rajasthan, 87
• Uttar Pradesh, 80
• Karnataka, 74
• Madhya Pradesh, 68

Thus, the correct answer from the options is Gujarat⇒ Rajasthan⇒ Uttar Pradesh⇒  Karnataka⇒ Madhya Pradesh. 

Additional Information

• Gujarat has 94 universities, making it the state with the most institutions overall.

The National Education Policy of India 2020 (NEP 2020) was adopted by the Indian Union Cabinet on July 29, 2020.

Key Points

• The policy provides a complete framework for education from early childhood through higher education. It also covers vocational training.
• By 2030, the strategy wants to completely overhaul India's educational system.
• Some of the major highlights of NEP: 
• Mother tongue as the medium of instruction until Grade 5.
• States can hire language teachers from another state.
• Established of National Education Commission.
• three-language formula
• Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat initiative
• Under the Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat initiative, every student in the country will participate in a fun project or activity on The Languages of India in Grades 6-8.

Thus, EK Bharat Shrestha Bharat initiative every student in the country will participate in a fun project/activity on "The Languages of India', sometime in Grades 6-8. 

Additional Information

• Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat: It is aligned with the NEP 2020. It aims to promote a love of reading in kids by making sure they have access to age-appropriate books in their native tongues and other regional and tribal languages.