UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 11th Oct 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Research data is any information that has been gathered, noticed, produced for the purpose of validating initial study findings. 

Key Points

• There are two types of data; Primary data and Secondary.
• Primary data is information that is gathered for the first time through personal experiences or proof.
• Secondary data is Information that is already in written or audiovisual form.
• They consist of news articles, books, letters, and diaries as well as government reports, newspapers, and audio and visual media.

Thus, the most appropriate answer from the options is (A), (C), (D) only. 

Additional Information

• Secondary data is information that has already been gathered.
• Secondary data is inexpensive, easily accessible, and time and money efficient.

The New London Group coined the term multiliteracies to describe an approach to literacy theory and instruction.

Key Points

• ​The New London Group is a group of ten academics that got together in New London, in 1994.
• Its objective was to replace the current reading- and writing-focused, monolingual, monocultural, and conventional literacy curriculum.
• According to New London Group, five modes of communication;

1. ​Visual → images
2. Aural → sound, music
3. Gestural → movement, expression, body language
4. Spatial → position, physical arrangement, proximity
5. Linguistic → written and spoken words

Thus, Visual ⇒Aural ⇒Gestural ⇒Spatial ⇒Linguistic is the correct sequence. 

Additional Information

• Its aim is to establish a new literacy pedagogy that would address issues affecting educators.

Citations is referencing style used for giving credit to others for their creative and intellectual works. 

Key Points

• A referencing style is a uniform approach to citing the sources both in the body of your writing and in the reference list.
• There are different types of referencing styles as MLA, APA, the Harvard system, MHRA, Chicago/Turabian and IEEE Style.
• Whereas, MLA stands for Modern Language Association and was established in 1883.
• It was founded for educational, scientific, and literary purposes.
• MLA style is mainly used in Humanities subjects.

Thus, the full form of 'MLA' is Modern Language Association. 

Additional Information

• MLA consists of two parts: in-text citations and Works Cited.
• Some of the Abbreviation of standard citations styles: 
• APA (American Psychological Association)
• MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) system.

The correct answer is 6⁴. 

Key Points

• As the above Question:  
• 152 = 15*15 = 225
• 6⁴ = 666*6 = 1296
• 2⁷ = 2222222 = 128
• 3⁵ = 33333 = 243

So, 6⁴ has the highest value.

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are false.

Key PointsStatement I: Piracy refers to attempts to gain information from otherwise undisclosed areas.

• Piracy is the illegal duplication of copyrighted material.
• Piracy is the act of downloading and sharing digitally protected goods like music or software without the owner's consent.
• Some types of software piracy are Counterfeit, Soft lifting and Hard-disk loading.

Thus, Statement I is false. 

Statement II: Hacking refers to the unauthorized duplication of computer software.

• Hacking is the process of locating security flaws in a computer network or system in order to exploit them and obtain access.
• Hackers are experts who employ non-standard methods to accomplish hacking.
• Hacking is not always harmful but the phrase has a bad reputation because of its connection to online crime.

So, Statement II is false

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are false

The correct answer is (B), (C), (D) only.

Communication in simple terms is transfer of message. 

Key Points

• A communication barrier prevents someone from receiving the message.
• There are different types that can affect communication
• Physiological barriers constrain the human body and human mind.
• Some common forms of psychological barriers are: 
• False assumptions
• Anger
• Attitudes and Values
• Negative Self-mage
• Fear and Defensiveness
• Filed of Experience
• Stereotyping.

Thus, Attitude of the listener, Values of the decoder, Status clash. 

Additional Information

• Other types of barriers are Linguistics barrier, Mechanical Barrier, Organizational barrier, Physical barrier.

Communication is a process of information shared between people via a common set of signs, symbols, or actions.

Key Points

• Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning are two fundamental categories that are frequently contrasted.
• Asynchronous is a means of communication that does not necessitate the simultaneous presence of both parties.
• Asynchronous online learning is frequently enabled by media like e-mail and discussion boards, facilitates.
• It plays a crucial role in flexible online learning for teaching and learning.
• Students can access an online learning environment at any time to download files or communicate with classmates or teachers.

Thus, in terms of communication, most online platforms of teaching and learning are Asynchronous. 

Additional Information

• Synchronous online learning which is frequently assisted by chat and videoconferencing.
• In this student can Ask and receive answers to questions in real time.

​Geothermal energy is the thermal energy found in the Earth's crust. 

Key PointsAssertion (A): Geothermal fluids are rich in salts and other contaminants such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and oxides of nitrogen (NO2). 

• In Earth's interior, there are rocks melting under intense pressure.
• Geothermal power plants employ geothermal fluids as a resource and produce waste residuals.
• Geothermal fluids contain sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), and bicarbonate (HCO₃).
• Geothermal fluids concentrate gases such as nitrogen oxide (NO₂) and carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) and ammonia, mercury, radon, and boron.

Thus, (A) is correct. 

Reasons (R): They are re-injected into the ground rather than being dumped into rivers or ponds. 

• Geothermal sources may contain trace levels of harmful compounds such as mercury, arsenic, boron, antimony, and salt in addition to dissolved gases.
• These chemicals fall out of the solution and, if discharged, might harm the ecosystem.
• Injecting geothermal fluids back into the Earth also reduced the risk to the environment.

So, (R) is correct (R) is correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).

Therefore, both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).

The logic follows here is:

Number of hours between 5 A.M. to 10 P.M. of the Fourth day = 24 + 24 + 24 + 17 = 89 hours

The clock loses 16 minutes in 24 hours.

Thus, the clock shows 23 hours 44 minutes = Actual correct clock time is 24 hours.

→ 23 + 44/60 = 24 hours

→ 23 + 11/15 = 24 hours

→ {(23 × 15) + 11}/15 = 24 hours

→ 356/15 = 24 hours

Now, for 1 hour = (24 × 15) / 356

→ 360 / 356

And, for 89 hours = 89 × 360 / 356

→ 90 hours

Therefore, the true time of the clock is (90 - 89 = 1 hour) more than the current showing time = 10 P.M. on the fourth day + 1 hour = 11 P.M. on the fourth day.

Hence, the correct answer is "11 P.M.".

The correct answer is - Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

Key Points

• Statement I is correct
• In the current academic and institutional framework, there is a greater emphasis on publishing research papers in indexed journals.
• This preference is driven by factors like:
• Academic performance indicators (API) for promotions under UGC regulations.
• Peer recognition and citation impact.
• Ease of publication and dissemination in comparison to monographs or books.
• Statement II is incorrect
• Monographs and books are indexed in databases such as:
• UGC-CARE List (books published by reputed publishers are considered).
• International repositories like Google Scholar, Scopus (in selective cases), and WorldCat.
• They are considered for API scores and can contribute to a researcher’s academic profile.

Additional Information

• Monograph
• A monograph is a specialized scholarly book on a single subject, often written by a single author.
• It undergoes peer review and can carry significant academic value, especially in the humanities and social sciences.
• UGC Regulations on Academic Publications
• According to the UGC Gazette Notifications, research publications (including books/chapters) from reputed publishers count for API scoring.
• The UGC-CARE List provides recognized journals and publication types to maintain research quality.
• Indexing and Research Databases
• Research outputs are often included in databases such as:
• Scopus
• Web of Science
• Google Scholar
• ResearchGate (self-archiving platform)
• These databases include both articles and books/monographs, based on criteria like peer review and publisher credibility.

The fallacy is error in the argument due to flaw in reason or creation of illusion. 

Key Points

• From of Fallacy of denying the antecedent:
• If P, then Q.
• Not P.
• Therefore, not Q. ​
• If Sneha tampered with the examination script, then she is guilty of a crime.
• Sneha did not tamper with the examination script.
• Therefore, Sneha is not guilty of a crime.
• This indicates that even if the premises of an argument of this type are valid.
• It does not provide sufficient evidence to support the conclusion. In this case, either P or Q would be a legitimate conclusion.

Thus, Fallacy of denying the antecedent is committed in the above argument. 

Additional Information

• Fallacy of composition occurs when a person assumes that something is true of the whole because it is true of a particular component of the whole.
• The fallacy of affirming the consequent involves taking a correct proposition and assuming the converse form would also be true.
• Fallacy of affirming the antecedent occurs when someone asserts that the consequent must likewise be true if the antecedent is true.

Values are personal beliefs that steer people's behaviour in one direction or the other. 

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I) is correct matching.

Evaluation is the scientific determination of a subject's validity, worth, and relevance using standards-based criteria.

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (II), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (III) is correct matching.

Given

Side of square = 2 m.

Area of circle = area of square

Formula used

Area of circle = π × r²

where r = radius of the circle

Area of square = a²

where a = side of the square

Solution

Since the Area of the circle = area of the square, we can conclude:

⇒ π × r² = 2²

⇒ r2 = 4 × 7/22

⇒ r² = 1.2727 

⇒ r = 1.1281m

The diameter of the circle = 2r

⇒ 2 × 1.1281∼2.257 m

Hazardous waste poses serious or prospective risks to the environment. 

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II) is correct matching.

The goal of the yearly Quacquarelli Symonds Limited rankings is to help prospective students choose the top universities for their field of study.

Key Points

• ​The Times Higher Education World University Rankings are published annually by the Times Higher Education (THE) magazine and list the world's top universities.
• Academic Ranking of World Universities published the year global university rankings.
• It was created and published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.
• Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) publishes its university rankings every year under the title QS World University Rankings (QS).
• The QS system is divided into three sections.

Thus, Madrid's ranking is not related to the ranking of World Universities. 

Additional Information

• Three sections are the overall global ranking, the subject rankings and five independent regional tables, namely those for Asia, Latin America, Emerging Europe and Central Asia, the Arab Region, and BRICS.

The correct answer is "Absurdity of a capability approach with a fixed list of weights"

Key Points

• The major takeaway from the passage is that the necessity of public reasoning and critical assessment is important in valuing and weighting capabilities in social assessments.
• The passage argues that this is not just a matter of individual self-centered evaluation but that public discussion and deliberation can lead to a better understanding of the significance of functionings and their combinations.
• The connection between public reasoning and the choice and weighting of capabilities is emphasized, and the passage also points to the absurdity of the argument that a capability approach would only be usable if it comes with a fixed list of weights on functionings.
• Hence, the correct answer is (2) Absurdity of a capability approach with a fixed list of weights.

The correct answer is "Interactive public discussions"

Key Points

• The passage emphasizes the importance of public reasoning and discussion as a way to extend the reach and reliability of valuations and make them more robust.
• The importance of public discussion and deliberation is highlighted as it can lead to a better understanding of the role, reach, and significance of particular capabilities and their combinations.
• Thus, the passage suggests that a robust and critical evaluation will result in "Interactive public discussions"
• **Therefore, the correct answer is "**Interactive public discussions"

Correct answer: Interactive public discussions

The correct answer is "(B) and (D) only"

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the above passage.
• These traditional antecedents of gender inequality in well-established, maledominated societies demand not only individual concern but also informative public discussion and often enough, agitation.
• From the highlighted part of the above statement it is clear that gender inequality in traditional societies demands public discussions and agitation based on public resoning.
• Thus, the correct answer is Option3.

The correct answer is "Reforms in the present social value system"

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the above passage.
• To illustrate, public discussion of gender-based inequalities in India has helped to bring out, in recent years, the importance of certain freedoms that did not receive adequate acknowledgement earlier.
• These traditional antecedents of gender inequality in well-established, maledominated societies demand not only individual concern but also informative public discussion and often enough, agitation.
• From the highlighted part of the above statements it is clear that the public discussion on gender inequalities makes us support "Reforms in the present social value system."

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is "General understanding and public reasoning"

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statement from the passage.
• Reflected evaluation demands reasoning regarding relative importance, not just counting. This is an exercise in which we are constantly engaged. To that general understanding has to be added the possible importance of public reasoning as a way of extending the reach and reliability of valuations and making them more robust.
• From the highlighted part of the above statements it is clear that the reflective evaluation takes into account general understanding and public reasoning.

Thus, the correct answer is Option 3.

Epistemology is the branch of Philosophy that deals with Knowledge. 

Key PointsAssertion (A): Qualitative research is guided by positivistic epistemology. 

• Qualitative research is to collect and analyse non-numerical data such as people's attitudes, beliefs, and motivations in relation to their social reality.
• Examples of qualitative approaches such as ethnography, grounded theory, discourse analysis, and interpretative phenomenological.
• Whereas, quantitative research is guided by positivistic epistemology.

Thus, (A) is not correct. 

Reason (R): The aim of quantitative research is only to test hypotheses.

• Quantitative research is to quantify the data collection and processing process.
• The objective of quantitative research is to develop models, theories and test hypotheses relevant to phenomena.
• It is influenced by positivist and empiricist theories.

Thus, (R) is correct. 

Therefore, (A) is not correct but (R) is correct.

A mind map is an excellent tool for students to utilise to essentially "brainstorm" a topic.

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II) are the correct options.

The ozone layer absorbs the ultraviolet rays coming from the Sun. 

Key Points

• The ozone layer is present in Earth's stratosphere and absorbs the majority of the UV light from the Sun.
• The ozone layer is primarily located in the lower stratosphere, from about 15 to 35 kilometers above Earth.
• The ozone layer has a concentration of fewer than 10 parts per million.
• M. B. Dobson created the Dobson meter measuring stratospheric ozone vertically from the ground surface.
• So, Dobson's unit of measurement for estimating the overall concentration of ozone in a vertical column of air above the earth's surface.

Thus, the Dobson unit is not a unit of measurement of surface ozone. 

Confusion PointsOzone is a gas composed of three atoms of oxygen. Ozone occurs both in the Earth's upper atmosphere and at ground level. Ozone can be good or bad, depending on where it is found.

• Stratospheric ozone( Earth's upper atmosphere gas), good ozone occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere, where it forms a protective layer that shields us from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays.
• Ozone at ground level is a harmful air pollutant, because of its effects on people and the environment, and it is the main ingredient in “smog."

Additional Information

• The ozone layer has a high concentration of ozone (O₃).
• It's concentration depends on the location, time of day, and season, its concentration changes.

Gautama was the founder of the Nyaya philosophy. 

Key PointsStatement I: According to Nyaya's philosophy an argument does not proceed on the issues that are well established.

• Nyaya's philosophy an argument does not proceed on the issues that are well established.
• For example, Smoke on the hill (visual perception), It can be inferred about causes of Smoke is Fire, therefore, we conclude that fire on the hill.
• So, an argument cannot be made about something that is are well established.

Thus, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: According to Nyaya philosophy an argument can proceed only on those issues that are completely and absolutely unknown.

• The pluralistic and realistic viewpoint of the Nyaya philosophy serves to understand the notion of universals.
• It resufe to accept universals at the expense of particular.
• The particular are present and are gathered under the highest universal existence's roof.

So,  Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Human communication is the exchange of information between two or more people. 

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I) is the correct match.

Pollutants are some of the compounds that have an impact on water quality.

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II) is the correct match.

A fallacy is a defect in an argument due to error in reasoning or creation of an illusion. 

Key Points

• Slippery slope is a variety of false fallacies.
• It occurs argument rests on an alleged chain reaction.
• There is no sufficient reason to think about the chain reaction.
• In the given argument chain reaction happens as requested have to refused but the reasons in the such as next they will ask for spas and swimming pools then further it will be yoga centres and fitness gyms.
• Inevitably it slides down the bottom as it mentioned "Expenditures for these facilities will drive us into bankruptcy".
• Slippery slope fallacy can involve various causality.

Thus, Slippery slope fallacy is committed in the above argument. 

Additional Information

• Hasty generalization is a fallacy where conclusions about many or all occurrences of a phenomenon are made based on a single or a small number of those instances.
• Red herring is something that deviates from or confuses a pertinent or significant question.
• Strawman is used to represent the genuine issue of the argument rather than addressing it or rejecting it.

The logic follows here is,

• 7461 is coded as 135 :

​→ 74 + 61 = 135

Similarly,

• 6893 will be coded as:

​​→ 68 + 93 = 161 

Hence, the correct answer is "161".

Invariable concomitance (Vyapti) means state of pervasion. 

Key Points

• Nyaya accepts the Anumàna as valid sources of knowledge, cognition or knowledge which follows some other knowledge.
• Anumàna depends on the unconditional universal concomitance between the middle term and the major term.
• Knowledge of vyapti is the cause of successful inference.
• Vyapti is known for the joint method of agreement in presence and agreement which corresponds to Mill's method of agreement and method of difference.
• Vyapti is the reason's uniform and unconditional relationship to the predicate.
• It is based on the concomitance of negatives that wherever a material cause does not exist the product thereof does not exist.

Thus, the correct answers from the options are (A), (B) and (C) only. 

Additional Information

• The Nyāya School was founded by the sage Gautama.
• It accepts four valid means- perception (pratyakṣa), inference (anumāna), comparison (upamāna) and word/testimony of reliable sources (śabda).

Calculation:

Statement I is incorrect as we need atleast two sides to find the area of a right-angled triangle

Statement II is correct as we can easily apply Pythagoras' theorem in a right-angled triangle to calculate the third side if two of them are given.

∴ Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.

​The correct answer is Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. The evolution of the Indian higher education system from the traditional Gurukul system to the contemporary technology-based learning system. 

Key Points

• The first step in making education a government priority was the Charter Act of 1813.
• The act approved a payment of Rs. 1 lakh for Indian students in India under British rule.
• ​The well-known "minute" of Macaulay promoted the English language and promoted British educational policy in India,
• Governor General Sir William Bentinck gave his approval to this minute.
• English education was very well-liked in the major cities of Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.

Thus, Modern Universities were established in India in 1857 at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. 

Additional Information

• In 1854, Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India, and Sir Charles Wood was the President of the company's Board of Control.
• The "Magna Carta of English Education in India" is what some refer to it as.

Communication is a human relationship between two or more people who come together to share, converse and commune. 

Key PointsStatement I: Western concepts focus on wholeness and unity of communication.

• According to western communication theory, communication is the art of persuasion through influence.
• Aristotle wrote the Rhetoric, a treatise on the art of persuasion.
• It is more direct, more intent on conveying the words' explicit meaning (low context), more individualistic, and more practical.

So, Statement I is false. 

Statement II: Non-Western communication concepts have a strong central idea of individualism.

• Non-Western communication is different from Western communication.
• Non-western communication has high-context communication.
• Non-Western communication focuses on staying far away from conflict.

Thus, Statement II is false. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are false.

The Ninth Plan's implementation was scheduled from 1997-2002. 

Key Points

• The important aspects of the Ninth Five-Year plan to pertain to higher education in India: 
• Institutional consolidation and growth;
• creation of independent colleges and departments;
• Conferring autonomous status by UGC on selected colleges.
• Vocationalisation of higher education.
• Improvement in quality and systemic efficiency.
• Improvement of quality and relevnace of technical education

Thus, the most appropriate answer from the options are (A), (B), (D), and (E) only. 

Additional Information

• The Kothari Commission was established in 1966 to access the primary and secondary.

The correct answer is (A), (C), (D), (E) only.

Digital computers are able to solve issues by processing data in discrete forms.

Key Points

• It only works with information that is expressed in binary code (0 and 1).
• It processes the binary data and outputs a determined digital result.
• The four fundamental functional components of digital computer system are
• Input device
• Output device
• Main memory
• Central Processing Unit
• An input unit receives input, a CPU processes the input, and an output unit generates output.

Thus, the functional components of a digital computer are Input Device, Central Processing Unit, Memory and Output Device. 

Additional Information

• A bus is a channel for transmitting data or information in the form of electric signals from one computer component to another.
• There are three different sorts of buses: the address bus, data bus, and control bus.

Computer-based software helps to aid in design processes.

Key Points

• CAM stands for Computer Aided Manufacturing.
• CAM is software used to automate the production line.
• CAM operates as software that creates toolpaths to instruct a machine on how to build a product.
• Whereas, CAD is Control Aided Data.
• CAD is software which helps to create, revise, analysis or optimize design.
• CAD designs can help safeguard goods and inventions.

Thus, the full form of the acronym CAD is Computer Aided Design and CAM is Computer Aided Manufacturing. 

Additional Information

• Both are used to design and manufacture prototypes, finished goods.

The Government of India launched the SWAYAM. 

Key PointsStatement I: SWAYAM is Study Web of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Mind.

• SWAYAM stands for Study Web of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Mind.
• It aims to achieve the three guiding principles of education policy: access, equity, and quality.
• SWAYAM aims to close the digital divide for students.

Thus, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: SWAYAM is Source With Active Young Aspirational Mindfullness. 

• The goal of this initiative is to make the best teaching and learning tools available to everyone.
• The courses available on SWAYAM is in 4 quadrants.
• It hosts courses for students from Class IX to Post graduation.

So, Statement II is incorrect. 

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Reflective level of teaching is also known as problem-centred teaching. 

Key Points

• The teaching-learning approach is at its most advanced stage at this point.
• The features of Reflective level of teaching: 
• The instructor poses tough and ambiguous problems to the students.
• The issues should be solvable by the student utilizing his or her mental abilities.
• Learning at the memory and cognition levels is included in teaching at the thinking level.
• The pupil is assuming first place whereas the teacher is secondary place.

Thus, the correct answers from the options are (C) and (D) only. 

Additional Information

• Advantages of Reflective Level Teaching are Student-Centered Approach, Development of mental abilities, Problem solving, Maximum Flexibility and Freedom and Development of higher abilities.

The correct answer is (B), (C), (E) only.

Research article is an article from a journal that reports on research. 

Key Points

• An article from a journal that reports on research is referred to as a research article.
• Bibliometrics is evaluations of the impact of research output based on information from publications.
• It is used to measure the influence or impact of research articles.
• The quantity of publications can be measured through citations index, journal impact factor and h-index.
• It is concerned with analysing research using citation patterns and counts.

Thus, impact factor, citation index and h-index are related to the quality of research articles. 

Additional Information

• Impact factor is frequently used to assess frequency of average article" that has been cited over a specific time frame.
• The h index measures quantity with quality by comparing publications to citations and assesses the overall influence of an author's scholarly production and performance.
• Citation indexes enable scholars to follow an article's influence on subsequent publications.

The research method is the process of collecting and analyzing data. 

Key PointsStatement I: Field notes are important for prompting the ethnographer's memory and form much of the data for subsequent analysis.

• Ethnography is the scientific study of individual civilizations.
• Ethnography investigates cultural phenomena from the viewpoint of the research subject.
• Ethnographic research based on fieldwork, ethnographers examine and understand culture, its universalities, and its variations.

Therefore, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: Research methods such as qualitative interviewing are flexible, and are less disruptive of the work and personal lives of both researchers and research participants.

• A qualitative interview is the research method used for one-on-one interaction is necessary and in-depth information is needed from the participant.
• Qualitative methods are more flexible, as it allows greater instinctive and adaptation of the interaction between the researcher and the study participant.

Thus, Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

In the learner-centered methods, the students become the centre of attention rather than the teacher.

Key Points

• The learner-centred approach supports a dynamic relationship between the learners and the instructor.
• The learner assumes control over the material.
• An inductive teaching approach is a student-driven form of instruction.
• It includes inquiry learning, problem-based learning, project-based learning, case-based teaching, discovery learning, and just-in-time teaching.
• It is also referred to as discovery learning.

Thus, Inductive teaching and learning is the learner-centred method students are first presented with challenges. 

Additional Information

• Active learning is a teaching approach that involves students actively or experientially in the learning process, with varying degrees of active learning depending on the level of student involvement.
• The cooperative learning approach focuses on the formation of small groups that collaborate in such a way that each member's success depends on the group's success.
• Self-learning is initiated by the learner, outside of the context of conventional education, curricula, or exams.

The operating system controls all of the hardware and software.

Key Points

• It serves as a communication link between the user and the computer hardware and is the software on which application applications are run.
• Some of the functions of the operating system are mentioned below: 
• It employs password protection and other similar measures.
• It keeps track of the amount of time and resources of data.
• It continuously examines the system to find flaws and prevent a computer system from malfunctioning.
• It organises and distributes other software, such as compilers, assemblers, and interpreters.
• Primary Memory or Main Memory is controlled by the operating system.
• It uses drivers for communication to output devices.

Thus, tasks carried out by all operating systems are managing system resources including memory and transferring data to the printer. 

Additional Information

• Examples of Operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Android etc.

Given

The total number of students in the science stream:

⇒ 100 + 150 + 350 + 300 = 900

The total number of students in the art stream:

⇒ 100 + 100 + 300 + 350 = 850

The total number of students in the Engineering stream:

⇒ 50 + 50 + 150 + 150 = 400

The total number of students in the Medical stream:

⇒ 150 + 50 + 50 + 100 = 350

Solution

Hence, while comparing the given data we can say, the number of admitted students is highest in the Science stream.

Given

The total number of students in the science stream:

⇒ 100 + 150 + 350 + 300 = 900

The total number of students in the Engineering stream:

⇒ 50 + 50 + 150 + 150 = 400

Formula used

a : b = a/b

Solution

The ratio of students admitted to the science stream and engineering stream:

⇒ 900 : 400 = 9 ∶ 4

Given

The total number of students in the Medical stream:

⇒ 150 + 50 + 50 + 100 = 350

Formula used

The A percent of B = A/B × 100

Solution

The total number of students admitted to different streams in college w:

⇒ 100 + 100 + 50 + 150 = 400

The total number of students admitted to different streams in college x:

⇒ 150 + 100 + 50 + 50 = 350

The total number of students admitted to different streams in college y:

⇒ 350 + 300 + 150 + 50 = 850

The total number of students admitted to different streams in college z:

⇒ 300 + 350 + 150 + 100 = 900

The total number of admissions in all the given colleges:

⇒ 400 + 350 + 850 + 900 = 2500

The percentage of students admitted to the Medical stream among the total number of admissions of the college:

⇒ 350/2500 × 100

⇒ 14%

Given

The total number of seats available in all the given colleges:

⇒ 500 + 500 + 1000 + 1000 = 3000

Formula used

The A percent of B = A/B × 100

Solution

The total number of students admitted to different streams in college w:

⇒ 100 + 100 + 50 + 150 = 400

The total number of students admitted to different streams in college x:

⇒ 150 + 100 + 50 + 50 = 350

The total number of students admitted to different streams in college y:

⇒ 350 + 300 + 150 + 50 = 850

The total number of students admitted to different streams in college z:

⇒ 300 + 350 + 150 + 100 = 900

The total number of admissions in all the given colleges:

⇒ 400 + 350 + 850 + 900 = 2500

The number of vacant seats = 3000 - 2500 = 500

The percentage of vacant seats in all the colleges:

⇒ 500/3000 × 100 = 16.67%

Given

The total number of art students admitted in all colleges:

⇒ 100 + 100 + 300 + 350 = 850

Formula used

Average = Total sum of all values/No .of values.

Solution

The average number of Arts students admitted to each college:

⇒ 850/4

⇒ ~ 212

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Key PointsCognitive meaning can be of two types:- Intentional and extensional.

Statement I: The intensional meaning consists of the qualities or attributes the term denotes.

• Logic deals with only the cognitive meaning of the term.
• Intensional meaning consists of qualities or attributes.
• For example; Dog intentional meaning furry, dangerous, or caring.

So, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: The extensional meaning consists of the members of the class that the term denotes.

• The term is a word used as the subject of the sentence.
• Extensional meaning consists of the members of the class that the term denotes.
• For Example; the Extensional meaning denotes the Dogs- Universal.

Thus, Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

There are two types of Sources: Renewable Sources and Non-renewable Sources. 

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV) is correct matching.

Evaluation is a broader concept than measurement and assessment. 

Key Points

• According to Gay (1991), Evaluation is “a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data in order to determine whether, and to what degree, objectives have been, or are being, achieved.
• There are four main steps in the evaluation process for teaching-learning systems. the following are the stages:

1. Setting objectives and criteria.
2. Development and use of measurement instruments.
3. Interpretation of Data.
4. Formulation of judgements and taking of appropriate action.

Thus, the correct answer from the options is (C), (A), (B), (D). 

Additional Information

• The Characteristics of Evaluation is following Validity, Reliability,

           Practicability, Fairness, Usefulness.