UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 11 Oct 2022 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Formula Used:

Percent of A to B = A/B x 100%

Calculation:

Percent of students leaving Q from students taking admission in college Q from the year 2016 to 2021

⇒ 2170/5500 x 100%

⇒ 217/55 x 10%

⇒ 3.9454 X 10%

⇒ 39.454% ≈ 39%

Therefore, the number of students leaving is approximately 39% of the number of students taking admission in College Q from the year 2016 to 2021.

Calculation:

M =  number of students admitted in college S from 2017 to 2021

⇒ (Total Students admitted in college S from 2016 to 2021) - (students admitted in 2016)

⇒ 7430 - 3200

⇒ 4230

N =  number of students admitted in college Q from 2017 to 2021

⇒ (Total Students admitted in college Q from 2016 to 2021) - (students admitted in 2016)

⇒ 5500- 2100

⇒ 3400

M - N

⇒ 4230 - 3400

⇒ 830

Therefore, M - N = 830.

Formula used:

Average = Sum of all observations / Total number of observations

Calculation:

 

Average = Sum of all observations / Total number of observations

⇒ 15940 / 5

⇒ 3188

Therefore, The average number of students studying in all five colleges (P-T) in the year 2018 is 3188.

Formula used

The percentage increase = (a - b)/b × 100

Solution

The number of students in college R in 2016 = 2400

The total number of admission from 2016-2021 in college R:

⇒ 2400 + 840 + 800 + 720 + 680 + 820  = 6260

The number of students that left college R from 2016-2021:

⇒ 460 - 500 - 450 - 480 - 560 = 2450

The number of students in college R in 2021 = 6260 - 2450 = 3810

⇒ (3810 - 2400)/2400 × 100

⇒ 58.75%

If we go by the option, then the percentage increase in students is maximum for the college R.

Solution

The total number of student admission(A) from 2016-2020:

⇒ 2100 + 900 + 650 + 570 + 600 = 4820

The total number of students  that left(L) from 2017-2020:

⇒ 500 + 430 + 420 + 380 = 1730

The number of students studying in College Q till 2020 is:

⇒ A - L

⇒ 4820 - 1730 = 3090

The correct answer is B only.

Key Points

• Anumāna (inference)
• It is one of the most important contributions of the Nyaya
• The methodology of inference (Anumana)  involves a combination of induction and deduction by moving from particular to particular via generality.
• It has five steps, as in the question shown:

1. There is fire on the hill (called Pratijñā, required to be proved)
2. Because there is smoke there (called Hetu, reason)
3. Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, e.g. in a kitchen (called Udāhārana, the example of vyāpti)
4. The hill has smoke that is pervaded by fire (called Upanaya, reaffirmation or application)
5. Therefore, there is fire on the hill (called Nigamana, conclusion)

Therefore we can conclude that option B only is correct.

The correct answer is D, A, B, C​

The risk assessment process, defined as the determination of the probability of harm resulting from exposure to a chemical component, has to be based on sound scientific data and carried out to internationally agreed standards in a transparent manner. 

Key Points

As per the Environment Protection Agency, the steps of human health risk has 4 steps in the following sequence:

Hazard Identification 

• It is the process of determining whether exposure to a stressor can cause an increase in the incidence of specific adverse health effects.
• In the case of chemical stressors, the process examines the available scientific data for a given chemical (or group of chemicals) and develops a weight of evidence to characterize the link between the negative effects and the chemical agent.

Dose-response relationship

• It describes how the likelihood and severity of adverse health effects (the responses) are related to the amount and condition of exposure to an agent (the dose provided).

Exposure assessment 

• It is the process of measuring or estimating the magnitude, frequency, and duration of human exposure to an agent in the environment or estimating future exposures for an agent that has not yet been released

Risk characterization 

• It conveys the risk assessor's judgment as to the nature and presence or absence of risks, along with information about how the risk was assessed, where assumptions and uncertainties still exist, and where policy choices will need to be made.

Therefore the correct sequence is D, A, B, C

The correct answer is A, B, C only.

Key Points

• Community College model:
• The Community College model was introduced this scheme during the 12^th Five-Year Plan
• As envisaged, will be accessible to a large number of individuals in the community, offer low-cost and high-quality education locally
• The main objectives of the scheme are:
• To make higher education relevant to the learner and the community;
• To integrate relevant skills into the higher education system;
• To provide skill-based education to students currently pursuing higher education but actually interested in entering the workforce at the earliest opportunity
• To provide employable and certifiable skills based on National Occupational Standards (NOSs) with necessary general education to Senior Secondary School pass-outs, with general education and /or vocational education background.
• To provide for up-gradation and certification of traditional / acquired skills of the learners irrespective of their age
• To provide opportunities for community–based life-long learning by offering courses of general interest to the community for personal development and interest
• To provide an opportunity for vertical mobility to move to higher education in the future; and
• To offer bridge courses to certificate holders of general/vocational education, so as to bring them to par with the appropriate NSQF level.
• To provide entrepreneurial orientation along with required skill training for self-employment and entrepreneurship development.

Therefore we can conclude that the correct answer is A, B, C only.

The correct answer is B and D only.

Key Points

• Animaker
• It is a DIY video animation software.
• The software is cloud-based and was launched in 2014.
• It allows users to create animated videos using pre-built characters and templates
• Powtoon Ltd.
• It is a British company that sells cloud-based animation software for creating animated presentations and animated explainer videos.
• The name "Powtoon" is a portmanteau of the words "PowerPoint" and "Cartoon"

Additional Information

• Mind mapping software
• It is a computer tool that helps to organize information visually. Mind mapping tools are designed to represent the relationships between ideas and concepts graphically.
• Poll Everywhere
• It is an online service that allows teachers to ask their students a question. The students answer the question using their mobile phones, Twitter, or web browsers.
• Google Docs
• It is an online word processor included as part of the free, web-based Google Docs Editors suite offered by Google, which also includes: Google Sheets, Google Slides, Google Drawings, Google Forms, Google Sites, and Google Keep

Therefore, we conclude that the correct answer is B and D only.

The Correct answer is B, A, C, E and G, respectively

Important Points

• We can use HLOOKUP when comparison values are located in a row across the top of a table of data, and the user just wants to look down a specified number of rows.
• The H in HLOOKUP stands for "Horizontal."

Syntax:

HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, [range_lookup])

When the teacher uses the Hlookup formula, the values derived will be Marks, Name, Column C, Column E, and Column G respectively. Column B is freezed so that will be the first row to appear.

Hence, the correct answer is B, A, C, E and G.

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Key PointsStatement I: In communication, codes have never been neutral in their reception.

• Codes
• Code, in communications, an unvarying rule for replacing a piece of information such as a letter, word, or phrase with an arbitrarily selected equivalent.
• In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a communication channel.
• In communication, codes have never been neutral in their reception. for example, we use codes to write secret messages to our friends.
• Software programmers write code for a living, and we know that every computer program we use, and every webpage we access, is written in some kind of code.

Hence Statement I is true

Statement II: Codes always represent meanings, reflecting partiality

• Codes:
• Broadly defined, a code is a system in which one thing (e.g., a word, number, symbol) stands for something else (e.g., another word, symbol, or number; an idea or meme).
• As an example, let’s consider the “smiley face” (which one could consider part of a kinesic code). A smiley face can evoke the same meme state whether it appears as pixels on a screen, graphite or ink on paper, pieces of fruit, an arrangement of paperclips, or exhaust plumes arranged against a blue sky.
• So we can say  Codes always represent meanings, reflecting partiality or the same meaning.

Hence Statement II is true

Therefore,we can say that Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Given

Rate = 5%

Time = 4 years

Simple interest = 800

Formula used

SI = P × R × T/100

Where, P = principal

R = rate

T = time

CI = P( 1 + r/100)ⁿ - P

Where, P = principal

n = time

Solution

Let the principal be P.

⇒ SI = (P × R × T)/100

⇒ 800 = (P × 5 × 4)/100

⇒ P = 4000

Now, CI will be:

⇒ CI = 4000( 1 + 5/100)⁴ - 4000

⇒ CI = 4000 × (105/100)⁴ - 4000

⇒ CI = (4000 × 21/20 × 21/20 × 21/20 × 21/20) - 4000

⇒ CI = 4862.025 - 4000

⇒ C.I = 862.025 ≈ Rs. 862

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 862.

Given

B's income - A's income = 40%

Formula used

Percent of A to B = A/B x 100%

Solution

Let the income of B = 100x

Then, A's income = 60x

⇒ B's income - A's income = 40x

⇒ 40x/60x × 100

⇒ 2/3 × 100

⇒ 66.66%

B's income is 66.66% more than A's income.

The correct answer is Variable.

Key Points

Concepts:-

• These are Formally and logically developed ideas about classes of phenomena that a researcher seeks to study;
• For example, the word "moon" (a concept) is not the large, bright, shape-changing object up in the sky, but only represents that celestial object.
• The following are elements of the concept:
• Constructs
• These are the building blocks of theories, helping to explain how and why certain phenomena behave the way that they do. a construct is an image or idea invented for a particular theory or research problem
• Variables
• These are the ideas that have been logically constructed to establish internal differences that can be empirically observed and measured; the empirical counterparts of concepts.

Given

The four numbers a, b, c and d with values 54, 71, 75 and 99, respectively.

Concept used

If two sets of given numbers are increasing or decreasing in the same ratio, then the ratios are said to be directly proportional to each other

Solution

Let the number to be subtracted from the given numbers be x.

⇒ \(54 - x\over 71 - x\) = \(75 - x \over 99 - x\)

⇒ If we go by the option, the proportion is true when x = 3.

⇒  \(54 - 3\over 71 - 3\) = \(75 - 3 \over 99 - 3\)

⇒  \(51\over 68\) = \(72 \over 96\)

⇒  \(3\over 4\) = \(3 \over 4\)

Hence, the correct option is 3.

The correct answer is Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct. 

Key Points

Statement I: Drupal is a paid software that enables users to upload content to the server.

• Drupal
• It is a free and open-source content-management framework that can be tailored and customized to simple websites or complex web applications.
• The platform offers functionalities such as merchandising, content creation, reporting, and content sharing.
• Drupal’s content architecture feature allows professionals to create content workflows to manage the content creation process

Hence, the statement I is incorrect.

Statement II: Joomla is a free and open-source content management system.

• Joomla
• It is a free open-source website development and content management (CMS) platform.
• It is a content management system (CMS), which enables you to build websites and powerful online applications.

Hence, statement II is correct.

Therefore, we can say that Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

The correct answer is C and D only.

 Key PointsSquare of opposition:

• The square of opposition is a chart that was introduced within classical (categorical) logic to represent the logical relationships holding between certain propositions in virtue of their form.
• The following categories are driven from Square of the opposition chart:
• Universals on top v particulars on the bottom
• Affirmatives on left v negatives on right · Contradictories (diagonals) always have the opposite truth values--you will always be able to determine the truth value of contradictories.
• Contraries cannot both be true at the same time
• Sub-contraries are exactly the opposite of contraries.
• It is always the case that at least one is true.
• If you know that one is false, then you automatically know that the other is true. (They can however both be true simultaneously.)

​

​​

• 'If we see the above picture we can analyze the following Comes under subcontrary.
• Some nurses are caring human beings.
• Some nurses are not caring about human beings.

Therefore, we conclude that the correct answer is C and D only.

The correct answer is B, E, C, D, A. 

Wilbur Schramm was an American communication theorist and researcher who is considered one of the founders of the field of communication studies. He is best known for his work on mass communication, which emphasized the role of communication in shaping public opinion and understanding of the world. He is also known for developing a model of communication that includes the sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback. Schramm's contributions to the field of communication studies have had a significant impact on the way communication is studied and understood today.

Important Points

He developed a model of communication that emphasized the importance of cultural, social, and psychological factors in the communication process. In his model, Schramm identified five common elements that are present in the field of experience as related to communication: language, culture, attitude, belief, and value.

1. Language: Schramm believed that language is the primary tool that people use to communicate with each other. Language is the medium through which messages are conveyed, and it is shaped by the culture and society in which it is used.
2. Culture: Schramm believed that culture plays a crucial role in shaping the way people communicate. Culture determines the norms and values that govern communication, as well as the ways in which people interpret and respond to messages.
3. Attitude: Schramm believed that attitudes are an important factor in communication. Attitudes are learned predispositions to respond to certain stimuli in a certain way. They can influence how people perceive and interpret messages, as well as how they respond to them.
4. Belief: Schramm believed that beliefs are an important factor in communication. Beliefs are convictions or convictions about the nature of things and influence how people perceive and interpret messages.
5. Value: Schramm believed that values are an important factor in communication. Values are principles or standards of behavior that influence how people perceive and interpret messages, as well as how they respond to them

Key Points

Schramm's model emphasizes the importance of understanding the cultural, social, and psychological factors that shape communication in order to effectively communicate with others. His model highlights the importance of understanding the context in which communication takes place and how it influences the way messages are perceived and interpreted.

Therefore, the correct sequence is B, E, C, D, A

The correct answer is A is correct but R is not correct.

 Key PointsAssertion A: States that the effects of history in a social research study can be fatal. The assertion is correct

Whereas, the Reason (R): States that various events that occur during a study may the opinions and attitudes of respondents, is incorrect

Various events that occur during a study have a great effect or impact on the opinions and attitudes of respondents.

Hence, the correct answer is A is correct but R is not correct.

The correct answer is B, C, D and E only.

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software developed by Microsoft. It is used to create slide show presentations, which can include text, images, and multimedia elements such as videos and audio. PowerPoint is part of the Microsoft Office suite of productivity tools and is commonly used for business, education, and personal use. It allows users to create and edit slides, add and format text, insert images and shapes, and create animations and transitions between slides.

Key Points

SmartArt is a feature in Microsoft PowerPoint that allows users to create diagrams and graphics to illustrate information in a more visual and easy-to-understand way. It provides a variety of pre-designed diagrams, such as

1. Process flow diagrams
2. Organization charts
3. Pyramid diagrams
4. Hierarchy diagrams
5. Cycle Flows
6. Relationship Chart

Important Points

Users can add and edit text, change colors and formatting, and even create custom diagrams by adding and arranging shapes. SmartArt can be used to create diagrams such as flow charts, organization charts, and hierarchy diagrams. It can be useful to show the relationship of different ideas, and concepts or to show a process flow and the different stages in it.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, C, D and E only.

The correct answer is A, D, and E only.

"Energy crops" is a term used to describe biofuel crops. Wheat, corn, main edible oilseeds/edible oils, sugarcane, and other crops are among them.

Key Points

Biofuels have a number of advantages over fossil fuels, including the ability to burn cleaner and emit fewer pollutants and greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the sky. They're also environmentally friendly, and energy corporations frequently mix Biofuels with gasoline.

This means that, unlike non-renewable resources like oil, coal, and natural gas, they have the potential to live far longer. 

Important Points

Energy crops have the following characteristics-

1. They are fast-growing plants.
2. They can be converted into gaseous and liquid fuels.
3. They generally have high calorific value.
4. Energy crops can also be used to produce electricity through the use of biomass power plants, which burn plant material to generate heat that is used to produce electricity.
5. Energy crops are considered as a renewable energy source and they can also be used as a way to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and help to mitigate climate change.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, D, and E only.

The correct answer is Thermal expansion of ocean waters.

Global sea level refers to the average height of the oceans over the entire Earth. Sea level is not constant and can vary due to a variety of factors such as ocean currents, winds, tides, and temperature. Global sea level is measured by a variety of methods including tide gauges, satellite measurements, and float-based measurements.

Sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm per year over the last century, and the rate of sea level rise has accelerated in recent decades.

Important Points

Sea level is rising for a number of reasons, the most significant of which is global warming caused by the burning of fossil fuels. As the Earth's temperature increases, it causes the polar ice caps and glaciers to melt, which in turn causes the sea level to rise. This is known as thermal expansion. Additionally, the warming of the oceans causes seawater to expand, which also contributes to the rise in sea level.

Key Points

Another major contributor to sea level rise is the loss of ice from the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. As these ice sheets melt, they add water to the ocean, causing the sea level to rise.

Another factor that contributes to sea level rise is land movement or subsidence. This can happen due to natural processes such as tectonic activity or human activities like the extraction of groundwater and oil.

Additional Information

Climate change caused by human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, is the primary driver of sea level rise. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected that the global sea level will rise by 0.26 to 0.82 meters (about 8 inches to 2.7 feet) by the end of the 21^st century. These projections are based on different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions. Sea level rise could be much higher if emissions continue to increase at the current rates.

Therefore, the correct answer is the thermal expansion of ocean waters.

The correct answer is Reality.

Referential framing connects communication media with the context or environment in which the message is being conveyed. It refers to the way in which the meaning of a message is shaped by the way in which it is presented or "framed."

Key PointsThe context or environment in which the message is conveyed can include things like the medium being used (e.g. speech, writing, or electronic communication), the audience being addressed, the time and place in which the message is being delivered, and the cultural, social, and political context in which the message is being conveyed. Referential framing connects communication media with reality.

Important PointsReferential framing is important because it helps to shape the way in which a message is understood and interpreted by the audience. It can also affect how the audience perceives the credibility of the source and the message itself. Understanding how referential framing works can help communication professionals to create messages that are more effective in reaching and engaging their intended audience.

Therefore, the correct answer is Reality.

The correct answer is "A new scientific management of population control."

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statement from the passage:
• Now the need is a new view of population, with new scientific and technological instruments to manage it.
• ​The highlighted part in the above statement clearly shows that the passage, in the final analysis, suggests a new scientific management of population control.

​Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is "Development policy formulation.".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statement  from the passage:
• This is despite the experts making serious attempts to conceptualise the effect of demographic factors on development models and theories were formulated seeking to relate various variables and to provide a basis for policy and programme formulation.
• From the highlighted part of the above statement it is clear that models relating to different variables of demography formed the basis of development policy formulation.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "A and C".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statements from the passage:
• The discussions held in academic circle or in the ambit of the nascent international organisations also had a new tone.
• They focussed on topics such as relationship between economic growth and population control.
• They also discussed topics such as demographic experience of rich countries and its possible impact on poor nations.
• From the highlighted part of the above statement it is clear that the new tone of the academic discussion was related to economic growth, population control, racial factors and demography.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "Decrease in population".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statement  from the passage:
• As the experience of the West suggested, it was hoped that population growth rates would begin to fall as the countries developed.
• From the highlighted part of the above statement it is clear that the western experience was that development would bring in a decrease in population.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is "unrefined empiricism".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statement  from the passage:
• In many instances, a crude form of empiricism was followed. It made Malthusian views and prescriptions inevitable.
• From the highlighted part of the above statement it is clear that unrefined empiricism made Malthusian views on population look inevitable.

Therefore the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is the Fallacy of the undistributed middle

Important Points

The fallacy of the undistributed middle

• It occurs when the term that links the two premises is never distributed.
• In this example, distribution is marked in boldface:
• All Z is B
• All Y is B
• Therefore, all Y is Z
• B is the common term between the two premises (the middle term) but is never distributed, so this syllogism is invalid. B would be distributed by introducing a premise that states either All B is Z, or Some B is Z.
• In the above question
• All communists are revolutionists.
• All anarchists are revolutionists.
• Therefore, all anarchists are communists."
• Here term "revolutionists is never distributed therefore it marks The fallacy of the undistributed middle​

Additional Information

• The existentialist fallacy:
• The existential fallacy occurs when we erroneously suppose some class or group has members. In other words, statements may be true about classes or groups even if no members of the class or group exist.
• Illicit major Fallacy:
• It is invalid because its minor term is undistributed in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion. For example, in “Some crows are not friendly,” reference is made to all friendly things but not to all crows.)
• The fallacy of Illicit minor
• It is a formal fallacy committed in a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its minor term is undistributed in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion. This fallacy has the following argument form: All A are B. All A is C.
• Example:
• All cats are felines.
• All cats are mammals.

Therefore, all mammals are felines.

The correct answer is C and D only.

Key Points

Types of Fraudulent practices in the cyber world:

• Phishing
• It is a type of cyber attack often used to steal user data, including login credentials and credit card numbers. It occurs when an attacker, masquerading as a trusted entity, dupes a victim into opening an email, instant message, or text message.
• Pharming
• It is like phishing in that it is a threat that tricks users into divulging private information, but instead of relying on email as the attack vector, pharming uses malicious code executed on the victim's device to redirect to an attacker-controlled website.

Additional Information

• Blogging:
• Blogging refers to writing, photography, and other media that's self-published online.
• Blogging started as an opportunity for individuals to write diary-style entries, but it has since been incorporated into websites for many businesses

Therefore the correct answer is C and D only.

The correct answer is A, B and C only

Key PointsExperimental research is a study conducted with a scientific approach using two sets of variables.

• Controls allow the experimenter to minimize the effects of factors other than the one being tested.
• It's how we know an experiment is testing the thing it claims to be testing.
• In experimental studies in education, the researcher has to direct his efforts toward controlling the variables which are significantly related to the dependent variable.

Methods of Control in experimental research:

• Random assignment of subjects to groups:
• It can also be called as Choice of participants.
• The method that is used for assigning subjects to groups is to match individual subjects on extraneous variables.
• Methods for Controlling Situational Variables:
• In any experiment, three things are involved.
• These are - the environment of experimental setting, the subjects involved in the experiment, and the treatments used in the experimental procedure.
• That is controlling Physical Settings
• Applying statistical control:
• Theoretically, the researcher can control the effect of variables like sex, socioeconomic status, aptitude, intelligence, etc. through physical manipulation and selective manipulation.
• But in practice, it is very difficult to control all the variables since it affects the sample size.

Additional Information

• Holding intervening variable constant: Another procedure that is used to make groups comparable on an extraneous variable is to hold the intervening variable constant throughout experimentation.
• Method of using subjects as their own controls: Another method of control is to assign the same subjects to two experimental treatments and then to obtain measurements of the subjects first under one treatment and then under the other.
• Method of Counterbalancing: If the same treatment is rotated amongst various groups it is called counterbalancing. It helps in controlling sequencing and carryover effects that arise when a group is exposed to multiple treatments.

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) works under the aegis of the Ministry of Home Affairs in India. It is an apex body responsible for the management of natural disasters and other emergency situations in the country.

Key Points

The NDMA is headed by the Prime Minister of India, and its primary function is to formulate policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management, and to coordinate the efforts of various government agencies and departments in the event of a disaster.

NDMA's main aim is to ensure that the country is better prepared to face natural disasters and other emergency situations and to minimize the loss of lives and damage to property.

Important PointsThe NDMA also plays a key role in disaster preparedness and mitigation efforts, such as early warning systems, risk assessments, and vulnerability reduction.

Additional Information

The NDMA is also responsible for providing technical and financial assistance to the state and union territory governments for the development of their disaster management plans, and for capacity building of various stakeholders in disaster management. The NDMA works closely with other national and international organizations involved in disaster management, such as the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), the Indian Meteorological Department, and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).

Therefore, the correct answer is the Ministry of Home Affairs.

The correct answer is A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I.

Key Points 

Therefore, the correct answer is A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

The interactional model of communication is a theoretical framework that describes the process of communication as a dynamic, ongoing interaction between individuals or groups. It emphasizes the role of active participation, mutual influence, and feedback in the communication process.

Key Points 

Some key features of interactional model of communication are as follows-

• The interactional model emphasizes that communication is a two-way process.
• The sender and receiver are active participants in the communication.
• It also highlights that communication is not a linear process, but rather an ongoing and circular process in which the sender and receiver are constantly influencing and being influenced by each other.
• The psychological context of communication is always taken into account.
• It is less message-focused.
• The interactional model of communication is often used in sociology, psychology, and communication studies to study communication in different settings, such as in families, organizations, and communities.

Additional Information

• The interactional model of communication differs from the traditional linear model of communication which describes the process of communication as a one-way flow of information from the sender to the receiver.
• The interactive model recognizes that communication is a complex process that is influenced by various factors such as context, culture, and individual differences.

Therefore, the correct answer is options A,C and E.

Key Points 

Statement I: Skill-based education is focused on the idea that it may be learned better if it is practised in real life.

Skill-based education is focused on providing students with hands-on, practical experience in a particular field or industry, in order to develop the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in that field. This approach emphasizes the importance of real-world experience and application, and is often seen as a more effective way to learn than traditional classroom-based education.Hence, this statement is correct.

Statement II: Non-conventional higher education is totally based on the teaching-learning activities that are offered on campus with fixed-time classes.

This statement is incorrect. Non-conventional higher education refers to forms of education that deviate from the traditional model of attending classes on a physical campus with fixed schedules. Examples include online education, correspondence courses, and self-paced learning programs. These forms of education often offer greater flexibility in terms of scheduling and location, and may not require students to attend classes on campus.

Therefore, the correct answer is Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Shortcut Trick

Total decrease in weight = Total men × Decrease in average weight

Total decrease = 15 × 2 = 30 kg

Weight of new man = Weight of replaced man − Total decrease

Weight of new man = 70 − 30 = 40 kg

∴ The correct answer is 40 kg.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total number of men (n) = 15

Weight of the man replaced = 70 kg

Decrease in average weight = 2 kg

Formula Used:

Weight of new person = Weight of replaced person + (Total number of persons × Change in average)

Calculations:

⇒ Let the initial average weight be 'A' kg.

⇒ Total weight of 15 men = 15A

⇒ Let the weight of the new man be 'W' kg.

⇒ New total weight = 15A − 70 + W

⇒ New average = (15A − 70 + W) ÷ 15

⇒ New average = A − 2

⇒ (15A − 70 + W) ÷ 15 = A − 2

⇒ 15A − 70 + W = 15(A − 2)

⇒ 15A − 70 + W = 15A − 30

⇒ W = 70 − 30

⇒ W = 40 kg

∴ The correct answer is 40 kg.

Additional Information

Average Replacement Formula

When one person is replaced: New value = Old value + (Total number × Change in average). Use positive for increase and negative for decrease.

Average Inclusion

When a new person joins: New value = New average + (Old number × Change in average).

Average Exclusion

When a person leaves: Removed value = Old average + (New number × Change in average).

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Key Points 

Statement I: Research questions are used more in studies that do not focus on the statistical significance of results.

• Research questions:
• ​A research question is a question that a study or research project aims to answer.
• This question often addresses an issue or a problem, which, through analysis and interpretation of data, is answered in the study's conclusion.
• It pinpoints exactly what you want to find out in your work.
• A good research question is essential to guide your research paper, dissertation, or thesis.
• All research questions should be: Focused on a single problem or issue and are used more in studies that do not focus on the statistical significance of results

Hence Statement I is true.

Statement II: Research questions normally dominate exploratory studies.

• Exploratory research 
• It is a methodological approach that investigates research questions that have not previously been studied in depth.
• The preliminary results often lay the groundwork for future analysis.
• Explanatory research questions tend to start with “why” or “how”, and the goal is to explain why or how a previously studied phenomenon takes place.
• Research questions normally dominate exploratory studies.

Hence, Statement II is true

Therefore we can say that Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

The correct answer is social relations. 

Key Points

• Communication Theory/Network Society
• Castells defines communication as the exchange of meaning through sharing information.
• Meanings can be understood only in the context of social relations in which sharing of information takes place.
• He defined network society as a social structure that is characterized by networked communications technologies and information processing.
• This includes such social phenomena as economic interdependence among nations as well as globalization and social movements related to individual identity
• He said Communicative power is meaningful only in the network of Social relations

Assimilation refers to the process by which an individual or group adopts the customs, values, and behaviors of the dominant culture or society. Assimilation can occur on a personal level, as individuals adopt the norms and values of the dominant culture. It can also occur on a group level, as minority groups adopt the customs and behaviors of the dominant culture in order to be accepted and integrated into society.

Important Points

If a child has learned to use physical intimidation as a way of getting what they want with their younger sibling, and then uses the same tactics on their peers, this would be an example of assimilation. The child is taking the behaviors and methods that have been successful for them in one context, and applying them in a new context.

However, it is important to note that using physical intimidation is not an appropriate way of interacting with others, and it is not an acceptable behavior in most societies. This kind of behavior can lead to negative consequences, such as social isolation, conflict and legal issues. Therefore it is important to teach children appropriate ways of interacting with others and to correct any behavior that may be harmful to others.

Key PointsIt's also important to point out that the child may have learned these behaviors from observing others and not necessarily through assimilation. It is important to identify the origin of the behavior, and to address the root cause to help the child learn and practice appropriate ways of interacting with others.

Therefore, the correct answer is assimilation.

The correct answer is A and E only.

A storage unit is a part of the computer system which is employed to store the information and instructions to be processed. A storage device is an integral part of the computer hardware which stores information/data to process the result of any computational work. Without a storage device, a computer would not be able to run or even boot up. Or in other words, we can say that a storage device is a hardware that is used for storing, porting, or extracting data files.

Key PointsIt can also store information/data both temporarily and permanently. Computer storage is of two types: 

Primary Storage Devices: It is also known as internal memory and main memory. This is a section of the CPU that holds program instructions, input data, and intermediate results. It is generally smaller in size. RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory) are examples of primary storage.

Secondary Storage Devices: Secondary storage is memory that is stored external to the computer.  It is mainly used for the permanent and long-term storage of programs and data. Hard Disk, CD, DVD, Pen/Flash drive, SSD, etc, are examples of secondary storage.

Important Points

Optical storage media refers to any type of storage device that uses light to read and write data. This includes CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. These types of storage devices are commonly used for storing music, videos, and other types of data that can be read by a computer or other device with an optical drive. They have the advantages of being portable, durable, and relatively inexpensive. They also have large storage capacity. However, they are not as widely used as they once were, due to the increasing popularity of flash-based storage devices and cloud storage. Moreover, they are not suitable for high-speed data transfer, and they are vulnerable to scratches and other physical damage.

Therefore, the correct answer is DVD Ram and Blu Ray Disc.

The correct answer is Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

 Key PointsStatement I: Indian Logic makes a distinction between deduction and induction.

• Deductive and Inductive reasoning
• Deductive is the process in which conclusions are drawn with logical certainty from given premises.
• This type of reasoning is used in mathematical proofs or when dealing with formal systems.
• In inductive reasoning, one draws the “best” conclusion suggested by the set of observations/ experiential statements.
• Indian logic does not separate deduction from induction. the inference is a complex process involving both.

Hence Statement I is false

Statement II: Indian Logic studies thought as such and not the forms of thought alone.

• Indian logic
• It rejects the verbalist view of logic.
• It studies thought as such and not the forms of thought alone.
• The formal and the material logic are blended here. Verbal form forms no integral part of the inference

Hence Statement II is true

Therefore Statement I is false but Statement II is true

The correct answer isA, B, C and E only. 

Key Points

• Odantapuri:
• It is located in Bihar and was made under the patronage of the Pala dynasty King Gopala I. It was a Buddhist maha vihara.
• Vikramshila:
• It is located in the present-day Bhagalpur district of Bihar. It was established by King Dharampala of the Pala dynasty, primarily as a Buddhist learning centre
• Valabhi University
• It was an important center of Buddhist learning and championed the cause of Hinayana Buddhism between 600 CE and 1400 CE. Valabhi was the capital of the Maitraka empire during the period 480-775 CE
• Nalanda University
• Nalanda was an acclaimed Mahavihara, a large Buddhist monastery in the ancient kingdom of Magadha (modern-day Bihar) in India
• It was a Buddhist centre of studies from 427 CE to 1197 CE
• The University of Nalanda was set up by Kumargupta I, one of the famous rulers of the Gupta Dynasty

Additional Information

• Navadeep
• It is a heritage city in the Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is regarded as a holy place by Hindus and is the birthplace of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
• Located on the western bank of the Hooghly River, it is considered to have been founded in 1063 CE, and served as the old capital of the Sena dynasty
• The Navya Nyaya school of logic reached its peak with the efforts of some well-known contemporary philosophers of Nabadwip.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, B, C and E only.

The correct answer is A, B and C only.

As per the question, 

Statement A:- No S is P.

Converse of statement A -  No P is S

Obverse of statement A -  All S are non-P

Hence, among the above statements, statements A, B, and C are logically equivalent.

Hence, the correct answer is A, B, and C only.

Additional InformationLogical argument:-  A logical argument is a process of creating a new statement from the existing statements. It comes to a conclusion from a set of premises by means of logical implications via logical inference.

• A categorical proposition is a simple proposition containing two terms, subject(S) and predicate (P), in which the predicate is either asserted or denied of the subject.
• Every categorical proposition can be reduced to one of four logical forms, named A, E, I and O.
• The 'A' proposition, is the universal affirmative usually translated as 'All S is P'.
• In the 'E' proposition, is the universal negative is usually 'No S is P'.
• The 'I' proposition, is the particular affirmative usually translated as 'Some S are P'.
• In the 'O' proposition, is the particular negative is usually translated as 'Some S are not P'
• Obversion is the inference in which the quality of the proposition is changed and the predicate is interchanged with its complement. It is valid for all four forms. The obverse is logically equivalent to the original proposition.
• Conversion is the inference in which the subject and predicate are interchanged. In modern logic, it is only valid for the E and I propositions. The valid converse is logically equivalent to the original proposition.

Aeration brings water and air in close contact in order to remove dissolved gases (such as carbon dioxide) and oxidizes dissolved metals such as iron, hydrogen sulfide, and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). Aeration is often the first major process at the treatment plant. During aeration, constituents are removed or modified before they can interfere with the treatment processes.

Key Points Aeration also helps remove dissolved metals through oxidation, the chemical combination of oxygen from the air with certain undesirable metals in the water. Once oxidized, these chemicals fall out of solution and become particles in the water and can be removed by filtration or flotation. The efficiency of aeration depends on the amount of surface contact between air and water, which is controlled primarily by the size of the water drop or air bubble.

Important PointsCHEMICALS REMOVED OR OXIDIZED BY AERATION

Constituents commonly affected by aeration are:

• Volatile organic chemicals, such as benzene (found in gasoline), or trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene (used in dry-cleaning or industrial processes)
• Ammonia
• Chlorine
• Carbon dioxide
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Methane
• Iron and Manganese

Therefore, the correct answer is volatile organic chemicals.

Categorical imperatives are a concept in moral philosophy, first introduced by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant in his work "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals." According to Kant, a categorical imperative is a moral law that is universally and necessarily binding on all rational beings.

Key PointsKant believed that there are certain moral laws that apply to all people, regardless of their individual wants or needs. These laws are not based on the consequences of an action, but rather on the nature of the action itself. He believed that these laws can be formulated as a categorical imperative, which is an unconditional command that applies to all rational beings, regardless of their particular circumstances or goals.

Kant's most famous formulation of the categorical imperative is "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." This means that one should only act in a way that they would be willing to see become a universal law for everyone to follow.

Important PointsIn summary, categorical imperatives are moral laws that are universally and necessarily binding on all rational beings, they are unconditional commands that applies to all regardless of their particular circumstances or goals, they are not based on the consequences of an action but rather on the nature of the action itself.

Therefore, the correct answer is Moral law.

The National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was a high-level advisory body to the Prime Minister of India, with the objective of transforming India into a knowledge society. In its endeavor to transform the knowledge landscape of the country, the National Knowledge Commission submitted around 300 recommendations on 27 focus areas during its three-and-a-half-year term. The implementation of the NKC's recommendations is currently underway at the Central and State levels.

Key Points

National Knowledge Commission (NKC):

• The commission made a number of recommendations on various issues related to education, research, and technology.
• Some of the key recommendations of the NKC included creating a National Research Foundation, strengthening the higher education system, and using technology to improve the delivery of government services.
• The commission submitted its report in 2009, and the recommendations were aimed at promoting a knowledge-based society in India and help to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor, urban and rural areas and promoting inclusive growth.

Important Points

• The National Knowledge Commission (NKC), which was established in India in 2005, made several recommendations regarding higher education in the country.
• One of its recommendations was to establish 50 new national universities in India.
• These universities were proposed to be established in order to address the need for quality higher education in the country and to provide greater access to education for students from underprivileged backgrounds.

Therefore, the correct answer is 50 National universities.

The correct answer is Synchronous mode of learning.

Synchronous mode of teaching refers to a type of instruction in which the teacher and students are interacting in real-time, usually through video conferencing or virtual classroom software. In synchronous teaching, the teacher and students are all online at the same time, and the class is conducted in a similar way to a traditional in-person class. The main difference is that the class is conducted remotely and the students and teacher can be in a different location.

Key Points

In the synchronous mode of teaching, the teacher is able to lead the class in real time, give lectures, and answer questions from the students. The students are able to participate in class discussions, ask questions, and interact with the teacher and other students. Synchronous teaching allows for a more interactive and engaging learning experience, similar to a traditional in-person class.

Important Points

 Some of the benefits of synchronous teaching include:

1. Allows students to interact with their teacher and classmates in real time, fostering a sense of community and engagement
2. Provides more opportunities for students to ask questions and get immediate feedback from the teacher
3. Allows for more dynamic and interactive learning experiences
4. Can increase student engagement, motivation, and accountability.
5. It can also have some challenges, such as ensuring that students have a stable internet connection and dealing with technical difficulties or time zone differences that can make it difficult for some students to attend the class.

Therefore, the correct answer is synchronous mode of learning.

The correct answer is A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III.

Key Points 

 

Therefore we conclude that the correct answer is A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

The correct answer is A, B and D.

In ancient India, both formal and informal ways of education system existed.

 

Key Points

• Indigenous education was imparted at home, in temples, pathshalas, tols**, chatuspadis and gurukuls.**
• There were people in homes, villages and temples who guided young children in imbibing pious ways of life.
• Temples were also the centres of learning and took interest in the promotion of knowledge of our ancient system.
• Students went to viharas and universities for higher knowledge.

Viharas and Universities:

• The Jataka tales, accounts given by Xuan Zang and I-Qing (Chinese scholars), as well as other sources tell us that kings and society took active interest in promoting education.
• As a result many famous educational centres came into existence.
• Among the most notable universities that evolved during this period were situated at Takshashila, Nalanda, Valabhi, Vikramshila, Odantapuri and Jagaddala.
• These universities developed in connection with the viharas
• Those at Benaras, Navadeep and Kanchi developed in connection with temples and became centres of community life in the places where they were situated.

The logic followed here is,

(Previous term × 2 + 1 = Next term)

Hence, the correct answer is "223".