UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 10th Oct 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Key Points

Statement I: In 'MOOCs' the word 'Massive' means that there can be huge number of learners who can enroll for the course.

Explanation:

• Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are free online courses available for anyone to enroll. MOOCs provide an affordable and flexible way to learn new skills, advance your career and deliver quality educational experiences at scale.
• The word “massive” here means that there is no limit on the number of learners who can enroll in the course. The word “open” means that there are no mandatory requirements for the learner to enroll in this course. These courses are fully online and delivered through the internet.

Hence statement I is correct 

Statement II: MOOC involves the use of ICT to make education accessible to students located in remote areas or who are unable to reach conventional classrooms.

Explanation:

• MOOC involves the use of ICT to make education accessible to students located in remote areas or who are unable to reach conventional classrooms.
• These courses are highly multimedia enriched interactive online courses that offer a unique opportunity to the learners to learn these courses as per their convenience.
• Compared with the traditional courses, MOOC has intrinsic characteristics such as large scale, openness, networking, personalized and participation, which includes the online learning effectiveness, the mastery learning, the interactive cooperation and the learning mechanism of complex system self-organization core.

Statement II is correct 

Therefore we can say that the correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Key Points 

Therefore we can say that the correct answer is A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II.

The correct answer is  Group comparison

Key Points

Thematic analysis

• It is one of the most common forms of analysis within qualitative research.
• It emphasizes identifying, analysing and interpreting patterns of meaning within qualitative data.
• It is usually applied to a set of texts, such as an interview or transcripts.
• The researcher closely examines the data to identify common themes, topics, ideas and patterns of meaning that come up repeatedly.
• It involves reading through a data set such as transcripts from in depth interviews or focus groups , and identifying patterns in meaning across the data to derive themes by group comparisons.
• Here’s an example to understand the importance of thematic analysis:
• How has social media changed over the years? This kind of research will need to gather data from sources, blogs, news, and interviews posted online.
• Interview a few new generation users of the platforms and the old users to gather intel about how they use the social platforms and what their experience is.

The correct answer is The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Important Points

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

• It was a key construct in Lev Vygotsky's theory of learning and development.
• The ZPD  is defined as the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.
• The core idea of the ZPD is that a more knowledgeable person can enhance a student’s learning by guiding them through a task slightly above their ability level.
• As the student becomes more competent, the expert gradually stops helping until the student can perform the skill by themselves.
• The ZPD can be broken into three stages.

Think of them as a series of overlapping circles:

1. Tasks the learner can do without assistance. This category includes everything a person can do without help from a more experienced individual.
2. Tasks the learner can do with assistance. This category includes tasks a person can’t work through by themselves but can work through with help, also known as their ZPD. Tasks the learner can’t do with assistance.
3. The final category includes tasks that are too difficult to perform even with an instructor’s help. For example, a young child might be able to spell out their own name by themselves but might need help from someone else to write the complete alphabet. The task is above their skill level and outside their ZPD.

The correct answer is Professional stranger

Key Points

Participant observation (PO)

• It is a research methodology where the researcher is immersed in the day-to-day activities of the participants.
• The objective is usually to record conduct under the widest range of possible settings.
• In participant observation, the researcher has to act as a Professional stranger.
• A passive participant observer, for example, conducting an ethnographic study of teamwork among soccer players on the field, might use breaks in the game to ask players questions regarding their experiences or help distribute water and towels after the game.

The correct answer is Learning management system

Key Points

Learning management system:

• ​ A learning management system is a software application for the administration, documentation, tracking, reporting, automation, and delivery of educational courses, training programs, materials or learning and development programs.
• The learning management system concept emerged directly from e-Learning
• By using LMS if in an online mode of teaching a teacher added the reading material (Word DOC, PPTs, E content etc) on e platform students can acess it.​

Additional Information

• Assessment tools are techniques used to measure a student's academic abilities, fluency and skills in a specific subject or to measure one's progress toward academic proficiency in a specific subject area.
• Mind mapping software is a tool that allows users to visually organize and structure information, thoughts, and ideas.
• It creates a visual representation of information in the form of a diagram or map, connecting related ideas and concepts.
• An inventory control system is a technology solution that manages and tracks  goods through the supply chain.

Solution:

The number of females working in university F is 

136 x 4 = 544

The number of transgender working in university A is

12.5 x 24 = 300

The required difference is 544-300= 244

( 244 / 300 ) x 100 = 81\(\frac{1}{3}\)

Hence, option 3 is correct.

Solution:

The number of males working in university D is

35 x 60 = 2100

The number of females working in university C is 

56 x 26.25 = 1470

The ratio will be,

2100 : 1470 = 10 : 7

Hence, option 2 is correct.

Solution:

The number of transgender in given universities is as follows,

University A is 300

University B is 1050

University C is 525

University D is 2400

University E is 1360

University F is 217

Clearly, four universities have more than 500 transgender.

Hence, option 4 is correct.

Solution:

M represents the number of females working in Universities B and E together,

1575 + 1275 = 2850

N represents the number of males working in universities C and F together,

630 + 612 = 1242

M - N = 2850 - 1242 = 1608

Hence, option 1 is correct.

Solution:

The total number of transgender is,

300 + 1050 + 525 + 2400 + 1360 + 204 = 5839

The total number of females is,

900 + 1575 + 1470 + 1500 + 1275 + 544 = 7264

In percent,

( 5839/7264) x 100 = 80.38% ≈ 80%

Hence, option 1 is correct.

The correct answer is Social development

Key Points

Vygotsky's theory of Social Development

• In the social development theory, Leo Vygotsky primarily explains that socialization affects the learning process in an individual.
• explains that socialization directly affects the process of learning by an individual. By socializing with someone who has more knowledge of the topic to be learned, i.e.: peers or an adult, we transfer knowledge and start the learning process.
• Play improves socialization of child and eventually lead to develope the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children and young people.
• Through play, children learn about the world and themselves.
• They also learn skills they need for study, work and relationships such as: confidence.

Social development of a child will be affected, if a child does not want to play with other children as he/she feels shy.

Key Points

Scientific research:

• ​Research conducted for the purpose of contributing towards science by the systematic collection, interpretation and evaluation of data and that, too, in a planned manner is called scientific research.
• For example, once researchers discover that a particular drug works, they can then conduct explanatory studies to understand exactly why it works.
• Using standardized exclusion criteria is necessary to accomplish consistency, replicability, and comparability of findings across similar studies on a research topic.

The following are excluded in scientific research:

• Subjectivity:
• Subjectivity is the claim that perception emerges from a subject's point of view.
• Subjectivity is usually opposed to objectivity, where knowledge is seen to be independent of the subject who is producing it.
• Scientific knowledge is purely objective, and it is an objective description of the real structure of the world.
• Unethical practices:
• Research ethics refers to the values and the norms an institution has put in place to help regulate scientific activities.
• It is a collection of scientific morals in the line of duty.
• This guideline specifies the traits or behaviors that are recognized by the research community based on the general ethics of science and society at large.
• Hence unethical practices must be excluded
• Non-predictive inferences:
• A scientific prediction suggests the data that are consistent with the hypothesis and thus can pertain to future and past experimental outcomes. Hence non predictive inference must be excluded from scientific research

Therefore the correct answer is (C), (D), (E) only

The correct answer is Meta message

Important Points

Meta Message:

• It is a secondary communication (including indirect cues) about how a piece of information is meant to be interpreted.
• It is based on the idea that the same message accompanied by different meta-communication can mean something entirely different, including its opposite, as in irony.
• It is an inner message that could be inferred or implied from a message.
• When one reads between the lines, he might find a message behind what somebody is outwardly saying.
• For example, if you say “Glad to see you” to someone and roll your eyes at the same time, they will not feel that you are actually glad to see them.​

Thus, when a communicated message is based on a reference to another, it is called a Meta Message.

Key Points

Nonverbal communication

• It is the transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, use of objects and body language.
• It includes the use of social cues, kinesics, distance and physical environments/appearance, of voice and of touch.
• Involuntary nonverbal signals are much more common and although most nonverbal communication isn’t completely involuntary.
• ​It is more below our consciousness than verbal communication and therefore more difficult to control.
• For example, although you can consciously smile a little and shake hands with someone when you first see them, it’s difficult to fake that you’re “happy” to meet someone.
• Non-verbal communication is mostly contextual as it conveys much emotional meaning, so the ability to effectively encode and decode appropriate nonverbal messages sent through facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, and touch leads to high-quality interactions that are rewarding for the communicators involved.
• While not traditionally thought of as "talk," nonverbal communication has been found to contain highly precise and symbolic meanings, similar to verbal speech.

Therefore we can say that the correct answer is (C), (D), (E) only.

Key Points

Communication

• It is the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information ​
• ​it consists of eight essential elements: source, message, channel, receiver, feedback, environment, context, and interference.

Following are the essential features of communication:

• It involves atleast two persons.
• Message is a must.
• Communication may be written, oral, or gestural:
• Communication is a Two Way Process.
• Its Primary Purpose is to motivate a response.
• Communication is inevitable irreversible, and unrepeatable.
• Communication is irreversible – one cannot undo communication.
• Communication is unrepeatable – one can repeat words.
• Communication is cultural as every culture around the world has a unique language.
• This language is made up of ideals, values, beliefs, traditions, and further attributes that constitute the essence of one's ways of communication.

Therefore we can say that the correct answer is (A), (C), (D) only

Given: 6, 18, 90, 630, 6930, 83160

The logic follows here is:

The next number in the series is obtained by multiplying consecutive prime numbers starting from 3.

Therefore, the wrong term in the series is → 83160

Thus, the correct series is:

 Hence, the correct answer is "83160".

As per the given question,

A man walks 15 metres in the front and then 15 metres to his right. Then every time turning to his left, the man walks 5 metres. 20 metres and 20 metres respectively.

Thus, the following diagram can be drawn: 

Clearly, the man is '5 metres' far from the starting point.

Hence, the correct answer is "5 metres".

Given:

If A is 20% of C and B is 25% of C.

Concept:

The x % of a value A is \(\frac{x}{100}\times A\)

Solution:

Let the value of C be X

A = 20% of X = X/5

B = 25% of X = X/4

The percent of B that A is,

[ (X/5) / (X/4) ] x 100 = 80%

Hence, option 2 is correct.

Given:

Three numbers are in the ratio of 3:5:7 and the sum of these numbers is 975.

Concept & Solution:

As per the question,

Three numbers are in the ratio of 3:5:7 .

Let the number be

3x, 5x, and 7x

The sum of these numbers is 975.

3x + 5x + 7x = 975

15x = 975

x = 65

The numbers are as follows,

3x = 195

5x = 325

7x = 455

Hence, option 4 is correct.

Key Points

Statement I: Communicative language is used by people to get sympathy, ignore fellow travellers, placate or embarras enemies and comfort friends.

Explanation:

• Language is essentially a means of communication among the members of a society.
• Language used by people to converse about personal experiences with partners, and instructors teach topics outside of the realm of traditional grammar to promote language skills in all types of situations.​
• A common language is one of the most important features of a community and the ceaseless use of the same language is the most certain proof of the historical continuity of a community of people.
• It  is used by people to get sympathy, ignore fellow travellers, placate or embarras enemies and comfort friends.

Hence we can say that Statement I is  true

Statement II: As a tool of communication, language suffers from emotional loadings, polar words and fictitious concepts.

Explanation:

• The need to communicate triggers both the occurrence and the development of a language and this need arises and becomes stronger and stronger when one has someone else to communicate with, i.e. where there is a society.
• In terms of linguistics, the study of language is a multidisciplinary endeavour.
• Communication takes place not only orally, but also in writing.
• Language employs a combination of words to communicate ideas in a meaningful way .
• By changing the order of words in a sentence, the meaning can also be changed, or even made meaningless.
• People use language to give meaning to their experiences.
• Since language is not exact, many a time it leads to misunderstanding.
• It is this plurality of aspects in studying the same object that makes language a perpetual phenomenon.
• As a tool of communication, language suffers from emotional loadings, polar words, and fictitious concepts.

Hence we can say that Statement II is true

Therefore we can say that Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Given:

Five years ago, the average age of A and B was 23 years. If today, average age of A, B and C is 27 years.

Concept & Solution:

Let the present age in years of A, B, and C be x, y, and z respectively.

As per the question,

Five years ago, the average age of A and B was 23 years.

Five years ago age of A and B was ( x - 5 ) and ( y - 5 )

\(\frac{(x-5)+(y-5)}{2}=23\)

⇒ (x - 5) + (y - 5) = 46

⇒ x + y = 56

Also,

If today, the average age of A, B, and C is 27 years.

\(\frac{x+y+z}{3}=27\)

x + y + z = 81

Since, x + y = 56

56 + z = 81

z = 81 - 56 = 25

The present age of C is 25. after 5 years it will be 30.

Hence, option 1 is correct.

Key Points

Statement I: A rigid application of ethical principles is not possible in ethnographic research.

Explanation:

• Ethnography is a qualitative method for collecting data often used in the social and behavioral sciences.
• Data are collected through observations and interviews, which are then used to draw conclusions about how societies and individuals function.
• It provides the researcher with an understanding of how those users see the world and how they interact with everything around them.
• A classic example of ethnographic research would be an anthropologist traveling to an island, living within the society on said island for years, and researching its people and culture through a process of sustained observation and participation.
• A rigid application of ethical principles is not possible in ethnographic research.

Hence we can say that statement I is correct.

Statement II: The principle of informed consent is theoretical, as pre-information is likely to affect the research findings.

Explanation:

• Informed consent is one of the most important aspects of research ethics.
• Regulations requiring informed consent have been promulgated to protect the human subjects participating in clinical research.
• Informed consent is the process of telling potential research participants about the key elements of a research study and what their participation will involve.
• The informed consent process is one of the central components of the ethical conduct of research with human subjects.
• The principle of informed consent is theoretical, as pre-information is likely to affect the research findings.

Hence we can say that statement II is correct.

Therefore we can say that Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Key Points

Focus group:

• A focus group is a research method that brings together a small group of people to answer questions in a moderated setting.
• The group is chosen due to predefined demographic traits, and the questions are designed to shed light on a topic of interest.

Limitations of employing online focus groups:

• Technical Difficulties
• Participants are often using new technology when joining online focus groups.
• This learning curve can lead to trouble downloading the software, signing in, or getting set up.
• As a result, it is vital to have technical support for all participants when entering the session.
• It is also often advised to incentivize early log on times – this means that participants will be more willing to join the group early, and iron out any kinks with the technology.
• The approach is confined to the people who are willing to participate.
• Internet Instability 
• Internet speed is rapid, there can always be instability.
• This fluctuation can lead to participants or the moderator cutting out mid-sentence.
• It is another reason that tech support needs to be present for the entirety of the session. If this happens, tech support can try to help get the person re-connected.
• Hence Drop outs may affect the data quality.
• Distraction
• In contrast to participants being more comfortable at home, there are often many more distractions for participants when they are online. They are signing in from their house.
• While we ask them to remove any distraction, there can still be a family member or a pet that can interrupt their train of thought or make them have to step away from their computer for a moment
• External influences on participants can be found.

​Therefore we can say that the correct answer is (C), (D), (E) only

The correct answer is Contiguous

Key Points

Classroom communication

• It is an interaction between the teacher and the students in the classroom through verbal, nonverbal and written.
• It should be direct and clear.
• It should be Contiguous.
• In other words, a behavior (response) will be repeated if the same situation (stimulus) is experienced again.
• For example, if a teacher provides a stimulus of “be quiet in the classroom” and the students' response is silence every single time they are in the classroom this is considered contiguous conditioning.

Thus, Classroom communication is often referred to as Contiguous communication.

A logical argument is a process of creating a new statement from the existing statements. It comes to a conclusion from a set of premises by means of logical implications via logical inference.

Key PointsLogical equivalence refers to the relationship between two or more statements or propositions that convey the same meaning. 

• If two statements are logically equivalent, they are interchangeable in any logical context.

In this question, we are given four statements and asked to identify which ones are logically equivalent.

The statements are presented in a form of "Some X are Y" or "Some X are not Y". 

The key to solving this question is to translate the statements into logical terms and determine if they convey the same information.

To solve this type of question, we can follow these steps:

1. Identify the given statements and their logical structure.
2. Look for any logical relationships between the statements. For example, if two statements are saying the same thing, they are logically equivalent.
3. Determine which statements are logically equivalent and eliminate those that are not.
4. Choose the option that includes only the logically equivalent statements.

Important Points

In this specific question, we can see that statements (A) and (B) are saying that 'No women are dishonest human beings' 

Statement (A):  No dishonest human beings are women.

In this statement, No dishonest human beings are women are logically equivalent because they convey the same information.

Statement (B): 'No women are dishonest human beings'

It is a double negative and is logically equivalent to 'No women are dishonest human beings'  

Therefore, the correct answer is (A) and (B) only.

The correct answer is fallacy of composition and division.

Informal fallacies are a type of incorrect argument in natural language. The source of the error is not just due to the form of the argument, as is the case for formal fallacies, but can also be due to their content and context. 

Important Points

Fallacy of composition

• Something is true of members of a group or collection, it is true of the group as a whole.
• The fallacy of composition arises when an individual assumes something is true of the whole just because it is true of some part of the whole.

Examples:

• If you stand up at a concert, you can usually see better.
• You may then directly infer that if everyone stands up, everyone can see better.
• "Human beings are animals because as homo sapiens we all evolved thousands of years ago"

Additional Information

Fallacy of accident:

• The fallacy of accident arises from believing a general premise which has a qualified meaning applies to other circumstances without appropriate restriction.
• It is also known as the “fallacy of the general rule” and “sweeping generalization”.
• For example, “Human beings have the ability to hear sounds. Therefore, all people are capable of hearing sounds.”

Red herring Fallacy:

• A red herring is a logical fallacy in which irrelevant information is presented alongside relevant information, distracting attention from that relevant information.
• For example,  "We can't raise salaries, but we still provide great benefits for our employees."
• This argument is a red herring because the mention of employee benefits distracts from the real point, that salaries will not be raised.

False cause fallacy:

• It is a type of informal fallacy or a persuasive technique in which a temporal sequence of events is assumed to be a causal sequence of events.
• For example, because Smith became angry after being frustrated, Smith's frustration caused Smith's anger.

Key Points

Statement I: If a deductive argument is valid and its premises are true, we say that the argument is sound.

Explanation:

• A deductive argument establishes a conclusion to be true by stating two or more true premises that lead to the conclusion being true.
• With this type of reasoning, if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true.
• Example: All dogs have ears; golden retrievers are dogs, therefore they have ears.
• Deductive arguments may be said to be valid or invalid, and sound or unsound.
• A valid deductive argument is one whose logical structure or form is such that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
• A sound argument is a valid argument with true premises.

Hence Statement I is  true

Statement II: If an inductive argument is strong and its premises are true, we say that it is cogent

Explanation:

• An inductive argument is an assertion that uses specific premises or observations to make a broader generalization.
• In this a general principle is derived from a body of observations.
• Example: In the summer, there are ducks on our pond. Therefore, summer will bring ducks to our pond.
• A strong inductive argument is said to be one whose premises render the conclusion likely.
• A cogent argument is a strong argument with true premises.
• An inductive argument is uncogent if either or both of the following conditions hold the argument is weak, or the argument has at least one false premise.

Hence Statement II is  true

Therefore we can say that Both Statement I and Statement II are true

The correct answer is (D) only.

Key Points

Nyaya system

• It recognises all four Pramanas namely perception, inference, verbal testimony, and comparison.
• According to Nyaya philosophy, the term anumana literally means after knowledge i.e., knowledge that follows other knowledge.
• It is mediate and indirect and are arranged through the medium of some mark which is called ‘hetu’ and bears the relation of invariable concomitance with the observed feature.
• The basis of the inference is invariable concomitance.
• The invariable relation between the hetu and the sadya is called Vyapti.
• The knowledge of the qualities of the ‘paksa’ through the ‘hetu’ is called paramarsa.
• Hence inference or anumana is said to be knowledge gained through paramarsa, in other words, the knowledge of the presence of sadhya in the paksa through the linga, which is in the quality of paksa and is invariably related by Vyapti.

The following is a typical nyaya syllogism

• Socrates is mortal(pratijna)
• Because he is a man ,(hetu),
• Whoever is a man is a mortal e.g. Pythogoras (udaharana)
• Socrates is a man who is invariably a mortal (upanaya)
• Therefore Socrates is mortal (nigamana)

The first, the pratijna, is the logical statement which is to be proved when one sees man one remembers one’s experience of the universal concomitance (Vyapti) between man and mortality and concludes that Socrates is mortal.

Key Points

Statement I:  Verbal form is an integral part of the inference according to classical Indian school of logic.

Explanation:

• In the Aristotelian syllogism the major and the minor terms stand apart in the premises though they are connected by the middle term with each other.
• In the Nyäya syllogism all the three terms stand synthesized in the Upanaya.
• The Aristotelian syllogism is verbalistic, the Nyäya recognizes the fact that verbal form is not the essence of inference and is required only to convince others.
• Indian logic  rejects the verbalist view of logic.
• It studies thought as such and not the forms of thought alone.
• The formal and the material logic are blended here.
• Verbal form forms no integral part of the inference.

Hence statement I is incorrect

Statement II: Classical Indian school of logic distinguishes between induction and deduction as separate inferential processes.

Explanation:

• In an inference there are three terms called pakṣa, sādhya,  hetu or linga.
• These are similar to the three items Minor, Major and Middle of the syllogism of Western Logic.
• pakṣa is that part of the inference about which there is inference.
• Sādhya denotes that which is proved of the paksa.
• Hetu establishes that there is a relation between the Sādhya and the paksa.
• For this reason hetu is also known as the means.
• The inference in Indian logic is inductive, deductive, and Valid In Nature.

Hence statement II is incorrect

Therefore we can say that Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Microblogging is a short blog post designed for quick and typically direct audience interactions. These concise blogs are shared using social media platforms and can include different content formats such as audio, text, images or video.

Key Points

Few Microblogging websites are:

Twitter

• It is a free social networking site where users broadcast short posts known as tweets.
• These tweets can contain text, videos, photos or links.
• Twitter originally had a character limit of 140 characters.
• The character limit was increased to 280 in 2017.

Pinterest

• It is an American image sharing and social media service designed to enable saving and discovery of information on the internet using images, and on a smaller scale, animated GIFs and videos, in the form of pinboards.

Instagram

• It is a free photo and video sharing app available on iPhone and Android.
• People can upload photos or videos to our service and share them.
• Instagram is a visual and video microblogging service.

Tumblr 

• It is a microblogging and social networking website founded by David Karp in 2007 and currently owned by American company Automatic.
• The service allows users to post multimedia and other content to a short-form blog. Users can follow other users' blogs.​

Therefore we can say that option (A), (C), (D) and (E) only is correct.

Additional Information

eBay

• It is a global online auction and trading company launched by American entrepreneur Pierre Omidyar in 1995.
• eBay was one of the first companies to create and market an Internet Web site to match buyers and sellers of goods and services.

Key Points

Air Pollution:

• Air pollution is defined as the contamination of the atmosphere by substances present at concentrations above their natural levels and capable of producing adverse effects to humans, other living organisms, and the ecosystem in general.

They are classified according to the source of emission into two main groups:

Primary and Secondary pollutants.

• Primary pollutant
• It is an air pollutant emitted from a source directly into the atmosphere.
• The source can be either a natural process such as sandstorms and volcanic eruptions or anthropogenic (influenced by humans) such as industrial and vehicle emissions.
• Examples of primary pollutants are sulfure dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and particulate matter (PM).
• Secondary pollutant
• It is an air pollutant formed in the atmosphere as a result of the chemical or the physical interactions between the primary pollutants themselves or between the primary pollutants and other atmospheric components.
• Major examples of secondary pollutants are

1. Photochemical oxidants like ozone, PANs (Peroxyacetyl nitrate)  acids, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and ozone.  resulting from the photochemical reactions involving sunlight with nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, or volatile organic compounds.
2. Secondary Particulate matter formed by the result of the condensation of gases, the chemical reactions involving primary particles with gases, and the coagulation of various primary particles
3. Sulfate particles are sub-micron sized, sulfur-containing airborne particles. Most sulfate is a secondary pollutant, formed by the oxidation in the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide gas..

Therefore we can say that the correct answer is (A), (C) and (D) only.

The correct answer is  High Definition Multimedia Interface

Key Points

HDMI: 

• It stands for High Definition Multimedia Interface
• It is an all digital audio-video interface which transmits signals in uncompressed format, e.g. uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital data from a HDMI-compliant source device to a computer monitor, video projector, digital television etc.

Key Points

Statement I: A DVD or CD using the letter 'R' indicates that it is Read only.

Explanation:

• DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc.
• It is commonly known as Digital Video Disc.
• It is a digital optical disc storage format used to store high capacity data like high quality videos and movies.
• It is also used to store operating system.
• DVDs provide higher storage capacity than CDs (compact disc)
• While DVD-R stands for Digital Versatile Discs-Recordable, CD-R stands for Compact Disc-Recordable.
• The basic difference between the two lies in the amount of data they can store.
• While a CD is able to store only 700 MB data, a DVD-R can hold up to 4.7 GB of data

Hence Statement I is false 

Statement II: Web browsers are used to allow a user to gain access to the interest.

Explanation:

• Web browsers are software applications that allow users to access and view content on the internet.
• They use protocols such as HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (HTTP Secure) to communicate with web servers and retrieve web pages, images, videos, and other resources.
• Web browsers also provide a graphical user interface for users to interact with websites, including features such as bookmarks, history, and tabbed browsing.
• Some popular web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Microsoft Edge, and Opera.

Hence Statement II is also incorrect.

Therefore we can say that the correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are false

Key Points

Sending an email:

• If you’ve ever sent an email, you’ve come across two fields right next to the “To” field: CC and BCC.
• Cc:
• In email sending, CC is the abbreviation for “carbon copy.”
• Before internet and email, in order to create a copy of the letter people used to place carbon paper between the paper they were writing on and the paper that was going to be your copy.
• Just like the physical carbon copy above, CC is an easy way to send copies of an email to other people.
• So in the above question Email received by C, D both will know that email sent by A has been received by D and C respectively too.
• BCC:
• BCC stands for “blind carbon copy.” Just like CC, BCC is a way of sending copies of an email to other people.
• The difference between the two is that, while you can see a list of recipients when CC is used, that’s not the case with BCC.
• It’s called blind carbon copy because the other recipients won’t be able to see that someone else has been sent a copy of the email.
• So in the above question Email received by E and F neither of them will know that email sent by A has been received by F and E respectively too.

​Hence we can say that correct answer is E does not know that F was sent the message..

Key Points 

Therefore we can say that correct answer is (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III).

Key Points

Therefore we can say that the correct answer is (A) - III, (B) - IV, (C) - II, (D) - I

Key Points

• The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.
• The 17 SDGs carry on the work begun by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which galvanized a global campaign from 2000-2015 to end poverty in its various dimensions.
• Yet while the MDGs only applied to developing countries, the SDGs will apply universally to all UN member states, and are considerably more comprehensive and ambitious than the MDGs.

MDGs Set of 8 goals Goal

• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal
• Achieve universal primary education Goal
• Promote gender equality and empower women Goal
• Reduce child mortality Goal
• Improve maternal health Goal
• Combating HIV/AIDs, malaria, and other diseases Goal
• Ensure environmental sustainability Goal
• Develop a global partnership for development

Following are 17  SDG goals

Therefore we can conclude that correct answer  (A), (C) and (E) only.

Key Points

Statement I: An increase in CO2 is expected to enhance global plant growth.

Explanation:

Carbon fertilization effect:

• Rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere drive an increase in plant photosynthesis—an effect known as the carbon fertilization effect.
• Elevated CO₂ causes increased photosynthesis in plants, which leads to greater production of carbohydrates and biomass.
• However, CO₂ also causes negative effects which could have serious consequences for the quality of the crop species, such as, declines in a variety of nutrients including protein concentrations of food crops , vitamins and some macro- and micro-elements .
• New research has found that between 1982 and 2020, global plant photosynthesis grew 12 percent, tracking CO2 levels in the atmosphere as they rose 17 percent.
• So its not necessary an increase in CO2 is expected to enhance global plant growth.

hence statement I is incorrect 

Statement II: Deforestation can increase the biosphere's capacity.

Explanation:

• Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use.
• Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use.
• It leads to carbon emissions, changes in water and other elemental cycles, destruction of habitat, and biodiversity loss.
• Cutting down or burning forests releases the carbon stored in their trees and soil, and prevents them from absorbing more CO2 in the future.
• Deforestation decreases the biosphere's capacity.

Hence Statement II is incorrect.

Therefore we can say that the correct answer is both Statement I and Statement II are false

The correct answer is Renewable sources of energy

Key Points

Green Hydrogen

• This technology is based on the generation of hydrogen — a universal, light and highly reactive fuel — through a chemical process known as electrolysis.
• This method uses an electrical current to separate the hydrogen from the oxygen in water.
• If this electricity is obtained from renewable sources we will, therefore, produce energy without emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
• Green hydrogen is hydrogen produced by splitting water by electrolysis.
• This produces only hydrogen and oxygen

 Additional Information

Lead-acid batteries 

• These are made up of a stack of alternating lead oxide electrodes that are separated from one another by layers of porous separators.
• When fully charged, the electrodes are separated by a porous separator.
• Every one of these components is immersed in a highly concentrated solution of sulfuric acid.
• Historically, it is the first type of rechargeable battery to have been developed.

The correct answer is  Takshashila

Key Points

Takshashila,

• It is the National Portal for Trainers and Assessors, is an initiative by NSDC under the Skill India Mission.
• The portal serves as a dedicated online platform for the management of Trainers and Assessors of the Indian Short-Term Skill ecosystem, functioning as the central repository of information concerning development of quality Trainers and Assessors.
• It aims to smoothly implement the programme for Training of Trainers and Assessors, ensuring transparency to all the involved stakeholders.
• The portal provides information about TOT-TOA programs planned by Sector Skill Councils through a public training calendar.
• It also provides a list of certified trainers and assessors who have been certified by Sector Skill Councils across states, sectors and job roles.

Key Points

Statement I: The Radhakrishnan Commission recommended to standardise university teaching in India.

Explanation:

• The Government of India appointed a university Education Commission under the chairmanship of Dr. Radhakrishnan in November 1948.
• The Commission made a number of significant recommendations on various aspects of higher education and submitted its report in August 1949

Hence Statement I is true

Statement II: The Radhakrishnan Commission also suggested the establishment of an all India University Examination Board.

Explanation:

• Radhakrishnan Commission is also known as University Education Commission.
• It suggested the integration of secondary education and higher education by setting up UGC.
• It was set up to inquire into the requirements of higher education in India.
• The formation of the Inter-University Board (IUB) of India as an Apex Inter-University Organization on March 23, 1925, in a meeting of Vice Chancellors/their representatives at Bombay University was the culmination of the need to bring together all the universities in India on a common platform through a coordinating body, to protect the interest of  the students as well as the universities.

Hence statement II is false

Therefore we can say that Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Key Points

Charaka Samhita

• It  is the oldest known Hindu text on Ayurveda (life sciences), followed by the Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hrdaya.
• Maharshi Charak wrote "Charak Samhita", a book on medicinal herbs.
• Charak Samhita is Ayurveda's definitive treatise and the most referenced text by students, scholars, teachers, physicians and researchers.

Susruta Samhita 

• Sushruta was an ancient Indian physician.
• The Sushruta Samhita, a treatise ascribed to him, is one of the most important surviving ancient treatises on medicine.​

Additional Information

Shulva Sutras or Śulbasūtras

• These are sutra texts belonging to the Śrauta ritual and containing geometry related to fire-altar construction.
• The four major Sulva Sutras, which are mathematically the most significant, are those composed by Baudhayana, Manava, Apastamba and Katyayana. Out of them the oldest belongs to Baudhayana and dates back to 600BC.

Yoga Sutras :

• The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali is a collection of Sanskrit sutras on the theory and practice of yoga – 195 sutras and 196 sutras.
• The Yoga Sutras was compiled in the early centuries CE, by the sage Patanjali in India who synthesized and organized knowledge about yoga from much older traditions.

Therefore we can say that (A) and (C) only are correct

The correct answer is National Skill Development Corporation.

Key Points

Sector Skill Councils 

• These are set up as autonomous industry-led bodies by National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC).
• The SSCs operate as an autonomous body and could be registered as a Section 8 Company, or a Society.
• NSDC is mandated to initiate and incubate SSCs with initial seed funding to facilitate their growth and enable them to achieve self-sustainability in a time bound manner.
• They create Occupational Standards and Qualification bodies, develop competency framework, conduct Train the Trainer Programs, conduct skill gap studies and Assess and Certify trainees on the curriculum aligned to National Occupational Standards developed by them.

The correct answer is Sulva satras

Key Points

Sulva Sutras or Śulbasūtras:

• The Sulva Sutras or Śulbasūtras are sutra texts belonging to the Śrauta ritual and containing geometry related to fire-altar construction.
• If the ritual sacrifice was to be successful then the altar had to conform to very precise measurements.
• The four major Sulva Sutras, which are mathematically the most significant, are those composed by Baudhayana, Manava, Apastamba and Katyayana.
• Out of them the oldest belongs to Baudhayana and dates back to 600BC.​

Additional Information

• The Nyāya Sūtras is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text composed by Akṣapāda Gautama, and the foundational text of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy.
• The Samkhyakarika is the earliest surviving text of the Samkhya school of Indian philosophy.
• The Samkhya Pravachana Sutra is a collection of major Sanskrit texts of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.

The correct answer is " They were true in the context of testing them."

Key Points 

• Let's consider the following statement from the above passage.
• On reflection scientists have rejected many past theories. It is also true that those theories were highly effective within the contexts that they had been developed and tested.
• ​From the above statement it is clear that it is true that the past theories were true in the context of testing them.
• Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct answer is " Man to go to the moon".

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statement from the above passage.
• Even now Newton's law of gravity is used to calculate satellite trajectories and go to the moon.
• From the above statement it is clear that the gravitational theory of Newton helped Man to go to the moon.
• Therefore the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is "Evidence available "

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statement from the passage.
• Beliefs are made on the basis of evidence on hand.

From the above statement, it is clear that the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is "Observation and belief"

Key Points

• Let's consider the following statement from the above passage.
• A formula, known as Bayes' rule allows you to calculate your degree of belief or credence. This is after learning of some evidence that takes into account what you believed before you saw the evidence. Bayes' rule is a unique and rational way to update your beliefs.

Therefore the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is "Changing nature of beliefs".

Key Points

• The author mentions Bayes' rule as a formula that allows for the calculation of one's degree of belief after learning of new evidence.
• The author highlights the idea that beliefs can be updated based on evidence and that the character of the evidence can influence one's confidence.
• This reflects the idea that the confidence of the individual plays a central role in updating their beliefs and understanding of truth.

Therefore the correct answer is Option 1