UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 10th Jan 2025 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Number of HB pencils sold by A :

\(\frac{9}{14}\times total = 216 \)

total pencils sold by A = 336.

Number of 6B pencils sold by A = 120.

Similarly:

Number of HB pencils sold by C = 100.

Number of HB pencils sold by D = 100.

Reqd. Ratio =  \(\frac{200}{120}=5:3\)

Number of 6B pencils sold by C :

\(\frac{4}{5}× total =400 \)

total pencils sold by C = 500.

Number of HB pencils sold by A = 100.

Total revenue: 400 × 5 + 100 × 8 = 2000 + 800 = Rs. 2800

Number of 6B pencils sold by A :

\(\frac{9}{14}\times total = 216 \)

total pencils sold by A = 336.

Number of HB pencils sold by A = 120.

Similarly:

Number of HB pencils sold by E = 160.

Avg = \(\frac{120+160}{2}=140.\)

Number of 6B pencils sold by B :

\(\frac{6}{14}\times total =480 \)

total pencils sold by B = 880.

Number of HB pencils sold by B= 400.

Defective pencils : \(\frac{40}{100}\times400=160.\)

Net sold = 480+240 = 720.

Similarly:

Number of HB pencils sold by C = 100.

Defective pencils : \(\frac{20}{100}\times100=20.\)

Net sold =400+80 = 480.

Total pencils sold by C and B together = 1200.

Number of HB pencils sold by E :

\(\frac{3}{5}× total =240 \)

total pencils sold by E = 400.

Number of HB pencils sold by E = 160.

similarly;

Number of HB pencils sold by B = 400.

Reqd. percentage = \(\frac{240}{400}\times100=60\)%

The correct answer is - allows students considerable autonomy with little support

Key Points

• Permissive classroom management style
• Characterized by granting students considerable autonomy in their actions and decisions.
• Often involves minimal guidance and limited support from the teacher.
• Focuses on encouraging student independence, but may lack structure and consistency.
• This approach can lead to a less controlled classroom environment.

Additional Information

• Classroom Management Styles
• Authoritative
• Combines high expectations with emotional support and respect.
• Encourages independence but provides clear guidelines and consistent feedback.
• Authoritarian
• Highly restrictive and controlling.
• Emphasizes obedience and discipline with little room for student autonomy.
• Permissive
• Grants considerable freedom to students.
• Lacks structure and discipline, often leading to a chaotic environment.
• Indifferent
• Low in both support and control.
• Teachers are often disengaged and uninvolved, leading to poor classroom dynamics.

The correct answer is - The minor term stands for all possible objects

Key Points

• Anupasambāri Hetvabhasa
• It is a logical fallacy that involves an inappropriate middle term.
• In this context, the minor term stands for all possible objects, making it overly general and not specific enough to support the argument.
• This generalization results in a failure to establish a necessary connection between the major term and the minor term.

Additional Information

• Types of Hetvabhasa
• Savyabhichara
• Occurs when the middle term is not consistently related to the major term.
• Example: "All animals are rational because dogs are rational."
• Satpratipaksha
• Occurs when there is a countervailing reason that negates the middle term.
• Example: "Fire is cold because ice is cold."
• Asiddha
• Occurs when the middle term is not established or proven.
• Example: "All men are immortal because the soul is immortal."
• Role of Middle Term in Logic
• The middle term is crucial in establishing the connection between the major and minor terms in a syllogism.
• It must be appropriately related to both terms to avoid logical fallacies.

The correct answer is - A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

Key Points

• Biology - Charles Darwin
• Charles Darwin is renowned for his contributions to the field of biology, particularly his theory of evolution by natural selection.
• His seminal work, "On the Origin of Species," laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology.
• Sociology - Auguste Comte
• Auguste Comte is often regarded as the father of sociology.
• He developed the theory of positivism, which emphasizes the use of scientific methods to study society.
• Economics - Harold J. Laski
• Harold J. Laski was an influential political theorist and economist.
• He contributed significantly to discussions on socialism and democratic theory.
• Linguistics - Noam Chomsky
• Noam Chomsky is a prominent linguist known for his theory of generative grammar.
• His work has profoundly impacted the study of language structure and cognitive science.

Additional Information

• Charles Darwin
• His theory of natural selection explains how species evolve over time through the differential survival and reproduction of individuals.
• Darwin's ideas were controversial at the time but are now central to biological sciences.
• Auguste Comte
• Comte's positivism asserts that only empirical, observable phenomena can be the basis for scientific knowledge.
• He coined the term "sociology" and envisioned it as the study of social order and progress.
• Harold J. Laski
• Laski's work in political economy emphasized the importance of state intervention in economic affairs to ensure social justice.
• He was a key figure in the development of modern political science and law.
• Noam Chomsky
• Chomsky's theory of generative grammar revolutionized the study of linguistics by suggesting that the ability to generate grammar is innate in humans.
• His work has had significant implications for understanding language acquisition and cognitive processes.

The correct answer is - Option 2: E, A, C, D, B

Key Points

• Information Source (E)
• The process of communication starts with the Information Source, which is the origin of the message.
• Transmitter (A)
• The Transmitter converts the message into signals suitable for transmission.
• Channel (C)
• The Channel is the medium through which the message is sent.
• Receiver (D)
• The Receiver converts the signals back into the message.
• Destination (B)
• The final step is reaching the Destination, where the message is received and interpreted.

Additional Information

• Information Source
• The entity that originates the message, which can be a person, organization, or system.
• Transmitter
• Devices or entities that encode the message into a transmittable form, like a microphone converting sound into electrical signals.
• Channel
• The medium through which the message travels, such as air, cables, or wireless signals.
• Receiver
• Devices or entities that decode the transmitted message into understandable form, like a speaker converting electrical signals back to sound.
• Destination
• The final entity that receives and interprets the message, completing the communication process.

The correct answer is - Option 1: A, B and C only

Key Points

• Sun
• Energy from the sun can be harnessed through solar panels to generate electricity.
• Solar energy is a renewable and clean source of energy.
• Sea
• The sea can provide energy through various methods such as tidal power, wave power, and ocean thermal energy conversion.
• These methods convert the kinetic and thermal energy of the sea into electricity.
• Animal excreta
• Animal excreta can be used to produce biogas through a process known as anaerobic digestion.
• Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, which can be used as a fuel.

Additional Information

• Soil
• Soil itself is not a direct source of energy. However, it can support plant growth, which can be used as biomass for energy production.
• Renewable Energy Sources
• Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal energy.
• These sources are considered sustainable as they are naturally replenished.
• Non-renewable Energy Sources
• Non-renewable energy sources include coal, oil, and natural gas.
• These sources are finite and can lead to environmental pollution.

The correct answer is - Assertive style

Key Points

• Assertive style
• Involves individuals expressing their feelings openly and honestly.
• Individuals ask for what they want in a direct manner.
• Includes the ability to say "no" to things they do not want without feeling guilty.
• Focuses on acting in one's own best interests while respecting others.
• This communication style is often seen as balanced and healthy.

Additional Information

• Passive style
• Individuals often avoid expressing their feelings or needs.
• Characterized by a tendency to yield to others and avoid confrontation.
• May lead to feelings of resentment or being taken advantage of.
• Manipulative style
• Involves using indirect methods to get what one wants.
• Can include deceit or exploiting others' weaknesses.
• Often creates distrust and damaged relationships.
• Aggressive style
• Characterized by dominating or bullying behavior.
• Individuals express their needs and wants at the expense of others.
• Often results in conflict and resentment.

Given:

Two numbers are in the ratio 5 ∶ 6. If 8 is subtracted from each of the numbers the ratio becomes 4 ∶ 5.

Calculation:

Let the two numbers be 5x and 6x.

According to the question:

(5x - 8)/(6x - 8) = 4/5

5(5x - 8) = 4(6x - 8)

25x - 40 = 24x - 32

25x - 24x = 40 - 32

x = 8

5x = 5 × 8 = 40

6x = 6 × 8 = 48

∴ The correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is - Option 1: A, C and D only

Key Points

• Individual competition
• In cooperative learning, the focus is on collaboration rather than individual competition.
• Students work together to achieve shared learning goals, minimizing competition among individuals.
• Sole reliance on teacher guidance
• Cooperative learning emphasizes student autonomy and peer support.
• The teacher acts as a facilitator, not the sole source of guidance.
• Individual rather than group accountability
• In cooperative learning, group accountability is essential to ensure all members contribute.
• Individual accountability is balanced with group goals, promoting collective responsibility.

Additional Information

• Positive interdependence among students
• Encourages students to work together, understanding that their success is linked to the success of their peers.
• Fosters a supportive learning environment where students help each other.
• Key Elements of Cooperative Learning
• Face-to-face promotive interaction: Students engage in direct interaction, providing help and feedback to each other.
• Group processing: Reflecting on group sessions to identify what worked well and what could be improved.
• Social skills: Developing communication, conflict resolution, and leadership skills through group activities.

The correct answer is - Inductive arguments are weak or strong

Key Points

• Inductive arguments
• Inductive arguments are evaluated based on their strength or weakness.
• A strong inductive argument means that if the premises are true, the conclusion is likely to be true.
• A weak inductive argument means that even if the premises are true, the conclusion is not very likely to be true.

Additional Information

• Deductive arguments
• Deductive arguments are concerned with validity and soundness.
• An argument is valid if the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises.
• An argument is sound if it is valid and its premises are true.
• Propositions
• Single propositions are evaluated based on their truth value; they are either true or false.
• Validity and invalidity apply to arguments, not to single propositions.

Family Tree :

1. H is the son of P and M is son of S.

2. S is the mother of P who is a sister of N.

Options:

A. S is maternal grandmother of P → False 

B. P is sister of M → True

C. M is maternal uncle of H → True

D. H is maternal grandson of S → True

So, 'B, C and D only' is true.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (3)".

The correct answer is - Marshall McLuhan

Key Points

• Marshall McLuhan
• Marshall McLuhan is widely recognized as a foundational figure in media theory.
• He introduced the concept of "the medium is the message," emphasizing the influence of the medium itself rather than just the content it delivers.
• His work, "Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man," published in 1964, explores how media and technology affect human perception and society.

Additional Information

• Media Theory
• Media theory examines the role of media in shaping culture, society, and human behavior.
• McLuhan's work is foundational in this field, highlighting how different media (print, electronic, etc.) influence perception and social organization.
• Technological Determinism
• McLuhan's theories often align with the concept of technological determinism, which suggests that technology shapes human thought and societal development.
• His idea that media extends human senses and capabilities exemplifies this viewpoint.
• Hot and Cool Media
• McLuhan categorized media as "hot" or "cool" based on the level of audience participation required.
• "Hot media" (e.g., film, radio) are high-definition and require less audience involvement, while "cool media" (e.g., television, telephone) are low-definition and demand more interaction.

The correct answer is - Pub Med

Key Points

• Pub Med
• Pub Med is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics.
• It is a widely-used resource for accessing a vast collection of research articles in the field of Biology and Medicine.
• Researchers and students use Pub Med to find peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, and clinical trials that are relevant to their research topics.
• Pub Med provides a reliable and comprehensive source of information for topics related to Biology.

Additional Information

• Alternative Databases
• Ei Compendex
• A comprehensive engineering literature database, primarily used for topics related to engineering and applied sciences.
• Not primarily focused on Biology.
• Geo Ref
• Focuses on geosciences, including geology, geography, and related fields.
• Not suitable for Biology research.
• Math Sci Net
• A database of reviews, abstracts, and bibliographic information for mathematical sciences literature.
• Not relevant for Biology topics.
• Pub Med Features
• Includes articles from journals indexed in MEDLINE, as well as additional life sciences journals.
• Provides advanced search options to filter results by article type, publication date, and more.
• Offers tools such as citation management and alert services for staying updated on new research.

The correct answer is - A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

Key Points

• Average
• Returns the total of all the values in range divided by number of values in the range.
• This is represented by the formula A = (Sum of values) / (Number of values).
• Count
• Returns the number of entries in a selected range.
• This function is useful for quickly determining the size of a data set.
• Median
• Returns the value in the middle of the range.
• If the number of values is odd, the median is the middle number; if even, it is the average of the two middle numbers.
• Mode
• Returns the value that occurs most frequently in the data range.
• If multiple values occur with the same highest frequency, MODE.SNGL returns the first such value.

Additional Information

• Statistical Functions in MS-Excel
• AVERAGE
• Syntax: =AVERAGE(range)
• Used to calculate the mean of a set of numbers.
• COUNT
• Syntax: =COUNT(range)
• Counts the number of cells that contain numbers in a specified range.
• MEDIAN
• Syntax: =MEDIAN(range)
• Finds the median or middle number in a set of numbers.
• MODE
• Syntax: =MODE(range) or =MODE.SNGL(range)
• Identifies the most frequently occurring number in a range of data.

The correct answer is - B, C and D only

Key Points

• Wireless notebooks may suffer from electromagnetic interference
• Wireless devices use radio waves for communication, which can be disrupted by other electronic devices.
• Common sources of electromagnetic interference include microwave ovens, cordless phones, and other wireless networks.
• Terrestrial microwave supports line-of-sight communication
• Terrestrial microwave communication requires a clear line of sight between the transmitting and receiving antennas.
• Obstructions like buildings, trees, and mountains can disrupt the signal.
• In distributed computing, computers are located in different geographical areas
• Distributed computing involves multiple computers working together, often over a network, to accomplish a task.
• These computers can be spread across different locations, enhancing processing power and reliability.

Additional Information

• MAC Address
• A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications at the data link layer of a network segment.
• In theory, no two devices should have the same MAC address. However, it is possible for MAC address collisions to occur, especially if addresses are manually changed or cloned.
• Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
• EMI can degrade the performance of wireless communication by introducing noise and reducing signal clarity.
• Shielding and proper placement of devices can help mitigate the effects of EMI.
• Distributed Computing
• Distributed computing systems often use parallel processing to enhance computational efficiency.
• Examples include cloud computing platforms, grid computing, and peer-to-peer networks.

The correct answer is - A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III

Key Points

• Jatra (A)
• Jatra is a traditional folk theatre form that originates from Bengal.
• Bhavai (B)
• Bhavai is a traditional folk theatre form that is native to Gujarat.
• Yakshagana (C)
• Yakshagana is a traditional theatre form that is indigenous to Karnataka.
• Powada (D)
• Powada is a traditional folk ballad that is prominent in Maharashtra.

Additional Information

• Jatra
• Jatra is a traditional form of folk theatre in Bengal, often performed during festivals.
• It includes elements of drama, music, and dance.
• Bhavai
• Bhavai is a popular folk theatre form in Gujarat, performed in the open air.
• It is known for its satirical and humorous content.
• Yakshagana
• Yakshagana is a traditional theatre form that combines dance, music, dialogue, costume, makeup, and stage techniques with a unique style and form.
• It is mainly found in the coastal districts of Karnataka.
• Powada
• Powada is a traditional Marathi ballad that narrates heroic tales, typically of Maratha warriors.
• It is a significant form of folk music in Maharashtra.

The correct answer is - B and D only

Key Points

• Originality and intellectual problem-solving
• A research report should show originality in its approach, which means it should present new insights or findings that contribute to the existing body of knowledge.
• It should attempt to solve an intellectual problem, addressing a specific question or hypothesis in a clear and methodical manner.
• Logical analysis of subject matter
• The research report should present a logical analysis of the subject matter, which involves organizing and interpreting data in a coherent and systematic way.
• This ensures that the conclusions drawn are based on sound reasoning and evidence.

Additional Information

• Charts, graphs, and statistical tables
• Including charts, graphs, and statistical tables in a research report is crucial as they help in visually representing the data, making it easier to understand and interpret.
• Abstract terminology and technical jargon
• While some technical jargon and abstract terminology might be necessary, excessive use can make the report difficult to understand. The language should be clear and accessible to the intended audience.

The correct answer is - The middle term appears as a predicate in the major premise

Key Points

• The middle term appears as a predicate in the major premise
• In categorical syllogisms, the middle term is the term that appears in both premises but not in the conclusion.
• The major premise is the premise that contains the major term (the predicate of the conclusion).
• For the syllogism to be valid, the middle term must properly connect the two premises, and its placement as a predicate in the major premise is a key aspect.

Additional Information

• Distribution of Terms
• The distribution of a term refers to whether the term applies to all members of its category.
• A term is distributed if it refers to all members of the category it denotes.
• In the context of categorical syllogisms:
• The subject of a universal statement (e.g., All A are B) is distributed.
• The predicate of a negative statement (e.g., No A are B) is distributed.
• Illicit Minor Fallacy
• This fallacy occurs when the minor term (the subject of the conclusion) is distributed in the conclusion but not in the minor premise.
• It violates the rules of a valid categorical syllogism, leading to an invalid argument.
• Major and Minor Premises
• The major premise contains the major term (predicate of the conclusion).
• The minor premise contains the minor term (subject of the conclusion).
• Understanding the structure of these premises is crucial for analyzing the validity of syllogisms.

Given:

The arithmetic mean of x and (1/x) is K.

We need to find the arithmetic mean of x² and (1/x²).

Formula used:

Arithmetic Mean (AM) of two numbers a and b:

AM = (a + b) / 2

Calculation:

Given that the arithmetic mean of x and 1/x is K:

(x + 1/x) / 2 = K

⇒ x + 1/x = 2K

Now, we need to find the arithmetic mean of x² and (1/x²):

(x² + 1/x²) / 2

Using the identity:

x² + 1/x² = (x + 1/x)² - 2

⇒ x² + 1/x² = (2K)² - 2

⇒ x² + 1/x² = 4K² - 2

Arithmetic mean = (4K² - 2) / 2

= 2K² - 1

∴ The arithmetic mean of x² and (1/x²) is 2K² - 1.

The correct answer is - Personal interview

Key Points

• Field Research
• Field research involves collecting data outside of a laboratory, library, or workplace setting.
• The primary goal is to gather raw data directly from natural or real-world environments.
• Personal Interview
• A personal interview is a method where data is collected through direct interaction between the interviewer and the respondent.
• This method allows for in-depth responses and the ability to clarify questions on the spot.
• It is particularly useful in field research as it can provide detailed, qualitative data.

Additional Information

• Other Methods in Field Research
• Small Group Study
• Involves observing and analyzing the behavior of a small group in a natural setting.
• Can include methods like role analysis and studying random behavior.
• Document Analysis
• Involves examining existing documents and records to gather data.
• Less interactive than personal interviews, but useful for historical or archived data.
• Importance of Field Research
• Provides data that is often more accurate and reliable due to its real-world context.
• Essential for studies in anthropology, sociology, and other social sciences.

The correct answer is - E, B, A, D and C

Key Points

• Abstract (E)
• The abstract provides a brief summary of the entire research paper, including the main objectives, methods, results, and conclusions.
• Introduction (B)
• The introduction sets the stage for the research by outlining the background, objectives, and significance of the study.
• Procedures (A)
• The procedures section describes the methodology and processes used in the research, ensuring reproducibility.
• Results (D)
• The results section presents the findings of the research without interpretation, often using tables, graphs, and figures.
• Conclusions (C)
• The conclusions section interprets the results, discusses their implications, and suggests possible future research directions.

Additional Information

• Abstract
• Typically written last but placed at the beginning of the paper.
• Should be concise and informative, generally around 150-250 words.
• Introduction
• Should provide context and state the research question or hypothesis.
• Includes a literature review to justify the need for the study.
• Procedures
• Also known as the Methodology or Methods section.
• Details the experimental design, materials used, and procedures followed.
• Results
• Focuses on presenting data and findings without interpretation.
• Uses visual aids to make data easier to understand.
• Conclusions
• Also known as the Discussion section.
• Links the results to the research question and provides interpretations.
• May include limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.

The correct answer is - Attacking the motive

Key Points

• Attacking the motive
• This fallacy occurs when an argument is dismissed by questioning the motives of the individual presenting the argument, rather than addressing the argument itself.
• In the given statement, the argument is dismissed by suggesting that the professor's support for tenure is driven by self-interest, without addressing the actual merits of his argument.
• This approach diverts attention from the actual argument to the personal motives, thereby undermining the credibility of the argument without valid reasoning.

Additional Information

• Look who's talking
• Also known as "Tu Quoque", this fallacy involves dismissing someone's argument because they themselves are guilty of the same thing they are arguing against.
• Example: A smoker telling others not to smoke is dismissed because they smoke themselves.
• Scare tactics
• This fallacy uses fear to influence opinions and actions rather than logical reasoning.
• Example: Suggesting that not supporting a particular policy will result in catastrophic consequences.
• Bandwagon Argument
• This fallacy appeals to the popularity of an idea as a reason for accepting it.
• Example: "Everyone is doing it, so it must be right."

The correct answer is - SNDT University, Mumbai

Key Points

• SNDT University, Mumbai
• Established in 1916, SNDT University (Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University) is the first university in India exclusively for women.
• The University received statutory recognition in 1951. Lady Pramila Thackersey became the first Vice Chancellor of the Statutory University. The Institute name changed to Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) Women's University.
• It was founded with the objective of empowering women through higher education.
• The university offers a wide range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs specifically tailored to women.

Additional Information

• Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Tonk
• Established in 1935, Banasthali Vidyapeeth is also a prominent institution for women's education in India.
• It offers courses from primary to university level education exclusively for women.
• Kashi Vidyapeeth, Benaras
• Also known as Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, it is a public university located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.
• It was founded in 1921 but is not exclusively for women.
• Savitribai Phule Pune University
• Established in 1949, it is a public university located in Pune, Maharashtra.
• It is one of the premier universities in India but it is not exclusively for women.

The correct answer is - Registers

Key Points

• Registers
• Registers are the fastest memory elements in a computer system.
• They are located within the CPU and provide very high-speed access to critical data during processing.
• Due to their proximity to the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), they significantly reduce data retrieval time.
• Registers are used to store intermediate results, instructions, and immediate data being processed.

Additional Information

• Cache Memory
• Cache memory is faster than RAM but slower than registers.
• It acts as a buffer between the CPU and RAM, storing frequently accessed data to speed up overall system performance.
• There are different levels of cache: L1 (Level 1), L2 (Level 2), and L3 (Level 3), with L1 being the fastest and closest to the CPU.
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• RAM is a type of volatile memory that stores data and machine code currently being used.
• It provides faster access compared to HDD but is significantly slower than cache and registers.
• When the computer is turned off, data in RAM is lost.
• HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
• HDD is a type of non-volatile storage that retains data even when the computer is turned off.
• It is much slower compared to RAM, cache, and registers.
• HDDs are typically used for long-term storage of data and applications.

The correct answer is - Level-of-processing

Key Points

• Level-of-processing
• This theory posits that the depth at which information is processed significantly affects memory retention.
• Deep processing involves meaningful analysis (e.g., semantic processing), which results in stronger, longer-lasting memories.
• Shallow processing involves less meaningful analysis (e.g., phonetic processing), leading to weaker memories.
• Examples of deep processing include forming associations, creating mental images, and relating new information to existing knowledge.

Additional Information

• Constructive process
• This concept refers to the idea that memory is not a passive process but involves actively constructing or reconstructing experiences.
• It emphasizes how memories can be influenced by perceptions, imagination, and semantic information.
• Constructive memory can sometimes lead to errors or distortions, such as in eyewitness testimonies.
• Information processing
• This is a broad theory that compares the mind to a computer, describing how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
• It involves stages such as sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
• Key concepts include the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
• Collective unconscious
• A term coined by Carl Jung, referring to the part of the unconscious mind that is derived from ancestral memory and experience.
• It is shared among beings of the same species and contains archetypes, which are universal, archaic symbols and images.
• Examples include universal themes such as the mother, the hero, and the shadow.

The correct answer is - Written Communication

Key Points

• Written Communication
• House Journals are a form of written communication used by organizations to disseminate information.
• They include newsletters, magazines, and other printed materials that convey structured and detailed information.
• The purpose of house journals is to keep employees and stakeholders informed about organizational updates, achievements, and other relevant content.
• Unlike oral or verbal communication, written communication provides a permanent record of the information shared.

Additional Information

• Types of Communication
• Oral Communication
• Involves the use of spoken words to convey messages.
• Includes face-to-face conversations, telephone calls, and video conferences.
• Intercultural Communication
• Refers to the exchange of information between individuals from different cultures.
• Focuses on understanding and bridging cultural differences to communicate effectively.
• Group Communication
• Occurs when information is shared among multiple people in a group setting.
• Common examples include team meetings, group discussions, and seminars.
• Advantages of Written Communication
• Provides a permanent record for future reference.
• Ensures clarity and precision in the information conveyed.
• Allows for well-thought-out and detailed communication.

The correct answer is - Bhikshunis

Key Points

• Bhikshunis
• In Buddhism, Bhikshunis refers to fully ordained women monks.
• The term is derived from the Sanskrit word Bhikshu, meaning "a mendicant" or "one who begs for alms".
• Bhikshunis follow the same monastic rules (Vinaya) as their male counterparts, the Bhikshus.
• This title is a mark of respect and denotes women who have taken vows of celibacy and dedicated their lives to monastic discipline.

Additional Information

• Sanghmitras
• While Sanghmitra is a revered title, it is not specifically used for women monks. It is commonly associated with Sanghamitta, the daughter of Emperor Ashoka, who played a key role in spreading Buddhism.
• Sanginis
• The term Sanginis is not traditionally used within the Buddhist monastic context to refer to women monks or learners.
• Viharikas
• Viharikas refers to residents of a Vihara (monastery), but it is not a specific title for ordained women monks.

Given:

Total marks obtained = 60% of total marks

Marks in each subject are in the ratio 6:7:8:9:10

Calculations:

Let the full marks for each paper be "x".

Therefore, total full marks for 5 papers = 5x

Total marks obtained by the student = 60% of 5x = 0.60 × 5x = 3x

The ratio of marks are 6:7:8:9:10, let the marks be 6k, 7k, 8k, 9k, and 10k respectively.

So, 6k + 7k + 8k + 9k + 10k = 3x

40k = 3x

k = 3x/40

Now, we find the marks in each paper:

Marks in paper 1 = 6k = 6 × (3x/40) = 18x/40 = 0.45x

Marks in paper 2 = 7k = 7 × (3x/40) = 21x/40 = 0.525x

Marks in paper 3 = 8k = 8 × (3x/40) = 24x/40 = 0.60x

Marks in paper 4 = 9k = 9 × (3x/40) = 27x/40 = 0.675x

Marks in paper 5 = 10k = 10 × (3x/40) = 30x/40 = 0.75x

Number of papers in which marks obtained are more than 50%:

50% of full marks in each paper = 0.50x

So, marks in paper 1 = 0.45x (not more than 50%)

Marks in paper 2 = 0.525x (more than 50%)

Marks in paper 3 = 0.60x (more than 50%)

Marks in paper 4 = 0.675x (more than 50%)

Marks in paper 5 = 0.75x (more than 50%)

∴ The number of papers in which he got more than 50% marks is 4.

The correct answer is - B, E, D, A, C

Key Points

• Durgabai Deshmukh National Committee on Women's Education (1958-59)
• Formed in 1958, this committee focused on the education of women and girls in India.
• Hansa Mehta Committee (1962)
• Established in 1962, this committee emphasized the need for reforms in the educational system.
• Janardhan Reddy Committee (1992)
• Set up in 1992, it focused on the review of the National Policy on Education, 1986.
• Yashpal Committee (1993)
• The Yashpal Committee (1993) was formed to evaluate the structure and functioning of the Indian education system.
• Birla Ambani Report (2000)
• Prepared in 2000, this report focused on transforming the higher education system to meet the needs of the emerging market economy.

Additional Information

• National Education Committees and Their Impact
• Durgabai Deshmukh National Committee: Played a crucial role in highlighting the importance of women's education and setting a foundation for future educational reforms.
• Hansa Mehta Committee: Focused on the need for comprehensive educational reforms and emphasized the importance of integrating modern educational practices.
• Janardhan Reddy Committee: Its recommendations led to significant changes in the National Policy on Education, helping to shape the educational landscape of the 1990s.
• Yashpal Committee: Addressed the issues of higher education and aimed at reducing the regulatory burden on educational institutions, promoting innovation and creativity.
• Birla Ambani Report: Emphasized the need for aligning higher education with market needs, advocating for increased private participation and greater autonomy for institutions.

The correct answer is - Option 1: B, C and E only

Key Points

• Education cess
• The Education cess is a specific tax levied by the government to fund education. It directly goes to the central government.
• State Education Policy Commissions
• The governments of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have established their respective State Education Policy Commissions to oversee and enhance educational policies and implementation.
• SDG-4
• Sustainable Development Goal-4 (SDG-4) pertains to Education and aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Additional Information

• Education Funding in India
• As of now, the Government of India has not allocated six percent of GDP to education in the year 2024.
• Typically, the allocation is lower, and such a significant increase would be a notable change in policy.
• Education as a Subject
• Education is actually a part of the Concurrent List in the Indian Constitution, allowing both the central and state governments to legislate on education-related matters.
• This shared responsibility enables tailored educational policies that can address specific regional needs while maintaining national standards.

The logic followed here is:

125 is coded as VYZ 

And,

487 is coded as TSW

Similarly,

‘369’ will be coded as:

So, 369 is coded as 'RUX'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (2)".

The Air Quality Index (AQI) in India is determined based on the concentrations of eight key pollutants identified by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

Important Points

Included Pollutants in AQI (India):

• PM₁₀ – Particulate Matter (≤ 10 microns)
• PM_2.5 – Fine Particulate Matter (≤ 2.5 microns)
• NO₂ – Nitrogen Dioxide
• SO₂ – Sulphur Dioxide
• CO – Carbon Monoxide
• O₃ – Ozone
• NH₃ – Ammonia
• Pb – Lead

A. CO (Carbon Monoxide)

• Included in AQI
• A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas from incomplete combustion.
• Reduces oxygen delivery to body organs; harmful for heart and brain.

B. NO (Nitrogen Dioxide)

• Included in AQI (As NO₂)
• Formed from vehicle emissions and industrial activities.
• Causes respiratory issues, aggravates asthma, and reduces lung function.

C. C₆H₆ (Benzene)

• Not included in AQI
• A volatile organic compound (VOC) and hazardous pollutant.
• Linked to leukemia and other blood disorders; monitored separately.

D. Benzo(a) Pyrene

• Not included in AQI
• A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) found in coal tar and smoke.
• Carcinogenic, monitored in specific studies but not part of AQI.

E. O₃ (Ozone)

• Included in AQI
• Formed from the reaction of sunlight with nitrogen oxides and VOCs.
• Causes smog, chest pain, coughing, and throat irritation.

Conclusion: Only A (CO), B (NO/NO₂), and E (O₃) are included in the Air Quality Index estimation in India.

Final Answer: A, B, and E only. The marked option has been modified as per the correct answer, though NTA has dropped this question.

The correct answer is - September

Key Points

• Ozone Hole
• The ozone hole refers to the depletion of the ozone layer over the Antarctic region.
• It is characterized by a significant reduction in ozone concentration.
• September
• The ozone hole reaches its maximum size and depth during September and early October.
• This period corresponds to the end of the Antarctic winter and the beginning of spring.
• Seasonal Cycle
• The formation of the ozone hole is primarily driven by chlorine and bromine compounds in the stratosphere.
• During the Antarctic winter, polar stratospheric clouds form, facilitating reactions that release active chlorine and bromine.
• When sunlight returns to the polar region in September, these compounds catalyze the rapid destruction of ozone.

Additional Information

• Ozone Layer
• The ozone layer is a region of Earth's stratosphere that contains a high concentration of ozone (O₃).
• It absorbs the majority of the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, protecting living organisms on Earth.
• Impact of Ozone Depletion
• Increased UV radiation reaching Earth's surface can lead to higher rates of skin cancer, cataracts, and other health issues.
• It also affects ecosystems, including marine life, by disrupting the food chain and damaging phytoplankton.
• International Agreements
• The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987, is a global agreement to phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
• It has been successful in reducing the emission of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other harmful chemicals.
• As a result, the ozone layer is expected to recover to pre-1980 levels by the middle of the 21^st century.

The correct answer is - A, B, E only

Key Points

• Paralanguage
• Paralanguage refers to the non-verbal elements of communication that modify meaning and convey emotion.
• Examples include:
• Tone of voice (A): The pitch, quality, and strength of the voice that conveys the speaker's attitude.
• Volume (B): The loudness or softness of the spoken words, which can affect the message's emphasis and interpretation.
• Pitch (E): The highness or lowness of the voice, which can indicate questions, statements, or emotions.

Additional Information

• Non-Verbal Communication
• Includes all aspects of communication other than words.
• Examples include:
• Personal space (C): The physical distance maintained between individuals which can indicate intimacy, aggression, or formality.
• Eye contact (D): The act of looking directly into another person's eyes, which can convey confidence, attention, or aggression.
• Importance of Paralanguage
• Effective in conveying emotions and attitudes that may not be explicit in the spoken words.
• Helps in understanding the true intention behind the message.
• Plays a crucial role in face-to-face communication, enhancing or altering the meaning conveyed by the words.

The correct answer is - Deuterium

Key Points

• Deuterium
• Deuterium, also known as heavy hydrogen, is an isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron in its nucleus.
• It is commonly used in nuclear fusion reactions, particularly in combination with tritium, another hydrogen isotope, to produce helium and a neutron, releasing a large amount of energy.
• Deuterium can be extracted from water, making it relatively abundant and accessible for fusion research and applications.
• Fusion of deuterium nuclei is a key process in experimental fusion reactors such as tokamaks and inertial confinement fusion devices.

Additional Information

• Nuclear Fusion
• Nuclear fusion is the process by which two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process.
• It is the same reaction that powers the sun and other stars.
• Fusion reactions require extremely high temperatures and pressures to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged nuclei.
• The most common fusion reactions involve isotopes of hydrogen, such as deuterium and tritium.
• Fusion Reactors
• There are different types of experimental fusion reactors, including tokamaks and inertial confinement fusion devices.
• Tokamaks use magnetic fields to confine a hot plasma of deuterium and tritium in a toroidal shape.
• Inertial Confinement Fusion involves compressing small pellets of deuterium and tritium using intense laser or ion beams to achieve the necessary conditions for fusion.
• Both approaches aim to achieve sustained fusion reactions to provide a potential source of clean and virtually limitless energy.
• Advantages of Fusion Energy
• Fusion produces minimal nuclear waste compared to fission reactions.
• The fuel sources for fusion, such as deuterium, are abundant and widely available.
• Fusion has the potential to provide a long-term, sustainable source of energy without the carbon emissions associated with fossil fuels.

The correct answer is - B, C and E only

Key Points

• In perception of an external object, the manas goes out to the object
• According to Vedanta philosophy, perception involves the mind (manas) extending towards the external object.
• This extension enables the mind to connect with the object for perception to occur.
• On reaching the object, the Antahkarana is identified with it
• The Antahkarana, which includes the mind, intellect, and ego, merges with the object to facilitate perception.
• This identification is crucial for the recognition and cognition of the external object.
• In perception, the manas goes out to the external object through the senses
• The senses act as a medium through which the mind extends towards the object.
• This interaction between the senses and manas is fundamental to the process of perception.

Additional Information

• Vedanta Philosophy
• Vedanta is a major school of Indian philosophy that emphasizes the ideas in the Upanishads.
• It explores topics like the nature of reality, the self (Atman), and the ultimate reality (Brahman).
• Antahkarana
• Antahkarana is a term used in Vedanta to refer to the internal organ comprising mind, intellect, and ego.
• It plays a vital role in the processes of perception, cognition, and consciousness.
• Manas
• Manas is the mind, which is responsible for thinking, feeling, and willing.
• It acts as a bridge between the senses and the intellect.

The correct answer is - Noise climate

Key Points

• Noise climate
• The term Noise climate refers to the difference between the peak noise level (L10) and the background noise level (L90).
• It is used to describe the variability in noise levels within a specific environment.
• This metric is important for assessing the impact of noise on human activities and overall environmental quality.

Additional Information

• Peak Noise Level (L10)
• L10 represents the noise level that is exceeded for 10% of the time during a measurement period.
• It typically indicates the highest noise levels experienced in the environment.
• Background Noise Level (L90)
• L90 represents the noise level that is exceeded for 90% of the time during a measurement period.
• It is often used to describe the ambient or background noise level in an environment.
• Importance of Noise Climate
• Understanding the noise climate helps in planning and implementing noise control measures.
• It is crucial for urban planning, especially in residential areas, to ensure a comfortable living environment.

The correct answer is - A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I

Key Points

• Vid or vide: See, refer to
• The term vid or vide is used in scholarly works to direct the reader to another part of the text or another document for additional information.
• op. cit: In the work cited
• op. cit is short for the Latin phrase opera citato, meaning "in the work cited." It is used to reference a source previously cited in full.
• id., idem: The same
• id. or idem means "the same" and is used to refer to the same author or work cited immediately before.
• ibid., ibedem: Same work cited just above
• ibid. or ibedem means "in the same place" and is used to refer to the same source cited immediately preceding.

Additional Information

• Bibliographic References:
• These abbreviations are commonly used in academic writing and bibliographies to streamline references and avoid redundancy.
• Understanding these terms is crucial for proper citation and maintaining academic integrity.
• Usage in Legal Documents:
• Legal documents also frequently use these abbreviations to refer to statutes, cases, and other legal authorities.
• Consistency in Citations:
• Using these abbreviations correctly ensures that readers can easily follow and verify references, enhancing the credibility of the work.

The correct answer is - B and D only

Key Points

• Google Docs
• Allows for real-time collaboration where multiple users can edit and comment on a document simultaneously.
• Provides a platform for tracking progress through version history and comments.
• Facilitates leaving feedback directly on specific parts of the document.
• Trello
• Designed for project management with boards, lists, and cards to organize tasks and track progress.
• Allows team members to leave comments on cards, facilitating communication and feedback.
• Provides various integrations to enhance collaborative efforts.

Additional Information

• Turnitin
• Primarily used for plagiarism detection.
• Not suitable for real-time collaboration or tracking progress.
• Quizzes
• Designed for assessment purposes rather than collaboration.
• Does not provide features for tracking project progress or leaving comments.

The correct answer is - Star topology

Key Points

• Star topology
• In a star topology, each device is connected to a central node, often referred to as a hub or switch.
• This topology is widely used due to its simplicity and ease of installation.
• It allows for easy detection of faults since each device is independently connected to the central node.
• In case of a failure in one of the peripheral devices, the rest of the network remains unaffected.

Additional Information

• Ring topology
• In a ring topology, each device is connected to exactly two other devices, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each device.
• Data travels in one direction (or both directions in a dual ring topology) in a circular fashion.
• Bus topology
• In a bus topology, all devices share a single communication line or bus.
• It is cost-effective but can be difficult to troubleshoot and is less reliable due to the single point of failure.
• Mesh topology
• In a mesh topology, every device is connected to every other device, providing high redundancy and reliability.
• It is highly robust but can be very expensive to implement due to the large number of connections required.

The correct answer is - Option 2: C, A, D, B

Key Points

• Fetch
• This is the first step in the instruction cycle where the instruction is fetched from memory.
• The Program Counter (PC) holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched.
• Decode
• In this step, the fetched instruction is decoded to understand what actions are needed.
• The Control Unit interprets the instruction's opcode and prepares to execute it.
• Execute
• The actual operation specified by the instruction is carried out during this stage.
• This can involve arithmetic operations, memory access, or I/O operations.
• Store
• In this final stage, the result of the executed instruction is stored back to memory or a register.
• This ensures that the output can be used for subsequent instructions or operations.

Additional Information

• Program Counter (PC)
• The Program Counter holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched.
• It automatically increments after each instruction fetch unless altered by a jump instruction.
• Instruction Register (IR)
• The Instruction Register temporarily holds the current instruction being decoded and executed.
• It allows the Control Unit to decode and execute the instruction.
• Control Unit (CU)
• The Control Unit manages the decoding of instructions and orchestrates the execution process.
• It generates control signals that direct the other components of the CPU.

The correct answer is Option 2.

 

Key Points

• There is hardly any evidence to show that social patronage was available to the women poets.
• The passage suggests that social constraints might have limited their ability to claim authorship.
• The creative faculty of women operated within traditional literary forms and was preserved and transmitted mainly by women.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

 

Correct Sentence: "Social constraints might have limited their ability to claim authorship, which is why many women writers may have remained anonymous in some genres."

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: This option is incorrect because it does not address the issue of social constraints impacting women's ability to claim authorship.
• Option 3: This option is incorrect because there is no mention of high literacy rates among women in the passage.
• Option 4: This option is incorrect because the passage does not suggest a cultural disinterest in literature as a reason for anonymity.

The correct answer is Option 2.

 

Key Points

• The passage mentions that a great corpus of nursery rhymes, vratakatha, fairy-tales, festival songs and various types of labour songs were created partly, if not entirely by women.
• It also states that this body of literature was preserved and transmitted mainly by women.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

 

Correct Sentence: "Women created, preserved and transmitted these forms of literature, as mentioned in the passage."

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: This option is incorrect because it states that women did not preserve the forms, which contradicts the passage.
• Option 3: This option is incorrect because the passage clearly mentions that women preserved the forms of literature.
• Option 4: This option is incorrect because it suggests that women only passed down the forms, ignoring their role in creation and preservation.

The correct answer is Option 3.

 

Key Points

• The passage states that Madhavi Dasi is associated with Orissa.
• The other poets mentioned in the options are associated with different regions.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

 

Correct Sentence: "Madhavi Dasi is the poet mentioned in the passage who is associated with Orissa."

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: Lalla Ded is associated with Kashmir.
• Option 2: Padmapriya is associated with Assam.
• Option 4: Mirabai is associated with Rajasthan.

The correct answer is Option 2.

 

Key Points

• The passage suggests two reasons for the lack of women writers in other literary genres: their creative faculty operated exclusively within informal literary forms, or they preferred to remain anonymous if they ventured into other genres.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

 

Correct Sentence: "The passage suggests that women's creative work stayed within informal forms or they chose anonymity in other literary genres."

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: This option is incorrect because the passage does not mention lack of access to education as a reason.
• Option 3: This option is incorrect because the passage does not specifically mention that men dominated all the literary spaces to the exclusion of women.
• Option 4: This option is incorrect because the passage allows for the possibility that women did explore other genres but chose to remain anonymous.

The correct answer is Option 3.

 

Key Points

• The passage mentions that women created and preserved nursery rhymes, vratakatha, fairy-tales, festival songs, and various types of labour songs.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

 

Correct Sentence: "Women mainly created and preserved nursery rhymes, vratakatha, fairy-tales, festival songs, and various types of labour songs as mentioned in the passage."

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: This option is incorrect because the passage does not mention political essays.
• Option 2: This option is incorrect because the passage does not mention religious texts.
• Option 4: This option is incorrect because the passage does not mention novels and short stories.