UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 1 Oct 2022 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

​The term "research design" describes the overall approach taken to do research. 

Key PointsStatement I: A research design is blueprint that guides the use of a research method and analysis of data.

• Research design is the framework of the research methodologies and procedures a researcher selects to carry out a study.
• The layout enables researchers to focus on developing research techniques appropriate for the topic and set up their investigations for success.
• It establishes a clear and logical framework through the collection, interpretation, analysis, and presentation of data.

Thus, Statement I is correct 

Statement II: A research design is in no way connected with the expression of causal relations between variables.

• A research design is a framework that has been created to find answers to research questions.
• It is the type of study that determine the research design.
• In experimental research where a researcher test causal relations between variable and research design determine the data collection, interpretation, analysis, and presentation of data.

So, Statement II is incorrect. 

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Given:

16, 20, 25, 30, 36, 42, 49, ?

Solution:

The series follows the following pattern,

The missing term in the series is 56.

Hence, the correct option is 3.

A solar pond is a pool of saltwater which collects and stores solar thermal energy. 

Key Points

• A solar pond is a solar energy collector, generally fairly large in size, that looks like a pond.
• This type of solar energy collector uses a large, salty lake as a kind of a flat plate collector that absorbs and stores energy from the Sun in the warm, lower layers of the pond.
• The saltwater naturally forms a vertical salinity gradient also known as a halocline.
• These ponds can be natural or man-made, but generally speaking the solar ponds that are in operation today are artificial.
• Solar ponds can process heat, electricity, and fresh water - even at night or in cloudy weather.

Thus the option B,C and E are correct

Important PointUses of solar ponds:

• Benefit of using these ponds is that they have an extremely large thermal mass.
• Since these ponds can store heat energy very well, they can generate electricity during the day when the Sun is shining as well as at night.

Key Points

• Material and spiritual development were given equal weight in Swami Vivekananda's teachings and educational theories.
• According to Swamiji, the goal of the curriculum should be the holistic development of the body, mind, and soul.
• “Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man” — this is a very famous quotation from Swami Vivekananda.
• This quotation was originally part of a letter written to Singaravelu Mudaliyar (Kidi) from Chicago, United States, dated 3 March 1894.
• The letter was later published as prose in the Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda and was named What we believe in.
• "Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man." this means-
• Religion is the manifestation of the Divinity already in man.
• Therefore the only duty of the teacher in both cases is to remove all obstructions from the way. Hands off! as I always say, and everything will be right. That is, our duty is to clear the way. The Lord does the rest.

Additional Information

• According to Mahatma Gandhi education means, "By education, I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in child and man-body, mind and spirit."

Traditional education refers to long-standing norms that society has traditionally used in schools.

Key Points

Physical models for traditional offline teaching:

• It is also referred to as back-to-basics education, conventional education, or customary education.
• The main goal of conventional education is to continue imparting knowledge, skills, and moral and social norms.
• Tools can be used for traditional offline teaching such as Physical models, charts, diagrams etc.
• Physical models act as an extension of their cognitive space.
• When students are forced to make predictions about the outcomes, physical models are most helpful at enhancing learning.

Thus, Physical models can be used for traditional offline teaching. 

Additional Information

• LMS is a piece of software used by academic institutions to host, administer, and monitor learning initiatives.
• Powerpoint is a Ms-office suit which can be used to enhance the teaching and learning experience.
• Teachers can make PowerPoint presentations with bullet points using projectors.

​Early Indian scriptures provide descriptions of the use of argument and reasoning.

Key Points

• The earliest philosophical writings show a preoccupation with the nature of reason and argument, and their treatment is closely related to issues with ontology, epistemology.
• ​The origins of Indian logic can be Medhatithi Gautama's anviksiki.
• Six philosophical systems have come to be seen as the intellectual discovery of truth in India over the course of many centuries.
• These are referred to as Vedanta or Uttara Mimansa, Nyaya, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimansa, and Vaishesika.

Therefore, Gautam is the name of the founder of Classical Indian School of Logic. 

Additional Information

• In their explanation and interpretation of reality all of these philosophies share the idea of unity and variety (advaita and dvaita).

The binary system uses two symbols 0 and 1. 

Key PointsStatement I: The binary equivalent of decimal number (19)10 is (10101)2.

• To convert the binary equivalent of a decimal number 
• ​19/2 = 1
• 9/2 = 1
• 4/2 = 0
• 2/2 = 0
• 1/2 = 1
• So, (19)10 = (11001)₁₀

Hence, Statement I is false. 

Statement II: (1011)2 + (110)2 = (10101)2

• (1011)₂ + (110)₂ = (10101)₂

​LHS

• (1011)₂ = 1. 2⁴ + 0. 2³ + 1.2² + 1.2⁰ = (22)₁₀
• (110)₂ = 1.2³ +1.2² + 0.2¹ = (12)₁₀

RHS

• (10101)2 = 1.2⁵ + 0.2⁴ + 1.2³ + 0.2² + 1.2¹ = (42)₁₀
• Now, (22)10 + (12)10 = (34)₁₀

LHS is not equal to RHS

• Therefore, (34)10 is not equal to (42)10

So, Statement II is false. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are false.

Communication occurs when one mind affects its surroundings in order to share its experiences with another mind.

Key PointsStatement I: One of the critical elements in the conceptual definition of communication is the level of observation.

• Communication involves meaning creation as well as the transfer of information.
• By conceptualizing the universe and helping the participant make sense of their surroundings and themselves.
• Communication changes the participant's experience in this way.

Thus, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: We should not forget the factor of intentionality of communication to understand it.

• Intentional communication may involve conventional signals.
• Human intentional communication is characterised by Flexible and context-sensitive qualities.
• Communication occurs when one mind affects its surroundings in order to share its experiences with another mind.
• The level of understanding of a message depends on the intentionality of the communication.

Therefore, Statement II are true. 

Hence, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

A greenhouse gas is a gas that produces the greenhouse effect by absorbing and emitting heat infrared radiation.

Key Points

• The natural greenhouse effect is due to minute concentrations of water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere.
• The term "enhanced greenhouse effect" describes the extra radiative forcing brought on by rising greenhouse gas concentrations brought on by human activity.
• In the lower atmosphere, the principal greenhouse gases whose concentrations are rising are Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and ozone.

Thus, Carbon dioxide, Methane, and Chlorofluorocarbons are Green House Gases. 

Additional Information

• The primary sources of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are the burning of fossil fuels, primarily coal, petroleum (including oil), and natural gas.
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations states that 2 °C (3.6 °F) of temperature.

In March 2014 NIDI was launched for the establishment of 20 Design Innovation Centres. 

Key Points

National Initiative for Design Innovation (NIDI):

• NIDI stands for National Initiative for Design Innovation.
• Its object was to promote a culture of innovation, design, and creative problem-solving.
• Under this Program, 20 Design Innovation Centres (DIC), one Open Design School (ODS), and one National Design Innovation Network (NDIN) across the nation.
• IIT Bombay and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), respectively, have established ODS and NDIN.
• These DICs are expected to not only promote design education but also design research and development.

Therefore, the full form of NIDI is National Initiative for Design Innovation​. 

Additional Information

• More than 50 start-ups have been started or supported under the programme.
• 2000 creative items have been started or delivered, and roughly 250 patent applications have been made.

Hence, among the above statements, statement B, C and D of categorial propositions contraposition is valid.

Hence, the correct answer is B, C and D only.

Additional Information

• A  categorical proposition is a simple proposition containing two terms, subject(S) and predicate (P), in which the predicate is either asserted or denied of the subject.
• Every categorical proposition can be reduced to one of four logical forms, named A, E, I and O.
• The 'A' proposition, is the universal affirmative usually translated as 'All S is P'.
• In the 'E' proposition, is the universal negative is usually 'No S is P'.
• The 'I' proposition, is the particular affirmative usually translated as 'Some S are P'.
• In the 'O' proposition, is the particular negative is usually translated as 'Some S are not P'

Key Points

• Contraposition is the inference in which the subject is interchanged with the complement of the predicate and the predicate is interchanged with the complement of the subject.
• In modern logic it is only valid for the A and O propositions. The valid contrapositive is logically equivalent to the original proposition.
• In traditional logic, the E proposition has a contrapositive by limitation which is the subaltern of the invalid E-contrapositive; i.e., the corresponding O proposition. The contrapositive by limitation is implied by the original but is not (usually) equivalent to it.

NRF will be essential in bridging the gap between research and education.

Key Points

Statement I: According to NEP-2020, all funding agencies of Research in the country will merge into a single entity - the National Research Foundation (NRF).

• According to the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, while the National Research Foundation (NRF) has been proposed to facilitate and catalyze research across the country, the policy does not state that all funding agencies of research in the country will merge into a single entity.
• Instead, the NRF will coordinate with existing funding agencies and support a unified national approach to research.

Thus, Statement I is false

Statement II: The main objective of NRF is to catalyze quality research in our country.

• The main objective of the NRF will be to make it possible for our universities to develop a culture of research.
• The NRF will offer a consistent source of merit-based but equitable peer-reviewed research funding, supporting the growth of research at State Universities.
• Research in all fields will be competitively funded by the NRF.

So, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Given:

P = difference between boys in class A and C

Q = difference between girls in class A and C

Class A(Boys : Girls) = 3 : 2

Class C(Boys : Girls) = 5 : 3

Solution:

Students in class A = (20 x 600)/100 = 120

Students in class C = (16 x 600)/100 = 96

Boys in Class A = (120 x 3)/(3 + 2) = 72

Boys in class C = (96 x 5)/(5 + 3) = 60

Girls in Class A = (120 x 2)/(3 + 2) = 48

Girls in Class C = (96 x 3)/(5 + 3) = 36

P = 72 - 60 = 12

Q = 48 - 36 = 12

Percentage of P with reference to Q = 12/12 x 100 = 100%

Hence, the correct option is 3.

Given:

Average weight of 25 students of section A = 60 kg

Average weight of 35 students of section B = 62.5 kg

Concept used:

Average weight = Total Weight/Total number of students.

Solution:

Total students = 25 + 35 = 60

Total weight of students in Section A = 60 x 25 = 1500 kg

Total weight of students in Section B = 62.5 x 35 = 2187.5 kg

Total weight of 60 students = 1500 + 2187.5 = 3687.5 kg

Average weight = 3687.5/60 = 61.46 kg

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Communicators exchange two types of symbols, verbal and/or non-verbal, and attach meaning to said symbols.

Key PointsAssertion A: As regards communication, a major function is to build, manipulate, and use symbols. 

• Communication is fundamental to the existence and survival of humans as well as to an organization.
• Communication is a process of creating and sharing ideas, information, views, facts, and feelings from one place, person, or group to another.
• Communication is a continuous process that mainly involves three elements viz. sender, message, and receiver.
• Vertical Communications as the name suggests flow vertically upwards or downwards through formal channels.
• Symbolic communication includes gestures, body language, and facial expressions, as well as vocal moans.

Hence the assertion is true.

​Reason R: One of the functions of communication is to entertain the receivers.

Functions of communication

• Informing messages to others.
• Persuading others to take the desired course of action.
• integrating efforts.
• Creating Relationships.
• Help in Making Selections between Alternatives
• Entertaining the receivers.
• Solving Problems

So that the reason is also true.

The reason does not explain why the major function of communication is to build, manipulate, and use symbols.

Thus, both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Given:

SI = 16P/25

R = T

Concept used:

SI = PRT/100

SI = Simple Interest

R = Rate

P = Principle amount

T = Time period in year

Solution:

SI = PRT/100

Let's put the values given in the above formula.

⇒ 16P/25 = PR²/100

R = 8%

Hence, the correct option is 4.

The positional value of alphabets are:-

The logic used in this question is:-

Logic - (Positional value of alphabets + 2)

As per question 'MOTHER' is coded as 'OQVJGT'

Similarly, in 'PARTNER'

Hence, the correct answer is RCTVPGT.

In 1924, Sidney Pressey constructed the first "teaching machine," which led to the development of the first LMS.

Key Points

• A learning management system (LMS) is a piece of software.
• A learning management system's primary objective is to enable online teaching and learning as a distance learning tool.
• It provides a platform for teachers and students.
• Instructors can offer their courses and online lessons.
• Instructors can develop quizzes, content, learning materials and Chat room for the Students.

Therefore, the correct answer from the options is A, B and D only.

Additional Information

• They serve as a platform for online content, including synchronous and asynchronous courses.
• An LMS may provide classroom management for instructor-led instruction or a flipped classroom in the higher education setting.

The Millennium Development Goals set timebound targets, by which progress in reducing income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter and exclusion — while promoting gender equality, health, education and environmental sustainability — can be measured.

Key PointsStatement I: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) had a total of 31 targets to be achieved by 2015.

• United Nations Millennium Declaration established the MDGs Goals.
• The Millennium Declaration was accepted by 189 countries and signed by 147 heads of government.
• It contains 21 targets which have to achieve by 2015.

So, Statement I is false. 

Statement II: There are 8 goals in MDGs and 17 in SDGs.

• MDGs established the eight international development goals.
• The MDGs were replaced with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2017.
• While MDGs were focused with only 8 goals, 21 targets and 63 indicators, SDGs include 17 goals with 169 targets.
• Although some goals have no set deadline, the majority are to be accomplished by 2030.

Hence, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

The Government of India established the Dr. Radhakrishanan Commission after the Independence.  

Key Points

• It popularly known as the University Education Commission was established on November 4, 1948.
• The government had established committees to enhance the standard of instruction provided to students at various levels.
• Some UGC's levels of recommendation are mentioned below:   
• Women's and men's education should have many elements in common, but should not be in general, identical in all respects, as is usually the case today.
• There should be no curtailment in educational opportunities for women but rather a great increase.
• The basic necessities of existence should be available for women in colleges that were initially intended for males.
• Women should generally be assisted in understanding their normal place in society as civility and social responsibility.
• Equality for men and women in Co-educational Institutions.

Thus, Radhakrishnan Commission is stressing women's education. 

Additional Information

• In its 1949 Report, the Commission evaluated the state of higher education in then-independent India and offered suggestions for its advancement.
• Hon. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad outlined the government's objectives regarding the purpose and scope of the investigation. ​

Nonverbal communication is typically defined as the exchange of wordless signals during communication.

Key Points

Non-Verbal Communication:

• It is the exchange of information without the use of words, such as through eye contact, body language, gestures, posture, and facial expressions.
• It makes use of touch, voice (paralanguage), kinesics, distance (proxemics), physical settings, and appearance (haptics).

Important Points

The traits of non-verbal communication are mentioned below: 

• Nonverbal cues are governed by contextual rules that are rooted in culture.
• Nonverbal clues like body language, tone of voice, and other nonverbal cues like facial expressions transmit the contextual meaning.
• Nonverbal clues known as ties suggest intimacy and a relationship between two people.
• Even while a considerable percentage of nonverbal communication is based on arbitrary symbols that vary from culture to culture.
• It can influence receptors.
• It is a significant portion that is also, to a certain extent, iconic and may be understood by all people.
• This type of communication has a major impact on the overall mood and quality of the personal relationship.

Thus, the correct answer from the options is C, D and E only.

Transmitted massage means to send or forward, as to a recipient or destination; dispatch; convey. to communicate, as information or news.

Key Points

Message in communication:

• Collaborative activities are any activities where learners are working co-operatively in pairs or groups.
• For example: Pair or group discussions.
• The benefits of collaborative learning include Development of higher-level thinking, oral communication, self-management, and leadership skills.
• Meaning of transmitted message depends both on sender and receiver, therefore it can be considered as a collaborative activity.

Thus, the Meaning of transmitted message in communication is a Collaborative activity.

Additional Information

• The sender is an individual, group, or organization who initiates the communication.
• receivers are their audience on this occasion.
• communication channels are mediums through which you can send a message to its intended audience.

The fallacy is a defect in an argument that arise a mistake in reasoning. 

Key Points

• Fallacies are of two types formal and informal.
• Informal fallacies are inappropriate arguments in natural language.
• There are different types of Informal fallacies such as the fallacy of equivocation, the fallacy of amphiboly, the fallacy of composition and division, the ad hominem fallacy**, the** Slippery slope, and the appeal to ignorance.
• A slippery slope argument follows a first premise through a series of implications until it leads to an unsatisfactory, undesired, or disastrous conclusion.
• For example,
• If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.
• More drug abuse inevitably leads to more crime, crime leads to violence, and violence leads to revolution.

Thus, the Slippery slope informal logical fallacy is committed. 

Additional Information

• Appeal to force is a fallacy that occurs when one uses force to convince someone to accept a conclusion.
• Appeal to authority is a type of argument in which the viewpoint of an authority on a subject is used as evidence to support an argument.
• Hasty generalization is a fallacy that occurs when a small sample is generalised which means that a particular instance is a universal truth.

Key Points

• People are using online communities but they have concerns about information credibility through word of mouth on these platforms.
• Social media is becoming increasingly influential in shaping individuals’ decision-making as more and better quality information about products is made available.
• The unethical use of social media has resulted in the breach of individual privacy and impacts both physical and information security.
• Confidentiality and anonymity are ethical practices designed to protect the privacy of human subjects while collecting, analyzing, and reporting data.
• Providing anonymity of information collected from research participants means that either the project does not collect identifying information of individual persons (e.g., name, address, email address, etc.), or the project cannot link individual responses with participants' identities.
• Confidentiality refers to separating or modifying any personal, identifying information provided by participants from the data.

Thus, Individuals participating in online communities can remain anonymous and create fictitious personas. The ethical concern of this anonymity is that it facilitates engagement in unethical behavior.

Modern logic accepts the Boolean interpretation of categorical propositions. This interpretation has the following consequences: 

The I- and O- propositions in both the traditional and modern interpretations of categorical propositions have existential import.

Key Points

According to Boolean interpretation, the universal statement A is written as the conditional of the following type:

For any x, if x is S then x is P.

Let us take examples of universal propositions A and E with their modern interpretation:

1. “All men are mammals” would mean “for any x, if x is a man then x is a mammal”
2. “All unicorns are mammals” would mean “for any x, if x is a unicorn then x is a mammal”

We see that none of these conditional statements make any assertion concerning the existence of members of a class.

• According to Boolean interpretation unlike “all” in universal propositions, the word “some” in an I proposition makes the claim that there is a membership in the subject class.
• “Some” is interpreted to mean “at least one.” Therefore if particular propositions are true then the subject class is not empty because particular propositions are analyzed in conjunction with an existential claim.
• For example, “Some roses are beautiful” would mean “There is at least one x such that x is a rose and x is beautiful” However, we should note that in the Boolean interpretation there is no claim to membership in the subject class of universal propositions.

If “unicorn” is the subject and there are no members in the subject class (subject being empty) then both the propositions “No S is P” as well as “All S is P” can be true.

Also, If there are no unicorns, then I proposition, “Some unicorns are horned creatures” and O proposition, “Some unicorns are not horned creatures” are both false.

Similarly, If the statement, 'Some officers are not honest' is given as false,​, then valid inferences are

B. Some officers are honest

D. All officers are honest

Hence statements B and D only are correct.

A non-probability sampling method where the samples have uncommon characteristics is known as snowball sampling.  

Key Points

• It entails the recruitment of new units by existing units to make up the sample.
• Research about people with particular characteristics who would be hard to find otherwise can benefit from snowball sampling.
• It is sometimes referred to as chain sampling or network sampling, starting with one or more study participants.
• Ethnographic research is observing how participants behave in a particular social setting and comprehending how group members perceive that conduct.
• The snowball sampling method in Ethnographic research is useful in finding samples.

Therefore, the snowball sampling method can be employed in ethnographic research. 

Additional Information

• Historical research is an effort to understand the facts and explain the causes of events.
• Content analysis is used to identify the existence of specific words, topics, or concepts in a given set of qualitative data.
• Narrative analysis is qualitative research that can reveal actions, emotions, and motives that aren't verbally conveyed.

Solution:

Students in class A = (20 x 600)/100 = 120

Girls in Class A = (120 x 2)/(3 + 2) = 48

Students in class B = (12 x 600)/100 = 72

Girls in Class B = (72 x 1)/(3 + 1) = 18

Students in class C = (16 x 600)/100 = 96

Girls in class C = (96 x 3)/(5 + 3) = 36

Students in class D = (15 x 600)/100 = 90

Girls in class D = (90 x 7)/(8 + 7) = 42

Students in class E = (21 x 600)/100 = 126

Girls in class E = (126 x 3)/(4 + 3) = 54

Students in class F = (16 x 600)/100 = 96

Girls in class F = (96 x 1)/(1 + 1) = 48

Total Girls = 48 + 18 + 36 + 42 + 54 + 48 = 246

Average of Girls in 6 classes = 246/6 = 41

Hence, the correct option is 1.

Solution:

Students in class A = (20 x 600)/100 = 120

Difference in Class A = (120 x (3 - 2))/(3 + 2) = 24

Students in class B = (12 x 600)/100 = 72

Difference in Class B = (72 x (3 - 1))/(3 + 1) = 36

Students in class C = (16 x 600)/100 = 96

Difference in class C = (96 x (5 - 3))/(5 + 3) = 24

Students in class D = (15 x 600)/100 = 90

Difference in class D = (90 x (8 - 7))/(8 + 7) = 6

Students in class E = (21 x 600)/100 = 126

Difference in class E = (126 x (4 - 3))/(4 + 3) = 18

Students in class F = (16 x 600)/100 = 96

Difference in class F = (96 x (1 -1))/(1 + 1) = 0

The difference between the number of boys and the number of girls in all the six classes A-F together = 24 + 36 + 24 + 6 + 18 + 0 = 108

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic discipline.

Key Points

• Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulation of hypothesis; collection, organizing and evaluation of data; and reaching conclusions.
• Here it is emphasized that all research has to be systematic and logical to arrive at expected outcome.
• Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue.
• It consists of three steps:
• Pose a question,
• collect data to answer the question, and
• present an answer to the question.

Thus following are of practical significance in research:

• A research topic is a subject or issue that a researcher is interested in when conducting research.
• A research design is an arrangement of conditions or collection.
• Research methods refers to the tools that one uses to do research.

A syllogism is a type of logical argument that relies on deductive reasoning to draw a conclusion from two assertions or presumptions.

Key Points 

Statement I: In the Aristotelian syllogism, the major term and the minor term stand apart in the premises though they are connected by the middle term with each other.

• When two true premises (propositions or statements) logically follow a conclusion or the major point the argument is trying to make.
• For Example: 
• All men are mortal (major premise).
• Socrates is a man (minor premise).
• Therefore, Socrates is mortal
• Mortal is a Major term whereas Socrates is a Minor term and Men is a middle term.

Thus, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: In Nyaya syllogism, all the three terms stand synthesized in Upanaya.

• The Nyaya syllogism has five components Pratijna, hetu, Udaharana, Upanaya, and nigamana.
• Upanaya is the application of universal concomitance to the present case.
• All three terms of Aristotelian syllogism in the Nyaya syllogism are synthesised in the Upanaya.

Hence, Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Given:

m : n = 6 : 7

(m + 12) : (n + 12) = 7 : 8

Solution:

m = 6n/7

⇒ 8 x (6n/7 + 12) = 7 x (n + 12)

⇒ 48n + 672 = 49n + 588

n = 672 - 588

n = 84

m = (6 x 84)/7 = 72

The two numbers are 72 and 84.

Hence, the correct option is 1.

Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.

Key Points

• Source code is generally understood to mean programming statements that are created by a programmer with a text editor or a visual programming tool and then saved in a file.

Important Points Freeware: 

• Freeware is software that does not require a paid licence to use it, any fees or donations, a limit on how often you can download or run it, or an expiration date.
• Freeware (not to be confused with free software) is a type of proprietary software that is released without charge to the public.
• If the software has ads, then it is not considered freeware but rather adware.

Thus, the answer is freeware.

Additional Information

• Open-source software is code that is designed to be publicly accessible- anyone can see, modify, and distribute the code as they see fit.
• Firmware is software that provides basic machine instructions that allow the hardware to function and communicate with other software running on a device.
• Liveware is a slang term used to denote people using (attached to) computers, and is based on the need for a human, or liveware, to operate the system using hardware and software.

Cybercrime is any criminal activity that involves a computer, networked device, or network.

Key Points

• Phishing is a type of cybercrime.
• In phishing, victims are contacted by email, telephone, or text message by an attacker posing as a trustworthy entity.
• In order to obtain sensitive information or data, such as login credentials, credit card details, or other personally identifiable information.
• Phishing attackers will typically ask for:
• Date of birth
• Social security number
• Phone number
• Credit card details
• Home address
• Password information
• Types of phishing attacks range from classic email phishing schemes to more inventive approaches such as spear phishing and smishing.
• All have the same purpose – to steal personal details.
• Spear Phishing
• Whaling
• Vishing
• Email Phishing

Additional Information

• Spam is any kind of unwanted, unsolicited digital communication that gets sent out in bulk.
• A scam is a deceptive scheme or trick used to cheat someone out of something, especially money.
• Plagiarism is presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgment.

Dissolved oxygen is the amount of oxygen that dissolves in the water. 

Key Points

• The amount of oxygen that is available to living aquatic organisms.
• Dissolved oxygen determines the quality of the stream and lake.
• The majority of aquatic plants and animals need oxygen to survive.
• For example, fish cannot persist in water with dissolved oxygen levels below 5 mg/L for very long.
• Low levels of dissolved oxygen in water are indicators of contamination.
• It plays a crucial role in defining the technique used to reduce pollution and improve water quality.

Thus, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is important for River water. 

Additional Information

• Reasons for the decrease DO in water such as particularly human and animal sewage, industrial waste from paper and leather manufacture, slaughterhouse sewage, and agricultural wastewater.
• Organic waste can reduce the Dissolved Oxygen rapidly.

The correct answer is "Commodification of intangible assets".

Key Points

• An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance.
• The passage discusses the mechanism of the commodification of non-monetary assets.
• Let's refer to the following statement from the passage:
• The mechanism of commodification involves platforms transforming online and offline objects, activities, emotions and ideas into tradable commodities.
• These commodities are valued through four different types of currency: attention, data, users and money.
• ​Assets such as online and offline objects, activities, emotions and ideas are intangible.

​Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "Commodification".

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following statement from the passage:
• The mechanism of commodification involves platforms transforming online and offline objects, activities, emotions and ideas into tradable commodities.
• ​From the highlighted part of the above statement from the passage, it is evident that when ideas and emotions are converted into tradable commodities, it is a form of commodification.

​Therefore the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is   "Multisided markets".

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following statement from the passage:
• Commodification includes, but does not equal, business models of singular platforms. Rather, the mechanism plays out in the multi-sided markets created through the platform ecosystem, which connects the infrastructural core with sectoral platforms.
• ​From the highlighted part of the statement, it is clear that the commodification mechanism has its place in multisided markets.

​Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

World Wide Web, which is also known as the Web, is a collection of websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local computers through the internet.

Key Point

• Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
• Sir Tim is the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium.
• Berners-Lee is now dedicated to enhancing and protecting the web’s future.

 Thus, World Wide Web (WWW) was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.

Additional Information

• Alan Turing's most notable work today is as a computer scientist. In 1936.
• He developed the idea for the Universal Turing Machine.
• Steve Jobs was a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer era. With Steve Wozniak, Jobs founded Apple Inc. in 1976.
• Bill Gates co-founded Microsoft Corporation in 1975 with Paul Allen and led the company to become the worldwide leader in business and personal software and services.

Grounded theory refers to a set of systematic inductive methods for conducting qualitative research aimed toward theory development. 

Key PointsGrounded theory 

• Grounded theory (GT) is a research method concerned with the generation of theory.
• Grounded theory is significant because it provides explicit, sequential guidelines for conducting qualitative research.
• Grounded theory discovers or construct theory from data, systematically obtained and analysed using comparative analysis.
• A hypothesis in a scientific context, is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables or a proposed explanation for some observed phenomenon.
• Attributes are the common properties that are assigned to a category. Items that are assigned to the category inherit these attributes.
• Grounded theory involves the collection and analysis of data.

Thus, the products of grounded theory are concepts, hypotheses, and attributes of a category.

Additional Information

• A Experimental framework illustrates the expected relationship between the variables.
• It defines the relevant objectives for the research process and maps out how they come together to draw coherent conclusions.

University Grants Commission is a statutory body set up by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Government of India in accordance with the UGC Act 1956 and is charged with coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards of higher education in India.

Key PointsThe UGC`s mandate includes:

• Promoting and coordinating university education.
• Determining and maintaining standards of teaching, examination, and research in universities.
• Framing regulations on minimum standards of education.
• Monitoring developments in the field of collegiate and university education; disbursing grants to the universities and colleges.
• Serving as a vital link between the Union and state governments and institutions of higher learning.
• Advising the Central and State governments on the measures necessary for the improvement of university education.

Thus, the University Grants Commission (UGC) covers Universities, University Teaching Departments, and Affiliated colleges.

Additional Information

• The UGC has the unique distinction of being the only grant-giving agency in the country that has been vested with two responsibilities:
• that of providing funds and that of coordination, determination and
• maintenance of standards in institutions of higher education.

Solution:

Students in class A = (20 x 600)/100 = 120

Boys in Class A = (120 x 3)/(3 + 2) = 72

Students in class B = (12 x 600)/100 = 72

Boys in Class B = (72 x 3)/(3 + 1) = 54

Students in class C = (16 x 600)/100 = 96

Boys in class C = (96 x 5)/(5 + 3) = 60

Students in class D = (15 x 600)/100 = 90

Boys in class D = (90 x 8)/(8 + 7) = 48

Students in class E = (21 x 600)/100 = 126

Boys in class E = (126 x 4)/(4 + 3) = 72

Students in class F = (16 x 600)/100 = 96

Boys in class F = (96 x 1)/(1 + 1) = 48

Two pairs of classes have same number of boys, i.e, A & E and D & F.

Hence, the correct option is 3.

Solution:

Students in class B = (12 x 600)/100 = 72

Boys in Class B = (72 x 3)/(3 + 1) = 54

Students in class F = (16 x 600)/100 = 96

Girls in class F = (96 x 1)/(1 + 1) = 48

Difference = 54 - 48 = 6

Required percentage = 6/48 x 100 = 12.5%

Number of boys in class B is 12.5 % more than the number of girls in class F.

Hence, the correct option is 2.

MOOC is an online learning platform offering massive open online courses, which are delivered through Coursera, the world's largest online learning platform.Key Points

• CEC, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), offered on the Government of India’s SWAYAM platform, is a mode of learning where students can virtually attend digital higher education courses.
• The Consortium for Educational Communication (CEC) is an autonomous Inter-University Centre of University Grants Commission (UGC) on Electronic Media.
• CEC MOOCs are based on UGC Model Curriculum and CBCS.
• Each CEC MOOC spans the duration of 8-12 weeks approx.
• Engaging students through video lectures, reading material, assessment components, discussion forums, e-mails & video conferencing.
• CEC is the national coordinator for non-technology undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) programs for 11 SWAYAM PRABHA.
• CEC has developed more than 400 MOOCs.

Thus, the National Coordinator for the development of MOOCs for undergraduate disciplines is the Consortium of Educational Communication (CEC)

Additional Information

• The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) is a statutory body, and a national-level council for technical education, under the Department of Higher Education.
• Indira Gandhi National Open University known as IGNOU, is a Central University located in New Delhi, India.
• After former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi, the university was established in 1985 with a budget of Rs 20 million, after the Parliament of India passed the Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 1985 (IGNOU Act 1985).
• IGNOU is run by the central government of India, and with a total active enrolment of over 4 million students, claims to be the largest university in the world.

In Indian logic, a fallacy is technically called hetvabhasa, a word that means hetu or reason that appears as a valid reason but is not. Since the fallacies of inference are due to such fallacious reasons, the Naiyayikas consider these only as ones that may infect the constituent propositions of the syllogism.

According to Naiyayikas, there are five kinds of fallacies

Key Points

Fallacy:

• A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an argument. Fallacies are commonly divided into "formal" and "informal".
• A formal fallacy can be expressed neatly in a standard system of logic, such as propositional logic, while an informal fallacy originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper logical form. Arguments containing informal fallacies may be formally valid, but still fallacious. The fallacy concerning the middle tema own as hetvabhasa.
• If the middle term does not provide sufficient ground to justify the conclusion, then hetvabhasa is committed. Hetvabhasa thus signifies fallacious reasoning. Five such material fallacies are possible. Those are Savyabhicara or the irregular Virudha or the contradictory middle, Satapratipaksa or the inferentially contradicted middle. Asidha or the unproved middle, and Badhita or the non-inferentially contradicted middle.

Thus the correct answer is option 2

Mediated communication refers to any situation where a technological medium is introduced into face-to-face interaction.

Key Points

• Communications include interpersonal, mediated communication, media-simulated, and interpersonal communication.

Important Points Mediated Cultural Communication:

• Digital communication between individuals from various cultural backgrounds is referred to as mediated intercultural communication.
• Social networks, blogs, and conferencing services are examples of media.
• Digital communication differs from traditional media and opens up new channels for cross-cultural interaction.
• The culture in which individuals are socialized influences the way they communicate, and the way individuals communicate can change the culture.
• Culture provides its members with an implicit knowledge about how to behave in different situations.

​Thus, Mediated communication reflects The communicator's cultural background.

Additional Information

• Social privilege is a theory of special advantage or entitlement, which benefits one person, often to the detriment of others.
• Ethics examines the rational justification for our moral judgments; it studies what is morally right or wrong.

Outcome-Based Education (OBE) is a student-centric learning model that helps teachers to plan the course delivery and assessment with the endpoint in mind.

Additional Information

• The process of designing and developing assessment tools begins with a critical analysis of the assessment context.
• The term “Learning Outcomes” can be defined as an amalgamation of a learner’s knowledge, skill set, and the ability to leverage them in real-time situations.
• When we speak of “learning outcomes” – we must pay attention to whether they are–
• S-Specific
• M-Measurable
• A-Achievable
• R-Realistic
• T-Timely
• In short, the learning outcomes must be “SMART" & clearly defined in terms of attainability.
• It will empower students to achieve the outcomes smoothly.
• Learning outcomes prescribe what students are expected to demonstrate they have learned. The assessment plan shows how they will demonstrate their learning.

Thus, while designing assessments, teachers must focus on learning outcomes.

Since the Paleolithic era, Geothermal heating has been utilised for space heating and for bathing. 

Key Points

• Geothermal energy is the thermal energy found in the Earth's crust.
• It resulted from both the planet's formation and the radioactive decay of elements.
• Geothermal power is the phrase used to describe the production of electricity from geothermal energy.
• Some rocks melt under the intense pressure and heat of the Earth's interior while the solid mantle exhibits plastic behaviour.
• A small portion of the earth's geothermal energy is now being effectively utilized.

Thus, the only energy source which is not in any way related to Sun is Geothermal. 

Additional Information

• Geothermal energy is regarded as renewable.
• Geothermal energy is globally sustainable, but extraction still needs to be carefully controlled to prevent local depletion.

Concept:

• Quantitative methods systematically measure variables and test hypotheses.
• Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics.
• Qualitative methods explore concepts and experiences in more detail. 
• ​Qualitative research deals with words and meanings.

Key Points

• Analysis of qualitative data is the process of systematically organizing the information collected from the field.
• In a study typically following a qualitative approach, data analysis is a fixed stage/step, and the data analysis techniques are more or less decided in advance.
• Whereas in a qualitative study, deciding about the data analysis strategies is very crucial and depends upon the thinking and creativity of the researcher.
• Once the data analysis strategy is decided, the next task to be done involves three concurrent flows of activity - data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusion and verification.

Data Reduction:

• The first step in analyzing qualitative and quantitative data involves data reduction.
• Data reduction means summarizing, choosing the basic things, focusing on important things, look for themes and patterns.
• Data reduction is the transformation of numerical or alphabetical digital information derived empirically or experimentally into a corrected, ordered, and simplified form.

Thus, we can say that both qualitative and quantitative research is concerned with data reduction.

Additional Information

• Data uniformity  For the data to be of any use during analysis, all the measurements must be uniform, i.e. all in kilograms or all in pounds.
• Science fiction is concerned less with technology /space opera and more with speculation about society.

The correct answer is "Datafication".

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following statement from the passage:
• Commodification is intensified by mechanisms of datafication as the massive amount of user data is collected and processed by online platforms.
• ​From the above statement it is evident that, when massive amounts of user data are processed by online platforms, it is known as datafication.

​Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "".

Key Points

• Let's refer too the following statements from the passage: 
• Commodification mechanisms are simultaneously empowering and disempowering to users.
• The connector platforms allow individual users to market their personal assets or experiences online- be it it their apartments, ride, eyewitness report or video.
• They help commodity users' activity, enabling users to become entrepreneurs in their own right.
• On the other hand, the same platform mechanisms of commodification involve the exploitation of cultural labour, labour of users and on-demand service workers.
• As commodification mechanisms enables the user to market their assests and it also exploits them, it shows that commodification mechanisms are paradoxical to the users.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.