UGC NET Official Paper 1: Held On - 11th Dec 2023 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

The answer to which figure opposed the implementation of the Western system of education in India is most likely: 3) Mrs. Annie Besant.

Key Points

• William Adam: He actually played a key role in establishing the Western education system in India. He served as the first Principal of the Calcutta Madrassah (later Presidency College) and actively promoted English education and modernization.
• Lord Canning: While not a strong advocate for the Western education system, he wasn't actively opposed to it either. His administration focused more on consolidating British rule and dealing with the aftermath of the 1857 Rebellion.
• Mrs. Annie Besant: She was a prominent critic of the colonial education system in India. She argued that it alienated Indian students from their own culture and history, and advocated for an education system that incorporated Indian values and traditions. She founded the Central Hindu College in Varanasi to offer an alternative to British education.
• BL. Rice: He was a British educator who played a significant role in developing education in South India. While he wasn't necessarily opposed to the Western system, he also championed the importance of indigenous languages and cultures in education.

The correct answer from the options provided would be: (A), (B) and (C) only.

Key Points

• A. Find and Replace - This is a feature in MS Word that allows you to find specific words or phrases and replace them with other words or phrases.
• B. Mail Merge - Mail Merge is a tool in Word that allows you to send out mass communications where certain parts of each document are personalized for each recipient.
• C. Spell check and Thesaurus - MS Word does include tools for checking the spelling of the text in a document, as well as a thesaurus for finding synonyms of words.
• D. Automatic Recalculation - This is not a feature in MS Word, but is instead something you would find in spreadsheet software, like MS Excel, where it's used to automatically update numerical calculations when related data changes.

The correct answer would be: Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.

• Statement I: In the modern day world, language is an effective instrument of communication. This is true as language serves as a crucial medium for people to express their thoughts, ideas and feelings. It helps humans to understand each other and enables interaction in society.
• Statement II: The Buddhists regard language as an important social practice. This is also true as Buddhism, like many religions and philosophies, places a good deal of importance on language as a means of conveying teachings, philosophies, and practices. The use of language in chanting, scripture, and discourse is central to religious and philosophical practice in Buddhism.

The objective of teaching that does not align with modern pedagogical standards mentioned in the options is: To follow a rigid teaching plan.

Key Points

• Teaching nowadays is understood to be a highly learner-focused process that should be flexible and adaptable to individual student needs, learner diversity, and changing circumstances in the classroom and world around us.
• A rigid teaching plan may not allow for the adjustments necessary to address the different learning styles and paces of students, and it may not accommodate new insights or situational changes.
• The ultimate goal of teaching is to foster critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and student engagement, which often requires flexibility and adaptation from the instructor.

Key PointsThe correct option here would be: A and B only 

• Adolescent learners do not display uniformity in their physical development (everyone develops at different rates), and they often have evolving, rather than stable, self-concepts as they figure out who they are.
• Contrarily, they often do experience mood swings and emotional turmoil (C), many have high hopes and aspirations for their future (D), and they typically experience increased peer group pressure (E). These are characteristic experiences and challenges faced by adolescents.

Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false is the most accurate answer.

Key Points

• Statement I: This statement accurately defines composting as an aerobic process for creating manure. It's generally accepted and factually correct.
• Statement II: While good quality compost indeed contains valuable nutrients, its nutrient content can't consistently compete with most commercial fertilizers. Commercial fertilizers usually have pre-determined and concentrated levels of specific nutrients tailored for particular plant needs. High-quality compost, while beneficial, can vary in nutrient levels depending on the initial materials and composting process. It might not always provide the exact nutrient ratios and concentrations readily available in commercial fertilizers.

Therefore, although composting effectively creates a beneficial manure, its nutrient levels often lack the consistency and precise targeting of commercial fertilizers, making Statement II inaccurate.

The correct answer from the options given would be: (B) and (D) only.

Key PointsA. Sri Chaitanya: He was a proponent of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition in India. There is no historical record indicating that he was educated at Takshashila. 

• B. Panini: He was an ancient Sanskrit philologist, grammarian, and revered scholar in ancient India. He is considered to have studied at Takshashila.
• C. Nagarjuna: He was a significant Buddhist philosopher, but no historical record directly places his educational background at Takshashila.
• D. Chanakya: Also known as Kautilya, he was an ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, and royal advisor. He is thought to have been educated at Takshashila.

The correct answer is 1) Oligotrophic.

Key Points 

• Oligotrophic comes from the Greek words "oligos" (meaning "few") and "trophos" (meaning "nourishing"). So, an oligotrophic water body is essentially a nutrient-poor one. These lakes and ponds typically have:
• Clear water: Due to the low nutrient levels, there's minimal phytoplankton growth, resulting in clear, transparent water.
• Limited plant life: With few nutrients available, aquatic plants struggle to thrive, leading to sparse vegetation.
• Low fish populations: The limited plant life restricts the food chain, leading to smaller fish populations compared to nutrient-rich waters.
• Here's a comparison of the different types of water bodies based on their nutrient levels:
• Oligotrophic: Nutrient-poor, clear water, limited plant life, low fish populations.
• Mesotrophic: Moderately nutrient-rich, moderately clear water, moderate plant life, moderate fish populations.
• Eutrophic: Nutrient-rich, often cloudy or green water due to algal blooms, abundant plant life, large fish populations.
• Dystrophic: Very nutrient-poor, often stained brown due to tannins from decaying plant matter, limited plant and fish life.

So, when considering a water body with scarce nutrients, oligotrophic is the most accurate term to describe its state.

The correct answer is 1) (A) and (B) only.

Key Points

• (A) Some cars are e-vehicles: This statement doesn't necessarily tell us anything about other cars. They could be e-vehicles or not. Both (A) and (B) could be true if some cars are e-vehicles and some are not.
• (B) Some cars are not e-vehicles: Similarly, this statement doesn't preclude the existence of e-vehicles. Both (A) and (B) could be true if some cars are not e-vehicles and some are.
• (C) No cars are e-vehicles: If this statement is false, it means at least one car is an e-vehicle. But this doesn't automatically imply that all cars are e-vehicles. So, (B) would be true (not all are e-vehicles) but (D) would be false (not all are not e-vehicles).
• (D) All cars are e-vehicles: If this statement is false, it means at least one car is not an e-vehicle. However, this doesn't necessarily mean some cars are e-vehicles and some are not. It could be that all cars are simply not e-vehicles. So, (C) would be true (no cars are e-vehicles) but (A) would be false (not some are e-vehicles).

Therefore, only statements (A) and (B) have the unique property that if one is false, the other must be true. They are both particular statements stating the existence of some e-vehicles or non-e-vehicles, and their truth values can be independent of each other.

The correct answer is: (B), (C), (D) and (E) only.

Key Points

• (A). NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education) contributes to teacher education but is not a national coordinator for SWAYAM.
• (B). AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education) is involved in the production of technical and professional course content.
• (C). IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University) contributes to content production for out-of-school students.
• (D). UGC (University Grants Commission) looks after the production of post-graduate and undergraduate education content.
• (E). CEC (Consortium for Educational Communication) is responsible for developing content for undergraduate subjects.

The most appropriate answer would be: Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.

Key Points

• Statement I: A Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is indeed one where an overwhelming number of requests are sent simultaneously to a web server. The purpose is to overtax the server's resources and cause it to become unavailable or "crash", thereby denying service to legitimate users.
• Statement II: A virus is a type of malicious software (malware) that is designed to spread from host to host and has the ability to replicate itself. Among other potential effects, a virus can indeed cause a computer to run more slowly. However, it’s important to note that not all viruses will cause a computer to slow down, and not all slowdowns are a result of a virus. Viruses can have a wide variety of effects depending on their specific programming.

The correct answer is "(B), (C) and (E) only."

Key Points

• ​B. Evade predators: According to the text, "Their appealing colours evolved to help them either evade predators or attract mates," the vibrant colors and patterns of butterflies are indeed a deception mechanism to evade predators.
• C. Maintain body temperature: The text says, "dark colours developing to help butterflies maintain body temperature," So, certain colors in butterflies do help in maintaining their body temperature.
• E. Attract mates: The passage mentions this explicitly, "Their appealing colours evolved to help them either evade predators or attract mates," Hence, butterflies' vibrant colors do play a role in attracting mates.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is "(C) and (D) only."

Key Points

• C. Defence against predators by butterflies with toxins: The passage mentions that some butterflies are toxic to predators and that this is an attribute of aposematism — "Aposematism is a combination of two features - one is a defence against predators, like a chemical cover, some butterflies being toxic to birds, spiders, etc."
• D. Bright wing patterns** to show predators they are dangerous:** This is the second part of aposematism, according to the passage — "...butterflies with toxins then developed bright wing patterns to show predators they are dangerous..."

​Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "(A) and (D) only."

Key Points

• (A): "All the characteristics butterflies have-including much more acute vision compared to moths who rely more on smell - grew thereon." This sentence makes it clear that butterflies have better vision compared to moths, matching option (A).
• (D): "Their appealing colours evolved to help them either evade predators or attract mates, dark colours developing to help butterflies maintain body temperature, being cold-blooded." This suggests that butterflies evolved to have appealing or vibrant colors, which would mean they are more colorful compared to moths. This matches option (D).

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

The correct answer is "Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true."

Key Points

• In the passage, Statement (I) is supported by the following lines: "Butterflies are also specialised moths, the two separating from their sister group of insects 150 to 200 million years ago." This line clearly states that butterflies are specialized versions of moths, making Statement (I) true.
• Statement (II) is supported by these lines: "Butterflies emerged as a separate group about 85 million years ago, around when dinosaurs went extinct." This statement tells us that butterflies became a distinct group approximately around the time dinosaurs became extinct. This supports Statement (II), proving it true as well.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

The correct answer is "150-200 million years ago."

Key Points

• This statement reflects the information found in the lines of the passage, "Butterflies are also specialised moths, the two separating from their sister group of insects 150 to 200 million years ago."
• This sentence directly points out that the divergence between butterflies (which are specialized moths as indicated in the passage) and other insects occurred about 150 to 200 million years ago.

Thus, the correct answer is "option 3".

Calculation:

The ratio of foreign investment of Rajasthan  in the Defence sector = 25.6% of 3120

And, The ratio of foreign investment of Tamil Nadu in the Defence sector = 25.6% of 1380

Required Ratio =  25.6% of 3120 : 25.6% of 1380

⇒ 52 : 23

∴ The correct answer is Rajasthan, TN".

Calculation:

The foreign investment in the Insurance sector in Rajasthan = 18.5% of 3120

And,  the foreign investment in the Construction sector in Haryana = 14.4% of 3880

Required Percentage =  {(18.5% of 3120)/(14.4% of 3880)} × 100

⇒ (577.2 / 558.72)  × 100 

⇒ 103.30 (Approx)

∴ The correct answer is 103.

Calculation:

The foreign investment in the Pharmaceutical sector in AP = 8.5% of 1460

And,  the foreign investment in the Telecom sector in Delhi = 13.5% of 1660

⇒ 224.1 - 124.1

Required Percentage =  {(13.5% of 1660 - 8.5% of 1460 )/(13.5% of 1660)} × 100

⇒ ((224.1 - 124.1) / 224.1)  × 100

⇒ (100/224.1)  × 100

⇒ 44.62 (Approx)

∴ The correct answer is 44.6.

Calculation:

Total foreign investment in all states = 3120 + 3560 + 3940 + 1380 + 1460 + 1660 + 3880 = 19,000

The total foreign investment in the ‘Others’ sector = 19.5% of 19,000 = 3705

∴ The correct answer is "3705".

Calculation:

The foreign investment in the Defence sector in Gujarat = 25.6% of 3940

Construction and Insurance sectors together in MP = (14.4% + 18.5%) of 3560

Required Difference = 1,171.24 - 1,008.64

⇒ 162.6

∴ The correct answer is "162.6".

The correct answer is Lord Curzon.

Key Points

• Lord Curzon: As Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, Lord Curzon is known for implementing significant reforms in education, including the establishment of the Indian Universities Commission in 1902. His telegram to Hamilton in that year likely outlined his proposal for the commission's structure, including suggesting six permanent members.
• S.H. Wood: While an important figure in Indian education at the time, Wood wouldn't have been in the position to directly propose such a commission to Hamilton. He served as Secretary to the Government of India in the Education Department but wouldn't have had the same level of executive authority as the Viceroy.
• A. Abbott: Similarly, A. Abbott was a notable educator in India but lacked the authority to propose a national commission directly to the Secretary of State for India.
• Lord Macaulay: Although prominent in shaping early Indian education policies, Lord Macaulay passed away in 1859, making him a factually impossible choice for the 1902 proposal.

Therefore, considering the historical context and Lord Curzon's role in education reforms and the commission's establishment, he is the most likely individual to have proposed its structure, including the number of permanent members, in the telegram to Hamilton.

Key Points The statements are indeed reversed - Edpuzzle is not used for mind mapping while Mindmeister is not used for creating interactive videos.

• Edpuzzle is an online platform that allows teachers to create and customize videos for students. It allows educators to take any video from YouTube, Khan Academy, Crash Course, etc., trim it, insert quizzes, as well as voice notes or comments for students to interact with.
• On the other hand, Mindmeister is a collaborative software tool that allows for live brainstorming sessions, development of thought structures, and the creation of mind maps. It's a tool particularly popular in education for structuring complex concepts, brainstorming, project planning, etc.

So, in actuality and when corrected, Edpuzzle is used for creating interactive videos and Mindmeister is a tool for mind mapping. Therefore, both statements in their current form are false.

Key Points

• Given that all trucks are polluting vehicles, it would be logically inconsistent to state that some trucks are not polluting vehicles (option C), as this would contradict the initial statement.
• Similarly, it would be contradictory to say that no trucks are polluting vehicles (option D), as this is the exact opposite of the original statement.
• On the other hand, it's completely reasonable and accurate to infer that some trucks are polluting vehicles (option A) because this is a subset of all trucks, and it's also reasonable to infer that some polluting vehicles are trucks (option B), because this does not contradict the original statement that all trucks are polluting vehicles.

Therefore, only options C and D could be immediately inferred as false based on the given statement that all trucks are polluting vehicles, hence (C) and (D) only is the right answer.

Key Points 

• MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment. A MAC address is used as a unique identifier for your device on a network, particularly within the local network.
• MAC addresses are usually assigned by the manufacturer of a network interface card and are stored in its hardware, like the card's read-only memory or some other firmware mechanism.
• A MAC address is made up of 48 bits, these are often represented as six groups of two hexadecimal numbers, separated by hyphens (-) or colons (:), for example, 01:23:45:67:89:ab. Each hexadecimal digit represents 4 bits, so when you have 12 of them together, you end up with a 48-bit address.

Key Points 

• Quantum computing is a new paradigm that could revolutionize the way we process information. Here's how the two true options relate to quantum computing:
• Option A: Quantum computing does indeed apply the principles of quantum physics. Quantum physics, also known as quantum mechanics, governs the smallest particles of matter and light. Quantum computers use these principles to process data in ways that classical computers (the computers we generally use today) cannot.
• Option B: Quantum bits, or qubits, are the foundational information units in quantum computing, much like binary bits are in classical computing. However, unlike binary bits that can either be in a state of 0 or 1, qubits leverage quantum properties to be in a superposition of states, meaning they can be in 0, 1, or both at the same time. This allows quantum computers to process a vast number of possibilities all at once.
• Option C: Quantum computers do not emit radiation that's fatal to humans/users. They do require a controlled and isolated environment for optimal operation (since any interference could cause a quantum state to decohere), but this doesn't necessitate harmful radiation. They often operate at very low temperatures close to absolute zero, for instance, which is required to maintain their quantum state but does not involve radiation that could harm humans. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.

As per the given information:

A girl walks straight in the opposite direction of the front door of her house. The front door of the house is facing towards south

After walking for 50 meters, the girl turns to her left and walks 100 meters, thereafter the girl turns right and stops after walking for 100 meters. 

Clearly, the girl is facing north.

Hence, the correct answer is "North".

Key Points 

The correct increasing order of prescribed limits for the following pollutants on a 24-hour basis in residential areas by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) based on the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of India, should be as follows:

• C. Lead (Pb): The permissible limit of Lead as per the CPCB is very low because of its serious health effects.
• B. Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM): These are finer particles than SPM, small enough to be inhaled into the respiratory system. The permissible limit is more than that of Lead because they're normally larger and less toxic than lead particles.
• A. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM): These are broader category including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets suspended in air. The permissible limit would typically be higher than that for RSPM, as RSPM are a subset of SPM but smaller and thus more easily inhaled.
• D. Ammonia (NH3): Typically, the concentration limit for Ammonia (NH3) set is higher when compared to particulate matters and Pb, because it's considered less harmful in terms of its immediate impacts on human health.

The logic follows here is:

• 'AMAN' is coded as 29

• 'RAMAN’ is coded as 47

Similarly

• 'SHAM' will be coded as

Hence, the correct answer is "41".

Key Points

• Metacommunication refers to the process of layering communication on top of communication. It's a way of giving information about how a message should be interpreted through non-verbal cues, tone of voice, or other contextual clues.

Here's the explanation of the options:

• (B) It is not always intentional: True. Metacommunication often happens unconsciously. It can be delivered in the form of body language, the tone of voice, or in the pacing of speech.
• (C) It often takes place spontaneously: True. Metacommunication is usually an automatic and instant response. For instance, a surprise reaction to sudden news is a form of spontaneous metacommunication.
• (D) It can modify itself: True. Metacommunication changes based on the situation and the state of the person delivering the communication. For instance, the tone of voice might change based on the listener's reactions.
• (A) It is intentional: False. While it can sometimes be intentional, it often occurs unconsciously.
• (E) It decontextualises itself: False. Metacommunication is deeply embedded in context. The meaning you take from someone's non-verbal cues depends heavily on the exact situation in which they occur.

So, the correct options are (B), (C), and (D).

Key Points A mind map is a diagram designed to help visualize information. The benefits of mind mapping include:

• Improving memory retention: Mind maps utilize visual stimuli and structure to make memorization and recall easier.
• Enhancing creativity and problem-solving skills: They help organize thoughts and visualize the relations between different pieces of information, thus fostering creativity and problem-solving.
• Reducing stress and anxiety: The process of creating a mind map can help in simplifying complex problems, thereby reducing stress and anxiety related to tasks or learning.

The option, "Making information more difficult to comprehend" is not a benefit of mind mapping. In fact, mind mapping is intended to simplify complex information and make it easier to understand, not make it more difficult. Therefore, this is the correct answer.

Key Points

• The given statement is: "Some non-realists are not non-philosophers."
• Here, "non-realists" refer to individuals who are not realists and "non-philosophers" refer to individuals who are not philosophers. The statement implies that there is an intersection between non-realists and philosophers.
• To put it inversely, this would mean that there are some philosophers who are not realists. Hence, the statement equivalent to the given statement is "Some philosophers are not realists."

Key Points 

• The function VLOOKUP in Excel is used when we need to find things in a table or a range by row. The syntax of the VLOOKUP function is as follows:
• =VLOOKUP (lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])
• In this case:
• "lookup_value" is the value to be found in the first column of the table array, here it is the representative ID in cell J2 we want to look up.
• "table_array" is a range of cells in which data is searched. By using $ characters in A$2:C$7, you ensure that when you drag down the formula, the same cells will still be referred to.
• "col_index_num" is the column number in the table from which the searched value must be returned. Since we want the average number of calls, which is in column C (the third column in our table), the value is 3.
• "[range_lookup]" is a logical value (TRUE or FALSE) that indicates whether you want VLOOKUP to find an exact or an approximate match to the lookup_value. Using FALSE here means we are looking for an exact match.
• So when you input the formula =VLOOKUP(J2, A$2:C$7, 3, FALSE) into cell L2 and drag it down to L5, it will return the average number of calls for the representative IDs listed in column J. The formula will look for each Representative ID from column J in the 'Representative ID Number' column of the defined array (A2:C7) and return the corresponding 'Avg Number of calls'$.

Key Points 

The correct associations between the types of research and their descriptions are:

• Basic Research (A): This is research conducted to improve understanding of a concept or phenomenon and test or expand upon theory (IV). It doesn't necessarily provide results of immediate practical use and often forms the basis for further, more specific studies.
• Correlational Research (B): This is research designed to discover whether variables covary or, in other words, whether there's a relationship between two or more variables (I). Any change in one variable would coincide with a change in the other variable.
• Case Study (C): This is an in-depth study of a single or a few individuals to see how changes affect the person's behavior (II). It seeks to achieve a deep understanding of the individuals and the particular phenomena.
• Longitudinal Study (D): This is a research design in which the same group of participants is observed and measured over time (III). Longitudinal studies track the same people, and therefore the differences observed in those people are less likely to be the result of cultural differences across generations.

So, the correct match is A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III.

The correct solution is- Appeal to Ignorance

Key Points 

• The fallacy being committed in the statement is the "Appeal to Ignorance" (also known as argumentum ad ignorantiam). This kind of logical fallacy occurs when it's claimed that something is true only because it has not been proven false, or something is false only because it has not been proven true.
• In the given statement, the argument claims that "glaciers in the arctic region must be melting on their own" only on the basis that no one has been able to prove that they "are melting because of Global warming". The absence of evidence supporting one claim (melting due to global warming) is used to support the alternate claim (melting on their own), though there might not be direct evidence supporting the reasoning of this alternate claim. Therefore, it's an Appeal to Ignorance.
• The proper course of reasoning would be to seek scientific evidence that establishes the cause of the melting, and not just default to a conclusion in the absence of evidence to the contrary.

Key Points 

• According to the University Grants Commission (UGC) Regulations from 2018, plagiarism is classified into different levels based on the amount of copied content compared to the original work.
• Level 3 plagiarism, as you've indicated, is defined as cases where the similarities are above 60%. This is the highest level of plagiarism in these regulations.
• This can mean that more than 60% of the work is not original to the author, but rather, it has been copied from someone else's work without proper citation or acknowledgment.
• Such high levels of plagiarism are taken very seriously in academic and research circles because it violates ethical guidelines, disrespects the originality of others' work, and undermines the credibility of research findings. The penalties for such violations are often severe and may include expulsion or cancellation of research output.
• Remember that the UGC regulations also emphasize the importance of instilling academic integrity and promoting responsible conduct of research. It is paramount to acknowledge the work of others that we use in our academic or research endeavors as it's apart of maintaining intellectual honesty.

Given Series: 1, 6, 18, 44, 98, 208, 430, ? 

The logic followed here is:

Hence, the correct answer is "876".

Key Points 

1. In the classical Indian school of logic, also known as Nyaya, the terms "Badhita" and "Viruddha" refer to types of fallacies that involve contradictions.
2. "Badhita" refers to a type of fallacy involving 'invalid knowledge' - that is, knowledge which is contradicted or invalidated by subsequent knowledge.
3. "Viruddha" refers to a contradiction or incompatibility. In logical terms, it represents contradicting inferences.
4. I want to note that interpreting ancient Indian philosophical terms can be complex due to the variation in interpretation across different texts and contexts. But based on most interpretations, "Badhita" and "Viruddha" seem the most closely linked to the notion of contradiction.
5. Contrarily, "Svarupāsiddha" refers to inherent or natural existence, and "Vyapyatväsiddha" most commonly refers to pervaded existence or inherent connection. They don't primarily deal with the concept of contradiction.

Hence, the correct option could be considered as (B) and (D) only.

Key Points 

• The Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, is responsible for promoting new areas of science and technology and plays a significant role in the promotion of research and development in the country.
• Bose Institute, Kolkata: Established by Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, it conducts research in diverse areas of sciences. It's funded jointly by the DST and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India.
• Agarkar Research Institute (ARI), Pune: It conducts research in the areas of biology, and in particular agricultural sciences. It's an autonomous institute under the DST.
• Raman Research Institute, Bangalore: Founded by Nobel laureate Sir C V Raman, it conducts research in areas of basic sciences. This institute is also funded by the DST
• Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun: It's an autonomous research institute for the study of Geology in the Himalayas. The institute falls under the purview of the DST.
• Indian Council of Astrological Science, Bangalore: To my best knowledge (up until September 2021), the Indian Council of Astrological Science is not a scientific institution and does not come under the financial umbrella of the Department of Science and Technology.

Given:

X and Y can do a piece of work in n days

X alone can complete the work in (n + 3) days

Y alone can do the work in (n + 12)

Formula used:

Work = Time × Efficiency

Calculation:

One day work of X = 1/(n + 3)

One day work of Y = 1/(n + 12)

According to the question,

⇒ 1/(n + 3) + 1/(n + 12) = 1/n

⇒ [(n+12) + (n + 3)] / (n+3)(n + 12) = 1/n

⇒ (2n + 15)n = (n+3)(n + 12)

⇒ 2n² + 15n = n² + 12n + 3n + 36

⇒ n² = 36

⇒ n = 6

Hence, the correct answer is "6".

Key Points

• In Hindu tradition, communication, particularly spiritual communication through scriptures, teachings, and dialogue, holds significant value. It is often aimed at guiding individuals towards spiritual enlightenment and self-realization, rather than focusing solely on materialistic gain, creating social groups, or producing entertainment.
• Communication in Hinduism aims to impart wisdom and guide individuals on their spiritual journeys. This encompasses concepts like Dharma (righteousness or duty), Artha (wealth or prosperity), Kama (desire), and more importantly Moksha (liberation or enlightenment).
• The pursuit of enlightenment (Moksha) is considered the highest purpose in Hindu philosophy, and it is achieved through the realization of one's true self beyond the materialistic world. So, the primary purpose of good communication would be to guide people on this path of spiritual enlightenment.
• Please note that the focus might shift according to the context of the communication, but in terms of the broader philosophical framework, the statement "make people seek enlightenment" aligns well with the purpose of communication in Hindu tradition.

Key Points 

• Statement (I) asserts that in APA (American Psychological Association) style, the first name of an author is written first. However, according to APA citation guidelines, the author's last name is written first, followed by initials of their first and middle names (if available). Therefore, Statement (I) is incorrect.
• Statement (II) posits that in APA style, the year of publication is written after the page number. This, too, is false. In APA style, the year of publication appears immediately after the author's name, and long before the page number, which is usually at the end part of the citation (typically for in-text citations or specific references within books). For example:

Smith, J. D. (2020). Title of the book. Publisher. Page number.

Hence, both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.

Key Points 

• Statement I states, "Communication media are neither neutral nor value-free containers that carry information to different places." This suggests that media platforms do not just passively transfer information; they can shape and influence the content that is being communicated based on their design, format, policies, algorithms, etc. This is indeed correct as the choice of media can influence how a message is interpreted or perceived.
• In contrast, Statement II says, "No Communication technology has its own unique set of physical, technical, symbolic and environmental characteristics." This is false. Every communication technology, whether it's a newspaper, radio, digital platform, or others, does have its own unique characteristics. For instance, radios deliver information mostly orally, which affects the kind of content they can provide. Digital platforms, like social media, have technical algorithms that affect how information is distributed and consumed.

So, in summary, Statement I is true and Statement II is false.

Key Points 

• The Indian Universities Act of 1904 was passed during the viceroyalty of Lord Curzon who served as the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905.
• This act brought about significant reform in the administration of the universities in India. It increased government control over the universities and made provisions for inspection of universities and review of standards of instruction.
• The Act reduced official representation in the university bodies while increasing the number of nominated and selected members. Moreover, it was aimed at creating an all-India educational system under British control and improving the quality of education and research in India.
• This act was part of the broader effort by Lord Curzon to systematically reform various aspects of the Indian administration.

Key Points 

• In statistics, variables can be classified into several categories, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Each of these types of variables has different properties and are used in different ways in data analysis.
• Nominal variables are variables that have two or more categories, but which do not have an intrinsic order or ranking. The categories may have a different name or label, but we cannot say that one is superior to the other. Examples include gender (male, female), blood type (A, B, AB, O), or the color of a car.
• In contrast, ordinal, interval, and ratio variables can all be rank-ordered.
• Ordinal variables represent categories that have a specific order or ranking to them, such as education level (high school, some college, college degree, graduate degree).
• Interval variables are numeric scales in which both the order and the exact differences between the values are known, such as temperature in degree Celsius.
• Ratio variables are like interval variables, but they have a clear definition of 0 (like height, weight, age).

So, among the variables listed, only nominal variables cannot be rank ordered.

The correct answer is: 2) (B) and (C) only.

Key PointsA) The questions suggest certain kinds of answer to the respondents: This characteristic does not apply to open-ended questions. Their strength lies in allowing respondents to answer freely without being limited by pre-defined options.

B) They are useful for exploring new areas: This is a correct characteristic of open-ended questions. By allowing respondents to express their thoughts and opinions in their own words, they can provide valuable insights into new or unfamiliar territories.

C) They are time consuming for interviewers to administer: This is also a correct characteristic. Compared to closed-ended questions with simple response options, open-ended questions typically take longer for respondents to answer and interviewers to record and analyze.

Therefore, only options (B) and (C) accurately describe the characteristics of open-ended questions in survey research.

Key Points 

Statement I: A nuclear power reactor is indeed a system designed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction and extract useful energy. This is typically achieved through nuclear fission, where the nucleus of a heavy atom such as uranium or plutonium is split into two or more smaller nuclei along with some byproducts. This process releases a large amount of heat, which is used to generate steam and subsequently drive turbines to generate electricity.

Statement II: Light water reactors use ordinary water, also known as light water, as the moderator. A moderator is a material that slows down neutrons to increase the probability of nuclear fission. Light water reactors are the most common type of thermal-neutron reactors and include pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and boiling water reactors (BWRs). In these reactors, light water serves both as a neutron moderator and as a coolant.

Therefore, both statements are correct.

By using the following symbols in the table given below, we can draw the family tree:

Given: Aman, while pointing towards a lady, said, "Her husband is the only son of my mother".

→ Aman said that the husband of the lady is the only son of his mother.

Clearly, the man is the husband of the lady.

Hence, the correct answer is "Husband".

Key Points 

• The "ozone hole" refers to a region of the Earth's stratosphere where there has been an observed significant decline in the concentration of ozone. The term "ozone hole" is most commonly associated with the large seasonal decrease in ozone concentration over Antarctica, which was first observed by scientists in the 1980s.
• Every spring (which is around September to October in the southern hemisphere), the conditions in the Antarctic stratosphere support a series of complex chemical reactions, facilitated by the presence of man-made compounds like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), that destroy ozone molecules.
• This destruction process is accentuated by the extremely cold temperatures of the Antarctic stratosphere and the isolation of its air in the polar vortex—a stable air current that circulates around the pole. Thus, the discovery of the ozone hole was first made over the Antarctic.

Key Points 

• Channel capacity in the field of communications, specifically in information theory, is the maximum amount of information that can be transmitted over a communication channel within a specified time. It is usually measured in bits per second (BPS).
• This concept originates from Claude Shannon’s information theory. Shannon, a mathematician and electrical engineer, defined the channel capacity and formulated a mathematical model to calculate it.
• This measure is important in understanding the efficiency of communication systems and plays a critical role in the design and evaluation of networks.
• Therefore, the statement "the maximum amount of information sent over a channel within a specific period of time" best reflects what is termed "channel capacity".
• The other options "(1) Communication process", "(2) Information overload", and "(3) Transmission barriers" are various aspects related to the communication process but they don't refer to the maximum amount of information that can be transmitted over a communication channel in a given time frame.