SSC MTS 2025 Official Paper (Held On: 10 Feb, 2026 Shift 3) (Previous Year Paper)

Shortcut Trick

Apply BODMAS: Solve bracket, then multiplication, then group addition.

48 + (88) − 68 + 19 + 11

48 + 20 + 30 = 98

∴ The correct answer is 98.

Alternate Method

Given expression: 48 + (72 + 16) − 34 × 2 + 19 + 11

Method: BODMAS Rule (Bracket, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction)

⇒ 48 + 88 − 34 × 2 + 19 + 11

⇒ 48 + 88 − 68 + 19 + 11

⇒ 136 − 68 + 19 + 11

⇒ 68 + 19 + 11

⇒ 87 + 11 = 98

∴ The correct answer is 98.

Additional Information

BODMAS Rule

Standard order for solving mathematical expressions: Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction.

Grouping Terms

For faster calculation, group all positive terms together and all negative terms together before the final subtraction.

Shortcut Trick

Solve brackets and multiplication first: (33 ÷ 3) = 11 and 18 × 2 = 36.

Rewrite the expression: 99 − 41 + 36 + 11 − 22 + 16.

Combine positive terms: 99 + 36 + 11 + 16 = 162.

Combine negative terms: 41 + 22 = 63.

Result: 162 − 63 = 99.

∴ The correct answer is 99.

Alternate Method

Given expression: 99 − 41 + 18 × 2 + (33 ÷ 3) − 22 + 16

Apply BODMAS rule (Brackets, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction):

⇒ Step 1 (Brackets): 33 ÷ 3 = 11

⇒ Expression = 99 − 41 + 18 × 2 + 11 − 22 + 16

⇒ Step 2 (Multiplication): 18 × 2 = 36

⇒ Expression = 99 − 41 + 36 + 11 − 22 + 16

⇒ Step 3 (Addition): 99 + 36 + 11 + 16 = 162

⇒ Step 4 (Subtraction): 162 − 41 − 22 = 162 − 63

⇒ Result = 99

∴ The correct answer is 99.

Additional Information

BODMAS Rule

It defines the order of operations: Brackets (), Orders (powers/roots), Division (÷), Multiplication (×), Addition (+), and Subtraction (−).

Grouping Like Terms

To simplify faster, add all positive numbers together and all negative numbers together before the final subtraction.

Sign Conventions

Two negative numbers are added to give a negative sum (e.g., −41 − 22 = −63), while a negative and a positive result in a difference.

Given:

The study hours for six students are shown in the line chart below:

Total number of students = 6

Formula Used:

Average Hours = Total Study Hours ÷ Number of Students

Calculation:

According to the data from the chart,

⇒ Total Study Hours = 65 + 126 + 135 + 148 + 165 + 95

⇒ Total Study Hours = 734

⇒ Average Hours per Student = 734 ÷ 6

⇒ Average Hours per Student ≈ 122.33

∴ The correct answer is 122.33.

Given:

Formula Used:

Total Percentage of Sectors = Percentage of Sector 1 + Percentage of Sector 2

Central Angle = (Total Percentage of Sectors ÷ 100) × 360 degrees

Calculation:

According to the pie chart,

⇒ Percentage of milk sold by Shop P = 10%

⇒ Percentage of milk sold by Shop T = 30%

⇒ Total percentage of milk sold by Shops P and T = 10% + 30% = 40%

⇒ Total central angle = (40 ÷ 100) × 360 degrees

⇒ Total central angle = 0.4 × 360 degrees

⇒ Total central angle = 144 degrees

∴ The correct answer is 144.

Given:

Average number of players participated in A, B, and F = 80

Total degrees in a pie chart = 360°

Formula Used:

Required Percentage = (Sum of degrees of specific categories ÷ Total degrees of the pie chart) × 100

Calculation:

According to the pie chart data,

⇒ Total degree for tournament C and D = 108° + 72° = 180°

⇒ Total degree for all 6 tournaments = 360°

⇒ Required Percentage = (180° ÷ 360°) × 100

⇒ Required Percentage = (1 ÷ 2) × 100

⇒ Required Percentage = 50%

(Note: The average value provided in the question is not required to calculate the percentage, as the ratio of degrees represents the ratio of absolute numbers.)

∴ The correct answer is 50%.

Given:

Formula Used:

Total Rainfall = Rainfall in City B + Rainfall in City D + Rainfall in City E

Calculation:

From the provided bar graph, the rainfall values for the specified cities are:

⇒ Rainfall in City B = 90 mm

⇒ Rainfall in City D = 65 mm

⇒ Rainfall in City E = 80 mm

Now, calculating the total rainfall received by these three cities:

⇒ Total = 90 + 65 + 80

⇒ Total = 155 + 80

⇒ Total = 235 mm

∴ The correct answer is 235.

Shortcut Trick

Ratio of P : Q : R : S = 5 : 2 : 4 : 3

Difference between R and S in ratio units = 4 − 3 = 1 unit

Given: 1 unit = ₹1000

Total ratio units = 5 + 2 + 4 + 3 = 14 units

Total amount = 14 × ₹1000 = ₹14000

∴ The correct answer is ₹14000.

Alternate Method

Given: Ratio of shares = 5 : 2 : 4 : 3

Difference in shares of R and S = ₹1000

Let the amounts received by P, Q, R, and S be 5x, 2x, 4x, and 3x respectively.

⇒ Amount with R − Amount with S = 1000

⇒ 4x − 3x = 1000

⇒ x = 1000

⇒ Total Amount = 5x + 2x + 4x + 3x

⇒ Total Amount = 14x

⇒ Total Amount = 14 × 1000

⇒ Total Amount = 14000

∴ The correct answer is ₹14000.

Additional Information

Ratio Distribution Rule

To divide a quantity N in the ratio a:b:c, the parts are [a/(a+b+c)] × N, [b/(a+b+c)] × N, and [c/(a+b+c)] × N.

Comparison of Ratios

If two ratios are a:b and c:d, they can be compared by converting them to like fractions or comparing ad and bc.

Direct Proportion

When two quantities are in ratio, if one unit value is found, any part or the whole sum can be calculated using the unitary method.

Shortcut Trick

Radius r = √[(Chord/2)² + (Distance)²]

r = √[15² + 12²] = √[225 + 144] = √369 ≈ 19.2 cm.

For the second chord, Distance = √[r² − (New Chord/2)²]

Distance = √[369 − 12²] = √[369 − 144] = √225 = 15 cm.

∴ The correct answer is 19.2 cm, 15 cm.

Alternate Method

Given: Chord AB = 30 cm, Distance from center OM = 12 cm, Second chord CD = 24 cm.

Formula Used: Radius² = (Half of chord length)² + (Perpendicular distance)²

⇒ In ▵OMA, AM = AB/2 = 15 cm and OM = 12 cm.

⇒ OA² = OM² + AM²

⇒ r² = 12² + 15² = 144 + 225 = 369

⇒ r = √369 ≈ 19.2 cm

⇒ For chord CD, CN = CD/2 = 24/2 = 12 cm.

⇒ In ▵ONC, OC² = ON² + CN²

⇒ 369 = ON² + 12²

⇒ ON² = 369 − 144 = 225

⇒ ON = √225 = 15 cm

∴ The correct answer is 19.2 cm, 15 cm.

Additional Information

Perpendicular Bisector Property

The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a chord bisects the chord (AM = MB).

Chord Distance Relation

Longer chords are closer to the center than shorter chords; if chord length increases, its distance from the center decreases.

Pythagoras Theorem in Circles

For a chord of length L at distance d from the center of radius r, the relation is r² = (L/2)² + d².

Shortcut Trick

Convert all values to decimal form for immediate comparison:

17/4 = 4.25

4 1/3 ≈ 4.33

4 1/2 = 4.50

19/4 = 4.75

Comparing decimals: 4.25 < 4.33 < 4.50 < 4.75

∴ The correct answer is 17/4 < 4 1/3 < 4 1/2 < 19/4.

Alternate Method

Given values: 17/4, 4 1/3, 4 1/2, 19/4

⇒ Step 1: Convert mixed fractions to improper fractions.

⇒ 4 1/3 = (4 × 3 + 1) / 3 = 13/3

⇒ 4 1/2 = (4 × 2 + 1) / 2 = 9/2

⇒ Step 2: Find a common denominator for 4, 3, 2, and 4. LCM = 12.

⇒ 17/4 = (17 × 3) / 12 = 51/12

⇒ 13/3 = (13 × 4) / 12 = 52/12

⇒ 9/2 = (9 × 6) / 12 = 54/12

⇒ 19/4 = (19 × 3) / 12 = 57/12

⇒ Step 3: Compare numerators: 51 < 52 < 54 < 57

⇒ Ascending order: 51/12 < 52/12 < 54/12 < 57/12

⇒ Final sequence: 17/4 < 4 1/3 < 4 1/2 < 19/4

∴ The correct answer is 17/4 < 4 1/3 < 4 1/2 < 19/4.

Additional Information

Comparison of Fractions

To compare fractions, either convert them to decimals or convert them to like fractions by finding the LCM of the denominators.

Mixed Fraction Conversion

A mixed fraction A b/c is converted to an improper fraction using the formula: (A × c + b) / c.

Ascending vs Descending Order

Ascending order means arranging values from smallest to largest, while descending order means largest to smallest.

Shortcut Trick

Apply BODMAS rule: Multiplication → Addition → Subtraction.

0.4 × 0.4 = 0.16

0.16 + 0.6 − 0.34 = 0.76 − 0.34 = 0.42

∴ The correct answer is 0.42.

Alternate Method

Given expression: 0.4 × 0.4 + 0.6 − 0.34

Formula used: BODMAS (Bracket, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction)

⇒ 0.16 + 0.6 − 0.34

⇒ 0.76 − 0.34

⇒ 0.42

∴ The correct answer is 0.42.

Additional Information

BODMAS Rule

It defines the order of operations: Brackets, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition, then Subtraction.

Multiplication of Decimals

To multiply decimals, multiply as whole numbers then count total decimal places in factors to place the point in the product (0.4 × 0.4 = 0.16).

Addition/Subtraction of Decimals

Always align the decimal points vertically before performing addition or subtraction to ensure correct place value alignment.

Shortcut Trick

Divide each term of the numerator by the denominator: (√32 ÷ √18) + (√162 ÷ √18)

Apply rule √a ÷ √b = √(a ÷ b): √(32 ÷ 18) + √(162 ÷ 18)

Simplify fractions: √(16 ÷ 9) + √9 = 4/3 + 3

Calculate: (4 + 9) ÷ 3 = 13/3

∴ The correct answer is 13/3.

Alternate Method

Given: (√32 + √162) ÷ √18

Formula: √a = √(b² × c) = b√c

⇒ √32 = √(16 × 2) = 4√2

⇒ √162 = √(81 × 2) = 9√2

⇒ √18 = √(9 × 2) = 3√2

⇒ Expression = (4√2 + 9√2) ÷ 3√2

⇒ Expression = 13√2 ÷ 3√2

⇒ Answer = 13/3

∴ The correct answer is 13/3.

Additional Information

Product Rule of Surds

The square root of a product is equal to the product of the square roots: √(a × b) = √a × √b.

Quotient Rule of Surds

The square root of a quotient is equal to the quotient of the square roots: √(a ÷ b) = √a ÷ √b.

Simplifying Surds

A surd is simplified by factoring out the largest perfect square from the radicand: √50 = √(25 × 2) = 5√2.

Shortcut Trick

The middle term of three consecutive numbers is approximately the cube root of their product.

Product = 315. Approximate middle odd number ≈ ³√315.

Since 6³ = 216 and 7³ = 343, the middle odd number is 7.

Sequence: 5, 7, 9 (Product: 5 × 7 × 9 = 315).

Sum of smallest (5) and largest (9) = 5 + 9 = 14.

∴ The correct answer is 14.

Alternate Method

Given: Product of three consecutive odd numbers = 315.

Formula: Let the numbers be (x − 2), x, and (x + 2).

⇒ (x − 2) × x × (x + 2) = 315

⇒ x × (x² − 4) = 315

⇒ By testing odd values for x: If x = 7, then 7 × (7² − 4)

⇒ 7 × (49 − 4) = 7 × 45 = 315

⇒ Smallest number = x − 2 = 7 − 2 = 5

⇒ Largest number = x + 2 = 7 + 2 = 9

⇒ Sum of largest and smallest = 9 + 5 = 14

∴ The correct answer is 14.

Additional Information

Consecutive Odd Numbers

Consecutive odd integers differ by 2 and can be represented as n, n+2, n+4 where n is odd.

Cube Root Estimation for Series

For three consecutive numbers, the middle number is the best integer approximation of the cube root of their product.

Sum of Odd Numbers

The sum of any number of consecutive odd integers is always even if the number of terms is even, and odd if the number of terms is odd.

Shortcut Trick

Identify the identity: (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

The term K√3 in the expression corresponds to the 2ab term of the expansion.

2ab = 2 × 2 × 5√3 = 20√3

Comparing K√3 = 20√3, we get K = 20.

∴ The correct answer is 20.

Alternate Method

Given: (2 + 5√3)² = 79 + K√3

Formula used: (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

⇒ (2)² + (5√3)² + 2 × 2 × 5√3 = 79 + K√3

⇒ 4 + (25 × 3) + 20√3 = 79 + K√3

⇒ 4 + 75 + 20√3 = 79 + K√3

⇒ 79 + 20√3 = 79 + K√3

⇒ 20√3 = K√3

⇒ K = 20

∴ The correct answer is 20.

Additional Information

Algebraic Identities for Surds

Common identities include (a − b)² = a² + b² − 2ab and (a + b)(a − b) = a² − b², which are used to simplify or rationalize irrational expressions.

Comparison of Coefficients

If p + q√n = x + y√n, where p, q, x, y are rational numbers and √n is irrational, then p = x and q = y.

Squaring Mixed Radicals

To square a term like (x√y), the result is x² × y. For example, (5√3)² = 25 × 3 = 75.

Shortcut Trick

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3.

Checking sum of digits: 9003 (12), 6012 (9), 3330 (9), 1001 (2).

Divisible numbers: 9003, 6012, and 3330 are divisible by 3.

Number 1001 is not divisible by 3 as its digit sum is 2.

Total count = 3.

∴ The correct answer is 3.

Alternate Method

Given numbers: 9003, 6012, 3330, 1001

Method: Apply the divisibility rule of 3 (Sum of digits ÷ 3 = Integer).

⇒ For 9003: Sum = 9 + 0 + 0 + 3 = 12. Since 12 ÷ 3 = 4, it is divisible.

⇒ For 6012: Sum = 6 + 0 + 1 + 2 = 9. Since 9 ÷ 3 = 3, it is divisible.

⇒ For 3330: Sum = 3 + 3 + 3 + 0 = 9. Since 9 ÷ 3 = 3, it is divisible.

⇒ For 1001: Sum = 1 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 2. Since 2 is not divisible by 3, it is not divisible.

⇒ Number of integers divisible by 3 = 3.

∴ The correct answer is 3.

Additional Information

Divisibility by 9

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. For example, 6012 (6+0+1+2=9) is divisible by 9.

Divisibility by 6

A number is divisible by 6 if it is an even number and the sum of its digits is divisible by 3 (divisible by both 2 and 3).

Divisibility by 11

A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of digits at odd positions and even positions is 0 or a multiple of 11. For 1001: (1+0) − (0+1) = 0.

Shortcut Trick

Sum of digits of 47P5 must be a multiple of 3.

Sum of known digits = 4 + 7 + 5 = 16.

Checking the options: 16 + 5 = 21, which is divisible by 3.

Other options (3, 7, 9) result in sums (19, 23, 25) not divisible by 3.

∴ The correct answer is 5.

Alternate Method

Given: The number 47P5 is divisible by 3.

Formula Used: Divisibility rule of 3 → Sum of all digits of the number must be divisible by 3.

⇒ Sum of digits of 47P5 = 4 + 7 + P + 5

⇒ Sum = 16 + P

⇒ For 47P5 to be divisible by 3, (16 + P) must be a multiple of 3.

⇒ Multiples of 3 greater than 16 are 18, 21, 24, 27, ...

⇒ Case 1: 16 + P = 18 ⇒ P = 2

⇒ Case 2: 16 + P = 21 ⇒ P = 5

⇒ Case 3: 16 + P = 24 ⇒ P = 8

⇒ Comparing the possible values of P (2, 5, 8) with the given options {3, 5, 7, 9}, the only matching value is 5.

∴ The correct answer is 5.

Additional Information

Divisibility by 3

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.

Divisibility by 9

Similar to the rule for 3, a number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.

Divisibility by 6

A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 (even number) and 3 (sum of digits divisible by 3).

Divisibility by 11

The difference between the sum of digits at odd places and the sum of digits at even places must be either 0 or a multiple of 11.

Shortcut Trick

Property: Average of first N odd natural numbers is always equal to N.

Given: Average of first N odd numbers = 21.

Comparing with the property: N = 21.

∴ The correct answer is 21.

Alternate Method

Given: Average of first N odd natural numbers = 21.

Formula Used: Sum of first N odd natural numbers = N² | Average = Sum ÷ N

⇒ The first N odd numbers are: 1, 3, 5, ..., (2N − 1).

⇒ Sum of first N odd numbers = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2N − 1) = N².

⇒ Average = Total Sum ÷ Total Terms

⇒ Average = N² ÷ N = N.

⇒ Since Given Average = 21,

⇒ N = 21.

∴ The correct answer is 21.

Additional Information

Average of first N natural numbers

The sum of first N natural numbers is N(N + 1) ÷ 2, so the average is (N + 1) ÷ 2.

Average of first N even natural numbers

The sum of first N even natural numbers is N(N + 1), so the average is (N + 1).

Sum of squares of first N natural numbers

The formula for the sum of squares is [N(N + 1)(2N + 1)] ÷ 6.

Shortcut Trick

Adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary (Linear Pair).

Sum of angles = 180°

∠AOC = 180° − ∠AOD

∠AOC = 180° − 80° = 100°

∴ The correct answer is 100°.

Alternate Method

Given:

Straight lines AB and CD intersect at point O.

Angle AOD = 80°.

Formula Used:

Linear Pair Axiom: If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles so formed is 180°.

Calculations:

⇒ Since CD is a straight line and ray OA stands on it:

⇒ ∠AOD + ∠AOC = 180°

⇒ 80° + ∠AOC = 180°

⇒ ∠AOC = 180° − 80°

⇒ ∠AOC = 100°

∴ The correct answer is 100°.

Additional Information

Vertically Opposite Angles

When two lines intersect, the angles opposite to each other are equal. Here, ∠AOD = ∠BOC = 80° and ∠AOC = ∠BOD = 100°.

Supplementary Angles

Two angles are called supplementary if their sum is exactly 180°.

Sum of Angles at a Point

The sum of all angles around a single point where lines intersect is always 360°.

Shortcut Trick

The odd numbers between 8 and 30 form an Arithmetic Progression (AP).

First odd number (a) = 9

Last odd number (l) = 29

Average of any AP = (First term + Last term) ÷ 2

Average = (9 + 29) ÷ 2 = 38 ÷ 2 = 19

∴ The correct answer is 19.

Alternate Method

Given: Odd numbers between 8 and 30 are 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29.

Formula used: Average = Sum of all observations ÷ Total number of observations

⇒ Total numbers (n) = 11

⇒ Sum = 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29

⇒ Sum = (First term + Last term) × (n ÷ 2)

⇒ Sum = (9 + 29) × (11 ÷ 2) = 38 × 5.5 = 209

⇒ Average = 209 ÷ 11 = 19

∴ The correct answer is 19.

Additional Information

Average of First n Odd Numbers

The average of the first n odd natural numbers is always equal to n.

Sum of First n Odd Numbers

The sum of the first n odd natural numbers is given by the formula n².

Average of Consecutive Numbers

For any sequence in Arithmetic Progression, the average is the middle term if the number of terms is odd.

Shortcut Trick

In ΔFBD, Exterior ∠AFE = ∠ABC + ∠CDE = 70° + 45° = 115°.

In ΔAFE, ∠FAE = 180° − (∠AFE + ∠AEF) = 180° − (115° + 50°) = 15°.

In ΔABC, Exterior ∠ACD = ∠ABC + ∠BAC = 70° + 15° = 85°.

∴ The correct answer is 85°.

Alternate Method

Given: ∠ABC = 70°, ∠AEF = 50°, ∠CDE = 45°.

Formula Used:

Exterior Angle Theorem: The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two opposite interior angles.

Sum of interior angles of a triangle = 180°.

Calculations:

⇒ In ΔFBD, ∠AFE is the exterior angle at vertex F.

⇒ ∠AFE = ∠FBD + ∠FDB

⇒ ∠AFE = 70° + 45° = 115°

⇒ Now, in ΔAFE, the sum of angles is 180°.

⇒ ∠FAE + ∠AFE + ∠AEF = 180°

⇒ ∠FAE + 115° + 50° = 180°

⇒ ∠FAE = 180° − 165° = 15°

⇒ Since A, E, C are collinear, ∠BAC = ∠FAE = 15°.

⇒ In ΔABC, ∠ACD is the exterior angle at vertex C.

⇒ ∠ACD = ∠ABC + ∠BAC

⇒ ∠ACD = 70° + 15° = 85°

∴ The correct answer is 85°.

Additional Information

Exterior Angle Theorem

An exterior angle of a triangle is formed by extending one of its sides. It is always equal to the sum of the two non-adjacent interior angles (∠ext = ∠int1 + ∠int2).

Angle Sum Property

For any triangle, the sum of all three interior angles is constant and equal to 180°.

Vertically Opposite Angles

When two lines intersect, the angles opposite each other are equal. In this problem, ∠AEF and ∠CED are not necessarily vertically opposite unless F-E-D and A-E-C are both straight lines intersecting at E.

Shortcut Trick

Extend the line segment PC to intersect the parallel line AB at point Q.

Applying the exterior angle theorem to ▵PAQ, the exterior angle at Q is the sum of opposite interior angles.

Exterior ∠PQB = ∠PAB + ∠APC = 70° + 30° = 100°.

Since AB || CD, the corresponding angles ∠DCP and ∠PQB are equal.

∴ The correct answer is 100°.

Alternate Method

Given: AB || CD, ∠PAB = 70°, ∠APC = 30°.

Construction: Extend PC to meet AB at point Q.

⇒ In ▵PAQ, ∠PAQ = 70° and ∠APQ = 30°.

⇒ ∠PQA = 180° − (∠PAQ + ∠APQ)

⇒ ∠PQA = 180° − (70° + 30°) = 80°.

⇒ ∠PQB = 180° − ∠PQA = 180° − 80° = 100°.

⇒ Since AB || CD and PCQ is a transversal, ∠DCP = ∠PQB (Corresponding angles).

⇒ ∠DCP = 100°.

∴ The correct answer is 100°.

Additional Information

Parallel Lines and Transversals

When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, corresponding angles are equal, and alternate interior angles are equal.

Exterior Angle Theorem

The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two opposite interior angles (∠Ext = ∠Int₁ + ∠Int₂).

Angle Sum Property

The sum of all interior angles in any triangle is always exactly 180°.

The Logic followed here is:

For, QH : TL

For, BI : EM

Now for ? : UD

Therefore, the required letter cluster is RZ.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The logic followed here is:

So, 'DC' will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

So, 'AD' will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The Logic followed here is:

For, (HR, AK, ZP)

For, (LO, EH, VS)

Now, checking the options:

Option (2) → (EV, XO, CL)

So, the third cluster is CL.

Therefore, the cluster set (EV, XO, CL) follows the same logic.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The logic followed here is:

Given: May 31, 2016 was Sunday.

Total days = 30 + 31 + 31 + 30 = 122

Now, 122 ÷ 7 = 17 weeks and 3 odd days

So, September 30 = Sunday + 3 days = Wednesday

Therefore, the first Monday of October 2016 was on 5^th October.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Given: July 31, 2018 was Tuesday.

Total days = 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 = 122

Now, 122 ÷ 7 = 17 weeks and 3 odd days

So, November 30 = Tuesday + 3 days = Friday

Therefore, December 1 = Saturday

Therefore, the first Wednesday of December 2018 was on 5^th December.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

Given: Two years have identical calendars when:

Both years are of the same type (both ordinary or both leap years).

Total odd days between them are a multiple of 7.

Total odd days = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 7

7 is a multiple of 7.

Also, 1981 is an ordinary year and 1987 is an ordinary year.

Therefore, both years have identical calendars.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Given: Five boys R, S, M, N and P are sitting in a row facing north.

R is at one of the ends and is to the immediate left of S.

Only N is sitting between S and P

Now, the person sitting to the right of P is M.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The logic followed here is:

Given: A, B, C, D, E, F and G are sitting around a circular table facing the centre.

F is second to the right of C.

A is third to the left of C.

G is third to the left of F.

D is not next to F.

B is not next to A.

So, the immediate neighbours of C are B and G.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The second figure is formed by taking the horizontal mirror image (left-to-right reflection) of the first figure.

The first pair:

The black flag-like shape on the left shifts to the right after reflection.

The white triangle near the center reverses its direction.

The outward line on the right shifts to the left side.

The second pair:

The outward line on the left shifts to the right side.

The black flag-like shape on the right shifts to the left after reflection.

The white triangle pointing right reverses to point left.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The second figure is formed by taking the horizontal mirror image (left-to-right reflection) of the first figure.

For the first pair:

The diagonal line segments on the left side are reflected to the right side.

The single small horizontal line on the right shifts to the left side.

The central diamond structure remains structurally identical after reflection.

Similarly, for the second pair (applying the same horizontal mirror image logic to Figure 3):

The three small horizontal bars on the left side shift to the right side.

The single horizontal bar on the right shifts to the left side.

The complete structure reflects horizontally while preserving the overall arrangement.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The second figure is formed by taking the horizontal mirror image (left-to-right reflection) of the first figure.

For the first pair:

The two horizontal bars attached to the left side shift to the right side.

The diagonal slant lines on the right shift to the left side with reversed orientation.

The small horizontal dash near the bottom left shifts to the bottom right.

Similarly, for the second pair (applying the same horizontal mirror image logic to Figure 3):

The three teeth-like horizontal steps on the right move to the left side.

The long horizontal line on the left shifts to the right side.

The small corner/cross elements also swap symmetrically from right to left.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The Logic followed here is:

For,  PE12 : OC24

For, DK18 : CI36

Now for ? : TH20

Therefore, the required cluster is UJ10.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The Logic followed here is:

For, ZWX42 : BBD84

For,  ALP61 : CQV122

Now for ? : LMT92

Therefore, the required cluster is JHN46.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

Logic followed here is:

Logic: First Number − 42 = Second Number

For 9739 : 9697

9739 − 42 = 9697

For 5302 : 5260

5302 − 42 = 5260

Now, for 4086 : ?

4086 − 42 = 4044

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

Logic followed here is:

Logic: (First number − 6) ÷ 2 = Second number

For 974 : 484

974 → (974 − 6) ÷ 2

= 968 ÷ 2

= 484

For 1012 : 503

1012 → (1012 − 6) ÷ 2

= 1006 ÷ 2

= 503

Now,  ? : 214

(X − 6) ÷ 2 = 214

X − 6 = 214 × 2

X − 6 = 428

X = 428 + 6

X = 434

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Each letter of the word is shifted according to the fixed pattern: +1, +1, +4, -3, -5.

Here, FERAL → GFVXG

For, SMEAR → TNIXM

Now, applying the same pattern to PHOTO:

So, PHOTO → QISQJ

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Code = Sum of the reverse positional values of the letters − 2

Given: SING →

S(8) + I(18) + N(13) + G(20) = 59

Code = 59 − 2 = 57

For, FAIR →

F(21) + A(26) + I(18) + R(9) = 74

Code = 74 − 2 = 72

Now, PARTY →

P(11) + A(26) + R(9) + T(7) + Y(2) = 55

Code = 55 − 2 = 53

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

Therefore, the wrong term in the series is KZ720.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The Logic followed here is:

Therefore, the wrong term in the series is FNP362.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is Chalukyas of Gujarat and Gahadavalas.

Key Points

• The Chauhans, historically known as the Chahamanas, were a powerful Indian dynasty that ruled parts of the present-day states of Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi.
• During the 12^th century, the Chahamanas attempted to expand their territorial control beyond their traditional base in Ajmer and Delhi.
• As they tried to expand towards the west, they encountered stiff opposition from the Chalukyas of Gujarat (also known as the Solankis). The conflict was primarily over the control of the border regions of Rajasthan and the fertile lands of Gujarat.
• When the Chauhans attempted to expand towards the east into the Ganges valley, they faced opposition from the Gahadavalas of western Uttar Pradesh. The Gahadavalas were based in Kannauj and were significant rivals for hegemony in North India.
• Prithviraj III, popularly known as Prithviraj Chauhan, was the most illustrious ruler of this dynasty. He reigned from 1168 to 1192 CE and was at the center of these multi-directional conflicts.

Additional Information

• Gahadavala Dynasty:
• They ruled the Antarvedi region in the Doab between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers.
• Their capital was Kannauj, and they held power during the 11^th and 12^th centuries.
• Jayachandra (or Jaichand) was the last great ruler of this dynasty, who famously had a legendary rivalry with Prithviraj Chauhan.
• Chalukyas of Gujarat (Solankis):
• They ruled from their capital at Anhilwara (modern-day Patan) between 942 CE and 1244 CE.
• They were great patrons of art and architecture, responsible for the Sun Temple at Modhera and the Rani ki Vav.
• Rulers like Bhimdev II were contemporary rivals to the expanding Chauhan power.
• Prithviraj Chauhan (Prithviraj III):
• He ascended the throne at a young age in 1177 CE.
• His exploits and his court poet Chand Bardai, who wrote the epic Prithviraj Raso, have immortalized his life in Indian folklore.

Important Points

• Conflict with the Ghurids: Beyond the internal Indian rivalries with the Chalukyas and Gahadavalas, the Chauhans are most famous for their resistance against the invasions of Sultan Muhammad Ghori.
• First Battle of Tarain (1191): Prithviraj III successfully defeated Muhammad Ghori in this encounter, showcasing the military might of the Chauhan cavalry.
• Second Battle of Tarain (1192): Just a year later, Ghori returned with a larger, reorganized force and defeated Prithviraj. This event is considered a major turning point in Indian history, as it paved the way for the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.
• Territorial Reach: At its zenith, the Chauhan empire extended from the Himalayan foothills in the north to the Mount Abu region in the south.

The correct answer is Indian Statistical Institute.

Key Points

• Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, a legendary Indian statistician, founded the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) on 17^th December 1931.
• The institute was established in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and initially functioned from the Statistical Laboratory located in the Presidency College.
• The Indian Statistical Institute was recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the Indian Statistical Institute Act, 1959, passed by the Parliament of India.
• Mahalanobis is widely celebrated as the "Father of Indian Statistics" for his immense contribution to the development of the field in the country.
• The establishment of ISI was a pivotal moment for scientific research in India, as it integrated statistics with various natural and social sciences. Hence, the correct option is Indian Statistical Institute.

Additional Information

• Mahalanobis Distance: One of his most significant scientific contributions is the Mahalanobis Distance, introduced in 1936, which is a statistical measure used to find the distance between a point and a distribution.
• National Statistics Day: In recognition of his contributions to economic planning and statistical development, the Government of India celebrates his birth anniversary, June 29, as National Statistics Day every year.
• Second Five-Year Plan: Mahalanobis was a key member of the Planning Commission and formulated the Mahalanobis Model for the Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961), which emphasized rapid industrialization and the growth of heavy industries.
• National Sample Survey (NSS): He was instrumental in establishing the National Sample Survey in 1950 and the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) to provide a comprehensive database for the Indian economy.
• Honours: For his distinguished service, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1968 and was a fellow of several international organizations, including the Royal Society of London.

Important Points

• Reserve Bank of India (RBI): It is India's central bank established on April 1, 1935, following the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. It was not founded by Mahalanobis but was established based on the Hilton Young Commission recommendations.
• State Bank of India (SBI): It was created on July 1, 1955, after the nationalization of the Imperial Bank of India. It is the largest public sector bank in the country.
• National Sample Survey Office (NSSO): While Mahalanobis founded the NSS in 1950, the NSSO was a government organization under MoSPI. In 2019, the NSSO was merged with the Central Statistics Office (CSO) to form the National Statistical Office (NSO).
• Sankhya: Mahalanobis also started Sankhya: The Indian Journal of Statistics in 1933, which remains a prestigious publication in the field of statistics worldwide.

The correct answer is Qutbuddin Aybak, Shamsuddin Iltutmish, Ghiyasuddin Balban.

Key Points

• The Delhi Sultanate was ruled by five successive dynasties, the first of which was the Mamluk Dynasty (also known as the Slave Dynasty), established by Turkish rulers.
• Qutbuddin Aybak was the first ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty, reigning from 1206 to 1210 AD. He was a former slave of Muhammad Ghori and laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate after Ghori's death.
• Shamsuddin Iltutmish succeeded to the throne after a brief interval following Aybak's death, ruling from 1211 to 1236 AD. He is often regarded as the real consolidator of the Turkish rule in India and shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi.
• Ghiyasuddin Balban was another prominent Turkish ruler who ascended the throne much later, reigning from 1266 to 1287 AD. He served as the Naib (regent) to Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud before becoming the Sultan himself.
• The correct chronological order starts with the founder Qutbuddin Aybak (1206), followed by the consolidator Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1211), and finally the powerful administrator Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266). Hence, the sequence in option 1 is correct.

Additional Information

• Qutbuddin Aybak (Reign: 1206–1210):
• Known as Lakh Baksh (giver of lakhs) for his generosity.
• He started the construction of the Qutub Minar in Delhi, dedicated to the Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
• He died in 1210 while playing Chaugan (an early form of polo) in Lahore.
• Shamsuddin Iltutmish (Reign: 1211–1236):
• He introduced the Iqta system of land distribution and civil administration.
• He issued the first standard Arabic coinage of the Sultanate: the Silver Tanka and the Copper Jital.
• He organized a group of forty powerful Turkish nobles known as Turkan-i-Chahalgani (The Forty).
• Ghiyasuddin Balban (Reign: 1266–1287):
• He adopted the policy of Blood and Iron to suppress internal revolts and external Mongol threats.
• He introduced the Persian customs of Sijdah (prostration) and Paibos (kissing the Sultan's feet) in his court.
• He broke the power of the Chahalgani nobles to centralize authority and established a centralized spy system.

Important Points

• The term Mamluk refers to an Arabic word for "owned," signifying that these rulers were originally military slaves who rose to sovereign status.
• Between Iltutmish and Balban, other notable rulers included Razia Sultan (the first female Muslim ruler of India, 1236–1240) and Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246–1266).
• The Slave Dynasty came to an end in 1290 AD when Jalaluddin Khalji overthrew the last Mamluk ruler, Kayumars, to establish the Khalji Dynasty.
• The primary sources for this period include Tabaqat-i-Nasiri by Minhaj-us-Siraj and later accounts by Ziauddin Barani.

The correct answer is Eleventh.

Key Points

• The Eleventh Five-Year Plan of India spanned the period from 2007 to 2012.
• The central theme and objective of this plan was "Towards Faster and More Inclusive Growth". This was a significant shift in planning strategy, moving from mere economic expansion to ensuring that the benefits of growth reached all sections of society.
• It was prepared under the chairmanship of Dr. Manmohan Singh, who was the Prime Minister at that time, and the core document was drafted by the Planning Commission.
• The plan aimed to increase the GDP growth rate to 9% and specifically targeted a 4% growth rate in the agricultural sector to sustain rural livelihoods.
• Key goals included the creation of 70 million new work opportunities, reduction of infant mortality rate (IMR) to 28 per 1000 live births, and ensuring clean drinking water for all by 2009.
• It placed heavy emphasis on the social sector, particularly education and health, often being referred to as the "Education Plan" due to the high allocation of funds toward Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and higher education.
• Hence, the correct answer is Eleventh.

Additional Information

• First Five-Year Plan (1951–1956):
• This plan was based on the Harrod-Domar model with a primary focus on the agricultural sector, including investments in dams and irrigation.
• The Bhakra Nangal Dam and Hirakud Dam projects were initiated during this period to address the food shortage after Independence and Partition.
• Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974–1978):
• The top priority of this plan was Garibi Hatao (poverty removal) and the attainment of self-reliance.
• The draft of this plan was prepared and launched by D.P. Dhar. However, it was terminated one year early in 1978 by the newly elected Janata Party government, which introduced the Rolling Plan.
• Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985–1990):
• This plan focused on the theme of "Food, Work, and Productivity" under the leadership of Rajiv Gandhi.
• It emphasized the growth of food grain production, increasing employment opportunities, and raising productivity through the integration of technology and social justice.
• Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012–2017):
• The Twelfth Plan was the final Five-Year Plan of India before the Planning Commission was replaced by NITI Aayog.
• Its theme was "Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth", adding the crucial component of environmental sustainability to the previous plan's objective.

Important Points

• Evolution of Planning: Economic planning in India started in 1950 with the setting up of the Planning Commission. The National Development Council (NDC) was responsible for the final approval of these plans.
• Major Shift: In January 2015, the NDA government dissolved the Planning Commission and established NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) to serve as a think-tank for the government, promoting cooperative federalism.
• Key Terms: Inclusive growth refers to a growth process that yields broad-based benefits and ensures equality of opportunity for all, specifically focusing on the marginalized sections like SC, ST, OBCs, and Minorities.

The correct answer is Palk strait.

Key Points

• The Palk Strait is a narrow inlet of the Indian Ocean located between the southeastern coast of India and the northern coast of Sri Lanka.
• It connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with the Palk Bay in the southwest, which further connects to the Gulf of Mannar.
• The strait is named after Robert Palk, who served as the Governor of Madras Presidency during the British Raj period between 1755 and 1763.
• It is characterized by a chain of low islands and reef shoals known as Adam's Bridge (also popularly called Ram Setu), which stretches across the strait from Dhanushkodi on Pamban Island in Tamil Nadu to Mannar Island in Sri Lanka.
• The width of the Palk Strait ranges from approximately 64 to 137 kilometers, and it is relatively shallow, making it difficult for large ships to pass through without specific channels.

Additional Information

• Malacca Strait:
• It is a narrow stretch of water located between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
• It serves as the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, connecting major economies like India, China, Japan, and South Korea.
• It is one of the busiest and most strategically important maritime chokepoints in the world for global trade.
• Hormuz Strait:
• Located between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, it separates Iran from the Arabian Peninsula (specifically Oman and the UAE).
• It is the world's most important oil transit chokepoint, as a significant portion of the world's petroleum consumption passes through this narrow waterway daily.
• Cook Strait:
• This strait separates the North Island and South Island of New Zealand.
• It connects the Tasman Sea on the northwest with the South Pacific Ocean on the southeast.
• It is named after James Cook, the first European commander to sail through it in 1770, and it is known for its strong tidal currents and unpredictable weather.

Important Points

• The Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project is a proposed project by the Government of India to create a shipping route in the shallow waters of the Palk Strait to reduce travel time for ships.
• Several rivers of Tamil Nadu, including the Vaigai River, drain into the Palk Strait.
• The region is rich in biodiversity, particularly the nearby Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, which is a designated Biosphere Reserve containing numerous species of coral reefs, dugongs, and sea turtles.

The correct answer is 3.28.

Key Points

• The land mass of India has an area of approximately 3.28 million square km, which is officially recorded as 3,287,263 square kilometres.
• India's total area accounts for about 2.4 percent of the total geographical area of the world.
• In terms of land area, India is the seventh largest country in the world, preceded by Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, and Australia.
• The north-south extent of the country from Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is about 3,214 km.
• The east-west width from Arunachal Pradesh to Gujarat (specifically Kuchchh) is approximately 2,933 km.

Additional Information

• Geographical Boundaries:
• India has a land boundary of about 15,200 km.
• The total length of the coastline of the mainland, including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep, is 7,516.6 km.
• India is bounded by the young fold mountains (the Himalayas) in the northwest, north, and northeast.
• International Borders:
• India shares its land borders with seven countries: Pakistan and Afghanistan in the northwest; China, Nepal, and Bhutan in the north; and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east.
• The longest border is shared with Bangladesh, measuring approximately 4,096.7 km.
• Location and Coordinates:
• The mainland of India extends between latitudes 8°4'N and 37°6'N and longitudes 68°7'E and 97°25'E.
• The Tropic of Cancer (23°30'N) passes through eight Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.

Important Points

• Standard Time: The Standard Meridian of India is 82°30'E, passing through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. The time along this meridian is taken as the Standard Time (IST) for the whole country.
• Southernmost Point: While the southernmost point of the mainland is Kanniyakumari, the southernmost point of the Indian Union was Indira Point (located in the Great Nicobar Island), which got submerged under the sea water in 2004 during the Tsunami.
• Administrative Structure: For administrative purposes, the country is divided into 28 States and 8 Union Territories as of the latest reorganization following the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.
• Strategic Position: The Indian landmass has a central location between East and West Asia, and the trans-Indian Ocean routes connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia.

The correct answer is 23.

Key Points

• The Iron Pillar of Delhi stands at a total height of 7.21 meters, which is approximately 23 feet, with a portion of about 1.12 meters currently below the ground level.
• Located at the Qutub Complex in Mehrauli, Delhi, this historical monument is globally renowned for its exceptional rust-resistant properties, surviving over 1,600 years without significant corrosion.
• It was erected during the reign of Chandragupta II (reigned c. 375–415 CE) of the Gupta Dynasty, a period often referred to as the Golden Age of India.
• The pillar weighs more than 6,000 kilograms (6 tonnes) and was manufactured using forge-welding techniques, indicating the sophisticated metallurgical skills of ancient Indian blacksmiths.
• An inscription in the Brahmi script and Sanskrit language on the pillar mentions a king named Chandra, who is identified by most historians as Chandragupta Vikramaditya.

 Additional Information

• Metallurgical Composition:
• Scientific analysis shows that the pillar contains a high amount of phosphorus (0.11%) and lacks sulfur and magnesium.
• The corrosion resistance is attributed to the formation of a protective layer called misawite (crystalline iron oxyhydroxide) on the surface, which is catalyzed by the high phosphorus content and the specific atmospheric conditions of Delhi.
• Historical Significance:
• The pillar was originally a Vishnudhvaja (Standard of Lord Vishnu) and was likely situated at Udayagiri or Vishnupadagiri before being moved to its current location in Delhi by Anangpal Tomar in the 11^th century.
• It serves as primary evidence of the progress in science and technology during the Gupta Era, complementing other advancements like the decimal system and astronomy.

The correct answer is Article 250.

Key Points

• Article 250 of the Indian Constitution confers power upon the Parliament to make laws for the entire territory of India or any part of it regarding any matter listed in the State List (List II) during a Proclamation of Emergency.
• This provision is activated when a National Emergency is declared by the President under Article 352 on grounds of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
• Laws enacted by the Parliament under Article 250 remain valid only while the proclamation is in force and for a period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.
• The primary objective of this article is to maintain national integrity and ensure legislative coordination during times of crisis, temporarily shifting the federal balance toward a unitary structure.
• Even while Article 250 is in operation, the State Legislature is not prohibited from making laws on the same subject, but in case of a conflict, the Parliamentary law prevails as per Article 251.

 Additional Information

• Article 282:
• Relates to discretionary grants that can be made by the Union or a State for any public purpose, regardless of whether it falls within their respective legislative domains.
• Article 263:
• Deals with the establishment of an Inter-State Council by the President to facilitate coordination, inquiry, and advice on disputes between States or the Union.
• Article 173:
• Specifies the qualifications for membership in a State Legislature, including citizenship of India and minimum age limits (25 years for the Legislative Assembly and 30 years for the Legislative Council).

The correct answer is Karnataka.

Key Points

• Gaarudi Gombe is a unique and vibrant folk dance native to the state of Karnataka, specifically popular in the Old Mysore region.
• The name literally translates to Magical Doll in the Kannada language, referring to the giant puppets used in the performance.
• The puppets are constructed using a bamboo wicker frame, standing approximately 10 to 12 feet tall and weighing between 30 to 40 kilograms.
• Performers carry these massive structures on their shoulders, balancing them while executing rhythmic dance steps to the beats of the Tamate (drum).
• The face of the doll is typically crafted from papier-mache and painted to represent various mythological characters, folk heroes, or deities.
• This art form is a major attraction during the Mysuru Dasara procession and is frequently performed during Ugadhi and village fairs.

 Additional Information

• West Bengal:
• Known for Chhau, a masked tribal dance that depicts episodes from epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
• Gambhira and Brita are other significant traditional dances of this region.
• Tripura:
• Home to Hojagiri, a dance of the Reang clan where women balance pitchers and lamps while performing intricate footwork.
• Other folk forms include Garia and Lebang Boomani.
• Jammu and Kashmir:
• Rouf is a famous folk dance performed by women during Eid and spring seasons.
• Bhand Pather is a traditional folk theatre involving dance and satire.
• Karnataka (Other Arts):
• Dollu Kunitha: A high-energy drum dance associated with the Kuruba community.
• Yakshagana: A classical theater form combining dance, music, and elaborate costumes.

The correct answer is 3.

Key Points

• Meristematic tissues are a group of young cells that consist of actively dividing cells and are responsible for the growth and development of the plant.
• Based on their location or position in the plant body, these tissues are classified into three distinct types: Apical Meristem, Intercalary Meristem, and Lateral Meristem.
• Apical Meristem: It is located at the growing tips of stems and roots (the apices). Its primary function is to increase the vertical length of the plant, known as primary growth.
• Intercalary Meristem: These are located at the base of leaves or internodes (e.g., in grasses). They facilitate the lengthening of the internode and help in the regrowth of parts removed by grazing animals.
• Lateral Meristem: Situated on the lateral sides of the plant body, parallel to the longitudinal axis. It is responsible for secondary growth, which increases the girth or thickness of the stem and root. Examples include Vascular Cambium and Cork Cambium.

 Additional Information

• Characteristics of Meristematic Cells:
• The cells are immature, small, and generally isodiametric (spherical, oval, or polygonal) in shape.
• They possess thin cell walls made primarily of cellulose and lack intercellular spaces.
• Each cell contains a dense cytoplasm, a large and prominent nucleus, and typically lacks vacuoles due to high metabolic activity.
• These tissues remain in a state of continuous division until they differentiate into permanent tissues.
• Other Classifications:
• Based on Origin: Meristems can also be grouped into Promeristem, Primary Meristem, and Secondary Meristem depending on their developmental stage in the plant life cycle.

The correct answer is Goa.

Key Points

• The Three Kings Feast, popularly known as Festa dos Reis or the Feast of Epiphany, is a significant religious and cultural festival celebrated in the Indian state of Goa.
• It is observed annually on January 6^th, marking the conclusion of the Christmas season and the manifestation of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles.
• The festival commemorates the biblical journey of the Three Wise Men (the Magi) named Melchior, Caspar, and Balthazar, who followed the Star of Bethlehem to provide gifts to the infant Jesus.
• The most prominent celebrations take place at the Chapel of Our Lady of the Mount in Cuelim (Cansaulim), the Church of Reis Magos, and in Chandor.
• A unique tradition involves selecting three young boys from the local community to represent the Three Kings. These boys are dressed in royal attire and ride on horseback to the hilltop chapel to offer symbols of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.
• The event is characterized by a blend of religious solemnity and local festivities, including a large traditional fair featuring local crafts and cuisine.

 Additional Information

• Festivals of Other States:
• Nagaland: Primarily famous for the Hornbill Festival, held in the first week of December, which showcases the diverse heritage of the Naga tribes.
• Ladakh: Known for the Hemis Festival, celebrated at the Hemis Monastery to honor the birth anniversary of Guru Padmasambhava, featuring the iconic Cham dance.
• Assam: Famous for Bihu festivals (Rongali, Kongali, and Bhogali), which are intrinsically linked to the agricultural cycle and the Assamese New Year.
• Goa's Indo-Portuguese Heritage:
• The state's cultural fabric is deeply influenced by over 450 years of Portuguese rule, resulting in unique traditions like the Goa Carnival and the Feast of St. Francis Xavier at the Basilica of Bom Jesus.

The correct answer is Kerala.

Key Points

• According to the Census 2011, the sex ratio in India is defined as the number of females per 1000 males.
• Kerala holds the distinction of having the highest sex ratio among all Indian states, with a figure of 1084 females per 1000 males.
• The state is well-known for its high literacy rate and advanced socio-economic indicators, which contribute to a more balanced gender distribution compared to the national average.
• The national sex ratio of India, as per the 2011 Census, stood at 943, showing an improvement from 933 recorded in the 2001 Census.

 Additional Information

• Tamil Nadu:
• Following Kerala, Tamil Nadu recorded one of the higher sex ratios among Indian states at 996 females per 1000 males.
• Puducherry:
• Among the Union Territories, Puducherry has the highest sex ratio at 1037. However, as it is a UT, Kerala remains the highest among the categorized 'states'.
• Haryana:
• In contrast to Kerala, Haryana recorded the lowest sex ratio among all Indian states, with only 879 females per 1000 males.
• Child Sex Ratio:
• The Child Sex Ratio (0−6 years) in India according to the 2011 Census was 919, which was a cause for concern as it declined from 927 in 2001.

The correct answer is Newton's third law of motion.

Key Points

• Newton's Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. These two forces act on different bodies and never cancel each other out.
• When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun exerts a forward force on the bullet to accelerate it. This is the action force.
• According to the law, the bullet simultaneously exerts an equal amount of force on the gun in the backward direction. This is the reaction force.
• The backward motion of the gun resulting from this reaction force is specifically known as the recoil of the gun.
• This interaction also illustrates the Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum. Since the initial total momentum of the system (gun + bullet) is zero, the final total momentum must also be zero, meaning the forward momentum of the bullet is balanced by the backward momentum of the gun.
• The recoil velocity of the gun is significantly lower than the velocity of the bullet because the mass of the gun is much larger than the mass of the bullet, keeping the product of mass and velocity (momentum) equal for both.

 Additional Information

• Newton's First Law of Motion:
• Often called the Law of Inertia, it states that an object will remain in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change that state by an external applied force.
• Newton's Second Law of Motion:
• This law provides a quantitative definition of force, stating that the rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the net force applied. It is mathematically expressed as F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
• Newton's Law of Gravitation:
• A universal law stating that every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force acting along the line intersecting both points. The force is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The correct answer is Moon.

Key Points

• The name Shiv Shakti Point refers to the specific landing site of the Chandrayaan-3 mission's lander, Vikram, on the lunar surface.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi officially announced the name on August 26, 2023, during his visit to the ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bengaluru.
• The landing occurred on August 23, 2023, making India the first country to successfully achieve a soft landing near the lunar south pole.
• The term Shiv represents the welfare of humanity, while Shakti represents the capability and strength of women scientists who contributed significantly to the mission.
• The site is located at approximately 69.37°S latitude and 32.35°E longitude on the Moon, situated between the Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters.

Additional Information

• Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
• Launched on July 14, 2023, by the LVM3-M4 rocket from Sriharikota, the mission aimed to demonstrate a safe landing and rover wandering capabilities on the lunar surface.
• The mission consisted of a Propulsion Module, the Vikram Lander, and the Pragyan Rover.
• Tiranga Point:
• This is the name designated for the site where the Chandrayaan-2 lander crashed on the Moon in 2019.
• It serves as a reminder that no failure is permanent and symbolizes India's resilience in space exploration.
• Jawahar Point:
• Named after India's first Prime Minister, this is the location where the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) of the Chandrayaan-1 mission struck the lunar surface on November 14, 2008.
• National Space Day:
• In recognition of the Chandrayaan-3 success, the Government of India declared August 23 as National Space Day to celebrate the country's achievements in space science and technology.

Important Points

• International Recognition: The International Astronomical Union (IAU) working group for Planetary System Nomenclature approved the name Station Shiv Shakti on March 19, 2024.
• Scientific Importance: The lunar south pole is of great interest to the global scientific community because of the presence of water ice in permanently shadowed craters, which could support future human missions.
• ISRO's Achievement: With this mission, India became the fourth country in the world to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, joining the United States, the Soviet Union, and China.
• Rover Findings: The Pragyan Rover confirmed the presence of Sulfur (S) on the lunar surface near the south pole and detected other elements like Aluminum, Calcium, Iron, and Titanium.

The correct answer is Teachers.

Key Points

• The Census of India 2011 classifies the working population into certain broad occupational categories to understand the economic structure of the country.
• According to the 2011 Census, there are four major occupational categories: Cultivators, Agricultural Labourers, Household Industrial Workers, and Other Workers.
• Teachers do not form a separate major occupational category; instead, they are classified under the broader category of ‘Other Workers’.
• This classification system helps the Government of India in tracking the shifts in the workforce from the primary sector (agriculture) to secondary and tertiary sectors.
• The Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India is responsible for conducting the census and determining these classifications every 10 years.

Additional Information

• Cultivators:
• A person is considered a cultivator if he or she is engaged in the cultivation of land owned or held from the Government or private persons/institutions for payment in money, kind, or share.
• Cultivation includes effective supervision or direction in farming but excludes those working on land for wages.
• Agricultural Labourers:
• A person who works on another person's land for wages in money, kind, or share is regarded as an agricultural labourer.
• They do not have any right of lease or contract on the land on which they work and do not bear any risk in the cultivation process.
• Household Industrial Workers:
• Household Industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the household at home or within the village in rural areas.
• This category typically involves manufacturing, processing, servicing, or repairing of goods and is not run on the scale of a registered factory.
• Other Workers:
• This category includes all workers who do not fall into the three categories mentioned above.
• It encompasses Government servants, Municipal employees, factory workers, Teachers, businessmen, trade and commerce workers, and professionals.

Important Points

• The 2011 Census was the 15^th National Census of India since 1872 and the 7^th after Independence.
• The Work Participation Rate (WPR) in India was recorded at 39.8% during the 2011 survey.
• Workers are also divided by the duration of their work: Main Workers are those who worked for 6 months (183 days) or more in a year, while Marginal Workers worked for less than 6 months.
• As per the 2011 data, 54.6% of the total workers were engaged in agricultural activities (Cultivators and Agricultural Labourers), showing the continued dominance of the agrarian sector.

The correct answer is NASA.

Key Points

• The Hubble Space Telescope (HST), which captured the stunning image of a "bullseye galaxy" featuring intricate rings of dust, is a project of international cooperation between NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and ESA (European Space Agency).
• The "bullseye" appearance specifically refers to galaxies like NGC 4753, where Hubble’s high-resolution imaging revealed concentric dust rings wrapping around the galactic core, likely formed by a past galactic merger event.
• Launched on April 24, 1990, aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, Hubble has been operational for over three decades, providing unprecedented views of the universe from its position in Low Earth Orbit.
• The telescope is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, while the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) conducts the science operations.
• Hubble's ability to observe in ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light allows it to capture details such as the nine rings of dust or gas that are often invisible to ground-based telescopes due to atmospheric distortion.

Additional Information

• NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration):
• Established in 1958, it is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program and aeronautics research.
• Apart from Hubble, NASA operates the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Chandra X-ray Observatory.
• ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation):
• Headquartered in Bengaluru, it is India’s national space agency.
• In 2015, ISRO launched AstroSat, which is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory, though it is smaller in scale than Hubble.
• JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency):
• Formed in 2003, it is Japan's national aerospace agency.
• JAXA is known for pioneering missions like Hayabusa2, which returned samples from the asteroid Ryugu.
• CNES (Centre National d'Études Spatiales):
• The French government space agency, founded in 1961.
• It plays a key role in the European Space Agency (ESA) and often collaborates with NASA on Earth observation and Mars exploration missions.

Important Points

• Cosmic Bullseyes: These are often ring galaxies or lenticular galaxies (like NGC 4753 or Hoag's Object) where gravitational interactions or mergers create distinct circular patterns.
• Hubble's Legacy: It helped determine the age of the universe (approx. 13.8 billion years) and confirmed the existence of supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies.
• Maintenance: Unlike many other telescopes, Hubble was designed to be serviced in space by astronauts, with five servicing missions conducted between 1993 and 2009 to upgrade its cameras and sensors.

The correct answer is Maharashtra.

Key Points

• The distribution of minerals in Maharashtra is highly uneven, with the majority of deposits concentrated in the Vidarbha region in the east and the Konkan region in the west.
• While the Deccan Trap (basaltic lava) covers nearly 80% to 85% of the state's total area, these rocks are generally devoid of major mineral deposits, except for building stones and some bauxite.
• The Vidarbha area, particularly districts like Nagpur, Bhandara, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, and Yavatmal, is the powerhouse of the state's mineral wealth, containing significant reserves of Coal, Manganese, and Iron Ore.
• The Konkan area and parts of South Maharashtra (like Kolhapur, Ratnagiri, and Sindhudurg) are rich in Bauxite and Iron Ore due to the presence of Laterite soil and specific geological formations.
• Approximately 12.33% of the total geographical area of Maharashtra is considered "mineral-bearing," providing essential raw materials for industries like Steel, Cement, and Aluminium.

Additional Information

• Coal Resources:
• Coal is the most important mineral found in the Vidarbha region. It is found in the Gondwana rock systems along the Wardha and Wainganga river basins.
• Major coal-producing areas include Chandrapur, Ballarpur, Warora, Umred, and Kamptee. These reserves feed several Thermal Power Plants in the state.
• Manganese and Iron Ore:
• Maharashtra is one of the leading producers of Manganese in India. High-grade deposits are found in the Nagpur and Bhandara districts.
• Iron Ore is found in the Surajgarh and Deulgaon areas of Gadchiroli (eastern belt) and in the Redi area of Sindhudurg district (western belt). The Redi port is crucial for the export of iron ore to countries like Japan and China.
• Bauxite and Limestone:
• Bauxite, the primary ore for Aluminium, is found in the laterite caps of the Sahyadri ranges. Key locations include Kolhapur (Radhanagari, Shahuwadi), Ratnagiri, and Raigad.
• Limestone is vital for the Cement industry. Massive deposits are found in Yavatmal and Chandrapur districts, making this region a hub for cement manufacturing units.

Important Points

• Directorate of Geology and Mining (DGM): This department, headquartered in Nagpur, was established in 1948. It is responsible for the systematic exploration, assessment, and administration of mineral resources in Maharashtra.
• Economic Impact: The mining sector contributes significantly to the state's Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). Districts like Chandrapur are often referred to as the "Black Gold City" due to the abundance of coal.
• Other Minerals: Besides the major ones, the state also possesses deposits of Chromite (Bhandara, Sindhudurg), Kyanite and Sillimanite (Bhandara), and Dolomite (Yavatmal, Nagpur).
• Crude Oil: While not part of the Vidarbha or Konkan terrestrial belts, the Mumbai High (offshore Konkan coast) is India's largest Oil and Natural Gas field, operated by ONGC.

The correct answer is Philippines.

Key Points

• The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank headquartered in Mandaluyong City, which is part of the Metro Manila region in the Philippines.
• It was established on 19 December 1966 with the primary mission of fostering economic growth and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region.
• At its inception, the ADB had 31 members; however, it has grown significantly over the decades and currently comprises 68 members.
• Out of the total members, 49 are from within the Asia and the Pacific region, while 19 members are from other parts of the world.
• The institution is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Hence, the correct answer is Philippines.

Additional Information

• Shareholding and Voting:
• The ADB is modeled closely on the World Bank and has a similar weighted voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with members' capital subscriptions.
• As of 31 December 2022, Japan and the United States hold the largest proportion of shares at 15.57% each.
• The People's Republic of China (6.43%), India (6.32%), and Australia (5.77%) are the other major shareholders.
• Leadership:
• The President is the chairperson of the Board of Directors and manages the ADB.
• Traditionally, and since the bank's establishment in 1966, the President has always been Japanese.
• The current President is Masatsugu Asakawa, who was elected in January 2020.
• Headquarters of other Financial Institutions:
• USA: The headquarters of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are located in Washington, D.C..
• China: The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is headquartered in Beijing, while the New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai.
• India: While not the headquarters for ADB, India is one of the largest borrowers and host to various regional offices for international financial institutions.

Important Points

• Strategy 2030: This is the ADB's long-term corporate strategy which sets out the institution's efforts to respond effectively to the region's changing needs, focusing on poverty reduction, gender equality, and climate change.
• Asian Development Outlook (ADO): The ADB publishes this flagship economic report annually, providing comprehensive analysis of economic performance and forecasts for the nations in Asia.
• Financial Assistance: The bank provides assistance through sovereign loans, equity investments, grants, and technical assistance to both government and private sector entities in developing member countries.
• Resident Missions: To ensure effective implementation of projects, the ADB maintains 31 field offices or resident missions across the globe to stay connected with local administrative and socio-economic realities.

The correct answer is 2006.

Key Points

• The National Statistical Commission (NSC) of India was formally constituted on 12^th July 2006.
• The establishment of this body was based on the recommendations of the Rangarajan Commission, headed by Dr. C. Rangarajan, which submitted its report in 2001 to address the gaps in the Indian statistical system.
• The government issued a notification for the setting up of the commission on 1^st June 2005, leading to its actual constitution in the subsequent year.
• The NSC was designed to serve as an autonomous body responsible for evolving policies, priorities, and standards in statistical matters to ensure the credibility of official data.
• The first Chairman of the National Statistical Commission was the renowned economist Professor Suresh Tendulkar.
• Hence, the correct answer is 2006.

Additional Information

• Organizational Structure:
• The commission consists of a part-time Chairperson, four part-time Members, and an ex-officio member.
• The CEO of NITI Aayog (formerly the Planning Commission) serves as the ex-officio member.
• The Chief Statistician of India (CSI), who is also the Secretary to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), acts as the Secretary to the Commission.
• Mandate and Functions:
• The primary function of the NSC is to reduce the burden on data providers and improve the efficiency of the statistical system.
• It helps in standardizing statistical concepts, definitions, and methodologies used by various central and state government agencies.
• It exercises oversight over the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) and the Central Statistics Office (CSO).
• MoSPI:
• The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation is the nodal agency for the planned development of the statistical system in the country.
• It ensures the timely release of key economic indicators like GDP, CPI, and IIP.

Important Points

• National Statistics Day:
• In India, June 29^th is celebrated as National Statistics Day every year.
• This day marks the birth anniversary of Professor Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, often referred to as the father of modern statistics in India, in recognition of his invaluable contribution in establishing the National Statistical System.
• Merger of CSO and NSSO:
• In May 2019, the Government of India approved the merger of the Central Statistics Office (CSO) and the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) to create a unified National Statistical Office (NSO).
• This restructuring was aimed at streamlining the data collection and processing activities under the umbrella of MoSPI.
• Rangarajan Commission Report:
• The commission was set up in January 2000 and submitted its findings in August 2001. It highlighted that the lack of coordination and the absence of a legislative framework were major hurdles in the statistical system, leading to the creation of the NSC.

The correct answer is Low.

Key Points

• The book titled Low is a novel authored by the acclaimed Indian writer Jeet Thayil, published in 2020.
• The story follows the protagonist, Dominic Ullis, a poet who travels from New York to Mumbai following the death of his wife to scatter her ashes.
• The novel is noted for its deep dive into the urban underbelly of Mumbai, exploring themes of grief, drug addiction, and nihilism over the course of a single weekend.
• Jeet Thayil utilizes a hallucinatory prose style in Low, which serves as a spiritual successor to his debut novel, Narcopolis. Hence, the correct answer is Low.
• Jeet Thayil is a multidisciplinary artist born in 1959 in Kerala, known for his work as a poet, novelist, and musician.

Additional Information

• Fury:
• This novel was authored by Salman Rushdie and published in the year 2001.
• It is set in New York City and centers around Malik Solanka, a historian of ideas and a world-famous doll maker who is struggling with uncontrollable rage.
• The book examines the consumerist culture of America at the turn of the millennium.
• Shame:
• Published in 1983, Shame is another significant work by Salman Rushdie.
• It is a political satire that serves as an allegory for the political turmoil in Pakistan, focusing on the lives of characters representing Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and General Zia-ul-Haq.
• The novel won the French Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.
• Countdown:
• Countdown is a non-fiction book written by the renowned author Amitav Ghosh, published in 1999.
• The book provides a critical analysis of the nuclear tests conducted by India at Pokhran in May 1998.
• It features interviews with various people in India, Pakistan, and Nepal, discussing the implications of nuclearization in South Asia.

Important Points

• Jeet Thayil's Literary Achievements:
• His first novel, Narcopolis (2012), was shortlisted for the prestigious Man Booker Prize and won the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature.
• He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2012 for his poetry collection titled These Errors Are Correct.
• He is also the editor of The Bloodaxe Book of Contemporary Indian Poets (2008), a significant anthology of Indian English poetry.
• Themes in Thayil's Work:
• His writing often reflects his personal history and experiences in Mumbai and New York, frequently touching upon modernity, loss, and human vulnerability.
• His background as a songwriter and guitarist often influences the rhythmic quality of his prose and verse.

The correct answer is Wicket keeper.

Key Points

• The wicket-keeper is a specialist fielder in the sport of cricket who stands behind the stumps at the striker's end of the pitch.
• Under the Laws of Cricket, specifically Law 27, the wicket-keeper is the only member of the fielding side permitted to wear gloves and external leg guards (pads).
• The primary responsibility of the wicket-keeper is to stop deliveries that pass the batter and to attempt to dismiss the batter through a catch or a stumping.
• A stumping occurs when the wicket-keeper puts down the wicket while the batter is out of their ground (crease) and not attempting a run.
• The wicket-keeper plays a crucial role in the fielding side's strategy, often acting as a "general" who provides feedback to the bowler and helps the captain with field placements due to their unique vantage point.

Additional Information

• Batter:
• A batter is the player currently at the crease whose objective is to score runs and prevent the ball from hitting the stumps.
• They use a bat made of willow wood and wear protective gear including a helmet, gloves, pads, and arm guards.
• Bowler:
• The bowler is the player who delivers the ball to the batter. The act of delivering the ball is called bowling.
• Bowlers are generally categorized into fast bowlers (who rely on speed) and spin bowlers (who use finger or wrist action to change the ball's trajectory).
• Umpire:
• The umpire is an official who has the authority to make decisions about events on the cricket field according to the Laws of Cricket.
• There are usually two on-field umpires and a third umpire (television umpire) who assists with close calls using technology like ball-tracking and ultra-edge.
• Equipment and Rules:
• The wicket-keeper's gloves must have webbing between the thumb and the index finger, but only to a specified size and standard regulated by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).
• Modern wicket-keepers almost always wear a helmet when standing close to the stumps for a spinner to protect against fast-moving balls or accidental hits from the bat.
• Famous wicket-keepers in the history of the game include MS Dhoni from India, Adam Gilchrist from Australia, and Kumar Sangakkara from Sri Lanka.

Important Points

• The wicket-keeper must remain wholly behind the stumps until the ball has been touched by the batter or has passed the wicket.
• If the wicket-keeper moves significantly before the ball is delivered, it can be called a dead ball or lead to penalties.
• In Test cricket, the wicket-keeper is often required to stay focused for up to 90 overs a day, making it one of the most physically and mentally demanding positions in the sport.

The correct answer is Basketball.

Key Points

• Basketball is a team sport characterized by two teams, typically consisting of five players each, competing on a rectangular court.
• The primary objective of the game is to shoot a ball through a raised hoop, known as the basket or rim, which is mounted at a height of 10 feet (3.048 meters) to a backboard at each end of the court.
• The sport was invented in December 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor, in Springfield, Massachusetts, as a way to keep his students active indoors during the winter.
• The international governing body for the sport is FIBA (International Basketball Federation), which was founded in 1932.
• A standard professional basketball court measures 28 by 15 meters under FIBA rules and 94 by 50 feet in the NBA (National Basketball Association).

Additional Information

• Common Terminologies:
• Dribbling: The act of bouncing the ball continuously with one hand while walking or running.
• Rebound: Gaining possession of the ball after a missed field goal or free throw.
• Layup: A two-point shot attempt made by leaping from below, laying the ball up near the basket, and using one hand to bounce it off the backboard and into the basket.
• Three-pointer: A field goal made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc surrounding the basket.
• Gameplay Duration:
• In the NBA, a game consists of four quarters of 12 minutes each.
• Under FIBA regulations, the game consists of four quarters of 10 minutes each.
• Major Organizations:
• The NBA, based in North America, is widely considered the premier professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, and level of competition.
• Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) is the equivalent professional league for women in the United States.

Important Points

• Player Positions:
• Point Guard (PG): Usually the team's best ball handler and passer, responsible for directing the offense.
• Shooting Guard (SG): Typically the team's best outside shooter.
• Small Forward (SF): Often a versatile player responsible for scoring and rebounding.
• Power Forward (PF): Plays offensively with their back to the basket and focuses on defense and rebounding.
• Center (C): Usually the tallest player, positioned near the basket to block shots and secure rebounds.
• Violations and Fouls:
• Traveling: Taking more than two steps without dribbling the ball.
• Double Dribble: Dribbling the ball with two hands at the same time or stopping the dribble and then starting again.
• Personal Foul: Illegal physical contact with an opponent.
• Olympic History: Basketball became an official Olympic sport for men at the 1936 Berlin Games and for women at the 1976 Montreal Games.

The correct answer is 9.

Key Points

• The construction of the Red Fort (Lal Qila) was commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan on 13 May 1638, when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi.
• While the site preparation began earlier, the actual construction process is widely cited to have started in 1639.
• The massive fort project was completed in 1648, which means the construction spanned a period of 9 years.
• The fort was designed by the architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori, the same genius who designed the Taj Mahal in Agra.
• The fort served as the main residence of the Mughal Emperors for nearly 200 years, until the end of the Mughal dynasty in 1857.
• It is located in Old Delhi (then known as Shahjahanabad) and is situated along the banks of the Yamuna River.

Additional Information

• Architectural Style: The Red Fort represents the zenith of Mughal architecture, characterized by a fusion of Persian, Timurid, and Indian styles. It is built primarily of Red Sandstone, which gives it its name.
• UNESCO Recognition: In the year 2007, the Red Fort was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its historical and cultural significance.
• Main Structures:
• Diwan-i-Aam: The hall of public audience.
• Diwan-i-Khas: The hall of private audience, which once housed the famous Peacock Throne (Takht-i-Taus).
• Rang Mahal: Known as the "Palace of Colours," it was the residence of the emperor's wives.
• Moti Masjid: The Pearl Mosque, added later by Emperor Aurangzeb between 1659 and 1660.
• Symbol of Sovereignty: Since India's independence on 15 August 1947, the fort has been a symbol of national pride. Every year, the Prime Minister of India hoists the National Flag from its ramparts.

Important Points

• Historical Shifts: The fort saw several invasions, most notably by Nadir Shah in 1739, who plundered the palace and took the Peacock Throne and the Koh-i-Noor diamond.
• British Era: After the Revolt of 1857, the British army occupied the fort, demolished many of its residential palaces, and converted it into a military garrison.
• The Gates: The fort has two main ceremonial gates: the Lahori Gate (the main entrance) and the Delhi Gate.
• Geographical Context: The fort covers an area of approximately 254 acres and is enclosed by 2.4 kilometres of defensive walls.

The correct answer is Bargu.

Key Points

• Sushir Vadya, also known as Aerophones, are musical instruments where sound is produced by the vibration of air, typically blown through a tube or a reed.
• Bargu is a traditional wind instrument primarily found in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is a long, curved trumpet or horn made of brass or copper.
• This instrument is widely associated with the Bhil tribe of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. It is commonly played during community gatherings, festivals, and traditional ceremonies like weddings.
• The Bargu is frequently used to accompany the Gair dance, a famous tribal dance of the Bhils, providing a deep, resonant sound that signals the beginning of performances or religious processions.
• Historically, such horns were also used as signaling devices to warn villagers of approaching threats or to announce the arrival of important dignitaries.

Additional Information

• Classification of Musical Instruments:
• In the ancient text Natya Shastra, written by Bharat Muni between 200 BC and 200 AD, Indian musical instruments are classified into four main categories.
• Tata Vadya (Chordophones): These are stringed instruments. Examples include the Veena, Sitar, Sarangi, and the Pena (a traditional bowed instrument of Manipur).
• Sushir Vadya (Aerophones): These are wind instruments. Examples include the Bansuri (flute), Shehnai, Shankh (conch), Pungi, and Bargu.
• Avanaddha Vadya (Membranophones): These are percussion instruments with a stretched skin or membrane. Examples include the Tabla, Dholak, Mridangam, and Nagada.
• Ghana Vadya (Idiophones): These are solid instruments made of metal or wood that do not require tuning. Examples include Manjira, Jhanj, Karthal, and Hath ghanti (hand bell).
• Regional Wind Instruments:
• Mashak: A type of bagpipe found in Rajasthan and Uttarakhand, often made from goat skin.
• Algoza: A double flute popular in Punjab and Rajasthan folk music, played simultaneously by the musician.
• Karna: A straight, long brass trumpet used in temple processions and royal announcements in North India.

Important Points

• The Pena is a Tata Vadya (string instrument) and is the oldest musical instrument of the Meitei people of Manipur. Hence, option 2 is incorrect.
• Hath ghanti belongs to the Ghana Vadya category as it is a solid metal instrument that produces sound through the vibration of its own body. Hence, option 1 is incorrect.
• The Bargu is specifically characterized as a Sushir Vadya because it requires the player's breath to resonate air within its metal body to produce sound. Hence, the correct answer is Bargu.
• Sushir Vadya are often classified into two types: those where the air is blown through a natural hole (like a flute) and those using a mechanical reed (like the Shehnai).

The correct answer is Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

Key Points

• Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and a renowned social reformer who Mahatma Gandhi regarded as his political mentor.
• After Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in January 1915, he sought guidance from Gokhale, who advised him to travel across the Indian subcontinent for one year to understand the ground realities of the people before taking any political stance.
• Gandhi expressed his deep respect and intellectual debt to Gokhale in his book titled "Gokhale, My Political Guru", published in 1955.
• Gokhale was a leading figure of the Moderate faction of the Congress, advocating for constitutional means, dialogue, and reforms rather than radical or violent methods to achieve Swaraj.
• In 1905, Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in Pune, Maharashtra, with the aim of training Indians to devote their lives to the cause of the nation through social and humanitarian work.
• He also served as the President of the Banaras Session of the Indian National Congress in 1905.

Additional Information

• Lala Lajpat Rai:
• Known as "Punjab Kesari" (the Lion of Punjab), he was a prominent leader of the Extremist wing of the Congress (part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio).
• He played a crucial role in the Swadeshi Movement and founded the Punjab National Bank in 1894.
• He died in 1928 after sustaining injuries during a lathi charge while protesting against the Simon Commission.
• Dadabhai Naoroji:
• Known as the "Grand Old Man of India", he was a co-founder of the Indian National Congress and served as its President three times (1886, 1893, and 1906).
• He was the first Indian to be elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the British House of Commons.
• He authored the famous book "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India", which introduced the "Drain of Wealth" theory, explaining how Britain was depleting India's resources.
• Subhash Chandra Bose:
• A radical nationalist leader who twice served as the President of the Congress (1938 and 1939) before resigning due to ideological differences with Gandhi.
• He founded the All India Forward Bloc in 1939 and later led the Indian National Army (INA) or Azad Hind Fauj to fight against British rule.
• Interestingly, despite their differences, it was Bose who first addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the "Father of the Nation" in a radio address from Singapore in 1944.

Important Points

• Political Ideology: Gokhale believed in secularism and education as the primary tools for national awakening. He was a member of the Imperial Legislative Council from 1902 until his death in 1915.
• Role in Reforms: He was instrumental in the formulation of the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, which increased Indian participation in the legislative process, although it also introduced separate electorates.
• Mentorship: Besides Gandhi, Gokhale also influenced several other leaders, including Mohammed Ali Jinnah in his early years, who aspired to become the "Muslim Gokhale" due to his ambassadorial role for Hindu-Muslim unity.
• Journalism: Gokhale was associated with the journal "Sudharak" (The Reformer) and contributed significantly to the Sarvajanik Sabha journal.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. With no strings attached.

Key Points

• The idiom "With no strings attached" means an offer made without conditions, restrictions, or requiring anything in return. (बिना किसी शर्त के)
• Example: The company offered a free trial of its software with no strings attached.
• This idiom is often used in situations where something is given freely and the giver does not expect anything in return. (यह तब उपयोग किया जाता है जब कुछ बिना अपेक्षा के दिया जाता है।)

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. With no strings attached.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Keep one on a string (किसी को अपने वश में रखना): To control or manipulate someone as if pulling their strings.
• Example: He kept her on a string, never committing to the relationship but not letting her go either.
• Loosen the apron strings (स्वतंत्र होने देना): To allow someone (often a child) to become independent.
• Example: It's time for her parents to loosen the apron strings and let her make her own decisions.
• Loosen the purse strings (खर्च करने के लिए तैयार होना): To be willing to spend money or increase expenditure.
• Example: The government decided to loosen the purse strings to fund new infrastructure projects.

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. "Said when someone suddenly comes to realize or understand something".

Key Points

• The phrase "The penny drops" means the moment when someone suddenly realizes or understands something clearly. (जब किसी को अचानक कुछ स्पष्ट रूप से समझ में आता है।)
• Example: It took me a while to understand the joke, but then the penny dropped, and I burst out laughing.
• This idiom is commonly used in situations where the realization comes after a delay or hesitation.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. "Said when someone suddenly comes to realize or understand something".

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 2: Said when someone suddenly comes to feel angry about something (जब किसी को अचानक गुस्सा महसूस होता है।)
• Example: This option is incorrect because "The penny drops" does not relate to feelings of anger.
• Option 3: Said when someone suddenly bends to pick something (जब कोई अचानक कुछ उठाने के लिए झुकता है।)
• Example: This option is incorrect as "The penny drops" is not related to physical actions like bending down.
• Option 4: Said when someone suddenly comes to feel loved by somebody (जब कोई अचानक किसी द्वारा प्यार महसूस करता है।)
• Example: This option is incorrect as the idiom does not refer to feelings of love or affection.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• The question asks for the correctly spelt word from the given options.
• Among the options provided, the word "Conscious" is the correct spelling.
• The meaning of "Conscious" is being aware of and able to think, feel, and respond to one's surroundings (सचेत).

Correct sentence example: She remained conscious throughout the surgery.

Additional Information

• Incorrect options with explanations:
• Option 2: Concious - Incorrect spelling. The correct form is "Conscious."
• Option 3: Consious - Incorrect spelling. It misses the "c" after the "n."
• Option 4: Contious - Incorrect spelling. It completely misrepresents the original word.
• Usage Tip: The word "Conscious" is often confused with "Conscience," which refers to a person's moral sense of right and wrong.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• The sentence contains the word "nonchalant", which means calm, composed, and not displaying anxiety or interest.
• The word "nonchalant" is spelled correctly in the given sentence.
• The other options provided are incorrect spellings:
• Option 1: nonchalent - Incorrect spelling.
• Option 3: nonchelant - Incorrect spelling.
• Option 4: No replacement required - Incorrect because it is not the correct choice for this question.

Correct sentence: He remained nonchalant even when chaos erupted around him, as if nothing could shake his calm.

Additional Information

• Nonchalant: (adjective) A person or manner that is calm, composed, and displays indifference. (निर्विकार)
• For Example: She gave a nonchalant shrug and walked away.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

The misspelled word is 'zoonotick'.

• The correct spelling would be 'zoonotic'.
• The word 'zoonotic' is an adjective which means 'pertaining to a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans'. (पशुओं से मनुष्यों में फैलने वाला रोग)
• For Example - COVID-19 is believed to be a zoonotic disease.

Therefore, the correct answer would be 'zoonotick'.

Additional Information

Let's understand the meanings of the other marked words - 

• Experts - people who have a comprehensive and authoritative knowledge of or skill in a particular area (विशेषज्ञ)
• Pandemic - an outbreak of a disease prevalent over a whole country or the world (महामारी)
• Transmitted - caused something to pass on from one place or person to another (संचारित)

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

The misspelled word is 'Compatable'.

• The correct spelling is 'Compatible'.
• The word 'compatible' is an adjective, which means 'able to exist or occur together without conflict'. (अनुकूल/संगत)
• For Example -
• The new software is compatible with most operating systems.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Compatable'.

Additional Information

Let's understand the meanings of the other words - 

• Predictable - able to be predicted; expected (पूर्वानुमानित)
• Valuable - worth a great deal of money or importance (मूल्यवान)
• Sociable - willing to engage in social activities and enjoy being with others (मिलनसार)

The correct answer is: Flawless.

Key Points

• The word "damaged" refers to something that has been harmed or impaired, reducing its value or usefulness. (क्षतिग्रस्त)
• Example: The car was damaged in the accident and needed extensive repairs.
• "Flawless" means something that is perfect, without any imperfections, defects, or damage. (बिना दोष के)
• Example: Her performance in the competition was flawless, earning her a perfect score.
• Hence, the word 'Flawless' is the most appropriate opposite of 'damaged'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Flawless.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Deteriorated (बिगड़ गया): Something that has become progressively worse in condition or quality.
• Example: The condition of the old house has deteriorated over the years due to neglect.
• Defaced (बिगाड़ना): To spoil the appearance or surface of something, often deliberately.
• Example: The monument was defaced with graffiti by vandals.
• Broken (टूटा हुआ): Reduced to pieces or in a state that is no longer functional.
• Example: The broken vase lay scattered on the floor after it fell from the table.