SSC MTS 2025 Official Paper (Held On: 09 Feb, 2026 Shift 2) (Previous Year Paper)

Shortcut Trick

Solve brackets: (33 + 18) = 51

Multiply: 51 × 2 = 102

Notice that + 102 and − 102 cancel each other out.

Remaining: 93 + 74 − 58 = 167 − 58 = 109

∴ The correct answer is 109.

Alternate Method

Given expression: 93 + 74 − 58 + (33 + 18) × 2 − 102

Rule: BODMAS (Brackets, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction)

⇒ 93 + 74 − 58 + (51) × 2 − 102

⇒ 93 + 74 − 58 + 102 − 102

⇒ 167 − 58 + 0

⇒ 109

∴ The correct answer is 109.

Additional Information

BODMAS Rule

It defines the order of operations: Brackets (), Orders (roots/powers), Division (÷), Multiplication (×), Addition (+), and Subtraction (−).

Grouping Symbols

Calculations inside brackets are always prioritized; if multiple brackets exist, solve from innermost to outermost.

Cancellation Trick

Identical terms with opposite signs (e.g., +x and −x) sum to zero and can be removed to simplify the expression quickly.

Shortcut Trick

Apply BODMAS: First solve brackets (17 × 2) = 34 and division 33 ÷ 3 = 11.

Group all positive numbers: 88 + 26 + 34 + 11 = 159.

Group all negative numbers: −42 − 14 = −56.

Final calculation: 159 − 56 = 103.

∴ The correct answer is 103.

Alternate Method

Given:

88 + 26 − 42 + (17 × 2) + 33 ÷ 3 − 14

Formula Used:

BODMAS Rule (Brackets, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction)

Calculations:

⇒ 88 + 26 − 42 + 34 + 33 ÷ 3 − 14 (Solving brackets)

⇒ 88 + 26 − 42 + 34 + 11 − 14 (Solving division)

⇒ 114 − 42 + 34 + 11 − 14 (Addition)

⇒ 72 + 34 + 11 − 14 (Subtraction)

⇒ 106 + 11 − 14 (Addition)

⇒ 117 − 14 (Addition)

⇒ 103 (Final Subtraction)

∴ The correct answer is 103.

Additional Information

BODMAS/VBODMAS Rule

V (Vinculum), B (Brackets), O (Of), D (Division), M (Multiplication), A (Addition), S (Subtraction) defines the sequence of operations.

Grouping Technique

In long addition-subtraction chains, sum all positive terms and all negative terms separately to minimize errors.

Multiplication and Division

These operations have equal precedence and should be performed from left to right if they appear consecutively without brackets.

Given:

Formula Used:

Increase in number of athletes = Number of athletes in current games − Number of athletes in the just previous games

Calculation:

According to the line chart, calculating the increase for each Asian Games:

⇒ Increase in AG2 = Number of athletes in AG2 − Number of athletes in AG1

⇒ Increase in AG2 = 250 − 150 = 100

⇒ Increase in AG3 = Number of athletes in AG3 − Number of athletes in AG2

⇒ Increase in AG3 = 320 − 250 = 70

⇒ Increase in AG4 = Number of athletes in AG4 − Number of athletes in AG3

⇒ Increase in AG4 = 480 − 320 = 160

⇒ Increase in AG5 = Number of athletes in AG5 − Number of athletes in AG4

⇒ Increase in AG5 = 500 − 480 = 20

Comparing the increases: 100, 70, 160, and 20.

⇒ The highest increase is 160, which corresponds to AG4.

∴ The correct answer is AG4.

Given:

Price of petrol = Rs. 95 per litre

Formula Used:

Total Consumption = Consumption of CR4 + Consumption of CR5 + Consumption of CR6

Total Expenditure = Total Consumption × Price of petrol per litre

Calculation:

According to the line chart,

⇒ Petrol consumption of car CR4 = 60 litres

⇒ Petrol consumption of car CR5 = 76 litres

⇒ Petrol consumption of car CR6 = 75 litres

⇒ Total petrol consumption for CR4, CR5 and CR6 = 60 + 76 + 75

⇒ Total petrol consumption = 211 litres

⇒ Total monthly expenditure = 211 × 95

⇒ Total monthly expenditure = 211 × (100 − 5)

⇒ Total monthly expenditure = 21100 − 1055

⇒ Total monthly expenditure = 20045

∴ The correct answer is 20045.

Given:

Total marks obtained by the student = 600

Total degrees in a pie chart = 360°

Formula Used:

Marks in a subject = (Degrees of subject ÷ 360°) × Total Marks

Required Percentage = (Marks in Subject A ÷ Marks in Subject C) × 100

Alternative Formula: Since both subjects belong to the same total, we can use the ratio of their degrees directly:

Required Percentage = (Degrees of A ÷ Degrees of C) × 100

Calculation:

According to the data obtained from the pie chart,

⇒ Degrees of marks obtained in A = 90°

⇒ Degrees of marks obtained in C = 54°

⇒ Required Percentage = (90° ÷ 54°) × 100

⇒ Required Percentage = (5 ÷ 3) × 100

⇒ Required Percentage = 500 ÷ 3

⇒ Required Percentage = 166.666...%

⇒ Required Percentage ≈ 166.67%

∴ The correct answer is 166.67%.

Given:

Formula Used:

Percentage More = [(Higher Value − Lower Value) ÷ Lower Value] × 100

Calculation:

According to the question,

⇒ Marks obtained by student T = 75

⇒ Marks obtained by student S = 60

⇒ Difference in marks = 75 − 60 = 15

⇒ Percentage more = (15 ÷ 60) × 100

⇒ Percentage more = (1 ÷ 4) × 100

⇒ Percentage more = 25%

∴ The correct answer is 25%.

Given:

R = Total number of boys in the given 5 schools

T = Average number of girls in the given 5 schools

Formula Used:

Total = Sum of all observations

Average = Sum of all observations ÷ Number of observations

Calculation:

According to the question,

⇒ R = Sum of boys in S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5

⇒ R = 100 + 120 + 180 + 60 + 140 = 600

⇒ Total number of girls = 80 + 160 + 100 + 120 + 200 = 660

⇒ T = Average girls = 660 ÷ 5

⇒ T = 132

Now, calculate the value of R − T:

⇒ R − T = 600 − 132

⇒ R − T = 468

∴ The correct answer is 468.

Shortcut Trick

Total parts in ratio = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 parts.

Sum of required parts (1^st + 4^th) = 1 + 4 = 5 parts.

Required sum = (Total Sum ÷ Total parts) × Required parts

Required sum = (16 ÷ 10) × 5 = 8.

∴ The correct answer is 8.

Alternate Method

Given: Ratio = 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 and Total Sum = 16.

Let the four numbers be 1x, 2x, 3x, and 4x.

⇒ Sum of numbers = 1x + 2x + 3x + 4x = 10x

⇒ 10x = 16

⇒ x = 16 ÷ 10 = 1.6

⇒ First number = 1 × 1.6 = 1.6

⇒ Fourth number = 4 × 1.6 = 6.4

⇒ Sum of 1^st and 4^th numbers = 1.6 + 6.4 = 8

∴ The correct answer is 8.

Additional Information

Ratio Distribution Rule

To divide a quantity N into a ratio a:b:c, the value of the first part is N × a / (a+b+c).

Compound Ratio

For two ratios a:b and c:d, the compound ratio is (a × c) : (b × d).

Inverse Ratio

The inverse ratio of a:b is 1/a : 1/b, which simplifies to b:a.

Shortcut Trick

Approximate the terms: 270.12 ≈ 270, ∛215.97 ≈ 6, 2.96 ≈ 3, and √80.93 ≈ 9.

Approximate the second part: (9.92 + 3.08) = 13 and √168.91 ≈ 13.

Expression ≈ (270 × 6) ÷ (3 × 9) − 13 ÷ 13

Expression ≈ (1620 ÷ 27) − 1 ⇒ 60 − 1 = 59.

∴ The correct answer is 59.

Alternate Method

Given:

(270.12 × ∛215.97) ÷ (2.96 × √80.93) − (9.92 + 3.08) ÷ √168.91 = ?

Approximation Steps:

⇒ 270.12 ≈ 270

⇒ 215.97 ≈ 216 → ∛216 = 6

⇒ 2.96 ≈ 3

⇒ 80.93 ≈ 81 → √81 = 9

⇒ 9.92 + 3.08 = 13

⇒ 168.91 ≈ 169 → √169 = 13

Calculation:

⇒ ? ≈ (270 × 6) ÷ (3 × 9) − 13 ÷ 13

⇒ ? ≈ 1620 ÷ 27 − 1

⇒ ? ≈ 60 − 1

⇒ ? ≈ 59

∴ The correct answer is 59.

Additional Information

BODMAS Rule

Always solve expressions in the order of Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, and Subtraction.

Perfect Squares and Cubes

For fast calculation, memorize squares up to 30 (√169 = 13, √81 = 9) and cubes up to 15 (∛216 = 6).

Approximation Principle

Round decimal numbers to the nearest integer or nearest perfect power to simplify complex roots and divisions quickly.

Shortcut Trick

Use the algebraic identity a² − b² = (a + b)(a − b).

Here, (49² − 42²) = (49 + 42) × (49 − 42)

Result = (91 × 7) ÷ 7

Result = 91

∴ The correct answer is 91.

Alternate Method

Given expression: (49² − 42²) ÷ 7

Formula Used: BODMAS Rule (Brackets, Orders, Division)

⇒ 49² = 2401

⇒ 42² = 1764

⇒ (2401 − 1764) ÷ 7

⇒ 637 ÷ 7

⇒ 91

∴ The correct answer is 91.

Additional Information

BODMAS Rule

It defines the order of operations: Brackets, Orders (powers/roots), Division, Multiplication, Addition, and Subtraction.

Algebraic Identity

The identity a² − b² = (a + b)(a − b) is useful for simplifying differences of squares without calculating large square values.

Square of Numbers near 50

For 49²: (50 − 1)² = 2500 − 100 + 1 = 2401. For 42²: (50 − 8)² = 2500 − 800 + 64 = 1764.

Shortcut Trick

Average of first n multiples of x = x × (n + 1) ÷ 2

Here x = 17 and n = 28

Average = 17 × (28 + 1) ÷ 2

Average = 17 × 29 ÷ 2 = 493 ÷ 2

Average = 246.5

∴ The correct answer is 246.5.

Alternate Method

Given:

Base number = 17

Number of multiples (n) = 28

Formula used: Average of an Arithmetic Progression = (First term + Last term) ÷ 2

⇒ Multiples of 17 are 17 × 1, 17 × 2, 17 × 3, ..., 17 × 28

⇒ This is an AP with first term (a) = 17 × 1 = 17

⇒ Last term (l) = 17 × 28 = 476

⇒ Average = (17 + 476) ÷ 2

⇒ Average = 493 ÷ 2

⇒ Average = 246.5

∴ The correct answer is 246.5.

Additional Information

Average of Arithmetic Progression

For any series in AP, the average is always the middle term or (First term + Last term) ÷ 2.

Sum of first n Multiples

The sum of the first n multiples of x is given by [x × n(n + 1)] ÷ 2.

N-th term of an AP

The n-th term is calculated as a_n = a + (n − 1)d, where a is the first term and d is the common difference.

Shortcut Trick

A recurring 9 after any digit effectively rounds up the preceding digit by 1.

0.799... = 0.80

Option 1: 0.811... > 0.80

Option 2: 0.888... > 0.80

Option 3: 0.777... < 0.80

Option 4: 0.822... > 0.80

∴ The correct answer is 0.777...

Alternate Method

Given:

Target value: 0.799...

Options: (1) 0.811... (2) 0.888... (3) 0.777... (4) 0.822...

Formula Used:

Decimal Expansion Comparison: Compare digits place by place from left to right (tenths, hundredths, thousandths).

Calculations:

Convert the recurring decimal to a fraction to find its exact value:

⇒ Let x = 0.799...

⇒ 10x = 7.999...

⇒ 100x = 79.999...

⇒ 100x − 10x = 79.999... − 7.999...

⇒ 90x = 72

⇒ x = 72 ÷ 90 = 0.8

Now compare 0.8 with the options:

⇒ 0.811... > 0.8 (Tenths are same, hundredths 1 > 0)

⇒ 0.888... > 0.8 (Tenths are same, hundredths 8 > 0)

⇒ 0.822... > 0.8 (Tenths are same, hundredths 2 > 0)

⇒ 0.777... < 0.8 (Tenths 7 < 8)

∴ The correct answer is 0.777...

Additional Information

Converting Recurring Decimals to Fractions

For a mixed recurring decimal like 0.ab̅, the fraction is (ab − a) ÷ 90. For pure recurring decimals like 0.a̅, it is a ÷ 9.

The Property of 9 Recurring

In any decimal system, a trailing recurring 9 is mathematically identical to the next terminating decimal. For example, 0.999... = 1 and 0.499... = 0.5.

Comparison Rule

To compare decimals, align the decimal points and compare digits from left to right. The first position where digits differ determines which number is larger.

Given:

Formula Used:

Total pens = Sum of the number of pens in shops A, B, C, and H

Calculation:

According to the question,

⇒ Total number of pens = Pens in Shop A + Pens in Shop B + Pens in Shop C + Pens in Shop H

⇒ Total number of pens = 100 + 800 + 200 + 700

⇒ Total number of pens = 900 + 200 + 700

⇒ Total number of pens = 1100 + 700

⇒ Total number of pens = 1800

∴ The correct answer is 1800.

Given:

Number of P₃ type pens manufactured by Factory F = 140

Number of P₃ type pens manufactured by Factory G = 100

Formula Used:

Average = (Sum of all observations) ÷ (Total number of observations)

Average of P₃ pens = (P₃ manufactured by F + P₃ manufactured by G) ÷ 2

Calculation:

According to the question,

⇒ Total P₃ pens manufactured by F and G = 140 + 100

⇒ Total P₃ pens manufactured by F and G = 240

⇒ Average number of P₃ pens = 240 ÷ 2

⇒ Average number of P₃ pens = 120

∴ The correct answer is 120.

Shortcut Trick

For consecutive numbers, the middle term is the average of the set.

Average (Middle Number) = Sum ÷ Number of terms = 42 ÷ 3 = 14

Since the numbers are consecutive even numbers, the common difference is 2.

Smallest Number = Middle Number − 2 = 14 − 2 = 12

∴ The correct answer is 12.

Alternate Method

Given:

Sum of three consecutive even numbers = 42

Formula Used:

Consecutive even numbers are in the form: x, (x + 2), (x + 4)

Calculations:

⇒ x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = 42

⇒ 3x + 6 = 42

⇒ 3x = 42 − 6

⇒ 3x = 36

⇒ x = 36 ÷ 3

⇒ x = 12

Smallest number = x = 12

∴ The correct answer is 12.

Additional Information

Arithmetic Mean of Consecutive Terms

For any odd number of terms in an arithmetic progression, the average is exactly equal to the middle term.

Consecutive Even/Odd Numbers

The difference between any two consecutive even or odd numbers is always 2. Let the first number be x, then others are x+2, x+4, etc.

Sum of AP Formula

Sum = (n ÷ 2) × [First Term + Last Term], where n is the number of terms.

Shortcut Trick

For divisibility by 11, find the difference between the sum of digits at odd places and even places.

Sum of digits at odd places (from right) = 7 + 8 = 15

Sum of digits at even places (from right) = 3 + 5 = 8

Difference = 15 − 8 = 7

Since the difference is 7, the remainder when divided by 11 is 7.

∴ The correct answer is 7.

Alternate Method

Given: Dividend = 5837, Divisor = 11

Formula: Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder

⇒ 5837 = 5500 + 337

⇒ 5837 = 5500 + 330 + 7

⇒ 5837 = (11 × 500) + (11 × 30) + 7

⇒ 5837 = 11 × (500 + 30) + 7

⇒ 5837 = 11 × 530 + 7

⇒ Remainder = 7

∴ The correct answer is 7.

Additional Information

Divisibility Rule for 11

A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of digits at odd places and the sum of digits at even places is either 0 or a multiple of 11.

Remainder Property

The remainder R when a number is divided by a divisor D always satisfies the condition 0 ≤ R < D.

Divisibility Rule for 9

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of all its digits is divisible by 9. The remainder when divided by 9 is the same as the remainder of the sum of digits divided by 9.

Shortcut Trick

Divisibility rule of 11: (Sum of digits at odd places) − (Sum of digits at even places) = 0 or multiple of 11.

In 95P9, Sum of digits at alternate positions: (9 + 5) and (P + 9).

Sum 1 = 14 and Sum 2 = P + 9.

Difference = (P + 9) − 14 = P − 5.

For the number to be divisible by 11, P − 5 must be 0 ⇒ P = 5.

∴ The correct answer is 5.

Alternate Method

Given: The number 95P9 is divisible by 11.

Formula used: A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of the digits at odd places and the sum of the digits at even places is either 0 or a multiple of 11.

⇒ Number = 95P9

⇒ Sum of digits at odd places (from right) = 9 + 5 = 14

⇒ Sum of digits at even places (from right) = P + 9

⇒ Difference = |(P + 9) − 14|

⇒ Difference = |P − 5|

⇒ For divisibility by 11, |P − 5| should be 0, 11, 22...

⇒ Since P is a digit (0 to 9), the only possible value is P − 5 = 0.

⇒ P = 5

∴ The correct answer is 5.

Additional Information

Divisibility by 3

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of all its digits is divisible by 3.

Divisibility by 9

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.

Divisibility by 8

A number is divisible by 8 if the last three digits of the number are divisible by 8.

Divisibility by 7

Subtract twice the last digit from the remaining number; if the result is divisible by 7, the original number is too.

Shortcut Trick

Sum of angles on a straight line (Linear Pair) is always 180°.

Given ∠AOD = 75° and AB is a straight line.

∠AOC = 180° − ∠AOD

∠AOC = 180° − 75° = 105°.

∴ The correct answer is 105°.

Alternate Method

Given:

Lines AB and CD intersect at O.

∠AOD = 75°

Formula:

The sum of angles forming a linear pair is 180°.

Calculations:

⇒ Since CD is a straight line, ∠AOD and ∠AOC form a linear pair.

⇒ ∠AOC + ∠AOD = 180°

⇒ ∠AOC + 75° = 180°

⇒ ∠AOC = 180° − 75°

⇒ ∠AOC = 105°

∴ The correct answer is 105°.

Additional Information

Vertically Opposite Angles

When two lines intersect, the angles opposite to each other at the vertex are equal. Here, ∠AOD = ∠BOC and ∠AOC = ∠BOD.

Linear Pair Axiom

If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the two adjacent angles so formed is 180°.

Complete Angle

The sum of all angles around a single point is always 360°.

Shortcut Trick

Ratio of Boys : Girls = 5 : 10 = 1 : 2

Difference in averages = 15 − 12 = 3

Deviation for Boys = (Girls Ratio ÷ Total Ratio) × Difference = (2 ÷ 3) × 3 = 2

Since Boys have higher age, Combined Average = 12 + (1 × 3) ÷ (1 + 2) = 12 + 1 = 13

∴ The correct answer is 13 years.

Alternate Method

Given:

Number of boys (n₁) = 5

Average age of boys (A₁) = 15 years

Number of girls (n₂) = 10

Average age of girls (A₂) = 12 years

Formula Used:

Combined Average = (n₁A₁ + n₂A₂) ÷ (n₁ + n₂)

Calculations:

⇒ Total age of boys = 5 × 15 = 75 years

⇒ Total age of girls = 10 × 12 = 120 years

⇒ Sum of ages of all students = 75 + 120 = 195 years

⇒ Total number of students = 5 + 10 = 15

⇒ Combined average age = 195 ÷ 15

⇒ Combined average age = 13 years

∴ The correct answer is 13 years.

Additional Information

Weighted Average Concept

When groups of different sizes are combined, the result is the weighted mean: A_avg = (Σ n_iw_i) ÷ Σ n_i.

Alligation Rule

Ratio of quantities = (Higher Average − Combined Average) : (Combined Average − Lower Average).

Net Deviation

The sum of deviations of all observations from their arithmetic mean is always zero.

Shortcut Trick

For parallel lines AB and CD, if a point P lies such that the transversal lines AP and CP are on the same side relative to each other:

The angle formed at P is the difference between the alternate/corresponding angles.

∠APC = ∠DCP − ∠PAB

∠APC = 115° − 55° = 60°

∴ The correct answer is 60°.

Alternate Method

Given: AB ∥ CD, ∠PAB = 55°, ∠DCP = 115°

Construction: Extend AP to intersect the line CD at point E.

⇒ Since AB ∥ CD, ∠AEC = ∠PAB (Alternate interior angles)

⇒ ∠AEC = 55°

⇒ In ▵PCE, the angle ∠DCP is an exterior angle to vertex C.

⇒ By the Exterior Angle Theorem, ∠DCP = ∠PEC + ∠EPC

⇒ 115° = 55° + ∠APC

⇒ ∠APC = 115° − 55°

⇒ ∠APC = 60°

∴ The correct answer is 60°.

Additional Information

Parallel Lines and Transversals

When a transversal cuts two parallel lines, alternate interior angles are equal and consecutive interior angles sum to 180°.

Exterior Angle Theorem

The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two opposite interior angles: ∠Ext = ∠Int₁ + ∠Int₂.

Sum of Angles in a Triangle

The sum of all interior angles in any triangle is always 180°.

The logic followed here is:

thus, "-55" will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct option is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

So, 'H' will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The Logic followed here is:

For, QPV : LKQ

For, SCU : NXP

Now for, ? : DMZ

Therefore, the missing cluster is IRE.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The Logic followed here is:

For, OTE : RWH

For, YBZ : BEC

Now for, ? : ZDF

Therefore, the missing cluster is WAC.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

So, 'IT' will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

Given: We need to find the day on 15 February 2004.

2004 was a leap year.

Total = 15 + 3 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 29

29 ÷ 7 gives remainder 1.

Day code 1 = Sunday.

Therefore, 15 February 2004 was Sunday.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

Given:

2004 was a leap year, so February had 29 days.

February 1, 2004 was Sunday.

Total Tuesdays = 4

Total Thursdays = 4

Calculation:

Product = Number of Tuesdays × Number of Thursdays

Product = 4 × 4 = 16

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

A month has 5 Sundays when:

A 31-day month starts on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday.

A 30-day month starts on Saturday or Sunday.

Sundays in January: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31

Total Sundays = 5

Total Sundays = 4

Total Sundays = 4

Thus, only January 1932 had 5 Sundays.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Given: Five boys J, K, L, M and N are sitting in a row facing north.

N is second to the left of J.

K is second to the left of N

Only one boy is to the left of L.

So, count = 2

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

Given: Seven boys A, B, C, D, E, F and G are sitting in a row facing north.

F is to the immediate left of D.

F is to the immediate right of G

A is third to the right of F

E is third to the right of B.

Now, between A and E → C is sitting between them.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The second figure is formed by rotating both the inner arrow and the outer corner arrow by 90° clockwise.

The first pair:

The inner arrow pointing upward rotates to the right.

The outer corner arrow also rotates 90° clockwise, changing both its position and direction.

The second pair:

The inner arrow pointing right rotates downward.

The outer corner arrow at the top-left rotates 90° clockwise and moves to the corresponding new corner position with outward-down direction.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The second figure is formed by taking the vertical mirror image (water image) of the first figure.

The first pair:

The top element shifts to the bottom after vertical inversion.

The middle horizontal line remains unchanged.

The bottom element shifts to the top after vertical inversion.

The second pair:

The hollow circle at the top moves to the bottom and points downward.

The middle horizontal line remains unchanged.

The upward arrow at the bottom moves to the top and becomes downward.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The Logic followed here is:

For, AT64 : ZU36

For, VW90 : UX62

Now for, ? : FW28

Therefore, the missing cluster is GV56.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The Logic followed here is:

For, BJP11 : EEW81

For, RLD14 : UGK144

Now for, DMK18 : ?

Therefore, DMK18 : GHR256

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The Logic followed here is:

Logic: First number + 36 = Second number

For, 1274 : 1310

1274 + 36 = 1310

For, 7939 : 7975

7939 + 36 = 7975

Now, 994 : ?

994 + 36 = 1030

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The Logic followed here is:

Logic: (First number × 2) + 2 = Second number

For, 526 : 1054

(526 × 2) + 2

= 1052 + 2

= 1054

For, 745 : 1492

(745 × 2) + 2

= 1490 + 2

= 1492

Now for ? : 734

(X × 2) + 2 = 734

X × 2 = 734 − 2

X × 2 = 732

X = 732 ÷ 2

X = 366

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Code = Concatenation of the squares of the positional values of the letters in the alphabet.

Given: MORE →

For, AGIV →

Now, ROLE →

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Each letter of the word is shifted according to the fixed pattern: +1, +2, +5, -2, -5.

Here, FILER → GKQCM

For, ADMAN → BFRYI

Now, applying the same pattern to TEDDY:

So, TEDDY → UGIBT

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

Therefore, the wrong term in the series is YI81.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The Logic followed here is:

In the term FZV740, the third letter is V instead of W.

 

In the term FZV740, the number is 740 instead of 730.

 

Therefore, the wrong term in the series is FZV740.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• The Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) 1948 was the first industrial policy statement issued by the Government of India on April 6, 1948. It laid the foundation of a Mixed Economy where both the public and private sectors would co-exist.
• The policy divided industries into four distinct categories. The second category consisted of six industries where the State (Public Sector) was to be exclusively responsible for the establishment of new undertakings, though existing private units were allowed to continue for 10 years.
• Ship-building was specifically included in the list of these six "Key Industries" or "Basic Industries" reserved for the expansion of the public sector. Hence, statement I is correct.
• The manufacture of telephone, telegraph, and wireless apparatus (excluding radio receiving sets) was also part of the six industries reserved for the public sector's future growth under the 1948 resolution. Hence, statement II is correct.
• The other four industries in this "Key Industries" category included Coal, Iron and Steel, Aircraft manufacturing, and Mineral Oils.
• The correct answer is Both I and II because both sectors were identified as areas where the government would take the lead in developing new industrial capacity.

Additional Information

• Classification of Industries in IPR 1948:
• Category 1 (Strategic Industries): This included three industries over which the Central Government had an absolute monopoly: Arms and Ammunition, Atomic Energy, and Railway Transport.
• Category 2 (Key Industries): Mentioned above, these 6 industries were reserved for the State to start new units. The government had the right to acquire any existing private undertaking in these fields after 10 years.
• Category 3 (Regulated Private Sector): This category included 18 industries of national importance such as Fertilizers, Sugar, Cotton and Woollen textiles, Cement, Paper, and Heavy Machinery. These were left to the private sector but were subject to central regulation and planning.
• Category 4 (Residual): All other industries were left open to the private sector, including individuals and cooperatives.
• Objectives of IPR 1948: The primary goal was to increase industrial production, provide employment, and ensure a more equitable distribution of wealth while establishing the government's role as a facilitator and entrepreneur.

Important Points

• Syama Prasad Mookerjee: The Industrial Policy Resolution 1948 was presented in the Parliament by Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, who was the then Minister of Industry and Supply.
• Transition to 1956: This 1948 resolution remained in force until 1956, when the government adopted the Industrial Policy Resolution 1956. The 1956 policy was known as the "Economic Constitution of India" and significantly expanded the scope of the public sector based on the Mahalanobis Model of development during the Second Five Year Plan.
• Nationalization Clause: The 10-year review period in the 1948 policy for key industries created a sense of uncertainty in the private sector, which eventually led to more rigid classifications in the 1956 policy (Schedules A, B, and C).

The correct answer is Ikshvaku dynasty.

Key Points

• The Satavahana dynasty, which ruled the Deccan region for several centuries, began to decline in the early 3^rd century AD. Following their downfall, their empire was divided among several successor states.
• The Ikshvaku dynasty (also known as the Andhra Ikshvakus) emerged as the immediate successors of the Satavahanas in the Krishna-Guntur region of present-day Andhra Pradesh.
• The founder of the Ikshvaku dynasty was Chamtamula I (also spelled Santamula I), who established independence after the reign of the last Satavahana king, Pulumavi IV. Hence, the Ikshvaku dynasty is the correct answer.
• In historical texts and the Puranas, the Ikshvakus are often referred to as the Sriparvatiyas (rulers of the Sriparvata) or Andhra-Bhrityas (servants of the Andhras), indicating their earlier status as feudatories of the Satavahanas.
• The Ikshvakus made Vijayapuri (located in the Nagarjunakonda valley) their capital and were significant patrons of Buddhism, even though the kings themselves performed traditional Vedic sacrifices like the Ashvamedha and Agihota.

Additional Information

• Maurya dynasty:
• The Maurya dynasty was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BC and reached its zenith under Ashoka the Great.
• The Satavahanas actually rose to power in the Deccan following the decline of the Mauryan Empire in the 2^nd century BC. Therefore, the Mauryas preceded the Satavahanas rather than succeeding them. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Nanda dynasty:
• The Nanda dynasty ruled the Magadha region in northern India during the 4^th century BC.
• It was founded by Mahapadma Nanda and was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya. Since they existed centuries before the Satavahanas, they could not be their successors. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Shishunaga dynasty:
• The Shishunaga dynasty was one of the earliest ruling houses of Magadha, founded by Shishunaga in approximately 413 BC.
• This dynasty preceded the Nanda and Maurya dynasties, making it part of the very early history of Ancient India, long before the Satavahana period. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.
• Satavahana Dynasty Overview:
• The Satavahana dynasty was founded by Simuka. They are well-known for being the first Indian kings to issue coins with their portraits, a practice started by Gautamiputra Satakarni.
• The Satavahanas acted as a cultural bridge between North India and South India and were instrumental in the promotion of Prakrit literature and Brahmanism.

Important Points

• Geographical Location: The Satavahanas were centered in Pratishthana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra) and Amaravati. Upon their decline, the Abhiras took the western parts, the Vakatakas took the northern Deccan, and the Ikshvakus took the eastern Krishna river valley.
• Royal Patronage: While the Ikshvaku king Chamtamula I was a staunch follower of Brahmanism, the royal ladies of the Ikshvaku family were famous for their large-scale donations to Buddhist establishments at Nagarjunakonda and Jagayyapeta.
• Chronology: The Ikshvaku rule lasted for about 100 years, roughly from 225 AD to 325 AD, after which they were eventually supplanted by the Pallavas of Kanchi.

The correct answer is Article 107.

Key Points

• Article 107 of the Constitution of India specifically deals with the provisions as to the introduction and passing of Bills in the Parliament.
• According to this article, a Bill (other than a Money Bill or a Financial Bill) may originate in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. This ensures that legislative proposals can be initiated in either chamber of the Union Legislature. Hence, the correct answer is Article 107.
• A Bill is not deemed to have been passed by the Houses of Parliament unless it has been agreed to by both Houses, either without amendment or with such amendments only as are agreed to by both Houses.
• The article also clarifies the status of Bills during Prorogation; it states that a Bill pending in Parliament shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation of the Houses.
• However, a Bill pending in the Lok Sabha, or which having been passed by the Lok Sabha is pending in the Rajya Sabha, shall, subject to the provisions of Article 108, lapse on a dissolution of the Lok Sabha.

Additional Information

• Article 101 (Vacation of Seats):
• This article provides rules regarding the vacation of seats by members of Parliament. It states that no person shall be a member of both Houses of Parliament simultaneously.
• If a person is elected to both Houses, his seat in one of the Houses shall become vacant in accordance with the law made by Parliament.
• It also covers situations where a member becomes subject to any disqualifications mentioned in Article 102.
• Article 105 (Powers, Privileges, etc.):
• This article defines the powers, privileges, and immunities of the Houses of Parliament and their members and committees.
• It guarantees freedom of speech in Parliament and ensures that no member shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by them in Parliament.
• These privileges are essential for the independent functioning of the Legislature.
• Article 103 (Decision on Disqualification):
• This article mandates that if any question arises as to whether a member of either House of Parliament has become subject to any disqualifications, the question shall be referred for the decision of the President.
• The President is required to obtain the opinion of the Election Commission of India and shall act according to such opinion.

Important Points

• Joint Sitting (Article 108): If a Bill passed by one House is rejected by the other, or the Houses disagree on amendments, the President may summon a Joint Sitting to resolve the deadlock.
• Money Bills (Article 110): These are special Bills that can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha on the recommendation of the President. The Rajya Sabha has limited powers regarding Money Bills and must return them within 14 days.
• Assent to Bills (Article 111): Once a Bill is passed by both Houses, it is presented to the President, who may give assent, withhold assent, or return the Bill (if it is not a Money Bill) for reconsideration.

The correct answer is Lothal.

Key Points

• Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, located in the Bhal region of the modern state of Gujarat, India.
• It was discovered in 1954 and excavated between 1955 and 1960 by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) under the leadership of the renowned archaeologist S.R. Rao.
• The most distinctive feature of Lothal is the presence of a massive, artificial dockyard, which is considered the earliest known dock in the world. It connected the city to an ancient course of the Sabarmati River on the trade route between Harappan cities in Sindh and the peninsula of Saurashtra.
• The dockyard was a rectangular basin measuring approximately 218 meters in length and 37 meters in width, built with baked bricks to ensure it was water-tight. It featured a complex mechanism to control the water level and harness the tides of the Arabian Sea to allow ships to enter and leave the port.
• This site served as a vital maritime trade hub, facilitating commerce with civilizations as far as Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) and Egypt, as evidenced by the discovery of Persian Gulf seals at the site. Hence, the correct answer is Lothal.

Additional Information

• Banawali:
• Located in the Fatehabad district of Haryana, this site was excavated by R.S. Bisht in 1974.
• It provides evidence of both Pre-Harappan and Harappan phases. Significant findings include high-quality barley, terracotta models of ploughs, and well-planned radial streets.
• Rakhigarhi:
• Situated in the Hisar district of Haryana, Rakhigarhi is recognized as the largest Harappan site in the Indian subcontinent.
• It was excavated by Amarendra Nath. The site covers over 350 hectares and has yielded a granary, cemetery, and evidence of terracotta bricks and statues.
• Kalibangan:
• Located in the Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan on the banks of the Ghaggar River, it was excavated by B.B. Lal and B.K. Thapar.
• The site is famous for the discovery of the world's earliest ploughed field and the presence of fire altars, suggesting ritualistic practices. It also shows evidence of camel bones and decorative bricks.

Important Points

• Urban Planning in Lothal: Unlike many other Indus Valley cities, Lothal was divided into a Citadel (Upper Town) and a Lower Town that were not separated by a wall, although the entire settlement was fortified for protection against floods.
• Bead-Making Industry: Lothal was a major center for the production of beads made from semi-precious stones, gold, and steatite. A large bead-making factory and kilns were discovered there, highlighting its industrial capacity.
• Unique Burial Practices: Excavations at Lothal revealed double burials, where a male and a female were buried together in a single grave, a practice not commonly found in other Harappan sites.
• Measurement Tools: Archaeological finds include an ivory scale, indicating that the inhabitants of Lothal had a sophisticated understanding of linear measurements and standardization.

The correct answer is Away from light.

Key Points

• Plant roots typically grow away from light, a biological phenomenon known as negative phototropism. While the shoots (stems) of a plant grow towards light to facilitate photosynthesis, roots behave in the opposite manner to ensure they remain anchored in the soil.
• This growth direction is primarily an evolutionary adaptation. By growing away from light, roots can penetrate deeper into the earth, where they can effectively seek out water, minerals, and nutrients necessary for the plant's survival.
• The movement is controlled by Auxins, which are a class of plant hormones. In roots, auxin redistributes in response to light; however, unlike in stems, a high concentration of auxin in root cells actually inhibits cell elongation.
• When light hits one side of a root, the auxin moves to the shaded side. Because the high concentration of auxin slows down the growth on the shaded side, the side exposed to light grows faster, causing the root to curve and grow away from the light source.
• Roots also respond to other stimuli simultaneously. For instance, they show positive geotropism (growth towards gravity) and positive hydrotropism (growth towards moisture), which often work in tandem with negative phototropism to keep the root system underground.

Additional Information

• Phototropism:
• This is the growth of an organism in response to a light stimulus. It is most commonly observed in plants.
• Positive Phototropism is seen in stems and leaves as they grow towards the Sun or another light source to maximize light absorption.
• Negative Phototropism is characteristic of roots, helping them avoid the drying effects of surface heat and UV radiation.
• Geotropism (Gravitropism):
• This refers to the growth of plant parts in response to the force of gravity.
• Roots exhibit positive geotropism, ensuring they grow downward into the soil.
• Stems exhibit negative geotropism, as they grow upward, against the pull of gravity.
• Plant Hormones (Auxins):
• Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most common naturally occurring auxin.
• In 1880, Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin performed early experiments on phototropism, discovering that the tip of the plant (the coleoptile) is responsible for sensing light.
• The distribution of auxin is influenced by phototropins, which are light-sensitive proteins.
• Hydrotropism:
• This is a plant's growth response to humidity or water.
• In many plant species, hydrotropism is a stronger stimulus than geotropism; roots will often grow sideways or even upwards if a water source is detected in that direction.

The correct answer is 15.5%.

Key Points

• According to the Census 2011 data, the decadal growth rate of the Christian population in India between 2001 and 2011 was recorded as 15.5%.
• In absolute terms, the Christian population increased from 2.41 crore in the 2001 Census to 2.78 crore in the 2011 Census.
• Despite the numerical increase, the percentage share of Christians in the total population of India remained stable at 2.3% across the decade.
• This growth rate of 15.5% was lower than the national average growth rate of 17.7% recorded for the same period (2001-2011).
• The religious data of the 2011 Census was officially released by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India in August 2015.

Additional Information

• Growth Rates of Other Religions (2001-2011):
• Hindus: The growth rate of the Hindu population was 16.8%, with their total population reaching 96.63 crore.
• Muslims: This community registered the highest growth rate among the major religious groups at 24.6%, reaching a total of 17.22 crore.
• Sikhs: The growth rate for the Sikh population was recorded at 8.4%, totaling 2.08 crore.
• Buddhists and Jains: The growth rates were 6.1% and 5.4% respectively, reflecting a slower growth compared to other major groups.
• Demographic Distribution of Christians:
• In terms of geographical distribution, the highest concentration of Christians is found in the Southern and Northeastern states of India.
• The state of Kerala has the largest absolute number of Christians in the country.
• States like Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya are Christian-majority states, where they constitute over 70-80% of the local population.
• Goa also maintains a significant Christian population, contributing to the cultural and demographic diversity of the Western Coast.
• Census Administration:
• The Census in India is conducted under the Census Act, 1948, and is a decennial exercise.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal ministry responsible for conducting the census through the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner.

Important Points

• The 2011 Census was the 15^th National Census of India since 1872 and the 7^th after Independence.
• The total population of India in 2011 was 121.09 crore, which represented an increase of 18.15 crore from the 2001 figures.
• The data on Religious Communities is vital for understanding the socio-economic changes and for the effective implementation of government welfare schemes targeted at minority communities.

The correct answer is Coiled spring.

Key Points

• The primary component that stretches inside a spring balance when a force is applied is the coiled spring. This extension is the fundamental mechanism used to measure weight or force.
• The working principle of a spring balance is based on Hooke’s Law, which states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied to it, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
• When an object is hung from the hook of the balance, the gravitational force (weight) pulls the coiled spring downward, causing it to elongate. The amount of stretching is then reflected by a pointer moving along a graduated scale.
• This device specifically measures weight, which is the force of gravity acting on an object, rather than mass. However, many scales are calibrated to show mass in kilograms or grams based on the standard acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s²).

Additional Information

• Structure of a Spring Balance:
• The device consists of a coiled spring housed within a cylindrical case or frame. At one end, there is a ring for holding the balance, and at the other, a hook to attach the load.
• The pointer is attached directly to the spring, ensuring that any displacement of the spring is accurately recorded on the marking scale.
• Hooke's Law Formula:
• The relationship is expressed as F = kx, where F is the force applied, k is the spring constant (stiffness of the spring), and x is the extension or displacement.
• Comparison of Options:
• A clock: This is a device used to measure time and does not involve weight-based stretching mechanisms.
• Metal rod: While a spring is made of metal, a solid metal rod does not exhibit the elasticity or measurable extension required for a balance under normal loads.
• Lever: This is a simple machine used to gain mechanical advantage or measure weight in a beam balance, but it does not stretch to indicate force.

Important Points

• Applications: Spring balances are widely used in laboratories, industries, and commercial sectors for measuring tensile force and the weight of heavy bags or machinery parts.
• Elastic Limit: If a force exceeds the elastic limit of the coiled spring, the spring will undergo permanent deformation and will not return to its original length, leading to inaccurate readings.
• Units of Measurement: The standard unit of force measured by a spring balance is the Newton (N). Many balances provide dual readings in Newtons and kilograms (kg) for convenience.
• Sensitivity: The sensitivity of the balance depends on the stiffness of the coiled spring. A softer spring (lower k value) allows for the measurement of smaller forces with greater precision.

The correct answer is Brahmo Samaj.

Key Points

• Veda Samaj was established in Madras (now Chennai) in the year 1864.
• The movement was deeply inspired by the Brahmo Samaj, particularly following the visit of the reform leader Keshub Chandra Sen to Madras in 1864.
• Chembeti Sridharalu Naidu emerged as the most prominent leader of the Veda Samaj. He translated several books of the Brahmo Samaj into Tamil and Telugu to spread the reformist ideas in Southern India.
• The members of Veda Samaj advocated for the worship of one God (Monotheism) and strongly condemned orthodox Hindu rituals, superstitions, and caste distinctions.
• The organization played a crucial role in social reform, specifically targeting the abolition of the caste system, the promotion of widow remarriage, and the advancement of women's education.
• In 1871, under the leadership of Sridharalu Naidu, the Veda Samaj was formally renamed as the Brahmo Samaj of Southern India.

Additional Information

• Brahmo Samaj:
• Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828 in Calcutta, it was the first major socio-religious reform movement in modern India.
• It focused on rationalism, the unity of God, and the rejection of idol worship. It was instrumental in the abolition of Sati in 1829.
• Arya Samaj:
• Established by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875 in Bombay.
• It promoted the slogan "Back to the Vedas" and believed the Vedas were infallible. It opposed untouchability and idol worship while establishing many DAV (Dayanand Anglo-Vedic) educational institutions.
• Prarthana Samaj:
• Founded in 1867 in Bombay by Atmaram Pandurang and later led by Mahadev Govind Ranade.
• It was heavily influenced by the Brahmo Samaj and focused on social reforms such as inter-caste dining, inter-caste marriage, and the upliftment of women and depressed classes.
• Ramakrishna Mission:
• Founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897 at Belur Math, Bengal, in honor of his guru, Ramakrishna Paramahansa.
• The mission emphasizes the harmony of all religions and combines spiritualism with philanthropic social service, focusing on education and medical relief.

The correct answer is Sindhi Sarangi.

Key Points

• The musical instrument shown in the image is the Sindhi Sarangi, a bowed string instrument (Chordophone) predominantly used in the folk music of Western Rajasthan and the Sindh region.
• It is traditionally carved from a single block of wood, usually Tuna, Red Cedar, or Teak, and has a hollow belly covered with parchment made from goat skin.
• The Sindhi Sarangi is smaller in size compared to the classical Sarangi but is more complex in its string arrangement, typically featuring 4 main playing strings made of gut and approximately 22 to 27 sympathetic strings (known as Tarabs).
• This instrument is the primary melodic accompaniment for the Langa community of Rajasthan, who are renowned for their sophisticated folk melodies and Sufi compositions.
• It is played with a bow (known as the Gaj) made from horsehair, and the musician produces sound by sliding the fingernails of the left hand against the strings rather than pressing them onto a fretboard. Hence, the identification is correct.

Additional Information

• Pakhawaj:
• The Pakhawaj is a barrel-shaped, two-headed percussion instrument (Membranophone) that is the standard accompaniment for Dhrupad singing.
• It is often considered the ancestor of the Tabla and is known for its deep, resonant bass sound. It is widely used in the Hindustani classical music tradition of North India.
• Jhanj:
• The Jhanj is an Idiophone (Ghan Vadya) consisting of a pair of large metallic cymbals made of brass or bronze.
• It is commonly used in devotional music, such as Bhajans and Kirtans, and is a staple in folk dances like the Tera Tali of Rajasthan.
• Algoza:
• The Algoza is a woodwind instrument (Aerophone) consisting of a pair of joined beak flutes.
• One flute provides a constant drone while the other plays the melody. It is popular in the folk music of Punjab, Sindh, and Rajasthan, particularly among the Meo and Langa musicians.

Important Points

• Classification of Indian Musical Instruments:
• Tat Vadya (Chordophones): Stringed instruments like the Sarangi, Sitar, and Veena.
• Sushira Vadya (Aerophones): Wind instruments like the Bansuri, Shehnai, and Algoza.
• Avanaddha Vadya (Membranophones): Percussion instruments with a stretched skin, such as the Pakhawaj, Dhol, and Tabla.
• Ghan Vadya (Idiophones): Solid instruments that do not require tuning, such as Manjira, Jhanj, and Ghatam.
• Cultural Heritage: The Sindhi Sarangi is a vital part of the Oral Tradition of the Thar Desert. It is often decorated with ivory or bone inlays and floral patterns, reflecting the rich artistic heritage of the Marwar region.
• Geographic Presence: While found throughout South Asia in various forms, this specific variation is concentrated in Jaisalmer, Barmer, and the Sindh province of Pakistan.

The correct answer is 1931.

Key Points

• The Second Round Table Conference was held in London from September 1931 to December 1931.
• Mahatma Gandhi attended this conference as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress (INC).
• His participation was a result of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, signed on 5 March 1931, which led to the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• During the conference, Gandhiji stayed at Kingsley Hall and travelled to England on the ship SS Rajputana.
• The conference primarily discussed the constitutional future of India, but it failed to reach a consensus due to the deadlock over separate electorates for minorities, which Gandhiji strongly opposed.
• Hence, the correct answer is 1931.

Additional Information

• First Round Table Conference (1930):
• It was held from November 1930 to January 1931 in London.
• The Indian National Congress boycotted this conference as many of its leaders were in jail due to the Salt Satyagraha.
• It was the first time that Indians and the British met as "equals" to discuss India's future.
• Third Round Table Conference (1932):
• It took place from November 1932 to December 1932.
• Like the first one, the Congress did not participate, and many prominent leaders were absent.
• The recommendations of these conferences were eventually incorporated into a White Paper, which later became the basis for the Government of India Act, 1935.
• Key Personalities:
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Tej Bahadur Sapru were among the few leaders who attended all three Round Table Conferences.
• Sarojini Naidu attended the Second Round Table Conference representing Indian women.
• Ramsay MacDonald was the British Prime Minister who presided over the conferences.

Important Points

• Communal Award: Following the failure of the Second Round Table Conference, Ramsay MacDonald announced the Communal Award in 1932, granting separate electorates to the Depressed Classes.
• Poona Pact: In protest against the Communal Award, Gandhiji went on a fast unto death in Yerwada Jail, which resulted in the Poona Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar in September 1932.
• Lord Irwin was the Viceroy during the pact in early 1931, but by the time the conference began, Lord Willingdon had taken over as the Viceroy of India.

The correct answer is Tamil Nadu.

Key Points

• The Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) is a premier solar physics research facility located in the Palani Hills of Tamil Nadu, India.
• In 2024, the observatory celebrated its 125^th anniversary, having been officially established on April 1, 1899.
• It is owned and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), which is an autonomous research institute under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.
• The site was chosen in the late 19^th century due to its high altitude of approximately 2,343 meters and its stable atmospheric conditions, which are ideal for solar observations.
• KSO maintains one of the longest continuous series of solar data in the world, with a repository of over 1.2 lakh (120,000) digitized images of the Sun. Hence, the correct answer is Tamil Nadu.

Additional Information

• Historical Context:
• The need for a solar observatory arose after the Great Famine of 1876-1878, as scientists believed that studying sunspots could help predict monsoon patterns and droughts in India.
• The Madras Observatory, established in 1792, was the predecessor to KSO, but its coastal location was unsuitable for detailed solar study due to cloud cover.
• Major Scientific Discoveries:
• In 1909, the observatory's director John Evershed discovered the radial motion of gases in sunspots, a phenomenon now globally recognized as the Evershed Effect.
• This discovery remains one of the most significant contributions to astrophysics from Indian soil, changing the understanding of solar magnetic fields.
• Instrumentation:
• The facility houses sophisticated equipment, including the Solar Tunnel Telescope, the H-alpha telescope, and the Twin Telescope, used to monitor solar flares and the chromosphere.
• The digitization of historical photographic plates at KSO has provided researchers worldwide with a century-long record of solar activity.

Important Points

• Evolution of Management:
• KSO was initially administered by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) until 1971, when the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) was formed as an independent entity.
• While KSO remains the hub for solar physics, the IIA also operates the Vainu Bappu Observatory in Kavalur, Tamil Nadu, for stellar and galactic observations.
• Global Significance:
• The continuous data collection at KSO is critical for Space Weather forecasting, as solar eruptions can impact satellites, GPS, and power grids on Earth.
• The 125-year milestone in 2024 was marked by the release of a commemorative logo and various educational programs to inspire the next generation of astronomers.

The correct answer is 84.

Key Points

• The Lok Sabha, which is the Lower House of the Parliament of India, has a specific number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) to ensure their representation in the decision-making process.
• As per the current order of the Delimitation Commission, which was established under the Delimitation Act of 2002, there are 84 seats reserved for Scheduled Castes.
• The reservation of seats is based on the proportion of the SC population to the total population of the country, as determined by the Census data.
• Article 330 of the Constitution of India provides for the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
• While 84 seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes, another 47 seats are reserved for Scheduled Tribes, making a total of 131 reserved seats out of the 543 elective constituencies.

Additional Information

• Constitutional Basis: The concept of reserved constituencies ensures that candidates belonging only to the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes can contest elections from those specific areas, although all voters in that constituency cast their votes.
• Duration of Reservation: Initially, under Article 334, these reservations were intended to last for only 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution in 1950. However, through various constitutional amendments, this period has been extended repeatedly.
• 104^th Amendment Act: The 104^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2020, extended the reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another 10 years, until January 25, 2030.
• Removal of Anglo-Indian Reservation: The same 104^th Amendment Act discontinued the reservation of the two seats previously reserved for the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha.
• Delimitation Commission: This is a high-power body whose orders have the force of law and cannot be challenged in any court. The last major delimitation was based on the 2001 Census and its recommendations were implemented in 2008.

Important Points

• Total Seats: The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha as envisaged by the Constitution is 552. Currently, the house has 543 seats, all of which are filled by direct election.
• State-wise Allocation: The number of reserved seats varies from state to state depending on the demographic composition. For example, Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of reserved seats for Scheduled Castes, with 17 seats.
• Universal Adult Suffrage: Regardless of whether a seat is reserved or general, every citizen of India who is 18 years of age or older has the right to vote under the 61^st Amendment Act, 1988.
• Election Commission of India: The Election Commission conducts and supervises the elections to the Lok Sabha, ensuring the integrity of the voting process in both general and reserved constituencies.

The correct answer is Echocardiography.

Key Points

• Echocardiography is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses ultrasonic waves (high-frequency sound waves) to produce live images of the heart.
• The technique relies on a device called a transducer, which emits ultrasound waves that bounce off the structures of the heart and return as echoes. These echoes are processed by a computer to create two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) images.
• It is primarily used to evaluate the pumping function of the heart, the condition of the heart valves, and the size of the heart chambers.
• This method is non-invasive, meaning it does not require surgery or the use of ionizing radiation, making it a safe tool for repeated clinical use. Hence, the correct answer is Echocardiography.

Additional Information

• Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG):
• This technique records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time using electrodes placed on the skin.
• It is used to detect arrhythmias, heart attacks, and other cardiac conditions by measuring the voltage changes generated by the heart muscle. Hence, this option is incorrect.
• Sonography:
• This is a general term for medical ultrasound imaging used to visualize various internal organs like the liver, kidneys, and fetus during pregnancy.
• While echocardiography is technically a specialized form of sonography, the term sonography is usually applied to imaging parts of the body other than the heart.
• Radiography:
• Radiography involves the use of X-rays or other forms of electromagnetic radiation to view the internal structure of an object.
• In a medical context, it is most commonly used for visualizing bones or performing chest X-rays to look at the lungs and heart outline, but it does not use ultrasonic waves. Hence, this option is incorrect.

Important Points

• Frequency Range: The ultrasonic waves used in medical imaging typically range from 2 to 18 megahertz (MHz), which is far above the human hearing limit of 20,000 Hz.
• History: The first recorded use of echocardiography was by Inge Edler and Hellmuth Hertz in 1953 at Lund University in Sweden.
• Types of Echo: Common variations include Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE), which is performed on the surface of the chest, and Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE), where the probe is passed down the esophagus for a clearer view.
• Doppler Ultrasound: Often used during an echocardiogram, the Doppler effect allows physicians to measure the speed and direction of blood flow through the heart.

The correct answer is Madhya Pradesh.

Key Points

• According to the National Mineral Inventory data as of 01.04.2020, the state of Madhya Pradesh is the primary repository of diamond resources in India.
• Madhya Pradesh accounts for approximately 90.18% of the total diamond resources in the country, making it the leading state in this sector.
• The Panna district in Madhya Pradesh is world-renowned for its diamond deposits and is the only place in India where organized diamond mining occurs.
• The Majhgawan diamond mine, located in Panna, is the only mechanized diamond mine in the country and is operated by the National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC).
• The total resources of diamond in India are estimated at about 31.83 million carats, out of which the majority is concentrated in the Vindhyan system of Madhya Pradesh.

Additional Information

• Geological Formations: In India, diamonds are generally found in three types of geological settings: Kimberlite pipes (primary source), Conglomerate beds, and Alluvial gravels.
• Distribution in Other States: Apart from Madhya Pradesh, other states that host diamond resources include Andhra Pradesh (approximately 5.72%) and Chhattisgarh (approximately 4.09%).
• Andhra Pradesh: Historically, this state was famous for its Golkonda diamonds. Regions such as Anantapur, Kurnool, and the Krishna River basin have recorded significant diamond occurrences in the past, including the discovery of the legendary Koh-i-Noor.
• Chhattisgarh: Resources are primarily located in the Behraidih-Tokapal area in the Bastar and Raipur districts.
• Industrial Use: Diamonds that are not of gem quality are known as bort or industrial diamonds. Because of their extreme hardness (10 on the Mohs scale), they are used extensively in drilling bits, glass cutting, and polishing other gemstones.

Important Points

• Resource Classification: As per the UNFC (United Nations Framework Classification) adopted by the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), mineral resources are divided into Reserves (proven and probable) and Remaining Resources.
• For diamonds in India, as of 2020, the Reserves stand at only about 0.95 million carats, while the Remaining Resources are estimated at 30.87 million carats.
• Chemical Composition: A diamond is a solid form of the element Carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. It has the highest thermal conductivity of any natural material.
• Statutory Body: The Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), established in 1948, is responsible for the compilation of the National Mineral Inventory and ensures the scientific development of mineral resources in India.

The correct answer is Kareena Kapoor.

Key Points

• The book titled 'The Style Diary of a Bollywood Diva' is an autobiographical style guide written by the famous Indian actress Kareena Kapoor Khan.
• It was officially launched in February 2013 and provides a comprehensive look into her fashion evolution, personal life, and beauty secrets.
• The book was co-authored by Rochelle Pinto and published by Penguin Books under the Shobhaa De Books imprint.
• In this book, Kareena Kapoor shares her experiences regarding her famous "size zero" phase, her diet plans, and her approach to styling for various occasions, from red carpets to casual outings.
• It serves as both a memoir of her journey in the Bollywood film industry and a lifestyle manual for her fans and fashion enthusiasts. Hence, the correct answer is Kareena Kapoor.

Additional Information

• Priyanka Chopra:
• She released her highly anticipated autobiography titled 'Unfinished' in February 2021.
• The book covers her childhood in India, her time in the United States, winning Miss World 2000, and her successful career in both Bollywood and Hollywood.
• Alia Bhatt:
• As of now, Alia Bhatt has not released a formal autobiography. However, she has ventured into storytelling with her children's book series titled 'Ed finds a Home', launched in 2024.
• She is known for her versatile roles in films like Highway, Raazi, and Gangubai Kathiawadi.
• Deepika Padukone:
• While she hasn't written an autobiography, she is a prominent advocate for mental health and founded the Live Love Laugh Foundation in 2015 to create awareness about depression in India.

Important Points

• Kareena Kapoor Khan's Literary Contributions:
• Apart from her style diary, she authored 'Kareena Kapoor Khan's Pregnancy Bible', published in August 2021.
• This book was described as a comprehensive guide for expecting mothers, covering both the physical and emotional aspects of pregnancy.
• Career Highlights:
• Kareena Kapoor made her acting debut in the year 2000 with the film Refugee.
• She has received several Filmfare Awards and is considered one of the most influential actresses in the Indian Cinema.
• The Style Diary highlights her transition through different phases of her career, making it a significant piece of celebrity literature in India.

The correct answer is Navratna.

Key Points

• Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is a state-owned aerospace and defence company that holds the prestigious Navratna status among Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs).
• The Navratna status was conferred upon BEL by the Government of India in June 2007, providing it with enhanced financial and operational autonomy to compete in the global market.
• Established in 1954 in Bengaluru, Karnataka, the company functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.
• BEL was set up in collaboration with CSF, France (now part of the Thales Group), primarily to manufacture basic communication equipment for the Indian Armed Forces.
• The company operates nine manufacturing units across India, located in cities including Ghaziabad, Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, Machilipatnam, Panchkula, Kotdwara, and Navi Mumbai.
• As of July 2025, BEL remains a key Navratna entity, specializing in Radars, Missile Systems, Electronic Warfare, Sonars, and even civilian products like Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and VVPATs.

Additional Information

• Classification of CPSEs: The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE), under the Ministry of Finance, classifies Central Public Sector Enterprises into three categories: Maharatna, Navratna, and Miniratna (Category I and II).
• Navratna Criteria: To be eligible for Navratna status, a CPSE must be a Miniratna Category-I and a Schedule ‘A’ company, have obtained an ‘Excellent’ or ‘Very Good’ rating in the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) system in three of the last five years, and have a composite score of 60 or above in six performance parameters.
• Maharatna Category: This is the highest status, introduced in May 2010. Companies like BHEL, ONGC, and NTPC hold this status. To be a Maharatna, a company must have a Navratna status, be listed on the Indian stock exchange, and have an average annual net profit of over Rs. 5,000 crore during the last 3 years.
• Miniratna Category-I: These companies must have made a profit in the last three years continuously, pre-tax profit of Rs. 30 crore or more in at least one of the three years, and have a positive net worth.
• Miniratna Category-II: These companies must have made a profit for the last three years continuously and should have a positive net worth to be eligible for autonomy.

Important Points

• Financial Autonomy: A Navratna company like BEL has the power to invest up to Rs. 1,000 crore or 15% of its net worth on a single project without seeking prior approval from the Central Government.
• Global Reach: Navratna status allows these firms to establish Joint Ventures and Subsidiaries in India or abroad, facilitating global expansion and technology acquisition.
• Diversification: While BEL is primarily a defence electronics firm, it has diversified into Solar Power, Homeland Security, Smart Cities, and Medical Electronics (notably manufacturing ventilators during the 2020 pandemic).
• MoU Parameters: The six parameters for Navratna scoring include Net Profit to Net Worth, Manpower Cost to total Cost of Production, Profit Before Depreciation, Interest and Taxes (PBDIT) to Capital Employed, and Earnings Per Share (EPS), among others.

The correct answer is Gitanjali.

Key Points

• Gitanjali is a collection of 103 poems selected from Rabindranath Tagore’s original Bengali poetry, which he translated into English.
• The title Gitanjali literally means "Song Offerings"; it was first published in Bengali in 1910 with 157 poems, while the English version was published in 1912.
• The English collection, containing 103 poems, gained international fame and led to Rabindranath Tagore becoming the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.
• The poems are primarily devotional in nature, exploring the relationship between man and God, the beauty of nature, and the spirituality of everyday life.
• The introduction to the English translation was written by the famous Irish poet W.B. Yeats, which helped introduce Tagore’s work to the Western world.

Additional Information

• Urvasi:
• Urvasi is a famous poem written by Rabindranath Tagore, though it is not the name of the 103-poem collection.
• It is considered one of the finest lyrical poems in Bengali literature, depicting the mythological apsara as a symbol of eternal beauty.
• Aansoo:
• Aansoo (Tears) is a significant work of Hindi literature, authored by Jaishankar Prasad.
• Published in 1925, it is a shringara (romantic/emotional) poem that reflects the Chhayavaadi school of poetry.
• Kamayni:
• Kamayni is an epic poem written by Jaishankar Prasad, considered one of the masterpieces of modern Hindi literature.
• Published in 1936, it deals with the mythology of Manu and the Great Flood, symbolizing the evolution of human consciousness.

Important Points

• Rabindranath Tagore (born May 7, 1861) was a polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music. He was popularly known as "Gurudev".
• He is the only person to have composed the national anthems of two countries: India (Jana Gana Mana) and Bangladesh (Amar Shonar Bangla).
• In 1915, he was awarded a Knighthood by the British Crown, which he later renounced in 1919 as a protest against the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
• He founded Visva-Bharati University in Santiniketan, West Bengal, in 1921, which remains a prestigious Central University today.
• His literary work spans across novels, short stories, and plays, including famous titles like Gora, The Home and the World, and Chokher Bali.

The correct answer is Cricket.

Key Points

• Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players each on a field, at the center of which is a 22-yard pitch with a wicket at each end.
• The term Deep Extra Cover refers to a specific fielding position on the off-side of the field. It is located in the outfield, deep behind the extra cover area, primarily used to stop boundaries from lofted drives. Hence, the term is related to Cricket.
• The 3^rd Man (or Third Man) is a fielding position located on the off-side, behind the wicket-keeper and the slip cordon. Its primary role is to stop runs from edges or late cuts that travel toward the boundary. Hence, the term is related to Cricket.
• Fine leg is a fielding position on the leg-side (on-side) behind the batsman. The term "fine" indicates that the fielder is placed at a narrow angle relative to the line between the two wickets (close to the 45-degree line). Hence, the term is related to Cricket.
• Fielding positions in Cricket are strategically set by the captain of the bowling side to minimize runs or create wicket-taking opportunities based on the bowler's style and the batsman's strengths.

Additional Information

• Cricket Field Layout:
• The field is divided into two halves: the Off-side (the side the batsman faces when in a normal stance) and the Leg-side or On-side (the side behind the batsman's back).
• Other common fielding positions include Slip, Gully, Point, Cover, Mid-off, Mid-on, Square Leg, and Mid-wicket.
• In Limited Overs Internationals (LOI), a 30-yard circle is marked on the field to regulate fielding restrictions during different phases of the game (Powerplays).
• Governing Body and Formats:
• The International Cricket Council (ICC) is the global governing body of cricket, founded in 1909.
• The sport is played in three primary formats: Test Cricket (the longest format, lasting up to 5 days), One Day Internationals (ODI), and Twenty20 (T20).
• Terminology in Other Sports:
• Baseball: Uses terms like Home Run, Strikeout, Pitcher, and Shortstop.
• Basketball: Uses terms like Dribbling, Free Throw, Rebound, and Slam Dunk.
• Football: Uses terms like Offside, Penalty Kick, Corner Kick, and Red Card.

Important Points

• Historical Context: Cricket originated in south-east England and became the country's national sport in the 18^th century. It spread globally through the British Empire.
• Key Equipment: The game requires a Cricket Ball (made of cork and leather), a Cricket Bat (made of willow wood), and protective gear like pads, gloves, and helmets.
• Significant Tournaments: Major international events include the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup (held every 4 years), the ICC T20 World Cup, and the World Test Championship.

The correct answer is Nepal.

Key Points

• The Motihari-Amlekhgunj Petroleum Product Pipeline (MAPL) is a landmark project connecting India and Nepal, serving as South Asia’s first cross-border petroleum products pipeline.
• The pipeline was jointly inaugurated on September 10, 2019, by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, and the then Prime Minister of Nepal, K.P. Sharma Oli, via a video link.
• It spans a total distance of 69 kilometers, starting from Motihari in the East Champaran district of Bihar, India, and terminating at Amlekhgunj in the Bara district of Nepal.
• The project was executed by the Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL) in collaboration with the Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC) to ensure a seamless supply of fuel.
• The primary objective of the pipeline is to provide a cleaner, cheaper, and more reliable mode of transporting petroleum products, primarily Diesel and Petrol, to the landlocked Himalayan nation.

Additional Information

• Project Capacity and Cost: The pipeline has a capacity of 2 million metric tons per annum (MMTPA). The project was completed at a cost of approximately Rs 324 crore, which was entirely funded by the Government of India as part of its Neighbourhood First policy.
• Environmental and Economic Impact: Before the pipeline, petroleum was transported via hundreds of truck tankers through the Raxaul-Birgunj border. The pipeline significantly reduces carbon emissions, traffic congestion, and transportation costs, while also preventing leakage and adulteration during transit.
• Phase II Expansion: Building on the success of the first phase, both countries signed an agreement in 2023 for Phase II of the project. This involves the construction of storage tanks, pump houses, and other auxiliary facilities at Amlekhgunj to enhance storage capacity for petrol and diesel.
• Strategic Cooperation: The pipeline is a symbol of the deepening energy security partnership between India and Nepal. It ensures that Nepal has a steady supply of fuel even during harsh weather conditions or logistical disruptions at the border.
• Regional Significance: This model of energy connectivity is being looked upon as a blueprint for similar projects with other neighboring countries like Bangladesh (e.g., the Indo-Bangla Friendship Pipeline).

Important Points

• The pipeline was completed in a record time of 15 months, well ahead of its original 30-month schedule.
• The project reflects the historical and cultural ties between the two nations, often described as 'Roti-Beti Ka Rishta', now evolving into a modern technological partnership.
• Future plans include extending the pipeline further to Chitwan in Nepal to facilitate easier distribution across the central and western parts of the country.
• The India-Nepal cooperation also extends to hydroelectricity and cross-border transmission lines, making energy a core pillar of their bilateral relations.

The correct answer is Gomti.

Key Points

• The Bada Imambara, also known as the Asafi Imambara, is an iconic historical monument situated in Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh.
• It is located on the southern bank of the Gomti River, which is a major tributary of the Ganges and flows through the heart of the city.
• The structure was built by Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula in 1784 as part of a famine relief project to provide livelihoods to the people of the Awadh region during a severe drought.
• Architecturally, the monument is renowned for its central vaulted hall, which is approximately 15 meters high and was constructed without the use of beams or pillars, representing a feat of 18^th-century engineering.
• The complex includes the Asafi Mosque, the Shahi Baoli (step-well), and the famous Bhulbhulaiya, a complex labyrinth of interconnected passages located above the main hall.

 Additional Information

• Gomti River:
• It originates from Gomat Taal (Fulhaar Jheel) near Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh.
• The river flows through several important cities including Lakhimpur Kheri, Lucknow, Sultanpur, and Jaunpur before joining the Ganga.
• Ganga:
• The longest river in India, it originates from the Gangotri Glacier in the Uttarakhand Himalayas.
• Yamuna:
• Originates from the Yamunotri Glacier and flows through major cities like Delhi and Agra before merging with the Ganga at Prayagraj.
• Kaveri:
• A major river in Southern India that originates from the Brahmagiri Hills in the Western Ghats of Karnataka and flows through Tamil Nadu.

The correct answer is 51.

Key Points

• The 1951 Asian Games, officially known as the First Asian Games, were hosted in New Delhi, India, marking the beginning of the largest multi-sport event in Asia.
• India performed exceptionally well as the host nation, finishing second in the overall medal tally, trailing only behind Japan.
• The Indian contingent won a total of 51 medals, which comprised 15 gold, 16 silver, and 20 bronze medals.
• Athletics proved to be the most successful discipline for India, where Lavy Pinto won the gold medal in both the 100m and 200m sprints, becoming the first Indian to achieve this feat.
• In team sports, the Indian football team secured a historic gold medal by defeating Iran 1-0 in the final match held at the Irwin Amphitheatre.

 Additional Information

• Event Logistics and Participation:
• The games were inaugurated by the then President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and the motto 'Play the game in the spirit of the game' was given by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
• A total of 11 nations participated in the inaugural edition, including Afghanistan, Burma, Ceylon, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
• The games featured six sports: Athletics, Aquatics (Swimming and Diving), Basketball, Cycling, Football, and Weightlifting.
• Sachin Nag earned the distinction of winning India's first-ever gold medal in Swimming (100m freestyle) during this edition.
• Japan dominated the event by topping the table with 60 medals, including 24 gold medals.

The correct answer is Dakhil Darwaza.

Key Points

• Dakhil Darwaza, also known as the Salami Darwaza (Salute Gate), is a monumental gateway located in the ruins of Gaur, situated in the Malda district of West Bengal.
• Constructed primarily in the 15^th century, most historical records attribute its creation to Sultan Barbak Shah around 1425 AD, though it reached its final form during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Husain Shah.
• The structure served as the main ceremonial entrance to the citadel of Lakhnauti, which was the flourishing capital of the Bengal Sultanate during the medieval period.
• Architecturally, it is a magnificent specimen of the Indo-Islamic style unique to the Bengal region, featuring high-quality terracotta ornamentation and intricate brickwork characteristic of the local craftsmanship.
• The gateway measures about 21 meters in width and 17 meters in height, flanked by massive circular bastions at its corners which were designed to provide both structural support and a defensive vantage point.
• The name Salami Darwaza is derived from the tradition of firing cannon salutes from the gateway's upper platforms to welcome the Sultan and high-ranking dignitaries.

 Additional Information

• Buland Darwaza:
• Located at Fatehpur Sikri near Agra, Uttar Pradesh.
• Built by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1601 AD to commemorate his successful military campaign and victory over Gujarat.
• It stands as the highest gateway in the world, showcasing Mughal architectural excellence with its red sandstone and white marble inlay work.
• Rumi Darwaza:
• Situated in Lucknow, it was built by Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula in 1784 as part of a famine relief project.
• It is an iconic example of Awadh architecture and is often compared to the Bab-i-Humayun in Istanbul, Turkey.
• Alai Darwaza:
• Located within the Qutub Minar complex in Delhi, serving as the southern entrance to the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.
• Commissioned by Sultan Alauddin Khalji in 1311 AD, it represents the first Indian building to utilize true Islamic arches and domes.

The correct answer is 1.

Key Points

• India has won exactly one gold medal in Athletics in its entire Olympic history, up to and including the Paris Olympics 2024.
• This landmark achievement was recorded by Neeraj Chopra in the Men's Javelin Throw event during the Tokyo 2020 Olympics (which took place in 2021 due to the pandemic).
• In the Tokyo 2020 final, Neeraj Chopra secured the top spot on the podium with a best throw of 87.58 meters, becoming the first Indian athlete to win a gold in a track and field event.
• At the Paris Olympics 2024, while India participated in various athletics disciplines including the 3000m Steeplechase and Relay races, no gold medals were added to the tally.
• Neeraj Chopra competed again in the Paris 2024 games and secured the Silver Medal with a throw of 89.45 meters, falling short of the gold which was won by Pakistan's Arshad Nadeem.

 Additional Information

• Neeraj Chopra's Achievements:
• He is only the second Indian individual to win an Olympic gold medal, following Abhinav Bindra, who won in the 10m Air Rifle Shooting event at the Beijing 2008 Olympics.
• He holds the distinction of being the first Indian to win a gold medal at the World Athletics Championships (Budapest 2023).
• Historical Context of Indian Athletics:
• Before the 2020 breakthrough, legendary athletes like Milkha Singh (The Flying Sikh) in the 1960 Rome Olympics and P.T. Usha in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics narrowly missed medals, both finishing in 4^th place.
• Norman Pritchard, representing British India in the 1900 Paris Olympics, won two silver medals in the 200m and 200m hurdles, which are considered the first athletics medals for the nation.
• India's Overall Paris 2024 Performance:
• India concluded its Paris 2024 campaign with a total of 6 medals, comprising 1 silver and 5 bronze medals.
• The solitary silver medal from the athletics contingent was won by Neeraj Chopra, while other medals came from Shooting, Wrestling, and Field Hockey.

The correct answer is Kota.

Key Points

• The Rawatbhata Atomic Power Plant, also known as the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), is located in the Chittorgarh district of Rajasthan, but it is geographically closest to the major city of Kota.
• The facility is situated near the Rana Pratap Sagar Dam on the Chambal River, which provides the necessary water supply for the cooling systems of the reactors.
• It was the first plant in India to adopt the Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) technology, which utilizes Natural Uranium as fuel and Heavy Water (D₂O) as a moderator and coolant.
• The construction of the first two units began in the 1960s with technical assistance from Canada (Atomic Energy of Canada Limited), marking a significant milestone in India's nuclear energy program.
• The plant is operated by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) and currently consists of multiple operational units, with additional units being planned or under construction to increase capacity.

 Additional Information

• Jaipur:
• Recognized as the Pink City, it serves as the capital of Rajasthan and is a major hub for tourism and administrative activities, though it lacks nuclear infrastructure.
• Udaipur:
• Known as the City of Lakes, it is famous for its historical palaces and artificial lakes like Lake Pichola and Fateh Sagar Lake.
• Ajmer:
• A central city in Rajasthan known for its religious significance, specifically the Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Dargah and the nearby holy town of Pushkar.
• Nuclear Power in India:
• India's nuclear energy strategy is a three-stage program aimed at utilizing the country's vast Thorium reserves.
• Other prominent nuclear power plants include Tarapur (Maharashtra), Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), and Kakrapar (Gujarat).

The correct answer is Shot put.

Key Points

• Tajinderpal Singh Toor is a distinguished Indian athlete who specializes in the shot put event and has consistently dominated the discipline at the continental level.
• He secured his first Asian Games gold medal during the 2018 Jakarta-Palembang Games, where he set a then-Games record with a massive throw of 20.75 meters.
• Toor successfully defended his title at the 2022 Asian Games (held in Hangzhou, China in 2023), clinching the gold medal once again with a best attempt of 20.36 meters.
• By winning back-to-back gold medals, he became only the fourth Indian shot putter in history to defend an Asian Games title, following in the footsteps of legends like Parduman Singh Brar, Joginder Singh, and Bahadur Singh Chouhan.
• His performance in Hangzhou was particularly significant as he overcame early fouls to secure the top spot on the podium in his final attempts.

 Additional Information

• Shot Put Details:
• The shot put is a track and field event involving the throwing (putting) of a heavy spherical ball. For men, the shot weighs 7.26 kilograms (16 lbs), while for women, it weighs 4 kilograms (8.8 lbs).
• Asian Record: Tajinderpal Singh Toor holds the Asian outdoor record of 21.77 meters, which he achieved at the National Inter-State Senior Athletics Championships in Bhubaneswar in 2023.
• Arjuna Award: In recognition of his excellence and contribution to Indian athletics, he was honored with the Arjuna Award in 2019.
• Technical Skill: Toor is known for utilizing the glide technique, a traditional movement where the athlete slides from the back of the circle to the front to generate momentum before the release.
• Other Sports Context:
• Javelin Throw: This is another field event where India has seen immense success recently through Neeraj Chopra, who won gold at both the 2018 and 2022 Asian Games.
• Long Jump: In the 2022 Asian Games, Murali Sreeshankar won a silver medal for India in this discipline.

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. Tough cookie.

Key Points

• The idiom "Tough cookie" refers to a person who is strong, resilient, and not easily discouraged, especially in difficult situations. (हिम्मत वाला व्यक्ति)
• Example: Despite losing several matches, she proved to be a tough cookie and eventually won the championship.
• The idiom highlights strength of character, determination, and the ability to face adversity with courage.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Tough cookie.

---

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Tough cheese (दुर्भाग्य): This is a sarcastic phrase used to indicate "too bad" or "unlucky" in an unsympathetic way.
• Example: "You missed the bus? Tough cheese, you’ll have to wait for the next one."
• Tough sledding (कठिनाई): This idiom refers to difficult progress or challenges in achieving something.
• Example: "It was tough sledding for the team as they tried to climb the ranks in the league."
• Tough row to hoe (मुश्किल काम): This idiom describes a difficult task or challenge that one must handle.
• Example: "Starting a business in this economy is a tough row to hoe."

The correct answer is: 2 i.e. To be involved in several different activities or enterprises at once, especially when maintaining some level of influence over those activities.

Key Points

• The idiom "To have a finger in every pie" means being involved in many different activities or enterprises at the same time, often with some level of control or influence. (कई गतिविधियों या उद्यमों में शामिल होना, अक्सर कुछ हद तक नियंत्रण या प्रभाव के साथ)
• Example: She has a finger in every pie, from running her business to volunteering for social causes.

Hence, the meaning of the idiom aligns with option 2.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 2 i.e. To be involved in several different activities or enterprises at once, especially when maintaining some level of influence over those activities.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 1: To be involved in a situation, often in a meddlesome way (किसी स्थिति में शामिल होना, अक्सर दखल देने वाले तरीके से)
• Example: He always tries to have a finger in every pie, even when nobody asks for his help.
• Option 3: Regardless of how a situation is analyzed, viewed, or portrayed, the truth of it remains unchanged (इससे कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता कि स्थिति का विश्लेषण, दृष्टिकोण, या चित्रण कैसे किया जाता है, इसकी सच्चाई अपरिवर्तित रहती है)
• Example: This phrase does not fit the idiom's meaning.
• Option 4: To have a portion of the money or profits that are being shared by everyone involved in generating them (पैसे या लाभ का हिस्सा रखना जो सभी द्वारा साझा किया जा रहा हो)
• Example: This interpretation does not fully match the idiom's actual meaning.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

The correctly spelt word is 'Legendary'.

• The word 'Legendary' is an adjective which means 'remarkable or celebrated enough to be famous' or 'described in or based on legends'. (प्रसिद्ध/पौराणिक)
• For Example -
• The singer was a legendary figure in her own lifetime.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Legendary'.

Additional Information

Let's understand why the other options are incorrect:

• Leagendry - Incorrect spelling. It adds an unnecessary 'a' in the first syllable; the root word is 'legend'.
• Legendery - Incorrect spelling. The common suffix for this adjective is -ary, not -ery.
• Leggendry - Incorrect spelling. The letter 'g' should not be doubled in this word.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• The given sentence uses the word ‘trucculent’, which is misspelled.
• The correct spelling of the word is ‘truculent’.
• The word ‘truculent’ is an adjective that means eager or quick to argue or fight; aggressively defiant.
• Example: The truculent teenager often got into arguments with his teachers.

Therefore, the correct sentence will be:

The truculent player argued fiercely with the referee after the decision.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (truculient): This is an incorrect spelling.
• Option 3 (trucuelent): This is also an incorrect spelling.
• Option 4 (No replacement required): This is incorrect because the original word is misspelled.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

The misspelled word is 'meloudies'.

• The correct spelling would be 'melodies'.
• The word 'melodies' is a noun which means 'a sequence of single notes that is musically satisfying'. (सुरलहरी)
• For Example - The musician composed beautiful melodies that touched everyone’s heart.

Therefore, the correct answer would be 'meloudies'.

Additional Information

Let's understand the meanings of the other marked words - 

• Musician - a person who plays a musical instrument, especially as a profession, or is musically talented. (संगीतकार)
• Profound - (of a state, quality, or emotion) very great or intense. (गहरा)
• Symbolism - the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. (प्रतीकवाद)

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

The misspelled word is 'Silouette'.

• The correct spelling would be 'Silhouette'.
• The word 'Silhouette' is a noun which means 'the dark shape and outline of someone or something visible against a lighter background, especially in dim light.' (परछाई/आकृति)
• For Example -
• The silhouette of the mountains looked stunning during the sunset.

Therefore, the correct answer would be 'Silouette'.

Additional Information

Let's understand the meanings of the other marked words - 

• Etiquette - the customary code of polite behavior in society or among members of a particular profession or group (शिष्टाचार)
• Corvette - a small warship (छोटी युद्धपोत)
• Cassette - a sealed plastic unit containing a length of magnetic tape that is wound between two reels and used for recording or playing back sound or video (कैसेट)