Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow
The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, was a nationwide protest against British rule, following the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 and the harsh Rowlatt Act. Gandhi urged Indians to withdraw from British institutions—courts, schools, titles and jobs—as a peaceful form of resistance. The movement was Gandhi’s first major attempt to mobilise masses at a national level using nonviolent civil disobedience.
Gandhi believed that by refusing to cooperate with the British, Indians could paralyse the colonial system. He emphasised swadeshi (use of indigenous goods), promoted khadi (homespun cloth), and encouraged the boycott of British goods. The movement attracted widespread participation, including students, lawyers, farmers and women.
However, after the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, where protesters turned violent and killed 22 policemen, Gandhi called off the movement. He believed that violence violated the spirit of satyagraha and feared it would derail the movement’s moral foundation.
Despite its abrupt end, the Non-Cooperation Movement was significant as it awakened national consciousness and introduced Gandhi’s methods to the larger Indian public.