MP Police Constable : (19 Nov 2025, Shift 1) Memory-Based Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Geneva.

Key Points

Th e correct answer is Geneva, Switzerland.

• The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency. Its headquarter is in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Formation: 14 December 1950
• Type of Programme: United Nations Programme Legal
• Current High Commissioner: Filippo Grandi(Oct 2021)
• First High Commissioner: Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart

Additional Information

• Few important headquarters:

The correct answer is Television.

Key Points

• Cathode ray tube is an integral part of Television.
• A cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube in which images are produced when an electron beam strikes a phosphorescent surface.
• A Cathode ray tube is made of the electron gun assembly, the phosphor viewing surface, and the glass envelope.
• A heated cathode surrounded by a metal anode makes the electron gun assembly.
• The first important part of the cathode ray tube is the heated metal cathode also known as the electron gun.
• The second important part of the CRT is the phosphor screen.
• The third import part of the CRT is the deflecting system.

It is obvious that you need to improve security. So among options 1 and 3, 1 is more viable and correct since due to the robberies, police are aware of risk on the area so they will help you and if the number of patrols is increased, the robberies can decrease.

Therefore option 1 is the correct answer.

Shortcut Trick

Let the Cost Price (CP) of the bike be 100 units.

Selling Price (SP) at 45% profit = 100 + 45 = 145 units.

New SP when sold at double the price = 2 × 145 = 290 units.

New Profit = New SP − CP = 290 − 100 = 190 units.

Since the base CP is 100 units, the profit percentage is directly the profit amount.

∴ The correct answer is 190%.

Alternate Method

Given:

Initial profit percentage = 45%

New Selling Price = 2 × Initial Selling Price

Formula Used:

Selling Price (SP) = CP × (100 + Profit%) ÷ 100

Profit% = [(SP − CP) ÷ CP] × 100

Calculations:

⇒ Let the Cost Price (CP) of the bike be x.

⇒ Initial Selling Price (SP) = x × (100 + 45) ÷ 100 = 1.45x

⇒ New Selling Price = 2 × Initial SP = 2 × 1.45x = 2.90x

⇒ New Profit = New Selling Price − CP

⇒ New Profit = 2.90x − x = 1.90x

⇒ New Profit % = (New Profit ÷ CP) × 100

⇒ New Profit % = (1.90x ÷ x) × 100 = 190%

∴ The correct answer is 190%.

Additional Information

Marked Price & Discount

MP is the price printed on the article. Discount is always calculated on the MP. Selling Price (SP) = MP × (100 − Discount%) ÷ 100.

Successive Profit

When an article is sold sequentially by multiple sellers, the effective SP is calculated cumulatively: Final SP = CP × (100 + P₁%) ÷ 100 × (100 + P₂%) ÷ 100.

Dishonest Dealer

When a dealer professes to sell goods at CP but uses a false weight, the profit percentage is calculated as: Profit % = (Error ÷ (True Value − Error)) × 100.

The correct answer is Ahmedabad.

 Key Points

• Saptak Annual Festival of Music is organized by the Saptak School of Music.
• It is an annual 13-day Indian classical music festival held in Ahmedabad, India.
• This festival was started in 1980 by Nandan Mehta and his wife Manju Mehta.
• Besides pure classical music, it also includes the performance of Folk Music, Classical Dance Forms, and Semi-Classical Dance Forms such as Thumri.

Important Points

• Notable festivals of other cities are as follows:
• Amritsar - Lohri. Celebrated on the 13^th of January every year.
• Bhopal - Bhopal Utsav Mela.
• Lucknow - Saifai Mahotsav

The correct answer is Boyle’s Law.

• According to Boyle’s Law at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to pressure.

Key Points

• Boyle’s Law
• At constant temperature, the volume of a definite mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.
• P. V = constant

Additional Information

• Charles’ Law:
• At constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
• \(V ∝T\)
• Gay-Lussac’s Law
• At constant volume, the pressure of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin.
• \(P∝{T}\)
• Graham’s Law of Diffusion
• According to this law, the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density.

The logic followed here is:

Hence, the correct answer is "1264".

Given:

Area of circle₁ = 154 cm²

Radius of circle₂ = 21 cm

Calculation

Area of circle₁ = π × radius²

⇒ 154 = 22/7 × radius²

⇒ radius² = 49

⇒ Radius = √49

⇒ Radius = 7cm

So the circumference of cicle₁ = 2π × radius

∴ Circumference of circle₁ = 2 × (22/7) × 7 = 44 cm

Radius of circle₂ = 21 cm

∴ Circumference of circle₂ = 2 × π × radius

⇒ 2 × (22/7) × 21 = 132

Ratio of Circumference of circle₁ : Circumference of circle₂ = 44 : 132 = 1 : 3

The correct answer is Lord Canning.

Key Points

• Lord Canning (1856-1862) was the Viceroy of India during the 'Sepoy Mutiny' or the great revolt that took place.
• The Revolt of 1857 is an important landmark in India's history, which occurred during the governor generalship of Lord Canning.
• Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence, widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in 1857.
• Event during his regime - 
• Revolt of 1857
• Establishment of three universities at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay in 1857
• Abolition of East India Company and transfer of control to the Crown by the Government of India Act, 1858
• Indian Councils Act of 1861

Additional InformationGrievances of Sepoy:

• Discrimination in payment and promotion.
• Refusal of the British to pay foreign service allowance while fighting in remote regions such as Punjab or Sindh.
• Religious objections of the high caste Hindu sepoys to Lord Canning's General Service Enlistment Act (1856) ordering all recruits to be ready for service both within and outside India.

The correct answer is 14 µ.    

Key Points

• The atomic mass of nitrogen is 14 µ.
• Atom: 
• An atom is the smallest invisible unit of matter that constitutes a chemical element.
• Every plasma, solid, gas & liquid, composed of ionized or neutral atoms.
• Around 100 picometers across, atoms are extremely small.
• Atomic Mass: 
• The Atomic Theory of Dalton suggested that each element has a unique atomic mass.
• The law of constant proportions could be explained easily by the implementation of Dalton's theory.
• As the size of an atom is relatively small, it is quite difficult to determine the mass of an atom.
• That's why the scientists started evaluating the mass of an atom by differentiating it with the mass of a standard atom.
• The atomic mass is 12u (12 atomic mass units).
• Thus it states that 1 atomic mass unit = Mass of 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
• The following table shows the list of elements with the respective atomic masses. 

The given information can be depicted through a family tree using following symobls:

Family tree- 

Hence, the girl is boy's sister.

Given:

Buying price = 21 mangoes for a rupee,

Loss = 30%

Calculation:

For 30% loss, he has to sell all 21 mangoes in 70% of 1Rs.

Thus, SP of 21 Mangoes = 0.7 Rs

So in 1 Rs he has to sell =21/0.7 mangoes = 30 mangoes

Hence, he had to sell around 30 mangoes for a rupee to have a loss of 30%.

Alternate Method According to the question, 

Rs. 1 = 21 Mangoes (Cost Price)

Cost price for 1 mango, 

⇒ Rs. 1/21

Now if he suffers a loss of 30%, 

Selling Price for 1 mango,

⇒ 1/21 × 7/10 = Rs. 1/30

If 1 Mango at Rs. 1/30

then he would sell 30 mangoes in Rs. 1 

∴ He should sell 30 mangoes at Rs. 1.

The correct answer is Veena.

Key Points

• Chitti Babu was a classical musician from India, and one of the greatest Veena artistes, in the Carnatic Music genre of South India, who became a legend in his own lifetime.

Additional Information

• Famous Guitar artists in India:
• Baiju Dharmajan.
• Amyt Datta.
• Susmit Sen.
• Rex Vijayan.
• Kapil Srivastava.
• Famous Veena artists in India:
• Jayanthi Kumaresh.
• Asad Ali Khan.
• E. Gayathri.
• S. Balachander.
• Chitti Babu.
• Famous Sitar artists in India:-
• Pt. Ravi Shankar, Shahid Parvez Khan, Budhaditya Mukherjee, Anushka Shankar.
• Famous Santoor artists in India:-
• ​Shiv Kumar Sharma

The correct answer is Ellora Caves.

Key Points

• The depiction of Ravana shaking Mount Kailash is found in Cave 16 of the Ellora Caves.
• Ellora is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Maharashtra, India.
• It is famous for its Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain cave temples, which were carved out of the rock over a period of centuries.
• Cave 16 is a Hindu cave temple dedicated to Shiva.
• It is one of the largest and most impressive cave temples at Ellora.
• The sculpture of Ravana shaking Mount Kailash is located on the exterior wall of the cave temple.
• It is a large and impressive sculpture that depicts the demon king Ravana attempting to lift Mount Kailash, the home of Shiva and Parvati.
• The sculpture is a popular tourist attraction and is considered to be one of the finest examples of Hindu art.

Additional Information

Important Points

• The depiction of Ravana shaking Mount Kailash is found in Cave 16 of the Ellora Caves.
• Ellora is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Maharashtra, India.
• The Ellora Caves were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1983
• It is famous for its Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain cave temples, which were carved out of the rock over a period of centuries.
• Cave 16 is a Hindu cave temple dedicated to Shiva.
• The sculpture of Ravana shaking Mount Kailash is located on the exterior wall of the cave temple.

Assuming ‘L’ as the starting position and ‘P’ as the ending position.

ON = 300 km.

ON = PM = 300 km.

LM = 100 km.

Thus, PL = PM + ML

= 300 + 100

= 400 km.

Thus, the plane is 400 km west with reference to its starting position.

Shortcut Trick

Total Simple Interest for 2 years = 3,120 − 2,000 = ₹1,120

Interest for 1 year = 1,120 ÷ 2 = ₹560

Rate of Interest = (Interest per year ÷ Principal) × 100

Rate % = (560 ÷ 2,000) × 100 = 28%

∴ The correct answer is 28% per annum.

Alternate Method

Given:

Principal (P) = ₹2,000

Amount (A) = ₹3,120

Time (T) = 2 years

Formula Used:

Simple Interest (SI) = (P × R × T) / 100

Amount (A) = Principal (P) + Simple Interest (SI)

Calculations:

⇒ SI = A − P

⇒ SI = 3,120 − 2,000 = ₹1,120

⇒ 1,120 = (2,000 × R × 2) / 100

⇒ 1,120 = 20 × R × 2

⇒ 1,120 = 40 × R

⇒ R = 1,120 / 40

⇒ R = 28%

∴ The correct answer is 28% per annum.

Additional Information

Simple Interest Concept

Simple interest is calculated only on the initial Principal amount. The interest remains constant every year if the rate and principal do not change.

Rate of Interest Calculation

The Rate of Interest (R) can be found using the formula R = (SI × 100) / (P × T), where SI is the total interest earned over time T.

Relation between Amount and Principal

The total Amount (A) at the end of the period is always the sum of the Principal (P) and the total Simple Interest (SI) earned.

The correct answer is Karnataka.

• Kambala is an annual buffalo race held traditionally in the Karnataka state of India.

Key Points

• Kambala is an annual buffalo race held in the southwestern Indian state of Karnataka.
• Traditionally, it is sponsored by local Tuluva landlords and households in the coastal districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi of Karnataka and Kasaragod of Kerala and Kannada landlords of Kundapura region.
• Traditional Kambala was non-competitive, and the pair was run one by one.
• In modern Kambala, the contest generally takes place between two pairs of buffaloes.
• In villages such as Vandaro and Choradi, there is also a ritualistic aspect, as farmers race their buffaloes to give thanks for protecting them from diseases.

Important Points

• The event was recently in news, when after the ban on Jallikattu; the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) has asked the Karnataka government to ban the race citing reasons of cruelty to animals.

Key Points

Thermal Power Plant

• In a thermal power plant, fossil fuels are burnt and energy is generated.
• Fossil fuels are formed in millions of years.
• Coal, petroleum are major fossil fuels.
• Coal is usually used in thermal power plants.
• The fossil fuel is burnt, and the energy is utilized to heat water.
• Steam generated is made to move the turbine and electricity is produced.
• Thermal power plants are built near coalfield as the transmission of electricity is easier than the transportation of coal.
• Alternating current can easily be transmitted by the transformer.

Additional Information

• Uranium is fuel for nuclear plants.
• Biogas is obtained from biological waste.

Preparing the family tree using the following symbol:

According to the given information:

D is the sister of E and daughter of F. G’s mother H is the wife of E and the daughter-in-law of J. E’s sister’s mother is married to F.

Hence, F is the husband of J.

Hence, the correct answer is "HUSBAND".

Given:

Average age of 14 friends = 14 years

Calculation:

The average age of 14 friends is 14 years.

The sum of the ages of all 14 friends = 14 ×  14 = 196 years.

Now, if the age of the 15^th friend is added, the average remains the same. 

Let's denote the age of the 15^th friend as "x" years.

The sum of ages of all 15 friends (including the 15^th friend) would be 196 years + x years.

According to the given condition, the average remains the same. The new average is still 14 years.

We can set up an equation using the concept of averages:

(196 + x) / 15 = 14

Simplifying the equation:

196 + x = 14 ×  15

196 + x = 210

x = 210 - 196

x = 14

Therefore, the age of the 15^th friend is 14 years.

∴ Option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Multilateral.

Key PointsWorld Trade Organization (WTO)

• It is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.
• It officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948.
• The Headquarters of WTO in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. It is the largest international economic organization in the world.
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
• The WTO has 164 members (including European Union) and 23 observer governments (like Iran, Iraq, Bhutan, Libya, etc).
• India is a founder member of the 1947 GATT and its successor, the WTO.

The correct answer is Trypsin.

• The food enters into the body through the mouth where teeth cut into small pieces and salivary glands make it watery.
• It passes through the oesophagus which is also called the food pipe then food enters the stomach.

Key Points

• The food is partially digested into the stomach and enters the small intestine.
• The small intestine is the place where complete digestion happens.
• The small intestine has two glands called the liver and pancreas.
• The liver secretes bile which breaks the fat present in the food into smaller particles so that enzymes can act upon it.
• The pancreas secretes two major enzymes called chymotrypsin and trypsin.
• Trypsin is a protein-digesting enzyme that breaks proteins into simpler substances.

Marks of five girls Mansi, Kajal, Reetu, Tina and Riya are compared

1) Marks of Riya are less than Mansi but more than Tina.

Mansi > Riya > Tina

2) Marks of Reetu are less than Tina, Riya and Mansi.

Mansi > Riya > Tina > Reetu

3) Marks of Kajal are less than Reetu.

Mansi > Riya > Tina > Reetu > Kajal

∴ Here, marks of 3 girls are less than the marks of Riya

Hence, the correct answer is "3".

GIVEN:

The population of town 4 years ago = 62500

Percentage increase annually = 20%

Time = 4 years

CONCEPT:

The percentage increase will be a successive percentage increase.

CALCULATION:

Population of village after 4 years = P × (1 + r/100)ⁿ

⇒ Population of village after 4 years = 62500 × (1 + 20/100)⁴

⇒ 62500 × 1296/625

= 129600

The answer is 1,29,600

The red color is used the most in the cave paintings of Bhimbetka.

Key Points

• The Bhimbetka rock shelters are an archaeological site in Central India that spans the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that consists of seven hills.
• Some of the Bhimbetka shelters feature prehistoric cave paintings.
• The earliest cave paintings are about 10,000 years old corresponding to the Indian mesolithic.
• These cave paintings show themes such as animals, early evidence of dance, and hunting.
• The Bhimbetka site has the oldest-known rock art in India.
• The cave paintings in Bhimbetka mainly used red color.

 Thus, we can say that Red is used the most in cave paintings of Bhimbetka.

The correct answer is Pisum sativum.

Key Points

• Johann Gregor Mendel is considered as the Father of Genetics.
• He conducted hybridization experiments on garden peas for seven years (1856-1863) and proposed the laws of inheritance in living organisms.
• The factors, now known as genes, are responsible for transfer of characteristics from one generation to another.
• Genetics is the science which deals with the inheritance, as well as the variation of characters from parents to offspring.
• Inheritance is the process by which characters are passed on from parent to progeny; it is the basis of heredity.
• This simply means that due to inheritance, the members of the same family possess similar characteristics.
• Variation is the degree by which progeny differ from their parents or to put in simple words, it refers to the differences among individuals of the same species.

Mendel's experiment in short

• Mendel conducted artificial pollination/cross-pollination experiments using several true-breeding pea lines.
• He selected 14 true-breeding pea plant varieties, as pairs which were similar except for one character with contrasting traits like - smooth or wrinkled seeds, yellow or green seeds, inflated (full) or constricted green or yellow pods and tall or dwarf plants.
• The genetic makeup of the plant is known as the genotype. On the contrary, the physical appearance of the plant is known as phenotype.
• The genes are transferred from one generation (parent) to the another (offspring) in pairs known as allele (variant form of genes).

Explanation:

• Pisum sativum was selected by Mendel because:
• It is an annual plant, therefore, many generations can be studied within a short period of time.
• The pea plant can be easily grown and maintained.
• It is a naturally self-pollinating but can also be cross-pollinated.
• It has several contrasting characters.

Additional Information

1. Gallus gallus domesticus (Andulusian Fowl) 

• It is one of the breeds of domestic chicken, also known as the Blue Andalusian.
• They are either black, blue, or white-feathered.
• The Andalusian fowl reveals the heritage of mixing.
• The cross is made between the black and white feathers of the fowls in this breed of the Andalusian fowl. The blue feathered fowl is the product obtained from the cross.

2. Oenothera lamarkiana (Evening primerose)

• This plant is originally native to Brazil, but has become naturalized in many countries and planted as an ornamental plant in gardens.
• De Vries conducted experiment on Oenothera lamarckiana or Evening Primrose plant.
• It is a self-pollinated plant and its seeds were allowed to grow, the majority of F1 plants were similar to the parents, but a few were different plants.
• The same results were found in the F2 generation.
• Later on, it was revealed that most of the variants isolated from Oenothera lamarckiana were due to its anomalous chromosome behaviour.
• The chromosomes form multiple rings at meiosis and chromosomal end segments only involves in recombination (low-level crossing over) and plant shows complex heterozygosity i.e., during meiosis maternal and paternal chromosomes are arranged in alternate order.

3. Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) 

• The phenomenon of linkage was studied by the scientist T.H. Morgan using the common fruit fly or Drosophila melanogaster.
• Linkage and recombination are phenomena that describe the inheritance of genes.
• A linkage is a phenomenon where two or more linked genes are always inherited together in the same combination for more than two generations.
• Morgan performed a cross between a heterozygous red-eyed female with a white-eyed male. This gave a ratio of 1:1:1:1 in the progeny (1 white eyed female, 1 red eyed female, 1 white eyed male and 1 red eyed male).
• He performed many such crosses and came to the determination that the gene responsible for the eye color was situated on the X chromosome (one of the two sex chromosomes).

The logic followed here is:

• Combine : Separate → Combine is antonym of Separate.

Similarly,

• Insufficient : ? → Insufficient is antonym of Abundant.

Hence, 'Abundant' is the correct answer.

Given

841 + 6 × 15 + 45% of 60:

Concept used:

Solution:

⇒ 841 + (6 × 15) + (45/100 × 60) = 841 + 90 + 27 = 958

Therefore, the value of 841 + 6 × 15 + 45% of 60 is 958.

The correct answer is Article 19.

Various types of asexual reproduction:

1. Talking to the head of the selection committee and requesting him to take the side of this candidate is not best for the candidate. Also the head might not accept my request. Even if the head accepts my request, it is immoral. If the person is serious for his PhD, then the best way is to clear the entrance and get admission on his own merit.

2. The best way to help the person is by helping him to prepare well for the entrance examination and by giving him comfortable textbooks.

If the candidate performs well in the exam he will definitely get to do PhD.

3. It is better to help a person rather that not doing anything for the person if I a capable of helping him.

4. Fighting with the members of the committee for no genuine reason is completely illogical.

Hence, ‘option 2’ is the correct answer.

Given:

The diameter of wheel = 70cm

So, the Radius of wheel, r = 70/2 = 35 cm

Revolutions in 1 minute =  600

Formula used:

Circumference of a circle = 2 π r

where r → radius of the circle

Calculations:

Circumference of the wheel

⇒ 2 × 22/7 × 35 = 220 cm

Now, the Distance covered in 1 revolution = 220 cm

So, distance covered in 1 minute

⇒ 220 × 600

⇒ 132000 cm

⇒ 13200cm = 132000/100000 = 1.32 km

Distance covered in 1 minute = 1.32 km

Hence, distance covered in 1 hr = 1.32 × 60 = 79.2 km

∴ Required speed = 79.2 km/hr

The correct answer is Anthropogenic environment.

• The environment modified by human activities is called an Anthropogenic environment.

Key Points

• Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.
• Modifying the environment to fit the needs of society is causing severe effects, which become worse as the problem of human overpopulation continues.
• Some human activities that cause damage (either directly or indirectly) to the environment on a global scale include population growth, overconsumption, overexploitation, pollution, and deforestation, to name but a few.
• Some of the problems, including global warming and biodiversity loss, pose an existential risk to the human race, and human overpopulation is strongly correlated with those problems.

Concept:

• The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is known as its Mass Number and is denoted by A.
• Protons and neutrons are situated in the nucleus of an atom and contribute most to the mass of the elements as the mass of electrons is negligible.
• The atomic number of an atom is the same as a number of proton.

Additional Information

Mass number(A) = Number of protons (Z) + Number of neutrons (N)

It is represented by:

​

Mistake PointsIt is conventional to count the number of protons as atomic numbers and not the number of the neutron.

The number of neutrons can be changed and as so nuclear bombs are made. so we count only the number of protons and not neutrons.

The least possible Venn diagram is as follows:

Conclusions:

I. All pants can never be ties → Follows (because only some pants are shirts and no shirt is a tie, hence all pants can never be ties.)

II. All ties are pants → Does not follow (because only some pants are shirts and no shirt is a tie, hence all ties can never be pants.)

Hence, “Only conclusion I follows”.

Given:

The ratio of ages of A and B 4 years ago = 5 : 7

The ratio of ages of A and B 4 years from now = 7 : 9

Calculation:

Let the constant be x

Age of A and B 4 years ago = 5x and 7x

According to question:

⇒ (5x + 8) / (7x + 8) = 7 / 9

⇒ 45x + 72 = 49x + 56

⇒ 4x = 16

⇒ x = 4

Present age of A and B =

Present age of A = 5 × 4 = 20 + 4 = 24

Present age of B = 7 × 4 = 28 + 4 = 32

A’s age after 12 years = 24 + 12 = 36

B’s age after 12 years = 32 + 12 = 44

Ratio of A’s age after 12 years : B’s age after 12 years = 9 : 11

The correct answer is The President.

• The President of India is the supreme commander of the defense forces of India. He is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the country.

Important Points

• Article 53 of the Constitution of India provides specifically the position of the President.
• As a supreme commander, he enjoys all the trapping of military pomp and ceremony.
• He has a grand mounted bodyguard, a serving general officer as his military secretary, a number of tri-services aides-de-camp, and other staff members.
• The President can declare war or conclude peace on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
• All important treaties and contracts are made in the President's name.
• He appoints chiefs of all branches of armed forces.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• A homologous series is a group of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties.
• The compounds in a homologous series differ by a constant unit, typically a -CH2- group.
• In option 1, HCHO (formaldehyde), CH3CHO (acetaldehyde), and CH3CH2CHO (propionaldehyde) all belong to the aldehyde group, which is characterized by the presence of the -CHO functional group.
• These compounds show a gradual change in physical properties such as boiling point and solubility, but their chemical properties remain consistent.

Additional Information

• Functional Group:
• A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.
• Examples include -OH in alcohols, -COOH in carboxylic acids, and -CHO in aldehydes.
• Homologous Series Characteristics:
• Members of a homologous series have a general formula, like CnH2n+1CHO for aldehydes.
• They show a gradation in physical properties such as boiling and melting points.
• They exhibit similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group.
• Examples of Homologous Series:
• Alkanes (e.g., methane, ethane, propane)
• Alkenes (e.g., ethene, propene, butene)
• Carboxylic acids (e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid)
• Importance of Homologous Series:
• Simplifies the study of organic chemistry by grouping similar compounds together.
• Aids in predicting the properties and reactions of compounds within the same series.

According to the English alphabet series and its positional value:

The logic in this is that the word has been coded by adding 3 and 2 in the alternate letters of the word.

Let's check this logic in the word RABBIT,

Similarly, verifying the logic in the word DONKEY,

Now, using the same logic TURTLE can be coded as,

Hence, the correct answer is "WWUVOG".

Shortcut Trick

Surface Area = 6 × side² = 5400 ⇒ side = 30 units.

New side = 30 + 5 = 35 units.

Volume Ratio = (35/30)³ = (7/6)³ = 343/216.

% Increase = [(343 − 216) ÷ 216] × 100 = (127 ÷ 216) × 100 ≈ 58.79%.

Rounding to the nearest option, we get 59%.

∴ The correct answer is 59%.

Alternate Method

Given: Total Surface Area (TSA) = 5400 sq. units, Side increase = 5 units.

Formula Used: TSA = 6a² | Volume (V) = a³

⇒ 6 × a² = 5400

⇒ a² = 900 ⇒ Original side (a) = 30 units

⇒ Original Volume (V₁) = 30³ = 27000 cubic units

⇒ New side (a') = 30 + 5 = 35 units

⇒ New Volume (V₂) = 35³ = 42875 cubic units

⇒ Increase in Volume = 42875 − 27000 = 15875

⇒ Percentage Increase = (15875 ÷ 27000) × 100

⇒ % Increase = 1587.5 ÷ 27 ≈ 58.796%

∴ The correct answer is 59%.

Additional Information

Cube Properties

For a cube of side 'a', Lateral Surface Area = 4a² and Diagonal = a√3.

Percentage Change in Volume

If the side of a cube changes by x%, the volume changes by [(1 + x/100)³ − 1] × 100%.

Successive Percentage Rule

For 3D objects, if dimensions change by x%, y%, and z%, the net change is given by successive application of [a + b + (ab/100)].

The correct answer is the marginal productivity of labour is zero.

Key Points

• Disguised Unemployment:
• It is a phenomenon wherein more people are employed than actually needed.
• It is primarily traced in the agricultural and the unorganised sectors of India​.
• The marginal productivity of labour is zero.
• Hence the correct option is 3.

​​​

Additional Information

• Seasonal Unemployment:
• It is unemployment that occurs during certain seasons of the year.
• Agricultural labourers in India rarely have worked throughout the year.
• Structural Unemployment:
• It is a category of unemployment arising from the mismatch between the jobs available in the market and the skills of the available workers in the market.
• Many people in India do not get the job due to a lack of requisite skills and due to the poor education level, it becomes difficult to train them.
• Cyclical Unemployment:
• It is the result of the business cycle, where unemployment rises during recessions and declines with economic growth.
• Cyclical unemployment figures in India are negligible. It is a phenomenon that is mostly found in capitalist economies.
• Technological Unemployment:
• It is the loss of jobs due to changes in technology.
• In 2016, World Bank data predicted that the proportion of jobs threatened by automation in India is 69% year-on-year.
• Frictional Unemployment:
• Frictional Unemployment also called Search Unemployment, refers to the time lag between the jobs when an individual is searching for a new job or is switching between the jobs.

The correct answer is acid.

Key Points

• Acid
• Acids are substances that have a sour taste, have one or more replaceable hydrogen atoms, and turn blue litmus and methyl orange to red.
• Example: Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, etc.
• Litmus:
• It is an indicator that shows a color change in the solution as the pH of the solution changes.
• It is used to identify whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.

Additional Information

• Water
• It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients
• Its chemical formula is H₂O.
• A Ph of pure water is 7.
• An alkali
• Base or alkali turn red litmus to blue, methyl orange to yellow, and have a bitter taste.
• These solutions are soapy to touch.
• Example: Potassium Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide, Sodium Hydroxide, etc.
• Saline
• Saline or salts are the compounds obtained by the reaction of acid and base, such reactions are called neutralization reactions.
• Example: Sodium Chloride, Potash alum, etc.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: 1^st number × 3 + 3

Option 1) 12 : 39

12 × 3 + 3 = 39

36 + 3 = 39

39 = 39 (LHS = RHS)

Option 2)  15 : 48

15 × 3 + 3 = 48

45 + 3 = 48

48 = 48 (LHS = RHS)

Option 3) 11 : 35

11 × 3 + 3 = 35

33 + 3 = 35

36 ≠ 35 ( LHS ≠ RHS)

Option 4) 13 : 42

13 × 3 + 3 = 42

39 + 3 = 42

42 = 42 (LHS = RHS)

Thus, out of all the options, '11 : 35' is the odd one out.

Hence, "Option 3" is the correct answer.

GIVEN:

A rectangle with length = 16cm and diagonal length = 20 cm

CONCEPT :

Pythagoras theorem

FORMULA USED:

Diagonal² = length² + breadth²

CALCULATION:

As length breadth and diagonal will form a right-angled triangle

⇒ 16² + breadth² = 20²

⇒ breadth2 = 400 - 256 

⇒ breadth² = 144

⇒ breadth = 12 cm

∴ The breadth of the rectangle is 12 cm.

• Prithivi Narayan Shah was the last ruler of the Gorkha Kingdom.
• He started unification of Nepal and became the first monarch of the Kingdom of Nepal.
• Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev was the king of Nepal ruled from 1955 to 1972.
• Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah was the King of Nepal from 1911 until his death.
• Rana Bahadur Shah was king of Nepal from 1777 to 1806.

From the statement above, we understand the effects of bullying on a student. But the course of action mentioned in I is not viable as it will continue the practice of bullying.

Therefore, I does not follow.

On the other hand, setting clear and enforceable rules against the practice of bullying will be a feasible course of action as it will reduce the number of bullying cases.

Therefore, II follows.

Hence, Only II follows.

Shortcut Trick

Net depreciation percentage for 2 years at 20% p.a. = −20 − 20 + (20 × 20) / 100 = −36%

The value after 2 years will be (100 − 36)% = 64% of the original value.

Value after 2 years = 64% of 15500

Value after 2 years = (64 / 100) × 15500 = 64 × 155 = 9920

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 9920.

Alternate Method

Given:

Initial value of the mobile phone (P) = Rs. 15,500

Rate of depreciation (R) = 20% per year

Time period (n) = 2 years

−20%

−20%

Present
15500

After 1 Year
12400

After 2 Years
9920

Formula Used:

Depreciated Value (A) = P(1 − R/100)ⁿ

Calculation:

⇒ A = 15500 × (1 − 20/100)²

⇒ A = 15500 × (1 − 1/5)²

⇒ A = 15500 × (4/5)²

⇒ A = 15500 × (16 / 25)

⇒ A = 620 × 16

⇒ A = 9920

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 9920.

Additional Information

Successive Percentage Change

When a value undergoes successive percentage changes of A% and B%, the net percentage change is given by: Net Change = A + B + (A × B)/100. (Use negative signs for depreciation/discounts).

Depreciation Formula

The value of an asset after n years of depreciation at a consistent rate of R% per annum is determined by: A = P(1 − R/100)ⁿ.

Population Increase

If a population or quantity increases at a compound rate of R% per annum, the new value after n years is calculated as: A = P(1 + R/100)ⁿ.

The correct answer is Maurya dynasty.

Key Points 

• The book "Indica" was written by Megasthenes.
• It is the most important literary source of the Mauryan period.
• Megasthenes was a Seleukidian envoy who visited the Mauryan capital Pataliputra during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya.
• His account, Indica, encapsulates his impressions of India, particularly northern India, under Chandragupta Maurya.
• However, the original work is lost.
• What is available instead are quotations, excerpts, summaries and quotes by later writers.
• Megasthenes, (born c. 350 BC—died c. 290) was an ancient Greek historian and diploma.
• He was sent by the Hellenistic king Seleucus I on embassies to the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta.
• He gave the most complete account of India then known to the Greek world and was the source for work by the later historians like Diodorus,  Strabo, Pliny, and Arrian.

Additional Information 

• Maurya dynasty was established by Chandragupta Maurya.
• Chandragupta defeated the last ruler of the Nanda dynasty, Dhana Nand in 321 BC
• He signed a treaty with Seleucus Nicator acquiring Baluchistan, eastern Afghanistan, and the region to the west of Indus In 305 BC.
• He married Nicator's daughter.
• He reigned from 321 BC to 297 BC.
• ​Gupta dynasty :
• Existed from the early 4^th century CE to late 6^th century CE.
• The Gupta Empire stretched across northern, central and parts of southern India.
• Gupta period marks the tremendous advances in poetry, prose, drama, important discoveries in mathematics and astronomy.
• Haryanka dynasty (544 BC - 413 BC):
• It was a ruling dynasty of Magadha, an empire of ancient India.
• Bimbisara, Ajatashatru and Udayin were the important rulers of this dynasty.
• Initially, the capital was Rajagriha. Later, it was shifted to Pataliputra.
• Haryanka dynasty was overthrown out of power by their minister, Shishunaga.
• Nanda dynasty:
• ​ Ruled Magadha, in northern India, between 343 BC and 321 BC.
• They overthrew the Shishunaga dynasty and established their reign over Magadha.
• The Nanda dynasty immediately preceded the dynasty of the Mauryas.

Concept:

• Diseases can be broadly grouped into infectious and non-infectious.
• Diseases that are easily transmitted from one person to another, are called infectious diseases.
• Infectious diseases are very common and every one of us suffers from these at some time or other. eg, dengue, malaria, common cold
• Among non-infectious diseases, cancer is the major cause of death.

Explanation

• Dengue is a viral disease and is carried by mosquito vectors
• It is a highly infectious disease and spreads very fast
• The mosquito responsible for carrying these disease is **Aedes aegypti(female)
• **Anopheles(female) is the carrier of malaria, which is a bacterial disease
• Culex is the common house mosquito and is known to carry diseases like Encephalitis

Key Points

• Vectors are organism that themselves do not cause the disease but only helps in transmitting them.
• eg. the mosquito is a vector for the diseases malaria and dengue

Additional Information

For diseases such as malaria and dengue that are transmitted through insect vectors, the most important measure is to control or eliminate the vectors and their breeding places. This can be achieved by:

• Avoiding stagnation of water in and around residential areas,
• Regular cleaning of household coolers, use of mosquito nets,
• Introducing fishes like Gambusia in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae,
• Spraying of insecticides in ditches, drainage areas and swamps,
• Doors and windows should be provided with wire mesh to prevent the entry of mosquitoes

⇒ The carrier of the pathogen of dengue fever is the Aedes mosquito

Using the symbols in the table below, we can draw the following family tree:

B is the brother-in-law of J.

Hence, 'brother-in-law' is the correct answer.

Concept used:

Calculation:

[(-20) ÷ 4] × (-2) + 6 × 3 - 1

⇒ [- 5] × (- 2) + 18 - 1

⇒ 10 + 18 - 1

⇒ 28 - 1

⇒ 27

∴ The correct answer is 27

The Correct Answer is Mars.

Key Points

• Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the Solar System's second-smallest planet, only Mercury being smaller.
• It is known as the "Red Planet" in English because it bears the name of the Roman god of battle.
• The effect of the iron oxide present on Mars's surface, which gives it a reddish appearance that distinguishes it from other visible celestial bodies, is discussed above.
• It is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere and surface features similar to impact craters on the Moon and valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps on Earth.
• Olympus Mons, the largest volcano and highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System, is situated on Mars, as is Valles Marineris, one of the Solar System's largest canyons.

Additional Information

• Venus
• It is named after Venus, the Roman goddess of beauty and love.
• Mercury
• ​It is the Solar System's smallest and nearest planet to the Sun.
• Jupiter
• ​It is the Solar System's largest planet and the fifth planet from the Sun.

• Light travels in a straight line, this phenomenon is also known as rectilinear propagation of light.
• This statement does hold if the medium of travel for light is homogeneous and transparent.
• Some of the known outcomes of rectilinear propagation of light are the generation of shadows and eclipses.

The logic followed here is:

BACK : CCBI

And,

TEST : UGRR

Similarly,

WORK : ?

Hence, "Option 4" is the correct answer.

Given:

Average of numbers = 25

Total numbers = 8

Numbers = 24, 30, 12, 18, 20, 10, 40, X

Concept:

Average = Total Sum/Number of Values

Solution:

Sum of given numbers = 24 + 30 + 12 + 18 + 20 + 10 + 40 = 154

Total sum of numbers = Average × Total numbers = 25 × 8 = 200

Value of X = Total sum - Sum of given numbers = 200 - 154 = 46

Therefore, the value of X is 46.

The correct answer is Extradition.

Key Points

• The subject among the given options that fall under the Union List in the Constitution of India is Extradition
• In the Constitution of India, the seventh schedule classifies the subjects of legislation into three lists: Union, State, and Concurrent.

Additional Information

• The Seventh Schedule of the Indian constitution gives allocation of powers and functions between the Union & States.
• It contains 3 lists:

1. Union List (For central Govt) 100 Subjects (originally 97).
2. States List (Powers of State Govt) 61 subjects  (originally 66).
3. Concurrent List (Both Union & States) 52 subjects (originally 47).

• Union List: Union Legislature alone can make laws on these matters.
• Defence
• Atomic Energy
• Foreign Affairs
• War and Peace
• Banking
• Railways
• Post and Telegraph
• Airways
• Ports
• Foreign Trade
• Currency & Coinage
• State List: State Legislature can make laws on these matters (though it sometimes has exceptions).
• Agriculture
• Police
• Prison
• Local Government
• Public Health
• Land
• Liquor
• Trade and Commerce
• Livestock and Animal Husbandry
• State Public Services
• Concurrent List: Both Union and State Legislature alone can make laws on these matters. 
• Education
• Transfer of Property other than Agricultural land
• Forests
• Trade Unions
• Adulteration
• Adoption and Succession

The correct answer is Maharashtra.

Key Points

• Elephanta Caves is a network of sculpted caves situated on Elephanta Island, or Gharapuri (literally "the city of caves") in Mumbai Harbour, 10 kilometres east of Mumbai city in Maharashtra Indian state.
• The island is located on an arm of the Arabian Sea and consists of two groups of caves-the first is a large group of five Hindu caves, the second is a smaller group of two Buddhist caves.
• The Hindu caves contain sculptures of rock-cut stone, representing the Shaiva Hindu sect, dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• In 1987, it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site to conserve the artwork and is currently managed by India's Archeological Survey (ASI).

Option 1 is not relevant. feeding the street animals no doubt is an act of kindness, but one must not cause any loss to others while doing good for others. Therefore, pacifying the situation is not what should be done in this situation.

Option 2 is not relevant as trying to avoid the complaint by not responding so that there is no problem is not what should be done in this situation.

Option 3 is not relevant as all people should not suffer because of the wrongdoings of the few people.

Option 4 is relevant as investigating the matter and forbidding them from doing illegal activities is what needs to done in such a situation.

Hence, 'option 4' is the correct answer.

Given data:

Marked price = Rs. 840

Selling price = Rs. 798

Concept: Discount percentage = (Discount / Marked price) × 100

Solution:

⇒ Discount = 840 - 798 = Rs. 42

⇒ Discount percentage = (42 / 840) × 100 = 5%

Therefore, the percentage discount given by him is 5%.

Uma Chakravarti is the author of ‘Gendering Caste : through a Feminist Lens’.

Key Points

• Uma Chakravarti is a feminist historian who wrote the book Gendering Caste: Through a Feminist Lens.
• The book was first published in 2003 and revised in 2018.
• It is a groundbreaking work that explores the intersection of caste and gender in India.
• Chakravarti argues that caste is not just a system of social hierarchy, but also a system of gender oppression.
• She shows how caste has shaped the lives of Indian women throughout history, and how it continues to do so today.
• Gendering Caste has been praised by scholars and activists alike.
• It has been translated into several languages and is used as a textbook in many universities.
• The book has helped to raise awareness of the gendered nature of caste, and it has inspired a new generation of scholars and activists to work for the liberation of Indian women.
• Here are some of the key points that Chakravarti makes in Gendering Caste:
• ​Caste is not just a system of social hierarchy, but also a system of gender oppression.
• Caste has shaped the lives of Indian women throughout history, and it continues to do so today.
• The control of women's sexuality is central to the maintenance of the caste system.
• Caste-based marriage is a key mechanism for the reproduction of caste inequality.
• The Indian state has played a complicit role in the oppression of Indian women.
• Gendering Caste is an essential read for anyone who wants to understand the gendered nature of caste in India.
• It is a powerful and disturbing book, but it is also a hopeful one.
• Chakravarti shows that it is possible to challenge the caste system and to build a more just and equitable society for all.

Explanation-

• Spore formation is a kind of reproduction process in plants by producing tiny spores and propagates through them.
• Spore Formation is a method of asexual reproduction.
• Spore formation can be seen in the bread mould / Rhizopus.
• The airborne spores land on bread under favourable conditions and they germinate and produce new bread mould plants.
• Each spore is covered with a protective coat to withstand unfavourable conditions.
• Plants like ferns, mucor, and mosses are also reproduced through spore formation
• Spores are present in a sac called sporangia.

Thereby spore formation occurs in rhizopus.

Additional Information

Hydra

• Organisms such as Hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in the process of budding.
• ​Budding is a kind of asexual mode of reproduction in which a new organism develops from a bud due to cell division at one particular site.

Bryophyllum

• There are many plants in which parts like the root, stem and leaves develop into new plants under appropriate conditions.
• This property of vegetative propagation is used in methods such as layering or grafting to grow many plants like sugarcane, roses, or grapes for agricultural purposes.
• Similarly, buds produced in the notches along the leaf margin of Bryophyllum fall on the soil and develop into new plants.

Spirogyra

• Spirogyra simply breaks up into smaller pieces upon maturation.
• These pieces or fragments grow into new individuals.

By using the following symbols in the table given below, we can draw the following family tree:

**Given

Statement:

** Pointing towards Kapil, Shilpa said, "His mother's brother is the father of my son Ashish". 

→ Shilpa said that Kapil's mother's brother i.e. Kapil's maternal uncle is the father of Shilpa's son Ashish.

Clearly, Kapil is the nephew of Shilpa.

Hence, the correct answer is "Nephew".

Shortcut Trick

Deviation of the newly adopted girl's age from the current average = 11 − 15 = −4 years.

This deficit of 4 years will be shared equally among all 4 girls (3 current + 1 new).

Change in average = −4 ÷ 4 = −1 year.

New average = 15 − 1 = 14 years.

∴ The correct answer is 14 years.

Alternate Method

Given:

Number of current daughters = 3

Average age of the 3 daughters = 15 years

Age of the adopted girl = 11 years

Formula Used:

Average = Total Sum of Observations ÷ Total Number of Observations

Current Daughters & Adopted Girl:

15

15

15

11

Sum = 56

New Average (Equally Distributed):

14

14

14

14

Avg = 14

Calculations:

⇒ Total age of 3 daughters = 3 × 15 = 45 years

⇒ Total age of all girls after adoption = 45 + 11 = 56 years

⇒ Total number of girls after adoption = 3 + 1 = 4

⇒ New average age = 56 ÷ 4 = 14 years

∴ The correct answer is 14 years.

Additional Information

Weighted Average

If group 1 has n₁ items with an average of A₁, and group 2 has n₂ items with an average of A₂, then the Combined Average = (n₁A₁ + n₂A₂) ÷ (n₁ + n₂).

Average Replacement

If an existing person is replaced by a new person and the overall average increases by x, the new person's value = Old person's value + (Total persons × x).

Effect of Arithmetic Operations

If each given observation in a set is systematically increased, decreased, multiplied, or divided by a constant value 'k', then the average of the set will also undergo the same exact operation by 'k'.

The correct answer is Yevgeny Prigozhin.

Key Points

• Yevgeny Prigozhin (June 1, 1961 – August 23, 2023) was a Russian oligarch and the leader of the Wagner Group, a prominent Russian private military company (PMC).
• Prigozhin had close ties to Russian President Vladimir Putin for a long time, earning him the nickname "Putin's chef" due to his catering businesses that served the Kremlin.
• The Wagner Group, believed to have been founded in 2014, initially supported Russian separatist forces in Ukraine following the annexation of Crimea.
• The mercenary group played a significant role in the subsequent conflict in eastern Ukraine and later in Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine that began in February 2022.
• Wagner forces were heavily involved in some of the fiercest battles of the war, including the prolonged and bloody sieges of Bakhmut and Soledar.
• Prigozhin himself became increasingly vocal and critical of the Russian military leadership's conduct of the war, publicly accusing them of incompetence and failing to adequately support his fighters.
• This public feud with the Russian Ministry of Defense escalated dramatically in June 2023 when Prigozhin launched a brief armed rebellion against the Russian military command.
• Wagner forces, under Prigozhin's command, seized control of the military headquarters in Rostov-on-Don and began a march towards Moscow.
• However, the rebellion was short-lived, and Prigozhin called off the advance following negotiations reportedly mediated by Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko.
• As part of the agreement to end the rebellion, criminal charges against Prigozhin were dropped, and he was supposed to relocate to Belarus.
• Exactly two months after the rebellion, on August 23, 2023, Yevgeny Prigozhin died in a private jet crash in the Tver Oblast of Russia, along with several other key Wagner figures.
• The circumstances surrounding the crash remain disputed, with some suggesting it may have been an assassination.

The Correct Answer is Cytokinin.

Key Points

• Cytokinins are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division or cytokinesis in plant roots and shoots.
• There are two types of Cytokinins: Adenine-type Cytokinins represented by Zeatin, Kinetin and 6-Benzylaminopurine and Phenylurea-type Cytokinins like Diphenylurea and Thidiazuron (TDZ).

Key Points 

• Auxins are a class of plant hormones with some morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins play a cardinal role in the coordination of many growths and behavioural processes in plant life cycles and are essential for plant body development.
• Abscisic acid is a plant hormone. ABA functions in many plant developmental processes, including seed and bud dormancy, the control of organ size and stomatal closure.
• Gibberellins are plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, dormancy, germination, flowering, flower development and leaf and fruit senescence.

Additional Information 

From the diagram above, we see that she is the sister of Rakesh.

Concept used:

The lateral surface area of the cube = 4 × (side)²

Calculation:

According to the question,

⇒ 4 × (side)² = 144

⇒ Side = √36 = 6 cm

∴ The side of the cube is 6 cm.

The correct answer is Sister.

Key Points

• Gulbadan Begum (1523 - 7 February 1603) was a Mughal princess and the daughter of Emperor Babur who was the founder of the Mughal Empire.
• Gulbadan Begum was the sister of Humayun.
• She wrote the Humayun-Nama at the request of her nephew, Emperor Akbar.
• Gulbadan's recollection of Babur is brief, but she gives a refreshing account of Humayun's household and provides a rare material regarding his confrontation with her half-brother, Kamran Mirza.

Key Points

Some important Dynasties of India and their founders:

• Haryankas - Bimbisara
• Shishunaga - Shishunaga
• Gupta - Shri Gupta
• Chola - Vijayachola
• Kushan - Kajula Kadaphis
• Chalukya - Pulakeshin 1

When the given piece of paper is cut and unfolded it shows as given below:

Hence, The correct answer is "Option 4".

GIVEN:

Present age of X and Y are in the Ratio of 4: 5 and after 7 years it will become 6: 7

CALCULATION:

Let present age of X and Y be 4x and 5x

⇒ After 7 years it will be (4x + 7) & (5x + 7)

⇒ (4x + 7)/(5x + 7) = 6/7

⇒ 7 × (4x + 7) = 6 × (5x + 7) 

⇒ 28x + 49 = 30x + 42

⇒ 2x = 7 

⇒ x = 7/2

⇒ Present age of X = 4x = 4 × 7/2 = 14 years

∴ X's Present age = 14 years

The correct option is 'Sukumar Sen'.

Key Points

• The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body.
• It was established by the Constitution of India to conduct and regulate elections in the country.
• Article 324 of the Constitution provides that the power of superintendence, direction, and control of elections to parliament, state legislatures, the office of the president of India, and the office of vice-president of India shall be vested in the election commission.
• Thus, the Election Commission is an all-India body in the sense that it is common to both the Central government and the state governments.

Important PointsSukumar Sen (2 January 1898 – 13 May 1963) was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India, serving from 21 March 1950 to 19 December 1958.

• Under his leadership, the Election Commission successfully administered and oversaw independent India's first two general elections, in 1951–52 and in 1957.
• He also served as the first Chief Election Commissioner in Sudan.

Additional Information  

Lets' look at the other options:

• Tirunellai Narayana Iyer Seshan was an Indian civil servant and bureaucrat who served with the Indian Administrative Service.
• After serving in various positions in Madras and in various ministries of the Central Government, he served as the 18^th Cabinet Secretary of India in 1989.
• Inder Kumar Gujral was an Indian diplomat, politician and freedom activist who served as the 12^th prime minister of India from April 1997 to March 1998.
• Born in Punjab, he was influenced by nationalistic ideas as a student and joined the All India Students Federation and the Communist Party of India.
• V.K. Menon was an Indian politician, non-career diplomat and nationalist.
• He was described by some as the second most powerful man in India, after his ally, the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru.

The logic followed here is:

So, 3032 will complete the series.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.