MP Police Constable : (1 Dec 2025) Memory-Based Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The Correct Answer is Ratadiya Ri Dheri.

In News

• 4500-year-old Harappan civilisation remains discovered near Pak border in Rajasthan.

Key Points

• A Harappan site has been discovered at Ratadiya Ri Dheri in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.
• This is the first known Indus Valley settlement in the Jaisalmer district.
• The site is located 17 km northwest of Sadewala in Pakistan, where Harappan traces were earlier found.
• This discovery bridges the archaeological gap between northern Rajasthan and Gujarat.
• Previously, Pilibanga was the most prominent Harappan site in Rajasthan.
• Pilibanga was studied by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist, and excavated in the 1960s.
• The Harappan civilization is among the oldest civilizations, along with Egypt and Mesopotamia.
• It developed along the Indus River, hence also known as the Indus Valley Civilization.
• It is classified as a Bronze Age civilization, known for using copper-based alloys.

The correct answer is Alkanes.

Key Points

• Alkanes group was given the name ‘paraffin’.
• Paraffins, also known as alkanes, are saturated compounds that have the general formula CnH_2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
• The simplest alkane is methane (CH₄), which is also represented as C₁.
• Alkanes are called paraffin because they have a little affinity towards a general reagent. In other words, alkanes are inert substances.
• Paraffin wax was first produced commercially in 1867, less than 10 years after the first petroleum well was drilled.

Additional Information

• In organic chemistry, an aldehyde is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure R−CH=O.
• The common names of aldehydes are taken from the names of the corresponding carboxylic acids: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and so on
• Alcohol is an organic compound with a hydroxyl (OH) functional group on an aliphatic carbon atom.
• OH is the functional group of all alcohols, we often represent alcohols by the general formula ROH, where R is an alkyl group.
• The word acid is derived from the Latin acidus/acēre, meaning 'sour'.
• There are two basic types of acids organic and inorganic acids. Inorganic acids are sometimes referred to as mineral acids.

The logic is:

Consonants:  Reverse  alphabetical Values are used

Vowel: Actual alphabetical Values are used

BLINK - I is Vowel so no change in their value.

 

PURSE - U and E is the Vowels, so no change in U and E's value.

 

Similarly: FIRST - I is Vowel so no change in their value.

 

Hence, the correct answer is "54".

Concept:

If in a right-angle triangle,

The ratio of angle are 30° : 60° : 90°  

The ratio of sides length opposite to the angle = 1 : √3 : 2 

Formula used:

Area of a circle = πr2

Area of a rectangle = Lenght × Breadth

Calculation:

The ratio of sides length opposite to the angle = 1 : √3 : 2 

In an ΔADC, side AC is opposite to the ∠D which is 90° 

We know that, if in the right-angle triangle 

The ratio of angle are 30° : 60° : 90° 

⇒ AD : DC : AC = r : r√3 : 2r

Therefore, the ratio of the area of the circle to the area of the rectangle

(πr2)/(AD × DC) = πr2 / (r × r√3) = \(\frac{\pi}{\sqrt 3}\)

∴ Required ratio is \(\frac{\pi}{\sqrt 3}\)

The Correct Answer is Aastha Poonia.

In News

• Sub Lieutenant Aastha Poonia becomes Indian Navy’s first woman fighter pilot.

Key Points

• Sub Lieutenant Aastha Poonia has become the first woman fighter pilot in the Indian Navy.
• She was awarded the ‘Wings of Gold’ at the graduation ceremony of the Second Basic Hawk Conversion Course.
• The ceremony took place at INS Dega, Visakhapatnam.
• The Indian Navy hailed it as “a new chapter in Naval aviation”, marking gender progress in the fighter pilot domain, traditionally male-dominated.

The correct answer is The classification of organisms based on their chemical composition..

Key Points

• Chemotaxonomy is a method of biological classification based on the chemical composition of organisms.
• This approach utilizes the presence of specific chemical compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and other secondary metabolites.
• It helps in identifying and differentiating species based on their biochemical markers.
• Chemotaxonomy is particularly useful in the classification of plants and microorganisms.

Additional Information

• Alkaloids: Naturally occurring chemical compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms, often found in plants and having significant pharmacological effects.
• Terpenoids: A large and diverse class of organic compounds produced by a variety of plants, especially conifers, and by some insects. They often have strong odors and can serve ecological roles.
• Flavonoids: A group of plant metabolites thought to provide health benefits through cell signaling pathways and antioxidant effects.
• Secondary Metabolites: Organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism, often playing a role in plant defense.
• Biochemical Markers: Molecules that can be measured in biological samples, acting as indicators of biological and pathogenic processes or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention.

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Hence, the correct answer is "Option (4)".

Given

70% of (x - y) = 30% of (x + y)

Solution

7(x - y) = 3(x + y)

7x - 7y = 3x + 3y

4x = 10y

x = 2.5y

y = x/2.5 = 0.4x

Therefore, y is 40% of x

The correct answer is International Institute of Sports Management (IISM).

Key Points

• The International Institute of Sports Management (IISM) is the first institution in India to launch a book on sports psychology.
• The book aims to provide insights into the mental aspects of sports and athletic performance.
• It covers various psychological techniques and strategies that athletes can use to enhance their performance.
• The book is targeted at athletes, coaches, sports managers, and students pursuing sports management courses.

Additional Information

• Sports Psychology:
• Sports psychology is the study of how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sports and exercise affect psychological and physical factors.
• It involves the application of psychological principles to improve athletic performance and well-being.
• Common topics include motivation, performance anxiety, and the psychological benefits of sports.
• Importance of Mental Training in Sports:
• Mental training helps athletes to stay focused, manage anxiety, and maintain a positive attitude.
• Techniques such as visualization, goal setting, and self-talk are often used.
• Mental resilience can be a determining factor in high-pressure situations and competitions.
• Role of Sports Psychologists:
• Sports psychologists work with athletes to enhance performance, cope with pressure, and recover from injuries.
• They may provide individual counseling and mental skills training.
• They also work with coaches and teams to improve communication and team dynamics.
• Applications Beyond Sports:
• The principles of sports psychology can be applied to other areas of life, such as business and education.
• Skills like goal setting, focus, and resilience are valuable in many fields.
• Sports psychology techniques can also be used to improve overall mental health and well-being.

The correct answer is Acceleration is constant all throughout the free fall.

 

Key Points

• An object that is moving only because of the action of gravity is said to be free-falling and its motion is described by Newton's second law of motion.
• The acceleration of the freely falling object is constant and equal to the acceleration due to gravity.
• Acceleration due to gravity is denoted by the symbol - g.
• g = 9.8 m/s² at sea level on the Earth.
• Its SI unit is m/s².
• The dimensional formula is given by [M⁰ L¹ T^-2].
• Acceleration due to gravity is a vector quantity, which means it has both a magnitude and a direction.
• The value of acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ is affected by:-
• Altitude above the earth’s surface.
• Depth below the earth’s surface.
• The shape of the earth.
• Rotational motion of the earth.
• A free-falling object has only one external force which is the gravitational force. So it experiences constant acceleration.

  

Additional Information

• Zero acceleration does not imply zero velocity, as a body moving with a constant velocity can have zero acceleration and the body is in motion.
• Zero acceleration has a relation with the velocity of the object as it implies the body is at constant velocity.
• The zero-velocity of a body at any instant does not necessarily imply zero acceleration at that instant.
• The kinematic equation of motions is true only for motion in which the magnitude and the direction of acceleration are constants during the course of motion.

Given :- ‘TRIBAL’ is written as ‘112121’ and ‘CANIPER’ is written as ‘1212121’

‘COMFORT’ = '?'

Here, the logic followed is that for for every consonant 1 is given as code where as for every vowel 2 is given as code.

T = 1 (Consonant)

R= 1 (Consonant)

 I = 2 (Vowel)

V = 1 (Consonant)

A = 2 (Vowel)

L = 1 (Consonant)

‘TRIBAL’ = ‘112121’

C = 1  (Consonant)

A  =  2   (Vowel)

N =  1  (Consonant)

I =  2  (Vowel)

P = 1  (Consonant)

E = 2  (Vowel)

R = 1  (Consonant)

 ‘CANIPER’  =  ‘1212121'

C = 1  (Consonant)

O = 2 (Vowel)

M = 1  (Consonant)

F = 1   (Consonant)

O = 2 (Vowel)

R = 1  (Consonant)

T = 1  (Consonant)

 ‘COMFORT’ = '1211211' 

Therefore, COMFORT will be written as '1211211'

Hence, the correct answer is option(3).

Shortcut Trick

Total effective time for same Principal = 4 + 2 = 6 years.

Total Simple Interest = ₹180.

Interest for 1 year = 180 ÷ 6 = ₹30.

Rate of Interest = (Interest for 1 year ÷ Principal) × 100.

Rate = (30 ÷ 600) × 100 = 5%.

∴ The correct answer is 5%.

Alternate Method

Given:

Principal (P) = ₹600

Time 1 (T₁) = 4 years, Time 2 (T₂) = 2 years

Total Simple Interest = ₹180

Formula Used:

Simple Interest (SI) = (P × R × T) ÷ 100

Calculations:

⇒ SI₁ + SI₂ = 180

⇒ [(600 × R × 4) ÷ 100] + [(600 × R × 2) ÷ 100] = 180

⇒ (24 × R) + (12 × R) = 180

⇒ 36 × R = 180

⇒ R = 180 ÷ 36

⇒ R = 5%

∴ The correct answer is 5%.

Additional Information

Simple Interest Property

Simple Interest remains constant every year if the Principal and Rate are unchanged. SI = (P × R × T) ÷ 100.

Effective Rate of Interest

When the principal is the same, the total interest is proportional to the sum of the products of time and rate. Total SI = P × (R₁T₁ + R₂T₂ + ...) ÷ 100.

Amount Formula

The total Amount (A) is the sum of the Principal and the Interest: A = P + SI = P[1 + (RT ÷ 100)].

The correct answer is Nepal

In News

• The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and New Space India Limited (NSIL) signed an MoU on August 10, 2024, to provide grant assistance for launching Nepal's Munal satellite.

Key Points

• Developed by the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) with help from the space startup Antarikchya Pratishan Nepal (APN), the Munal satellite aims to create a vegetation density database of Earth's surface.
• The launch service agreement was initially signed in January when External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar visited Nepal.
• The MoU was signed by Anurag Srivastava (MEA) and Arunachalam A. (NSIL), with key attendees including NAST Secretary Rabindra Prasad Dhakal and Surendra Thapa from the Nepal embassy.
• The satellite, equipped with AI-supported imagery functions, will be launched aboard NSIL's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) in the coming months.
• This collaboration marks a significant milestone in Nepal-India space relations, reflecting deepened ties and mutual support in space research.
• The Munal satellite is expected to enhance space research capabilities in Nepal and could lead to further collaboration with Indian space agencies.

The correct answer is Arthropoda

Key Points

• Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom.
• This phylum includes diverse groups such as insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.
• Members of the phylum Arthropoda have segmented bodies, exoskeletons made of chitin, and jointed appendages.
• They are found in nearly every habitat on Earth, from deep ocean floors to the highest mountains.

Additional Information

• The phylum Arthropoda is estimated to contain over a million described species, which is more than all other phyla combined.
• Arthropods play crucial roles in ecosystems as pollinators, decomposers, and as a part of the food chain.
• The study of arthropods is called arthropodology.
• Arthropods have a wide range of adaptations that allow them to survive in various environments, including extreme ones.
• They exhibit various forms of reproduction, including sexual and asexual methods.

Argument I is not strong as prevention is to be taken from dogs rather than killing and eliminating them.

Argument II is strong as it is the duty of the people to prevent themselves from such attacks.

Hence, only argument II is strong.

\({\left( {x + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^2} = 4\)

⇒ x² + 2 × x × (1/x) + (1/x)² = 4

⇒ x² + 2 + (1/x)² = 4

\(\Rightarrow {x^2} + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}} = 2\)

Now,

Squaring on both sides

 \({({x^2} + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}})^2} = {2^2}\)

⇒ (x²)² + 2 × x² × (1/x²)+ (1/x²)² = 4

⇒ x⁴ + 2 + (1/x⁴) = 4

⇒ x⁴ + (1/x⁴) = 2

∴  x⁴ + (1/x⁴) = 2

The correct answer is Intangible assets

Key Points

• Trademarks, copyrights, and patents are considered intangible assets because they represent non-physical assets that provide long-term value to a business.
• These assets are critical for protecting intellectual property and maintaining competitive advantage in the marketplace.
• Unlike tangible assets, intangible assets do not have a physical presence but are valuable for the economic benefits they bring to an entity.

Additional Information

• Intangible assets can include goodwill, brand recognition, and intellectual property such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights.
• These assets are often amortized over their useful life, reflecting their consumption or the period over which they provide economic benefits.
• Accounting standards require that intangible assets be reported on the balance sheet, providing a more comprehensive view of a company's financial position.

CONCEPT:

• Refraction of Light: The bending of the ray of light passing from one medium to the other medium is called refraction.

• The refraction of light takes place on going from one medium to another because the speed of light is different in the two media.

• The greater the difference in the speeds of light in the two media, the greater will be the amount of refraction.

• A medium in which the speed of light is more is known as optically rarer medium and a medium in which the speed of light is less is known as an optically denser medium.

EXPLANATION:

• A lemon kept in water in a glass tumbler appears to be bigger than its actual size when viewed from the sides. This is because of the refraction of light. Therefore option 3^rd is correct.
• Light is refracted as it passes from water into the air and as we know the refracted ray bends away from normal when it passes from denser to rarer medium.
• Water in a glass tumbler has a round outer surface that is convex and is a magnifying glass.
• As light is bent and being bent to the point that the object being observed appears to be larger than its normal size.

Statement:

Should a cricket team have more than one captain during a match?

Arguments:

(I) No, one needs to make decisions on the spot and there won't be time to resolve conflicting ideas between the captains on the field if such a scenario emerges. → **True (**Having a single captain ensures that decisions can be made promptly without needing to resolve potential conflicts between multiple captains. In a fast-paced game like cricket, there are often situations that require quick decision-making, and having a clear chain of command can be advantageous).

(II) Yes, it is always better to have more brains coming to an understanding before taking a decision. → True ( having more decision-makers can lead to better collective decision-making by bringing together multiple perspectives and ideas. This argument is based on the premise that more "brains" involved in the process can potentially lead to more well-rounded and informed decisions).

So, if either I or II is strong.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Given:

Speed of still water = 5 kmph

Downstream distance = 90 km

Upstream distance = 90 km

Total time = 100 hours

Concept used:

Speed = Distance/Time 

Downstream speed = Speed of boat in still water + Speed of flow of the river.

Upstream speed = Speed of boat in still water - Speed of flow of the river.

Calculation:

Let the speed of flow of the river be C,

\(\frac {90}{5+C} + \frac {90}{5 - C} = 100\)

On solving we get,

C = 4 km/hr

∴ The rate of flow of the river is  4 km/hr.

The Correct Answer is ​Mt Kanchanjungha.

In News

• Mt. Kanchanjungha joint expedition gives new heights to Nepal-India relations.

Key Points

• Summit Dates: May 19–20, 2025
• Team: 15 members (10 from Nepali Army, 5 from Indian Army)
• Flag-off Ceremony: Held on April 3, 2025, in presence of Defence Minister Rajnath Singh
• Flag Handed Over To: Nepal’s Defence Minister Man Bir Rai and Chief of General Staff Nirmal Thapa
• First Joint Climb of Mt Kanchanjungha by the two armies
• Earlier joint summits of Sagarmatha (Mt Everest) in 2003 and 2013

The correct answer is Weakly attracted to a magnet.

Key Points

• Those substances which are weakly magnetised when placed in an external magnetic field in the same direction as the applied field are called paramagnetic substances.
• They tend to move from the weaker to the stronger part of the field. The magnetism exhibited by these substances is called Para magnetism.
• Examples: Aluminium, platinum, sodium, calcium

Hence there are "24" triangles in the figure.

 

First let's count the sections of the given triangle and then add them, then that is the number of triangles.

Lines originating from the top vertex are dividing the triangle into 4 parts. And naming the parts as 1, 2, 3, and 4. (Upper and bottom figure)

Then adding these parts separately we get,

Number of triangles (Upper)= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10.

Number of triangles (Upper and bottom) = 2 × 10 = 20.

Number of triangles = 4

Thus, total number of triangles = 20 + 4 = 24.

Shortcut Trick
Net Deviation from Total Average (48):
First 16 numbers deviation = 16 × (38 − 48) = −160
Last 16 numbers deviation = 16 × (58 − 48) = +160
Middle Number = Average + Total Deviation = 48 + (−160 + 160) = 48
When the excluded number is equal to the average, the average of the remaining numbers remains unchanged.
∴ The correct answer is 48.
Alternate Method
Given: Total numbers = 31, Average = 48, Avg of first 16 = 38, Avg of last 16 = 58.
Formula Used: Sum = Average × Number of terms; Middle Number = (Sum of first n + Sum of last n) − Total Sum.

⇒ Total Sum of 31 numbers = 31 × 48 = 1488
⇒ Sum of first 16 numbers = 16 × 38 = 608
⇒ Sum of last 16 numbers = 16 × 58 = 928
⇒ Middle Number = (608 + 928) − 1488 = 1536 − 1488 = 48
⇒ Sum of remaining 30 numbers = 1488 − 48 = 1440
⇒ New Average = 1440 ÷ 30 = 48
∴ The correct answer is 48.
Additional Information
Exclusion Rule
If the excluded value is equal to the original average, the average of the remaining terms remains unchanged. If excluded value > average, new average decreases; if excluded value < average, new average increases.
Combined Average Formula
Combined Avg = (n1x1 + n2x2) ÷ (n1 + n2), where n is the number of terms and x is their respective average.
Net Deviation Principle
The sum of deviations of all observations from their arithmetic mean is always zero. This property is used to find missing or overlapping terms quickly.

The correct answer is Rangali Bihu

Key Points

• Rangali Bihu is another name for Bohag Bihu, which marks the beginning of the Assamese New Year.
• It is one of the most important festivals in Assam and is celebrated with great enthusiasm and joy.
• Bohag Bihu falls in mid-April and is also known as the Spring Festival.
• It is a time for feasting, dancing, and singing, and it signifies the time of harvest.

Additional Information

• Bohag Bihu is the first of the three Bihu festivals in Assam; the other two are Kongali Bihu (Kati Bihu) and Magh Bihu (Bhogali Bihu).
• Each Bihu festival is associated with different agricultural activities and seasons.
• During Bohag Bihu, people wear traditional attire, prepare special dishes, and participate in cultural programs.
• Bihu dance and Bihu songs are integral parts of the celebration, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of Assam.

The correct answer is Gallium.

Key Points

• Gallium melts when kept on the palm.
• It is because they have a very low melting point and just the heat in our palm can melt them easily.
• The temperature where the solid substances completely melt and produce a liquid or gaseous substance is known as the melting point.
• Cesium also melts on hand palm.

Given: Sedative ∶ Pain ∶∶ Solace ∶ ? 

Logic: First relieves Second.

Sedatives relieve Pain.

Similarly,

Solace relieves Grief.

Important PointsSolace means comfort or consolation in a time of distress or sadness.

Hence, grief is the correct answer.

Shortcut Trick

Let Income of A = 1x and B = 2x. Let Expenditure of A = 2y and B = 3y.

Given: 80% of B's expenditure = A's income ⇒ 0.8 × 3y = 1x ⇒ 2.4y = x.

Ratio of Savings (Income − Expenditure):

A : B = (x − 2y) : (2x − 3y) = (2.4y − 2y) : (4.8y − 3y) = 0.4y : 1.8y = 4 : 18 = 2 : 9.

∴ The correct answer is 2 : 9.

Alternate Method

Given:

Ratio of Income (A : B) = 1 : 2

Ratio of Expenditure (A : B) = 2 : 3

Calculations:

⇒ Let Income of A = x and Income of B = 2x

⇒ Let Expenditure of A = 2y and Expenditure of B = 3y

⇒ According to the question: 80% of 3y = x

⇒ (80/100) × 3y = x ⇒ (4/5) × 3y = x ⇒ 12y = 5x ⇒ y = 5x/12

⇒ Savings of A = x − 2y = x − 2(5x/12) = x − 5x/6 = x/6

⇒ Savings of B = 2x − 3y = 2x − 3(5x/12) = 2x − 5x/4 = 3x/4

⇒ Ratio of Savings (A : B) = (x/6) : (3x/4)

⇒ Ratio = (1/6) : (3/4) = 4 : 18 = 2 : 9

∴ The correct answer is 2 : 9.

Additional Information

Income-Expenditure Formula

The fundamental relation is Income = Expenditure + Savings. Savings is the residual amount after spending.

Ratio Proportionality

When comparing two different ratios (like income and expenditure), always use different variables (x and y) unless a direct link is provided.

Percentage to Fraction

Converting percentages to fractions (e.g., 80% = 4/5) often simplifies the calculation of ratios significantly.

The Correct Answer is Skin.

Key Points

• The skin plays a role in excretion through the production of sweat by sweat glands.
• Sweating eliminates excess water and salts, as well as a small amount of urea, a byproduct of protein catabolism.

Additional Information

• The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone.
• The heart pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system.
• The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system
• The spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

Here, the only meaningful word after rearranging the letters is,

ANOIP → PIANO

Piano is a large keyboard musical instrument with a wooden case enclosing a soundboard and metal strings, which are struck by hammers when the keys are depressed. The strings' vibration is stopped by dampers when the keys are released and can be regulated for length and volume by two or three pedals.

Hence, 'ANOIP' is the correct answer.

Given:

sec 2θ = cosec (θ – 36°)

Concept used:

Calculation:

sec 2θ = cosec (θ – 36°)

⇒ sec 2θ = sec (90° – θ + 36°)

⇒ sec 2θ = sec (126° – θ)

⇒ 2θ = 126° – θ

⇒ 3θ = 126°

⇒ θ = 42°

∴ The required answer is 42°.

The correct answer is Brown.

Key Points

• The fumes of NO2 are brown in colour. Nitrogen dioxide or NO₂ is a deep red-orange gas. It is poisonous.
• Nitric oxide is a colourless, flammable gas with a slight odour. Nitrogen dioxide is a deep red-orange gas that is poisonous but not flammable.
• NO2 is responsible for the reddish-brown colour of smog.
• At high concentrations, NO2 is highly toxic and can cause serious lung damage.
• The following health effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide like it can burn the skin and eye with possible eye damage.
• Nitrogen oxides include nitrous acid and nitric acid.

• The energy possessed by an object by its position or configuration is called potential energy.
• Examples: climbing up on the chair and lifting heavy item to some height.

The Venn diagram that best represents the relationship between Mammals, Whale, and Elephant is shown below:

Whale and Elephant belong to the class Mammal.

Elephants are the largest land mammals on earth and have distinctly massive bodies, large ears, and long trunks.

Hence, ‘Option 1’ is the correct answer.

Given:

Ratio of present age of sisters = 5 ∶ 7 ∶ 11

Present age of mother = 45 years

Difference between age of elder sister and mother = 23 years

Concept: Calculate the present age of elder sister, then equate with the rest of the ratios to find the present age of youngest sister.

Calculation:

Let the present ages of the 3 sisters = 5x, 7x, 11x

Present age of elder sister = 45 – 23 = 22 years

∵ The present age of elder sister = 11x = 22 years

11x = 22

⇒ x = 22/11

⇒ x = 2

Present age of youngest sister = 5 × 2 = 10 years

⇒ Her age after 10 years from now = 10 + 10 = 20 years

The correct answer is 22%.

Key Points

• 22% of the people were below the poverty line in India in 2011-12, as calculated using the Tendulkar Methodology.
• The Tendulkar panel stipulated a benchmark daily per capita expenditure of Rs. 27 and Rs. 33 in rural and urban areas in its poverty line estimation.
• The amount was such low that it immediately faced a backlash from all sections of media and society.
• Suresh Tendulkar Committee was responsible for studying the portion of the population that lived below the poverty line (BPL).
• Tendulkar constituted by the Planning Commission in 2005 to review the methodology of estimation of poverty has submitted its recommendations in December 2009.

Additional Information

• Rangarajan committee raised these limits to Rs. 32 and Rs. 47, respectively, and worked out the poverty line at close to 30%. 
• With estimates of the Rangarajan committee, Poverty stood at around 30% in 2011-12.
• The number of poor in India was estimated at 36.3 crores in 2011-12.
• C. Rangarajan committee was appointed to review the poverty estimation methodology of the Tendulkar Committee.

The Correct Answer is Option 1 i.e Joule's Law

• Joule’s law is associated with the heating effect of electric current.
• It is a way to find the amount of heat produced by electric current.
• H=I²Rt is the relation used to calculate heat generated.

Additional Information

• Ohm’s law-
• The potential difference or voltage between 2 points is directly proportional to the electricity or current passing through the resistance.
• V=IR is the relation derived from Ohm's Law.
• Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit in order to produce an EMF, electromotive force.
• Newton’s laws of motion describe the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it.

'Seismology' is the study of 'Earthquake'. Similarly, 'Hydrology' is the study of 'Water'.

Hence, 'Water' is the correct option.

Given: 

Total votes = 7500.

Invalid votes = 5% of total votes.

A's votes = 20% of valid votes.

B's votes = 100% more than A.

D's votes = 40% less than B.

Concept used:

The concept of percentages and total sum is used here.

Calculation:

Invalid votes = 5% of 7500 = 375.

Valid votes = Total votes - Invalid votes

⇒ 7500 - 375 = 7125.

Votes for A

⇒ 20% of 7125 = 1425.

Votes for B = 100% more than A = 1425 × 2 = 2850.

Votes for D = 40% less than B = 60% of 2850 = 1710.

Votes for C = Total valid votes - (Votes for A+ B+ D)

⇒ 7125 - (1425 + 2850 + 1710) = 1140.

∴ Candidate C received 1140 votes.

The correct answer is Casimir Funk

Explanation:

• Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small quantities for various bodily functions, including growth, reproduction, and maintenance of health.
• They are obtained primarily through the diet as the human body cannot synthesize most of them.
• The term "vitamin" was coined in the early 20^th century.
• Casimir Funk, a Polish biochemist, is credited with coining the term "vitamin" in 1912.
• He derived the word from "vital amines," as he initially believed that these essential nutrients were amines (a type of organic compound). His research helped to establish the importance of vitamins in nutrition and health.

Other Options:

• Darwin: Charles Darwin was a naturalist known for his contributions to the science of evolution. He developed the theory of natural selection.
• Pasteur: Louis Pasteur was a renowned microbiologist and chemist known for his discoveries in the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.

The pattern followed here is:

FINGER: 15232112239 

F + I = 6 + 9 = 15

I + N = 9 + 14 = 23

N + G = 14 + 7 = 21

G + E = 7 + 5 = 12

E + R = 5 + 18 = 23

R = 18 = 1 + 8 = 9

and

MARKET: 14192916252

M + A = 13 + 1 = 14

A + R = 1 + 18 = 19

R + K = 18 + 11 = 29

K + E = 11 + 5 = 16

E + T = 5 + 20 = 25

T = 20 = 2 + 0 = 2

Similarly,

M + I = 13 + 9 = 22

I + L = 9 + 12 = 21

L + T = 12 + 20 = 32

T + O = 20 + 15 = 35

O + N = 15 + 14 = 29

N = 14 = 1 + 4 = 5

Hence, MILTON is coded as 22213235295.

Shortcut Trick

Distance, D = \(\frac{S_1 × S_2}{S_1 - S_2} × \triangle t\)

Where, S1 and S2 are the two speeds, and \(\triangle t\) is the difference between arrival time

Distance = Speed × Time

Calculation:

Distance = \(\frac{S_1 × S_2}{S_1 - S_2} × \triangle t\)

⇒ \(\frac{3 × 4}{4 - 3} × \frac{15 - (-15)}{60}\) 

⇒ \(\frac{3\times 4}{1} × \frac{30}{60}\) = 6 km

∴ The required result will be 6 km.

Alternate Method Given:

The speed of Ram initially = 3 kmph

The speed of Ram = 4 kmph

Formula used:

\({S\ =\ {D\over T}}\)     Where, S = Speed, D = Distance, and T = Time

Calculation:

Let the distance be D and Time be T

According to the question

⇒ \({3\ =\ {D\over (T\ +\ {15\over 60})}}\)

⇒ \(D\ =\ {3\ \times {(T\ +\ {15\over 60})}}\)     ----(1)

According to the question 

⇒ \({4\ =\ {D\over (T\ -\ {15\over 60})}}\) 

⇒ \(D\ =\ {4\ \times {(T\ -\ {15\over 60})}}\)     ----(2)

By equation (1) and (2)

⇒ \(​​{4\ \times {(T\ -\ {15\over60})}}=\ {3\ \times {(T\ +\ {15\over 60})}}\)

⇒ \(​​{4\ \times {(T\ -\ {1\over4})}}=\ {3\ \times {(T\ +\ {3\over 12})}}\)

⇒ \(​​{4T\ -\ 1}=\ {3T\ +\ {3\over 4}}\)

⇒ 4T - 3T = 1 + \({3\over4}\)

⇒ T = \({7\over 4}\)

The total distance = \( {3\ \times {({7\over 4}\ +\ {15\over 60})}}\) = \( {3\ \times {({7\over 4}\ +\ {1\over 4})}}\) = \(3\ \times {8\over 4}\ =\ 6\) km

∴ The required result will be 6 km.

The correct answer is Aravind Adiga.

Key Points

• Amnesty is a novel written by Aravind Adiga.
• It tells the story of a Sri Lankan migrant in Sydney who agonises over whether to tell the police about a murder and risk deportation.
• Amnesty tells the story of Danny, a Sri Lankan who has become an “illegal alien” after dropping out of his “ripoff” college.
• He is surprisingly content cleaning apartments in suburban Sydney when one of his clients is murdered by another.
• Over the next 24 hours, Danny contends with the dilemma of whether to risk deportation by informing the police.
• Amnesty lays bare Australia’s hypocrisies and contradictions.
• Immigration props up the economy and yet is subject to the most draconian restrictions in the west – a region the country claims a membership of against all geographic evidence.
• Adiga's debut novel, The White Tiger, won the 2008 Booker Prize and has been adapted into a Netflix original movie The White Tiger.
• Other books written by him are: Between the Assassinations, Last Man in Tower, Selection Day.

Let the angle of projection be ∅, u is the initial velocity.

We know,

⇒ Maximum Height = u²sin²θ/2g

⇒ Horizontal range = u²sin 2θ/g

According to the question,

⇒ u²sin²θ/2g = u²sin2θ/g      [Using, sin2x = 2sinx.cosx]

⇒ sin²θ/2 = 2sinθ.cosθ

⇒ tanθ = 4

⇒ θ = tan^-1( 4)

⇒ Angle of projection = tan^-1 (4)

The logic followed here is

The life cycle of an Adult Ladybug.

Egg: The ladybug starts its life as an egg, which is laid by the adult female.

Larvae: The egg hatches into a larva, which is the first stage of the ladybug's development. The larvae are small, and black, and have a segmented body with small spikes on it.

Pupa: The larvae then enter the pupa stage, where it undergoes metamorphosis and develops into an adult.

Adult Ladybug: After the metamorphosis is complete, the ladybug emerges as an adult, with its characteristic red or orange color and black spots.

So, in simple terms, the order of a ladybug's life cycle is:

Egg > Larva > Pupa > Adult Ladybug

Hence, "Egg, Larvae, Pupa, Adult Ladybug" is the correct order.

Given:

Mean of 25 numbers = 36

Mean of the first 13 numbers = 32

Mean of the last 13 numbers = 39

Formula Used:

Mean = Sum of numbers / Number of numbers

Calculation:

Let the 13^th number be x .

Sum of 25 numbers = 25 × 36

Sum of 25 numbers = 900

Sum of the first 13 numbers = 13 × 32

Sum of the first 13 numbers = 416

Sum of the last 13 numbers = 13 × 39

Sum of the last 13 numbers = 507

Since the 13^th number is included in both the first 13 and the last 13 numbers, we need to subtract it once to avoid double counting.

Therefore,

Sum of 25 numbers = Sum of the first 13 numbers + Sum of the last 13 numbers - 13^th number

900 = 416 + 507 - x

⇒ 900 = 923 - x

⇒ x = 923 - 900

⇒ x = 23

The 13^th number is 23.

The correct answer is Kolkata.

In News

• Nirmala Sitharaman inaugurated the 'Corporate Bhavan' in New Town, Kolkata on May 1, 2025.

Key Points

• The 'Corporate Bhavan' will house multiple offices of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, including the Regional Directorate (East) and the NCLT Kolkata Bench.
• The facility aims to improve operational efficiency and enhance the Ease of Doing Business by consolidating several services under one roof.
• The Corporate Bhavan is also home to the 'Prime Minister Internship Scheme (PMIS) Facilitation Centre' on the 7^th floor.
• The building focuses on energy efficiency, waste recycling, and the well-being of its occupants, featuring CO2 sensors for improved air quality.

Additional Information

• New Delhi
• Capital of India, where several key government offices are located
• Home to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and other ministries
• Mumbai
• Financial capital of India
• Home to several corporate and financial hubs
• Bengaluru
• Known as the 'Silicon Valley of India'
• Hub for tech startups and the IT industry

Key Points 

• The 5-kingdom classification of Whittaker places the organisms under Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
• Kingdom Animalia is further divided into 11 phyla, which are in order of evolution, meaning they are placed from the most primitive to the most advanced.
• The phyla are: 
• Porifera ⇒ Coelenterata (Cnidaria) ⇒ Ctenophora ⇒ Platyhelminthes ⇒ Aschelminthes ⇒ Annelida ⇒ Arthropoda ⇒ Mollusca ⇒ Echinodermata ⇒ Hemichordata ⇒ Chordata.

Important Points

• A connecting link is such an organism which has the transitional characters of two taxonomical groups between which it forms the link.
• Neopilina is a modern monoplacophoran genus that is considered to be a connecting link between the phyla Annelida and Mollusca.
• It is placed under the phylum Mollusca and is the most primitive species of this phylum.
• It is named as 'new Pilina', after the extinct monoplacophore species Pilina that lived about 400 million years ago.
• Neopilina shows features from Annelida as well as Mollusca.
• It has trochophore larva like Annelida.
• It shows the presence of a flat muscular foot like in Mollusca.

Additional Information

According to the given information,

5^th of a month falls 2 days after Monday, which means 5^th day of the month is Wednesday.

The day that precedes the 23^rd of the same month is the 22^nd.

⇒ Days from 6 to 22 = 17 days.

⇒ 22^nd of the same month = 17/7 = 3 odd days.

⇒ 22^nd of the same month = 3 odd days after Wednesday is Saturday.

Alternate Method

On 5^th it is Wednesday, so in the same month next Wednesday will be on 12, 19 and 26.

So 1^st wed = 5^th

2^nd wed = 5 + 7 = 12^th

3^rd wed = 12 + 7 = 19^th

19^th falls on a Wednesday.

Thus, 22^nd  of the month will fall on Saturday.

Hence, Saturday is the correct answer.

Given:

The sum = Rs. 60000

The rate of percentage = 4%

The compound interest = Rs. 4896

Formula used:

\({CI}=\ {P\ × [(1+{R\over100})^T\ -\ 1]}\)     Where, SI = Simple interest, CI = Compound interest, P = Principle, R = Rate, and T = Time

Calculation:

Let the time be T

⇒ \({4896}=\ {60000\ × [(1+{4\over100})^T\ -\ 1]}\)

⇒ \({4896\over60000}+1\) = \({(1+{4\over100})^T\ }\)

⇒ \({64896\over 60000}\) = \({(1+{4\over100})^T\ }\)

⇒ \({10816\over 10000} = ({104\over100})^T\)

⇒  \(({104\over100})^2=({104\over100})^T\)

⇒ T = 2 

∴ The required result will be 2 years.

The correct answer is NASA and SpaceX.

Key Points

• NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies Corp.) collaborated on the Crew Demo-2 mission.
• The Crew Demo-2 mission was the first manned launch from U.S. soil since the end of the Space Shuttle program in 2011.
• The mission, launched on May 30, 2020, was significant as it marked the first time a private company, SpaceX, sent astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS).
• The Crew Demo-2 mission successfully transported NASA astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley to the ISS.

Additional Information

• Commercial Crew Program (CCP)
• The CCP is a human spaceflight program operated by NASA in partnership with private companies such as SpaceX and Boeing.
• Its primary goal is to develop safe, reliable, and cost-effective transportation to and from the ISS.
• SpaceX Crew Dragon
• The Crew Dragon spacecraft, also known as Dragon 2, is designed and manufactured by SpaceX for NASA's Commercial Crew Program.
• It is capable of carrying up to seven astronauts and is equipped with an advanced emergency escape system.
• International Space Station (ISS)
• The ISS is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, that orbits the Earth and serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory.
• It involves international cooperation with contributions from space agencies like NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, and CSA.
• Space Shuttle Program
• The Space Shuttle program was NASA's manned launch vehicle program that operated from 1981 to 2011.
• It was responsible for carrying astronauts and cargo to and from the ISS and other missions in low Earth orbit.

In 1800 years, 1800 - 1600 = 200 (we subtract the given year with the nearest leap century year)

We know that in 200 years there are 5 × 2 = 10 odd days so 1 week and 3 odd days.

Hence, the correct answer is 3.

Shortcut Trick

Use the direct formula for finding the time taken by the leak alone: Time = (x × y) ÷ (y − x)

Here, x = 9 hr (filling time) and y = 10 hr (filling time with leak).

⇒ Leak Time = (9 × 10) ÷ (10 − 9)

⇒ Leak Time = 90 ÷ 1 = 90 hr.

∴ The correct answer is 90 hr.

Alternate Method

Given:

⇒ Time taken to fill the tank without leak = 9 hr

⇒ Time taken to fill the tank with leak = 10 hr

Calculations:

⇒ Let the total capacity of the tank be LCM(9, 10) = 90 units.

⇒ Efficiency of the inlet pipe = 90 ÷ 9 = 10 units/hr.

⇒ Combined efficiency (Inlet + Leak) = 90 ÷ 10 = 9 units/hr.

⇒ Efficiency of the leak = Efficiency of inlet − Combined efficiency

⇒ Efficiency of the leak = 10 − 9 = 1 unit/hr.

⇒ Time taken by the leak to empty the full tank = Total capacity ÷ Efficiency of leak

⇒ Time = 90 ÷ 1 = 90 hr.

∴ The correct answer is 90 hr.

Additional Information

Pipes and Cisterns Rule

If a pipe fills a tank in x hours and another empties it in y hours (y > x), then the net part filled in 1 hour is (1/x − 1/y).

Leakage Concept

A leak is considered an outlet pipe with negative efficiency. Total Work = Time × Efficiency.

Efficiency Calculation

Individual efficiency is inversely proportional to the time taken to complete the work when total work is constant.

The correct answer is 1504 CE

Key Points

• Sikandar Lodi  was the most important ruler of the Lodi Dynasty, a part of India's Delhi Sultanate.
• He ascended Bahlul Lodi and was the dynasty's second ruler.
• In 1504 CE, he founded Agra city and made it his new Capital (earlier Delhi).

Additional Information

• Sikandar Lodi ruled from 1489 to 1517.
• Sikandar Lodi expanded Lodi rule into the regions of Gwalior and Bihar.
• He made a treaty with Alauddin Hussain Shah and his kingdom of Bengal.

The correct answer is 1.

CONCEPT:

• Isotopes: Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons(mass number) but the same number of protons and electrons(atomic number).
• Deuterium(heavy Hydrogen) and Tritium are isotopes of hydrogen.

EXPLANATION:

• Heavy hydrogen(Deuterium) is₁D² or ₁H².
• Number of neutrons = Mass number(A) - Atomic number(Z)
• For heavy hydrogen, Mass number = 2 and Atomic number = 1.
• Number of neutrons = 1.

Thus, Heavy hydrogen contains one proton and one neutron.

Seven workers Alok, Bhushan, Kolin, Dinesh, Ishant, Fatima, and Gorav are sitting in a straight line, all facing the North.

1. Ishant is third to the left of Gorav.
2. Gorav is sitting at one of the corners.
3. Fatima is sitting between Dinesh and Gorav.
4. Alok is second to the right of Kolin.
5. Bhushan is sitting between Kolin and Alok.

Clearly, Dinesh is sitting between Ishant and Fatima.

Hence, 'Dinesh' is the correct answer.

Given:

Marked price of the computer = Rs. 80,000,

Selling price after two discounts = Rs. 65,280,

First discount = 15%

Concept Used:

Concept: Successive discounts are calculated individually on the new price.

Solution:

Let the second discount be 'x' percent.

Selling price after the first discount = Marked price - (15/100) × Marked price

Selling price after the first discount = 80,000 - (15/100) × 80,000 

⇒ 80000 - 12000 = Rs. 68000

Selling price after the second discount = Selling price after the first discount - (x/100) × Selling price after the first discount

Selling price after the second discount = 68000 - (x/100) × 68000

Selling price after the second discount = 65,280

⇒ 68000 - (x/100) × 68000 = 65280

⇒ (x/100) × 68000 = 68000 - 65280

⇒ x × 680 = 2720

⇒ x = 4

Therefore, the value of the other discount is approximately 4%.

Rajendra Chola (1014-1044AD)

• Rajendra I, son of Rajaraja succeeded him and came to the throne in 1014 A.D.
• He ruled jointly with his father for a few years.
• He also followed a policy of conquest and annexation adopted by his father and further raised the power and prestige of the Cholas.
• He followed the expansionist policy and made extensive con­quests in Ceylon.
• The Pandya and Kerala country after being conquered was constituted as a viceroyalty under the Chola king with the title of Chola-Pandya.
• Madurai was its headquarters.
• Pro­ceeding through Kalinga, Rajendra I attacked Bengal and defeated the Pala ruler Mahipala in 1022 A.D. But he annexed no territory in north India.
• To commemorate the occasion, Rajendra I assumed the title of Gangaikondachola (the Chola conqueror of Ganga).
• He built the new capital near the mouth of the Kaveri and called it Gangaikondacholapuram (the city of the Chola conqueror of the Ganga).
• With his naval forces, he invaded Malaya Peninsula and Srivijaya Empire that extended over Sumatra, Java and the neighbouring islands and controlled the overseas trade route to China.
• He sent two diplomatic missions to China for political as well as commercial purposes.

Additional Information

Rajaraja Chola(985-1014AD)

• The original name, Arumolivarman, who crowned himself as Rajaraja I in 985 A D the next thirty years of his rule formed the formative period of Chola imperialism.
• He was the successor of Parantaka II,
• The Chola kingdom grew under him into an extensive and well-knit empire, efficiently organized and administered and possessing a powerful standing army and navy.
• Rajaraja began his conquests by attacking the confederation between the rulers of the Pandya and Kerala kingdoms and of Ceylon.
• Polonnaruva became the capital of Chola province in North Ceylon after the defeat of Mahinda V, the Ceylonese king.
• He also annexed the Maldives. Elsewhere, several parts of modern Mysore were conquered and annexed which intensified their rivalry with the Chalukyas.
• Rajaraja built the magnificent Shiva temple of Brihadeshwara or Rajaraja temple at Thanjavur which was com­pleted in 1010.
• It is considered a remarkable piece of architecture in the South Indian style.
• Rajaraja I also encouraged Sri Mara Vijayottungavarman, the Sailendra ruler of Sri Vijaya to build a Buddhist Vihara at Negapatam.
• This vihara was called ‘Chudamani Vihara’ after the father of Sri Mara.

The correct answer is Porifera.

Explanation:

Porifera-

• Members of this phylum are commonly known as sponges.
• They are generally marine and mostly asymmetrical animals.
• Sponges have a water transport or canal system.
• There are holes or ‘pores’, all over the body.
• These lead to a canal system that helps in circulating water throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen.
• Water enters through minute pores (ostia) in the body wall into a central cavity, spongocoel, from where it goes out through the osculum.
• The canal system of the Porifera phylum is helpful in food gathering, respiratory exchange and removal of waste.
• These animals are covered with a hard outside layer or skeleton.
• Examples: Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (Fresh water sponge).

Thus, the presence of the ‘Canal System’ is the characteristic feature of phylum Porifera.

Additional Information

Echinodermata- 

• They are generally marine, solitary, and triploblastic.
• Animals are radially symmetrical and larva are bilaterally symmetrical.
• The most distinctive feature of echinoderms is the presence of water vascular system which helps in the locomotion, capture, and transport of food and respiration.
• Examples: Asterias (Starfish), Echinus (Sea urchin)

Coelenterata-  

• They are aquatic, mostly marine, free swimming.
• Animals are radially symmetrical.
• A coelenteron or gastrovascular cavity is present, which is blind at one end and opens as mouth or hypostome at other end.
• Digestion is extracellular and intracellular.
• Examples: Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea-pen)

Platyhelminthes- 

• The phylum Platyhelminthes includes flatworms.
• They are the most primitive bilateral animals.
• In phylum Platyhelminthes flames cells are present for excretion and osmoregulation.
• Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke)

The diagram that best represents the relationship between Man, Father and Brother is shown below:

Some Father are Brother.

All Father and Brother are Man. 

Hence, ‘option 2’ is the correct answer.

Shortcut Trick

Raj's marks are 75% of the total, which means Rahul's marks are 25% of the total.

Ratio of their marks (Raj : Rahul) = 75% : 25% = 3 :

1. Difference in their ratio units = 3 − 1 = 2 units.

Given difference is 12 marks ⇒ 2 units = 12 marks ⇒ 1 unit = 6 marks.

Raj's marks = 3 × 6 = 18 marks, and Rahul's marks = 1 × 6 = 6 marks.

∴ The correct answer is 18 and 6 marks.

Alternate Method

Given:

⇒ Raj's marks = Rahul's marks + 12

⇒ Raj's marks = 75% of the sum of their marks

Rahul (25%)

1 Unit

Raj (75%)

3 Units

Difference: 2 Units = 12 Marks
Therefore, 1 Unit = 6 Marks

Calculations:

Let Rahul's marks be x.

⇒ Raj's marks = x + 12

⇒ Sum of their marks = x + (x + 12) = 2x + 12

According to the given condition:

⇒ x + 12 = 75% of (2x + 12)

⇒ x + 12 = (75 ÷ 100) × (2x + 12)

⇒ x + 12 = (3 ÷ 4) × (2x + 12)

⇒ 4 × (x + 12) = 3 × (2x + 12)

⇒ 4x + 48 = 6x + 36

⇒ 6x − 4x = 48 − 36

⇒ 2x = 12

⇒ x = 6 marks (Rahul's marks)

Now, substitute x to find Raj's marks:

⇒ Raj's marks = 6 + 12 = 18 marks

∴ The correct answer is 18 and 6 marks.

Additional Information

Percentage to Fraction Conversion

To convert a percentage into a fraction, divide the percentage value by 100. For example, 75% = 75 ÷ 100 = 3/4. Memorizing basic fraction conversions can greatly speed up calculations in competitive exams.

Ratio and Proportion

When a quantity is divided into a ratio a : b, the individual parts can be found as [a ÷ (a + b)] × Total and [b ÷ (a + b)] × Total respectively.

Base Change Method

If A is x% of the sum (A + B), then it naturally implies that B is (100 − x)% of the sum. Thus, the direct ratio of A : B becomes x : (100 − x).

The correct answer is 1918.

Key Points

• Gandhiji held a Satyagraha at Ahmedabad to solve the dispute between the owners and workers of a cotton mill in the city in 1918.
• This Satyagraha was known as the Ahmedabad Mill Strike and was one of the biggest labor strikes in the history of India
• The workers of the mill demanded better working conditions, higher wages, and the right to form a union, which were denied by the mill owners.
• Gandhiji, who was already a well-known leader of the Indian National Congress, supported the workers' cause and encouraged them to use non-violent means to achieve their demands.
• The Satyagraha lasted for about a month and ended with a settlement between the workers and the mill owners, which included an increase in wages and better working conditions.

Additional Information

• Satyagraha means a non-violent resistance or civil disobedience movement. Gandhiji was a strong advocate of Satyagraha as a means of achieving social and political change.

Other important movements in India led by Gandhiji:

The correct answer is Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Key Points

• NALCO, established in 1981, is one of the largest integrated Bauxite-Alumina-Aluminium-Power Complex in the Country.
• It is Asia's largest, and the sixth largest, integrated aluminum complex, encompassing bauxite mining, alumina refining, aluminum smelting and casting, power generation, rail, and port operations.
• The company is a public sector enterprise of the Ministry of Mines, Government of India.
• Its vision is to be a reputed global company in the metals and energy sectors.
• NALCO has been contributing significantly to the industrially backward district and state of Odisha in terms of employment and other developmental schemes.

For an argument to be strong, it should directly answer the Statement problem.

Argument I is not strong because we don't know if the problem of highly educated but unemployed youths would arise.

Argument II is not strong because literacy target can be achieved through primary education.

Hence, Option 4 is the correct answer.

Shortcut Trick

Ratio of radii (r₁ : r₂) = 7 : 10.5 = 2 : 3

Surface area of sphere is proportional to r²

Ratio of surface areas (A₁ : A₂) = 2² : 3² = 4 : 9

Increase in units = 9 − 4 = 5

Percentage increase = (Increase ÷ Original value) × 100 = (5 ÷ 4) × 100 = 125%

∴ The correct answer is 125%.

Alternate Method

Given:

Initial radius (r₁) = 7 cm

Final radius (r₂) = 10.5 cm

Formula Used:

Surface area of a sphere = 4 × π × r²

Percentage increase = [(New Area − Old Area) ÷ Old Area] × 100

Calculations:

⇒ Initial Surface Area (S₁) = 4 × π × (7)² = 196π cm²

⇒ Final Surface Area (S₂) = 4 × π × (10.5)² = 4 × π × 110.25 = 441π cm²

⇒ Increase in Surface Area = 441π − 196π = 245π cm²

⇒ Percentage Increase = (245π ÷ 196π) × 100

⇒ Percentage Increase = (245 ÷ 196) × 100

⇒ Percentage Increase = (5 ÷ 4) × 100

⇒ Percentage Increase = 1.25 × 100 = 125%

∴ The correct answer is 125%.

Additional Information

Volume of a Sphere

The volume (V) is given by (4/3) × π × r³. If radius increases in ratio a:b, volume increases in ratio a³:b³.

Hemisphere Surface Areas

Curved Surface Area (CSA) = 2 × π × r² and Total Surface Area (TSA) = 3 × π × r².

Scaling Factor Rule

For any 3D object, if linear dimensions are scaled by factor 'k', area scales by k² and volume scales by k³.

The correct answer is Free and compulsory primary education.

Key Points

• Article 45 under Directive Principles of State Policy laid down the foundation stone of free and compulsory education in the country. The article states that “ the state shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years”. Article 45 recognizes the child’s right to get an education and directs the state:
• To make primary education compulsory and available to all;
• To encourage the development of different forms of secondary education, including general and vocational education, make them accessible and available to every child, and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of need.
• Equality of educational opportunity can not be denied to anyone under Article 29(2) according to which admission cannot be refused to anyone on the basis of race, caste, the language in any institution maintained by the state or aided by the state.
• Also, the five articles - 15, 29(2), 15(3), 46 and 29(l) entrust the responsibility of equalization of educational opportunity in all parts of the country to the Government of India and to that end, to give special assistance to backward areas or states.
• It is therefore clear that the task of providing universal educational opportunity to all children of the country is the joint responsibility of the central government, state governments, and local bodies as well as voluntary organizations.
• The central government, in respect of primary education, has some important roles to play such as initiating researches and pilot projects in elementary education, providing financial assistance to states, acting as a coordinating agency between state and other international agencies, and sorting out the differences between various states, ensuring equitable distribution of resources and inequality of opportunities, etc.

Hence, we conclude that  Article 45 under the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution, provides for ​Free and compulsory primary education.

The correct answer is D.

Key Points

• Sulphur is not alkaline.
• An alkali is a base that dissolves in water.
• The pH level is a measurement of how acidic or alkaline a substance is on a scale of 0 to 14.
• Sulphur makes very strong acid (Sulfuric acid) on a combination of Sulphur, oxygen, and water.
• Its atomic number is 16 and the atomic symbol is S.

Additional Information

• Potassium, Lithium, and Sodium are alkaline and its solution would give a pH number more than 7.

Five person: P, Q, R, S and T sitting on a bench.

1. S is not sitting with P, who is at the right end of the bench.

2. R is at the second position from the left.

3. T sits second to the right of S.

4. Q is sitting next to T.

Clearly, T is sitting between R and Q.

Hence, the correct answer is "Between R and Q".

Concept:

LCM (a,b) × HCF (a,b) = a × b.

Calculation:

LCM × HCF = a × b

25 × 5 = 5 × b

125 = 5b

b = 25

∴ Other number is 25.

The correct answer is 2011.

Key Points

• On January 25, India celebrates its National Voters’ Day to mark the founding day of the Election Commission (EC) of India.
• The day is dedicated to raise awareness among the citizens of India on voter rights and duties.
• The EC was formed in 1950 but the first-ever National Voters’ Day was celebrated in 2011.

Concept:

Explanation:

Excretion in birds

• Birds do not have a urinary bladder.
• Unlike mammals, birds do not have separate excrement and urine outputs.The cloaca eliminates both waste products at the same time.
• Urine leaves the ureters and enters the cloaca, where it is pushed into the large intestine by reverse peristalsis, allowing excess water to be reabsorbed before evacuation.
• This reabsorbed water is available to the bird and helps to compensate for birds' lower ability to concentrate urine as effectively as mammals.
• The urine is thick and pasty, with a low water content but a high uric acid concentration due to nitrogen metabolism.
• It is frequently passed as a paste and appears on some faeces as a whitish or cream cap.

Hence, the correct option is 'a'. 

Additional Information

 

MODE OF EXCRETION

Given series: pq _ rp _ pr pqp _ _ qpr

Let us check through options.

1. rppq

pq r r / p p pr / pqp p / q qpr → Incorrect (It doesn't follow any pattern)

2. pqpr 

pq p r / p q pr / pqp p / r qpr → Incorrect (It doesn't follow any pattern)

3. prqp

pq p r / p r pr / pqp q / p qpr → Incorrect (It doesn't follow any pattern)

4. pqrp

pq p r / p q pr / pqp r / p qpr → Correct (It follows a certain pattern)

Hence, pqrp is correct.