MPPEB Group 2 Subgroup 4 Labour Inspector Official Paper(Held On: 12th Jan 2017 Shift 1) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points 

• Tin cans, used for storing food, are made by electroplating tin onto iron because tin being less reactive than iron is used for containerization of food items.
• Thus, food does not come into contact with iron and is protected from getting spoilt.
• So, a coating of zinc is deposited on iron to protect it from corrosion and the formation of rust.

Additional Information 

• Electroplating is the process of plating one metal onto another by hydrolysis, most commonly for decorative purposes or to prevent corrosion of a metal.
• The Purposes of Electroplating:
• Appearance
• Protection
• Special surface properties
• Engineering or mechanical properties

The correct answer is Complete path of the flow of electricity.

Key Points

• Circuit is a complete path of the flow of electricity.
• Circuit
• It is a complete circular path that electricity flows through.
• A source of electricity, such as a battery, provides electrical energy in the circuit.
• Unless the circuit is complete, that is, making a full circle back to the electrical source, no electrons will move.
• In a circuit, the electrons travel from the negative side of the power supply to the positive side.
• A simple circuit consists of a current source, conductors and a load.
• The circuit boards will also contain all the connectors and other components needed for the circuit to perform the needed job.
• The relationship between the electrical flow and load is described in Ohm's Law.
• Circuits can be miniaturized and printed on a substrate in an integrated circuit (IC).
• The IC may contain all the needed circuit traces, capacitors, transistor and other parts needed to do the prescribed work.
• In most devices, an IC will be put on a circuit board and then connected to a power supply

The correct answer is Force of friction.

Key Points

• A boat comes to rest if we stop rowing. The force responsible for changing the state of motion of objects is Force of friction.
• ​Friction between water and the boat brings it to a stop once you stop rowing.
• Force of friction
• It is the opposing force when two surfaces come in contact with each other to move either in the same direction or in opposite directions.​
• The frictional forces are majorly affected by the texture of the surface of the objects that came in contact with each other and the amount of force exerted on them.
• The formula for frictional force is given by F = μN
• Frictional Forces are primarily classified into four different types-
• rolling friction
• sliding friction
• static friction
• kinetic friction

Important Points

• Force of Gravity
• It is a force that attracts any objects with mass.
• It is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center.
• Objects with more mass have more gravity.
• Gravity also gets weaker with distance. Hence, the closer objects are to each other, the stronger their gravitational pull is.
• Gravitational Force = Gm¹m²/r²  is the Gravitational force between two objects measured in Newton (N). G is the Universal Gravitational Constant with a value of 6.674 × 10^-11 Nm²kg^-2.
• Muscular force
• It is any force applied by using our muscles like arms or legs.​
• Magnetic force
• ​It is the attraction or repulsion that arises between electrically charged particles because of their motion.
• The force is perpendicular to both the velocity v of the charge q and the magnetic field.
• Magnetic Force F = qvB sinθ
• F = magnetic force
• q = charge of moving particle
• v = particle velocity
• B = magnetic field
• θ = angle between velocity and magnetic field vectors

The correct answer is Mixed cropping.

Key Points

• The growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land is known as mixed cropping.
• It is also known as multiple cropping.

Additional Information 

• This type of cropping leads to an improvement in the fertility of the soil.
• Hence it increases the crop yield.
• Mixed cropping is insurance against crop failure due to abnormal weather conditions.
• In intercropping, two or more crops are simultaneously grown with distinct row arrangements on the same field at the same time.
• Growing different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession is called crop rotation.

The correct answer is Rain Gauge.

Key Points

• An instrument is especially a device used to measure the speed, distance, or to do any specific work.
• The amount of rainfall is measured with the help of a rain gauge.
• The rain gauge consists of a metal cylinder on which a circular funnel is fitted.
• The diameter of the funnel’s rim is normally 20 cm.
• The raindrops are collected and measured in a measuring glass.
• Normally, rainfall is measured in units of millimetres or centimetres.
• Snow is also measured in a similar manner by turning it into liquid form.

The correct answer is Odometer.

Key Points

• Odometer or odograph: It is a device used to measure the distance traveled by the vehicle.
• Speedometer or speed meter: A device used by the vehicle to measure the speed of the vehicle.
• Compass: A magnetic device used to find direction on the earth.
• As explained above odometer is used to measure the distance in automobiles. Therefore option 2 is correct.

The correct answer is Fermentation.

Key Points

• Fermentation is a chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically.

Important Points 

• There are three different types of fermentation.
• Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Starch or sugar is converted into lactic acid by yeast strains and bacteria.
• During exercise, the occurrence of muscle cramps is due to lactic acid formation.
• The energy expenditure is faster than the oxygen supplied to the muscle cells.
• Alcohol Fermentation
• Alcoholic fermentation is the process by which ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced from sugars like fructose, glucose, and sucrose by yeasts during the production of cellular energy.
• Acetic Acid Fermentation
• ​Vinegar is obtained from the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria.

Additional Information 

• Enteric fermentation is a digestive process that takes place in the digestive systems of ruminant animals by which carbohydrates are broken down by microorganisms into simple molecules for absorption into the bloodstream of an animal.

The correct answer is Epiglottis.

Key Points

• The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage positioned in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx.
• Its main function is to prevent the entry of food into the glottis opening of the windpipe during swallowing.
• During breathing, it stays open, allowing air into the larynx.
• It originates at the entrance of the larynx and is attached to the hyoid bone.
• Afterward, it projects upwards and backward behind the tongue.
• The space is present between the epiglottis and the tongue termed as, vallecula.

The correct answer is Crown.

Key Points

• Trees have strong stems and many branches. They have many uses in our daily life. The various parts of the trees are discussed in detail.

The parts of the plant are shown below:

• Roots are under the ground and absorb water and nutrients from the soil and help in the growth of the plant.
• Leaves prepare food for plants through the process called photosynthesis.
• The strong stem of the tree is called the trunk and it helps in transporting water to all parts of the tree.
• Trees have many branches. The branchy part of the tree that is above the stem is called the crown.

The correct answer is Sulphur.

Key Points

• A yellow solid is used in many medicines & as a fungicide to kill harmful fungi. The yellow substance is Sulphur.
• ​Sulphur is the best known for its effectiveness against powdery mildew of many plants, but also effective against certain rusts, leaf blights and fruit diseases.
• Sulphur fungicides emit sufficient vapour to prevent the growth of the fungal spores at a distance from the area of deposition.
• This is an added advantage in sulphur fungicides as compared to other fungitoxicants.
• Sulphur
• The atomic number is 16 with Group 16 and block p.
• It is an odorless, tasteless, light yellow solid.
• It is a non-metal and is readily available at room temperature as a bright yellow crystalline solid.
• It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.
• It is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulphide and toluene (methyl benzene).
• It appears in a number of different allotropic modifications: rhombic, monoclinic, polymeric, and others
• It reacts with all metals except gold and platinum, forming sulfides; it also forms compounds with several nonmetallic elements.
• It is infamous for its smell, frequently compare to rotten eggs.

The correct answer is The process is slower & doesn't produce many off springs.

Key Points

• The disadvantages of sexual reproduction is the process is slower & doesn't produce many off springs.
• Sexual reproduction
• It involves formation of the male and female gametes, either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex.
• These gametes fuse to form the zygote which develops to form the new organism. It is an elaborate, complex and slow process as compared to asexual reproduction.
• Because of the fusion of male and female gametes, sexual reproduction results in offspring that are not identical to the parents or amongst themselves.
• All organisms have to reach a certain stage of growth and maturity in their life, before they can reproduce sexually. That period of growth is called the juvenile phase. It is known as vegetative phase in plants. This phase is of variable durations in different organisms.
• Asexual reproduction
• In this method, a single individual (parent) is capable of producing offspring.
• As a result, the offspring that are produced are not only identical to one another but are also exact copies of their parent.
• Asexual reproduction is common among single-celled organisms, and in plants and animals with relatively simple organisations.
• In Protists and Monerans, the organism or the parent cell divides by mitosis into two to give rise to new individuals

The correct answer is Vacuum.

Key Points

• Sound vibration must travel through matter.
• Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
• A vacuum is an area without any air, like space. So sound cannot travel through space because there is no matter for the vibrations to work in.

Additional Information

• Sound waves need to travel through a medium such as a solid, liquid, or gas.
• The sound waves move through each of these mediums by vibrating the molecules in the matter.
• The molecules in solids are packed very tightly. Liquids are not packed as tightly as solids. And gases are very loosely packed.
• The spacing of the molecules enables sound to travel much faster through a solid than a gas. Sound travels about four times faster and farther in water than it does in air.
• Sound waves are travelling vibrations of particles in media such as air, water, or metal. So it stands to reason that they cannot travel through empty space, where there are no atoms or molecules to vibrate.

The correct answer is Ciliary muscles.

Key Points

• The thickness of the lens in the eye is altered enabling the eye to see far & near objects clearly by  Ciliary muscles.
• Ciliary muscles
• ​It is an intrinsic muscle of the eye that participates in the accommodation reflex.
• These are rounded, smooth muscles that hold the zonules in place.
• When ciliary muscles contract, the zonules relax, causing the lens to become more spherical (thicker). This decrease in lens curvature allows the eye to focus on nearby objects.
• When ciliary muscles relax, the zonules tighten, causing the lens to flatten. This increase in lens curvature allows the eye to focus on distant objects.
• Cornea ​
• It is a transparent avascular tissue that acts as a structural barrier and protects the eye against infections.
• Along with the tear film, it provides proper anterior refractive surface for the eye.
• The cornea's main function is to refract, or bend, light. The cornea is responsible for focusing most of the light that enters the eye.
• Pupil ​
• It is the opening in the iris of the eye wherein light enters before it reaches the lens and focusing on the retina.
• It regulates the flow of light to the retina.
• Iris ​
• It is the colored part of eye.
• It is present in the anterior part of the eye lens.
• It controls the size and diameter of the pupil and thus regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

The correct answer is Nucleus & mitochondria.

Key Points

• Two organelles that have their own genetic material are Nucleus & mitochondria.
• Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
• Besides the nucleus, the eukaryotic cells have other membrane bound distinct structures called organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, microbodies and vacuoles.
• The prokaryotic cells lack such membrane bound organelles.
• ​Inside each cell is a dense membrane bound structure called nucleus.
• This nucleus contains the chromosomes which in turn contain the genetic material, DNA.
• Cells that have membrane bound nuclei are called eukaryotic whereas cells that lack a membrane bound nucleus are prokaryotic.
• Mitochondria
• These are membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions.
• These are the sites of aerobic respiration.
• They produce cellular energy in the form of ATP, hence they are called ‘power houses’ of the cell.
• Offspring inherit mitochondria — and as a result mitochondrial DNA — from their mother.

The correct answer is LDPE.

Key Points

• Polythene bags are made from LDPE.
• LDPE stands for Low-density polyethylene.
• It is a thermoplastic made from the monomer ethylene.
• It is a soft, flexible, lightweight plastic material.
• It is noted for its low temperature flexibility, toughness, and corrosion resistance.
• It is not suited for applications where stiffness, high temperature resistance and structural strength are required.
• It is popularly used in products like grocery/garbage bags, juice containers, and cling wrap.

Additional Information

• PET ​
• PET stands for polyethylene terephthalate.
• It is a condensation polymer of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
• It is a thermoplastic synthetic substance, malleable under heat, and can be shaped.
• It has a high strength-to-weight ratio and resistant to moisture.
• HDPE ​
• HDPE stands for High-density polyethylene.
• It is a polymer whose monomer is ethylene.
• It is a thermoplastic polymer made from petroleum.
• HDPE retains its rigid structure until its melting point is reached.
• It is resistant to mould and rotting, making it an ideal choice for making underground water pipes.
• HDPE plastic is used in a wide variety of applications, including plastic bottles, milk jugs, shampoo bottles, bleach bottles, cutting boards, and piping.
• PVC ​
• PVC  stands for Polyvinyl chloride.
• It is a synthetic resin made from the polymerization of vinyl chloride.
• It has high impact strength.
• PVC is very dense compared to most plastics (specific gravity around 1.4).
• It is used extensively across a broad range of industrial, technical and everyday applications including widespread use in building, transport, packaging, electrical/electronic and healthcare applications.

The correct answer is Guard cells.

Key Points

• Stomata, present on the leaves are surrounded by Guard cells.
• ​Guard cells are pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores.
• The guard cells swells up and open the stomata for the exchange of gases when the plant has an excess of water.
• Stomata is circular pore with a hole in the middle for gas to enter or leave the plant.
• ​Transpiration is the evaporative loss of water by plants. It occurs mainly through stomata.
• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the leaf also occurs through these stomata.
• Normally stomata are open in the day time and close during the night.
• The immediate cause of the opening or closing of stomata is a change in the turgidity of the guard cells.
• The inner wall of each guard cell, towards the pore or stomatal aperture, is thick and elastic.
• When turgidity increases within the two guard cells flanking each stomatal aperture or pore, the thin outer walls bulge out and force the inner walls into a crescent shape.
• The opening of the stoma is also aided due to the orientation of the microfibrils in the cell walls of the guard cells.

The correct answer is Satpura national park.

Key Points

• The finest Indian teak is found in the forests of Satpura national park.
• Teak is a tropical hardwood tree species in the family Lamiaceae.
• It is known for its incredible durability and water resistance.
• Teak has a high oil content, giving it the highest decay-resistance among all natural wood products.
• Satpura national park ​
• It is located in the Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh.
• It is surrounded by Bori and Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuaries.
• The Denwa River is the main water source of the park.
• Terrain: Sandstone peaks, narrow valleys, ravines, and dense forests.
• Fauna: Indian giant squirrel, porcupine, hornbill, peacock.
• Flora: Sal, teak, tendu, Phyllanthus Emblica, medicinal plants.

Additional Information

• Pachmarhi sanctuary
• It is in Madhya Pradesh.
• Pachmarhi comprises three protection sites: the Bori Sanctuary, Satpura National Park and Pachmarhi Sanctuary – otherwise known as the Satpura Tiger Reserve.
• It was designated as a biosphere reserve by UNSECO in 2009 under the MAB program.
• It extends in districts of Hoshangabad, Betul, and Chindwara.​
• Bori sanctuary
• ​It includes India's oldest forest preserve, the Bori Reserve Forest, established in 1865 along the Tawa River.
• The sanctuary covers an area of 518 km² located in the northern foothills of the Satpura Range.
• It is bounded by the Satpura National Park to the north and east, and by the Tawa River to the west.
• The sanctuary, together with Satpura National Park and the Pachmarhi Sanctuary, forms the Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
• Bandipur national park
• ​It is located in Karnataka.
• It was established in 1974.
• It is the part of the Nilgiri biosphere.
• According to the population estimation of tigers in reserves for 2018-19 Bandipur reserves has the third-highest tiger population in India with 127 tigers.
• It shares its boundary with 3 other national parks namely Nagarahole national park, Wayanad national park, and Mudumalai national park.

The correct answer is 46.

Key Points

• The number of chromosomes present in a normal human cell is 46.
• Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.
• ​Structurally, each chromosome is composed of DNA that is tightly coiled around special proteins called histones.
• ​​Every cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of such chromosomes, making it total 46.
• Of the 23 pairs, 22 are known as autosomes.
• Females have a pair of X chromosomes, males have an X and Y chromosome.
• Each pair contains two chromosomes, one coming from each parent, which means that children inherit half of their chromosomes from their mother and half from their father.
• Most DNA is found inside the nucleus of a cell, where it forms the chromosomes. Chromosomes have proteins called histones that bind to DNA.
• DNA is made up of four building blocks called nucleotides-
• adenine (A)
• thymine (T)
• guanine (G)
• cytosine (C)

The correct answer is They absorb heat.

Key Points

• Dark colored clothes are preferred in winter because they absorb heat.
• ​Similarly, light colored clothes are preferred in summer because they reflect heat.
• Light travels in waves which can be absorbed, reflected, scattered, and bent.
• A black object absorbs all wavelengths of light and converts them into heat.
• A dark object of a given color will absorb more photons than a light object of the same color, so it will absorb more heat and get warmer.
• The leaf appears to be green because it reflects the green wavelength back to our eyes and absorbs all the other colors.
• A white object reflects all wavelengths of light, so the light is not converted into heat and the temperature of the object does not increase noticeably.

The correct answer is Acid rain.

Key Points

• Taj Mahal is getting damaged due to the effects of Acid rain.
• Acid rain is a byproduct of a variety of human activities that emit the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
• Crude-oil refineries situated in nearby Mathura, spew out vast quantities of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.
• It is carried by winds and acid rain to Agra.
• ​Acid rain-induced marble cancer is the progressive degradation (or eating away) of marble monuments.
• Tajmahal is made of marble (CaCO3) which reacts with sulphuric acid of the acid rain. It causes pitting, decolourization and lusterless.
• CaCO₃ of Taj Mahal combines with Sulphuric acid to give → CaSO₄ + H₂O+ CO₂.
• To constrain the damage to the Taj Mahal caused by the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, the government of India announced an action plan in 1995.
• There are two types of acidic deposition- wet and dry.
• Wet deposition refers to any type of precipitation that takes acids from the atmosphere and deposits them on the earth’s surface.
• Dry deposition of harmful particles and gases clings to the ground in the absence of precipitation via dust and smoke.

The correct answer is Moving parts of a machine.

Key Points

• In Moving parts of a machine, friction is disadvantageous.
• Friction produces heat which damages the moving parts of a machine.
• Friction produces wear and tear on the contacting surfaces. This reduces the life of machine parts.
• A lot of energy is wasted to reduce/overcome friction.
• Force of friction
• It is the opposing force when two surfaces come in contact with each other to move either in the same direction or in opposite directions.​
• The frictional forces are majorly affected by the texture of the surface of the objects that came in contact with each other and the amount of force exerted on them.
• The formula for frictional force is given by F = μN
• Frictional Forces are primarily classified into four different types-
• rolling friction
• sliding friction
• static friction
• kinetic friction

The correct answer is Charcoal.

Key Points

• Charcoal is NOT a product of destructive distillation of Coal.
• The process of heating coal in the absence of air is called the destructive distillation of coal.
• Coal contains a number of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.
• When coal is heated in the absence of air, a number of products are obtained.
• The primary products obtained by the destructive distillation of coal are-
• Coke
• Coal tar
• Coal gas
• Coke
• It is a grey, hard, and porous coal-based fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities.
• It contains 98 % carbon.
• It is porous, tough, black and the purest form of coal.
• It is largely employed as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals from their ores.
• Coal gas
• It is a gaseous mixture of mainly hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide.
• It is often formed by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.
• It has high calorific value.
• It is used as a fuel.
• Coal tar
• It is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal.
• The fractional distillation of coal tar gives many chemical substances which are used in the preparation of dyes, explosives, paints, synthetics fibers, drugs, and pesticides.

The correct answer is Magnesium Hydroxide.

Key Points

• The chemical composition of Milk of magnesia is Magnesium Hydroxide Mg(OH)₂.
• Milk of magnesia
• It occurs in nature as the mineral brucite.
• It can act as an antacid or as a saline laxative (means it contains salts that draw water into the intestine).​​
• As an antacid, magnesium hydroxide works by simple neutralization.
• The hydroxide ions from the Mg (OH)₂ combine with acidic H+ ions produced in the form of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells in the stomach to produce water.
• In Stomach-
• HCl + H₂O gives H₃O⁺ + Cl^-
• Mg (OH)₂ (s) + 2 H₃O+ (aq) = 4 H₂O (l) + Mg²⁺ (aq).
• It thus neutralizes the acid produced in the stomach and works as an Antacid.

The correct answer is Dil. Sulphuric acid & Sodium bi carbonate solution.

Key Points

• The constituents in Soda-Acid fire extinguisher are diluted sulphuric acid and Sodium bi carbonate (baking soda) solution.
• It is the most efficient house-hold fire extinguisher.
• It has a strong iron vessel with a side discharge nozzle. The iron vessel is filled with a sodium bicarbonate solution.​
• ​The working principle of any fire extinguisher is based on the following three conditions-
• cooling of the combustible material below its ignition temperature
• cutting off the air supply
• cooling the combustible material simultaneously while cutting off the air supply.
• When the knob of the soda acid fire extinguisher is pressed (or when the fire extinguisher is inverted), then sulphuric acid mixes with sodium bicarbonate solution to produce a lot of carbon dioxide gas.
• The pressure of this CO₂ gas forces a stream of liquid to fall on the burning substance.
• The carbon dioxide gas (coming out along with the liquid) forms a blanket around the burning substance and cuts off the supply of air (oxygen) to the burning substance.
• Since the supply of air is cut off, the process of burning stops and fire gets extinguished.

The correct answer is Sirius.

Key Points

• The brightest star in the night sky is Sirius. 
• ​It is also called Alpha Canis Majoris or the Dog Star.
• It is a binary star in the constellation Canis Major.
• The bright component of the binary is a blue-white star 25.4 times as luminous as the Sun.
• It is relatively close to Earth (8.6 light-years away).
• It is highly visible in the Northern Hemisphere's winter night sky, because the star has a high luminosity.
• According to NASA, Sirius has a mass that's two times that of Earth's sun. If the star were placed next to our sun, Sirius would outshine it more than 20 times over.
• The nearest stars to Earth are three stars that lie about 4.37 light-years away in the Alpha Centauri triple-star system.
• The closest of these stars-
• Proxima Centauri, is just about 4.24 light-years away.
• The two bright stars, called Alpha Centauri A and B form a close binary system; they are separated by only 23 times the Earth - Sun distance.
• Stars are made of very hot gas.
• They contain small amounts of elements like oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, but they’re around 98% hydrogen and helium, the two lightest elements in the universe.

'कर्मविमुख' में तत्पुरुष समास है।

Confusion Points

• 'कर्मविमुख' में अपादान तत्पुरुष समास है।
• 'कर्मविमुख = कर्म से विमुख

Key Points

• अपादान तत्पुरुष समास - जिस समास का उत्तर पद प्रधान और पूर्वपद गौण हो तथा इसमें "से "(अलग होने के अर्थ में) कारक चिह्न का लोप हो अपादान तत्पुरुष समास कहलाता है।
• उदाहरण - धर्महीन - धर्म से हें, देशनिकाला - देश से निकला, भयभीत- भय से भीत आदि।

Additional Informationअन्य विकल्प -

'अग्नि' का पर्यायवाची आला नहीं है।

Confusion Points

• आला का अर्थ उत्तम,श्रेष्ठ है।

Key Points

Important Points

Additional Informationपर्यायवाची शब्द - एक ही अर्थ का बोध कराने वाले भिन्न - भिन्न शब्दों को पर्यायवाची शब्द कहते है, अतः इनको समानार्थी शब्द भी कहते है।

"गीतांजली कपड़े स्वयं धोती है**" रेखांकित शब्द में निजवाचक सर्वनाम है**।

Key Points

• निजवाचक सर्वनाम = जिन सर्वनाम शब्दों का प्रयोग वक्ता स्वयं के लिए करता है।
• मैं,आप,अपना,स्वयं आदि शब्द वाक्य में आते है जिससे स्वयं का बोध हो।
• उदाहरण - मैं अपना कार्य स्वयं करती हूँ।

Important Points

उदाहरण - 

• मुझे यह अपने से करने दो।
• मैं अपनी पढाई अपने आप करूंगा।
• मैंने यह स्वयं तोड़ा है।

Additional Informationअन्य विकल्प -

जो शोक करने योग्य ना हो वाक्य के लिए एक शब्द अशोच्य है।

Confusion Points

• जिसे शोक न हो - अशोक

Key Points

• जब अनेक शब्दों के स्थान पर केवल एक शब्द का प्रयोग भी किया जाता है तो उसे वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहा जाता है।
• जिसके विषय में शोक करना उचित न हो - अशोच्य

Important Pointsवाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द-

'लावारिस' शब्द में ला उपसर्ग का प्रयोग है।

Key Points

• ला + वारिस = लावारिस
• लावारिस का अर्थ है - बिना उत्तराधिकारी का

Additional Informationउपसर्ग -वह अव्यय जो शब्द के पहले लगकर शब्द का अर्थ बदल दे।

सही उत्तर है- दोनों चालाक 

तुम डाल – डाल तो मैं पात – पात -  हिन्दी की एक प्रसिद्ध लोकोक्ति है जिसका प्रयोग अक्सर हिन्दी के लेख, निबंध आदि में किया जाता 

Key Points

• तुम डाल – डाल तो मैं पात –पात अर्थ है- अगर तूम श्रेष्ठ हो तो मैं अतिश्रेष्ठ हूं ।
• लोकोक्ति का वाक्य प्रयोग – **रंजीत ने कहा की चलो तुम किधर चलते हो ; ‘तुम डाल – डाल तो मैं पात -**पात'

Additional Information

• लोकोक्ति को कहावतें भी कहते हैं।
• कहावतें कही हुई बातों के समर्थन में होती है।
• महापुरुषों, कवियों व संतों के कहे हुए ऐसे कथन जो स्वतंत्र और आम बोलचाल की भाषा में कहे गए हैं  जिसमें उनका भाव निहित होता है तो ये  कहलाती है।
• प्रत्येक लोकोक्ति (lokokti) के पीछे कोई न कोई घटना व कहानी होती है।

कुछ प्रमुख लोकोक्तियां इस प्रकार है-

• अकेला चना भाड़ नहीं फोड़ सकता - अकेला आदमी बिना दूसरों के सहयोग के कोई बड़ा काम नहीं कर सकता।
• वाक्य प्रयोग – मैं जानता हूँ कि ‘अकेला चना भाड़ नहीं फोड़ सकता’ फिर भी जो काम अपने करने का है, वह जरूर करूँगा।
• अधजल गगरी छलकत जाए - जिसमें ज्ञान कम होता है वह दिखावा अधिक करता है।
• वाक्य प्रयोग – अजय खुद तो आठवीं क्लास पास है लेकिन गुरु जी सामने बढ़ चढ़ के बात कर रहा था। इसे ही कहते हैं कि अधजल गगरी छलकत जाये |
• अंधों में काना राजा - कम पढ़े लिखे लोगों के बीच में थोड़ा पढ़ा लिखा आदमी विद्वान माना जाता है.
• वाक्य प्रयोग – गांव में पांचवी पास आदमी भी अंधों में काना राजा होता है क्योंकि उसकी थोड़ी सी योग्यता बड़ी मायने रखती है.
• आंख का अंधा गांठ का पूरा -बेवकूफ लेकिन धनवान
• वाक्य प्रयोग - उसे ठगना बहुत आसान है क्योंकि वह आँख का अन्धा गाँठ का पूरा है।

सही उत्तर है- संगणक केवल गणना करती है

Key Points

संगणक - 

• एक प्रकार की मशीन जिसके द्वारा आँकड़ों का जोड़ आदि शीघ्रता से किया जाता है; परिकलक; अभिकलक; गणक; (कंप्यूटर)।
• आधुनिक युग में Computer हमारे दैनिक जीवन का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है।
• आज वे प्रारंभिक कम्प्यूटरों की तरह सिर्फ गणना नही करते बल्कि इन दिनों “Computer का उपयोग” हर जगह जैसे – घरों, शैक्षणिक संस्थानों, व्यवसाय, चिकित्सा, सरकारी कार्यालयों, कृषि, रीसर्च, बैंकिंग, रक्षा व सैन्य क्षेत्रों में इसका प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Additional Information 

• कम्प्यूटर के प्रकार – तकनीकी के आधार पर कम्प्यू���र चार प्रकार के होते हैं—माइक्रो कम्प्यूटर, मिनी कम्प्यूटर, मेनफ्रेम कम्प्यूटर और सुपर कम्प्यूटर।
• माइक्रो कम्प्यूटर - तकनीकी दृष्टि से माइक्रो सबसे कम कार्य क्षमता रखने वाला कम्प्यूटर है परन्तु यह सभी कार्यों के लिये प्रयुक्त होते हैं।

संगणक का प्रयोग वर्तमान समय निम्नलिखित क्षेत्रों में है 

• घर
• चिकित्सा क्षेत्र
• मनोरंजन
• उद्योग
• शिक्षा
• सरकार
• बैंकिंग
• व्यवसाय

विधिवाचक वाक्य  हैं  - बाजार जाकर कुछ सब्जियाँ खरीद लाओ 

जिन वाक्यों में किसी क्रिया के करने या होने का सामान्य रूप बोध हो, उन्हें विधानवाचक वाक्य कहते हैं।

• राधा पढ़ती है।
• मेरा काम खत्म हो गया है।
• मेरे पिता का नाम राजेश है।

Key Pointsऊपर दिए गए अन्य वाक्यो भेद इस प्रकार है  ​                    

• मैं घर पर नहीं रहूँगा-  निषेधवाचक वाक्य
• यदि परिश्रम करते तो सफल होते- संकेतवाचक  वाक्य
• आह! कितना सुंदर दृश्य है- विस्म्यादिवाचक वाक्य

Additional Information

अर्थ के आधार पर आठ प्रकार के वाक्य होते है –

• विधान वाचक वाक्य - राधिका खाना खा रही है।
• निषेधवाचक वाक्य - उसने आज गृह कार्य नहीं किया।
• प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य - तुम कितने बजे सुबह उठते हो ?
• विस्म्यादिवाचक वाक्य - रुको! तुम नहीं जा सकते।
• आज्ञावाचक वाक्य -   राम जाकर पढ़ाई करो।
• इच्छावाचक वाक्य - मै भी आपके जैसे डॉक्टर बनाना चाहता हूँ।
• संकेतवाचक वाक्य - अगर आज तुम जल्दी उठ जाते तो स्कूल के लिए लेट नहीं होते।
• संदेहवाचक वाक्य - ट्रेन शायद देरी से आने वाला है

चमक गई चपला चम-चम पंक्ति में अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

• अनुप्रास अलंकार -  जहां पर कोई अक्षर बार-बार आये या उस वर्ण को बार बार दुहराया जाए वहां पर अनुप्रास अलंकार होता है।
• उदाहरण - रघुपति राघव राजा राम,मधुर मधुर मुस्कान मनोहर, मनुज वेश का उजियाला।

Key Points       दिए गए अन्य अलंकारो के उदाहरण है-

• यमक अलंकार - जब कविता में एक ही शब्द दो या दो से अधिक बार आए और उसका अर्थ हर बार भिन्न-भिन्न हो वहां पर यमक अलंकार होता है।
• उदाहरण- काली घटा का घमंड घटा,नभ मंडल तारक वृंद खेलें ।
• रूपक अलंकार - जब उपमेय में उपमान का निषेध-रहित आरोप करते हैं, तब रूपक अलंकार होता है।
• उदाहरण-पायो जी मैंने राम रतन धन पायो।
• उपमा अलंकार- किसी प्रस्तुत वस्तु की उसके किसी विशेष गुण, क्रिया, स्वभाव आदि की समानता के आधार पर अन्य अप्रस्तुत से समानता स्थापित की जाए तो उपमा                  अलंकार होगा।
• उदाहरण- हाय फूल सी कोमल बच्ची , हुई राख की ढेरी थी।

 Additional Information

• काव्य की शोभा बढ़ानेवाले तत्वों का अलंकार कहते है।
• अलंकार के मुख्य दो भेद है- शब्दालंकार और अर्थालंकार। जहाँ शब्दों में चमत्कार आ जाता है वहाँ शब्दालंकार तथा जहां अर्थ के कारण रमणीयता आ जाती है उसे अर्थालंकार    कहते है।

शब्दालंकार के प्रकार-

• अनुप्रास अलंकार
• यमक अलंकार
• पुनरुक्ति अलंकार
• विप्सा अलंकार
• वक्रोक्ति अलंकार

अर्थालंकार के प्रकार- 

• उपमा अलंकार
• रूपक अलंकार
• उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार
• भ्रान्तिमान अलंकार
• सन्देह अलंकार

'अबोध' के पर्यायवाची शब्द - नादान, भोला, अपरिपक्व 

Key Pointsदिए गए दूसरे शब्दों के  पर्यायवाची शब्द इस प्रकार हैं-

• खल का पर्यायवाची- दुष्ट, दुर्जन, तमस
• बूरा का पर्यायवाची- कड़वा, अप्रिय, दनुज
• सज्जन का पर्यायवाची- करूण, कृपालु, सहृदय

Additional Information

• पर्याय शब्द को पर्यायवाची और प्रतिशब्द आदि नाम से भी जानते हैं।
• जिन शब्दों के अर्थ में समानता हो उससे परर्यावाची शब्द कहते है।

अन्य उदाहरण -

• पृथ्वी - धरा,मेदि, महि,वसुन्धरा ,विकेशी, क्षमा,अवनि
• राजा - नरेश, महीपति, अवनीश, नरपति, नरेन्द्र, महिपाल
• पेड़  -तरु, वृक्ष, पादप, विटष तथा द्रुम
• सूर्य - रवि, प्रभाकर, दिवाकर, सविता, भानु, अंशुमाली, सहस्त्रकर, दिनकर, दिनेश

'व्यंजन संधि' का उदाहरण है- 'पंचम'

• 'पंचम' का संधि विच्छेद- पम् + चम

नियम-

• यदि म के बाद क से म तक कोई व्यंजन हो तो म् अनुस्वार में बदल जाता है।
• जैसे - सम् + गम = संगम

Key Points

• ने + अन = नयन (ए + अ = अय) अयादि संधि
• शिव + आलय = शिवालय (अ + आ = आ) दीर्घ संधि
• विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी (आ + अ = आ) दीर्घ संधि

Important Points 

'आढ़तिया​' में प्रत्यय है- **'**इया'

• आढ़त + इया = आढ़तिया
• 'आढ़त' मूलशब्द और **'**इया' प्रत्यय
• अर्थ: वह व्यापारी जो आढ़त से संबंधित कार्य करता है, आढ़ती।

Key Points

• प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़ता है।

Additional Information ​कुछ महत्वपूर्ण प्रत्यय शब्द:-

• इया- बिटिया, चुटिया, डिबिया, खटिया, लुटिया, मुखिया।
• ऐला - विषैला, कसैला, वनैला, मटैला, थनैला, मटमैला।
• अक - पावक, पाठक, कारक, गायक, विचारक।
• आक - तैराक, चालाक, खटाक, तड़ाक, मजाक, फटाक।
• पन - अपनापन, मोटापन, कालापन, नीलापन।
• ईला - रसीला, जहरीला, पथरीला, कंकरीला, हठीला।

विधानवाचक वाक्य है- 'मोहन पत्र लिखता है।'

• (यहाँ पर हमें पत्र लिखने का बोध हो रहा है, अत: यह विधानवाचक वाक्य के अंतर्गत आएगा।)
• ऐसे वाक्य जिनसे किसी काम के होने या किसी के अस्तित्व का बोध हो, वह वाक्य विधानवाचक वाक्य कहलाता है।

उदाहरण-

• ममता ने खाना खा लिया।
• हिंदी हमारी राष्ट्रभाषा है।

Key Points

• निषेधवाचक वाक्य - मोहन पत्र नहीं लिखता।
• इच्छावाचक वाक्य- मेरी इच्छा है कि मोहन यह पत्र लिखे।
• आज्ञावाचक वाक्य- मोहन, पत्र लिखो।

Important Points

जहाँ पर अर्द्धविराम की तुलना में कम देर रुकना हो तो अल्पविराम चिह्न का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

• इसे ( , ) चिह्न के रूप में दर्शाया जाता है।

जैसे-

• आशा**,** तुम वहां जाओ।
• मैंने बहुत परिश्रम किया**,** किन्तु सफल न हो पाया।

Key Points

• योजक चिह्न - ( - )
• पूर्ण विराम - (। )
• कोष्ठक चिह्न - ( )

Important Points 

‘चतुर्भुज' का सामासिक विग्रह है- 'चार हाथों (भुजाओं) का समूह'

• ‘चतुर्भुज' में द्विगु समास है।

Mistake Points

• चतुर्भुज = चार हाथों (भुजाओं) का समूह
• ( द्विगु समास का समास-विग्रह करते समय दोनों पदों को लिख कर अन्त में 'का समूह या का समाहार' लिखते हैं।)
• चारपाई = चार पैरों का समूह

Key Pointsद्विगु:-

• वह समास जिसका पहला पद संख्यावाचक विशेषण होता है तथा समस्तपद
• किसी समूह या फिर किसी समाहार का बोध करता है तो वह द्विगु समास कहलाता है।

उदाहरण -

• दोपहर = दो पहरों का समाहार
• शताब्दी = सौ सालों का समूह
• त्रिकोण = तीन कोणों का समूह
• चतुर्मुख = चार मुखों का समाहार

'जो पूरी तरह से बरबाद हो गया हो' के लिए एक शब्द है- 'ध्वस्त'

Mistake Points

• क्षण में या शीघ्र टूटने वाला - क्षणभंगुर
• जो शाश्वत न हो - नश्वर
• जिसकी गहराई का पता न लग सके - अथाह

Key Points

• अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द को प्रयुक्त करना ही वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

Important Pointsकुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द:-​

• आकाश को स्पर्श करने वाला - गगनचुम्बी
• परंपरा से चली आ रही कथा - अनुश्रुति
• जो दूसरे की उन्नति देखकर जलता हो - ईर्ष्यालु
• जो इंद्रियों द्वारा न जाना जा सके - अगोचर
• चिर निद्रा को प्राप्त हुआ - चिरनिद्रित
• जहां सैनिक निवास करते हो - छावनी
• ऊपर की ओर जाने वाली - उर्ध्वगामी

"परिश्रम ही जीवन है; आलस्य ही मृत्यु है" यह वाक्य चिह्न को सम्बोधित करता है- 'अर्द्ध विराम'

• "परिश्रम ही जीवन है**;** आलस्य ही मृत्यु है" यहाँ पर अर्द्धविराम चिह्न (;) का प्रयोग हुआ है।

अर्द्ध विराम:-

• जहाँ पूर्ण विराम की अपेक्षा कम देर और अल्पविराम की अपेक्षा अधिक देर तक रुकना हो , वहां अर्द्धविराम चिह्न (;) का प्रयोग करते हैं।

जैसे -

• जो पेड़ों को पत्थर मारते हैं; वे उन्हें फल देते हैं।
• सूर्यास्त हो गया; लालिमा का स्थान कालिमा ने ले लिया।

Key Points 

Confusion Points 

• निर्देशक चिह्न का प्रयोग किसी विषय के साथ उससे सम्बंधित अन्य बातों की जानकारी देने के लिए किया जाता है,
• जबकि योजक चिह्न का प्रयोग दो समान या विपरीत अर्थ वाले शब्दों को जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है।

​जैसे -

• निर्देशक चिह्न - तुलसी ने कहा है –“परहित सरिस धरम नहिं भाई।”
• योजक चिह्न - जीवन में उतार - चढ़ाव तो आते ही हैं।

अनुनासिक अयोगवाह का उदाहरण है- 'हँस'

• ('हँस' पर अनुनासिक अयोगवाह चंद्रबिन्दु ( ँ ) का प्रयोग हुआ है।)

अनुनासिक अयोगवाह-

• जब किसी स्वर का उच्चारण करते समय कुछ वायु नाक से निकल जाए और कुछ मुँह से, तो वह स्वर अनुनासिक होता है।
• अनुनासिकता को दिखाने के लिए चंद्रबिन्दु ( ँ ) का प्रयोग होता है।
• जैसे - चाँद, नाँद, कुँवर, माँ, गाँव, काँपना, साँप आदि।

Key Points

• अनुस्वार वर्ण - ( ं )

Important Pointsअनुस्वार अयोगवाह-

• जब किसी स्वर के उच्चारण में वायु केवल नाक से निकलती है और उच्चारण झटके के साथ होता है,
• तब उसे बिन्दु के द्वारा प्रकट करते हैं। इस बिन्दु को ( ं ) अनुस्वार कहते हैं।
• अनुस्वार का प्रयोग सभी वर्गों के पंचम वर्ग (ङ्, ञ, ण्, न्, म्) के स्थान पर होता है;
• जैसे- डंक, कंचन, ठंडा, अंतर, चंपत आदि।

'विसर्ग संधि' का उदहारण है- 'निराहार'

• निः + आहार = निराहार

नियम-

• अगर संधि के समय विसर्ग से पहले अ या आ को छोड़कर कोई अन्य स्वर हो तथा बाद में कोई घोष वर्ण हो तो विसर्ग के स्थान र् आ जाता है।
• जैसे- निः + आशा = निराशा

Key Points

• दिक् + अन्त = दिगन्त (क् + अ = ग) व्यंजन संधि
• स्व + छंद = स्वच्छन्द (अ + छ = च्छ) व्यंजन संधि
• उत् + श्वास = उच्छ्वास (त् + श = च्छ) व्यंजन संधि

Important Points

"अवनति, किनारा, किरण, चाँदनी" इन सभी पर्यायवाची शब्दों के क्रमश: है- **'अधोगति, कूल, अंशु, ज्योत्स्ना'**​

Mistake Points 

• अवनति के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द- अपकर्ष, पतन, ह्रास, उतार, घटाव, गिराव।
• किनारा के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द- तट, तीर, कगार, पुलिन, साहिल।
• किरण​​ के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द - मयूख, रश्मि, मरीचि, प्रभा, गो।
• चाँदनी के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द - चन्द्रिका, कौमुदी, चन्द्रमरीचि, उजियारी, चन्द्रप्रभा, जुन्हाई।

Key Points

• जो शब्द समान अर्थ के कारण किसी दूसरे शब्द की जगह ले लेते हैं उन्हें पर्यायवाची शब्द कहते है।

Additional Informationकुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पर्यायवाची शब्द:-

• अनुपम- अपूर्व, अतुल, अनोखा, अनूठा, अद्वितीय, अदभुत, अनन्य।
• जल - वारि, पानी, नीर, सलिल, तोय, उदक, अंबु, जीवन, पय, अमृत, मेघपुष्प।
• नदी - सरिता, तटिनी, तरंगिणी, निर्झरिणी, आपगा, निम्नगा, कूलंकषा।
• असुर - राक्षस, दैत्य, दानव, निशाचर, दनुज, यातुधान, निशिचर, रजनीचर।
• आकाश - व्योम, शून्य, गगन, अम्बर, आसमान, अंतरिक्ष, नभ, धौ, अनंत।
• हवा - पवन, वायु, समीर, अनिल, वात, मरुत्, पवमान, बयार, प्रकंपन।
• साँप - सर्प, नाग, विषधर, व्याल, भुजंग, उरग, अहि पन्नग।
• उत्कृष्ट- उत्तम, उन्नत, श्रेष्ठ, अच्छा, बढ़िया, उम्दा।

'बिलाशक' में उपसर्ग है- 'बिला'

• बिला + शक = बिलाशक
• 'बिला' (बिना) उपसर्ग और 'शक' (संदेह) मूलशब्द
• अर्थ: बिना संदेह या शक के।

Key Points 

• उपसर्ग शब्द के शुरू में जुड़ता है।

Additional Information कुछ महत्वपूर्ण उपसर्ग शब्द:-​ (उर्दू के उपसर्ग)

• बिला (बिना) - बिलावजह, बिलाकसूर, बिलानागा, बिलालिहाज।
• बे (बिना) - बेईमान, बेरहम, बेशर्म, बेजान, बेकार।
• बद (बुरा) - बदनाम, बदनीयत, बदसूरत, बददिमाग, बदमिज़ाज़।
• बिल (के साथ) बिलकुल, बिलवजह, बिलआखिर।
• ला (बिना) - लाचार, लाजवाब, लापरवाह, लापता।
• **कम (**थोड़ा) - कमसिन, कामखयाल, कमज़ोर, कमदिमाग, कमजात।

'गुणों के विपरीत व्यवहार करना' लोकोक्ति का सही अर्थ है- 'आँख के अंधे नाम नैनसुख'

• वाक्य प्रयोग- मेरे मित्र का नाम तो ज्ञान सागर है, परन्तु है अनपढ़। ऐसे ही लोगों को "आँख का अँधा नाम नयनसुख कहा जाता है"।

Mistake Points

• आग लगने पर कुआँ खोदना- विपत्ति आने पर उसका उपाय ढूढना।

           वाक्य प्रयोग - गरमी जब शुरू हो जाएगी तब पंखा लाओगे? यह तो वही हाल है, "आग लगने पर कुआँ खोदना"।

• उँगली उठाना- किसी की गलती को संकेत करना

          वाक्य प्रयोग - सुधा को हॉस्टल भेजते समय पिताजी ने समझाया के ऐसा कोई काम मत करना कि लोग तुम्हारे ऊपर "उँगुली उठायें"।

• कोल्हू का बैल- कठिन परिश्रम करने वाला।

          वाक्य प्रयोग - धीरू चौबीस घण्टे काम करता है, वह तो "कोल्हू का बैल है"।

Key Points

• जब कोई पूरा कथन किसी प्रसंग विशेष में उद्धत किया जाता है तो लोकोक्ति कहलाता है।
• इसी को कहावत कहते है। लोकोक्ति वाक्यांश न होकर स्वतंत्र वाक्य होते हैं।

Important Points कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण लोकोक्ति और उनके अर्थ:-

• इतनी-सी जान, गज भर की जुबान - बहुत बढ़-बढ़ कर बातें करना
• ऊधो का लेना न माधो का देना - केवल अपने काम से काम रखना
• गुड़ खाए गुलगुलों से परहेज - कोई बड़ी बुराई करना और छोटी से बचना
• जिन ढूँढ़ा तिन पाइयाँ गहरे पानी पैठ - परिश्रम का फल अवश्य मिलता है
• ढाक के वही तीन पात - परिणाम कुछ नहीं निकलना, बात वहीं की वहीं रहना
• तेल देखो, तेल की धार देखो - किसी कार्य का परिणाम देखने की बात करना
• पूत के पाँव पालने में पहचाने जाते हैं - बच्चे की प्रतिभा बचपन में ज्ञात हो जाती है।

'मुख' का पर्यायवाची है- 'वदन'

• 'मुख' का पर्यायवाची है- मुँह, चेहरा, मुखड़ा, आनन।

Mistake Points

• पूय- घाव का पीव, मवाद।
• सर्वश्रेष्ठ - प्रधान, वरेण्य, प्रवर, सरदार, मुख्य, खास, श्रेष्ठ।

Key Points

• जो शब्द समान अर्थ के कारण किसी दूसरे शब्द की जगह ले लेते हैं उन्हें पर्यायवाची शब्द कहते है।

Additional Information कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पर्यायवाची शब्द:-

• पल्लव - कोंपल, किसलय, पर्ण, पत्ता, पात।
• कमल - शतदल, अम्बुज, नलिन, पुष्कर, पंकज, नीरज, सरोज, जलज।
• खुशबू  - सुगंधि, सौरभ, परिमल, सुरभि, महक।
• पुत्र - बेटा, सुत, तनय, आत्मज, जनज, लड़का, तनुज।
• दोस्त - बन्धु, मित्र, साथी, यार, सखा, हितैषी, अंतरंग, साखी, जीवन-साथी, मीत।
• पृथ्वी - धरा, धरती, वसुधा, भूमि, वसुंधरा, भू, इला, धरा, धरत्री, धरणी।
• पर्वत - शैल, नग, भूधर, पहाड़, अंचल, महीधर, गिरि, भूमिधर, तुंग, अद्रि।
• सर्प - साँप, अहि, भुजंग, विषधर, व्याल, फणी, उरग, पन्नग, नाग।

'आलस्य' शब्द का विशेषण है- 'आलसी'

• 'आलस्य' संज्ञा (विशेष्य) शब्द है इसका विशेषण शब्द 'आलसी' होगा।
• आलसी- निकम्मा और सुस्त।
• जैसे- राम एक आलसी व्यक्ति है। (यहाँ राम के गुण को बताया रहा है कि वह 'आलसी' है।

Key Points

Important Pointsविशेषण:-

• जो शब्द संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता (गुण, दोष, संख्या, परिमाण, रंग, आकार, दशा आदि) बतलाए, उसे विशेषण कहते हैं।
• जैसे - सुंदर, कुरूप, लंबा, नाटा, अच्छा, बुरा, हलका, भारी, चतुर, मूर्ख, लाल, पीला, कुछ, थोड़ा, दो, चार, गोल, चौड़ा, दुबला, पतला आदि।
• सीता सुंदर है।

अव्यय की परिभाषा विकल्प में है- 'जिस शब्द का रूप हमेशा एक-सा रहे'

• जिन शब्दों के उपयोग से वाक्य में लिंग, वचन, कारक, काल आदि की वजह से कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता उसे अव्यय शब्द कहते हैं।
• इन शब्दों को अविकारी शब्द भी कहा जाता है।
• अव्यय शब्द: आज, कल, इधर, किन्तु, परन्तु, लेकिन, क्यों, इसलिए, अतः, अब, जब, तब, अभी, अगर, वह, वहाँ, यहाँ, बल्कि, अतएव, अवश्य, तेज, कल, धीरे आदि।

उदाहरण-

• तुम इधर-उधर मत जाओ।
• हाय! अब मैं क्या करूँ?

Key Points

• क्रिया - जिस शब्द में ‘क्या हो' का पता चले।
• सर्वनाम - जो सभी के नाम की जगह प्रयुक्त हो।
• विकारी शब्द - जिस शब्द का रूप बदल जाए।

Important Points

Given:

∠PQR = 134

Calculation:

Let ∠BQR = x°

So, ∠AQP = ∠BQR = x°

Now, ∠AQP + ∠BQR + ∠PQR = 180°

⇒ x + x + 134 = 180

⇒ 2x = 180 - 134

⇒ x = 23°

∴The answer is 23°.

Given:

To find the rational number which has the form of 2^m × 5ⁿ .

Calculation:

\(32. \overline{2357}\) and 2.83333....... are non-terminating rational numbers, so their denominators are not in form of 2^m x 5ⁿ 

Now, 28.178531 = \(\dfrac{28178531}{1000000}\)

So, the denominator of 28.178531 is in 2^m × 5ⁿ form

∴The answer is 28.178531 .

Given :

Perimeter of rectangular floor of room = 28 m

Height of the rectangular room(h) = 14 m

Formula used :

Area of four walls = 2h(l + b)

Calculation:

Perimeter of room = 28 = 2(l + b)

⇒ l + b = 14

So, Area of four walls = 2h(l + b)

⇒ 2 × 7 × 14

⇒ 196 m²

Cost of painting four walls = 15 × 196 = Rs. 2940

∴ The answer is Rs. 2940 .

Given:

93m-2 x 33m = 243

Calculation:

93m-2 x 33m = 243

⇒ 3^2(3m-2) × 3^3m = 3⁵

⇒ 3^{6m - 4 + 3m}  = 3⁵

So, 6m - 4 + 3m = 5

⇒ 9m = 9

⇒ m = 1

∴ The answer is 1 .

Given:

A root of quadratic equation x² - kx + 2 = 0 is 2

Calculation:

So, x = 2

Now, putting x = 2 in above equation, we get

⇒ 2² - k × 2 + 2 = 0

⇒ -2k = -6

⇒ k = 3

So, equation becomes x² - 3x + 2 = 0

Now on factorising the equation, we get

⇒ (x - 1)(x - 2) = 0

So, another root is 1

∴The answer is 1 .

Given:

Radius of conical bowl(r) = 3 cm

Height of conical bowl(h) = 14 cm

Formula used:

Volume of conical bowl = \(\dfrac{1}{3}× \pi × r^2× h\)

Calculation:

Volume of conical bowl = \(\dfrac{1}{3}× \dfrac{22}{7} × 3^2× 14\)

⇒ 132 cm³

Quantity of milk required for 100 children = 100 × 132 = 13200 cm³

= 13.2 lts

∴ The answer is 13.2 lts .

Given:

To solve (1 - cos2θ) cosec2θ

Calculation:

sin²θ = 1 - cos²θ 

So, (1 - cos2θ) cosec2θ

⇒ sin²θ × cosec²θ 

⇒ 1

∴The answer is 1 .

Given:

The midpoint of line segment having points A and B is (3, 5)

Formula used:

The mid-point of two points A(X,Y) and B(x,y) = \(\dfrac{X+x}{2}\) , \(\dfrac{Y+y}{2}\)

Calculation:

So, mid point of A(8, 3b + 2) and B(-2, 2) = (3, 5)

Now, \(\dfrac{3b+2+2}{2}\) = 5

⇒ 3b + 4 = 10

⇒ b = \(\dfrac{6}{3}\) = 2

So, the y-coordinate of A = 3 × 2 + 2 = 8

∴The answer is 8 .

Given:

Data of runs scored by 24 batsman in a test match

Formula used:

Probability = \(\dfrac{Favourable\ Outcomes}{Total\ Outcomes}\)

Calculation:

Favourable outcomes = 3 + 5 + 3 + 5 + 6 = 22

Total outcomes = 24

Probability = \(\dfrac{22}{24}\) = \(\dfrac{11}{12}\) 

∴The answer is \(\dfrac{11}{12}\) .

PGiven:

∠PAB = 60°

Concept used:

Tangent to a circle ⊥ to radius of circle at meeting point.

Lengths of two tangents from same point is equal.

Calculation:

So, ∠PAO = ∠PBO = 90°

In quadrilateral PAOB,

⇒ ∠APB + ∠PAO +∠AOB +∠PBO = 360°

⇒ ∠APB + ∠AOB + 180 = 360

⇒ ∠APB + ∠AOB = 180°

So, in \(\bigtriangleup\)PAB,

PA = PB

∠PAB = ∠PBA = 60°

So, ∠APB = 180 - (∠PAB + ∠PBA)

⇒ ∠APB = 180 - 120 = 60°

∠AOB = 180 - 60 = 120°

∴The answer is 120° .

Given:

A polynomial p(x) = 2x4 + 4x3 - 5x2 + x + 2

Calculation:

From above picture, we conclude that remainder is -3x + 9

The number that must be added to p(x) to make it divisible by 2x2 + 4x - 7 = -(-3x + 9) = 3x - 9

∴The answer is 3x - 9 .

Given:

Dimensions of cuboid = 50 cm × 27 cm × 20 cm

Formula used:

Lateral surface area of cube = 4l²

Calculation:

Volume of cube = l³ = 50 × 27 × 20

⇒ l = \(\sqrt[3]{27000}\) = 30 cm

Lateral surface area of cube = 4 × 30² = 3600 cm²

∴The answer is 3600 cm² .

Given:

The height of the image in blackboard from the horizontal sight = 2 m

Calculation:

Let the distance of student when the angle of elevation is 30° be 'x' and the distance of student when the angle of elevation be 60° be 'y'

Now, tan 30° = \(\dfrac{2}{x}\)

⇒ x = 2\(\sqrt{3}\)

tan 60° = \(\dfrac{2}{y}\)

⇒ y = \(\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\) 

Now, the distance travelled by student = 2\(\sqrt{3}\) - \(\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\) = \(\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\)

∴The answer is \(\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\).

Shortcut Trick

For 10 observations in descending order, Median = (5^th + 6^th)/2.

Given Median = 15 ⇒ (x + 7 + x + 3)/2 = 15 ⇒ x + 5 = 15 ⇒ x = 10.

Original 5^th and 6^th terms are 17 and 13.

Replacing 10 with 19 shifts 19 to the 5^th position and 17 to the 6^th position.

New Median = (19 + 17)/2 = 18.

Ratio = 18 : 15 = 6 : 5.

∴ The correct answer is 6 : 5.

Alternate Method

Given: Observations = 52, 45, 28, 21, x + 7, x + 3, 10, 7, 3, 2 (n = 10). Median = 15.

Formula: Median = [(n/2)^th term + (n/2 + 1)^th term] / 2

⇒ Median = (x + 7 + x + 3) ÷ 2 = 15

⇒ 2x + 10 = 30 ⇒ 2x = 20 ⇒ x = 10

⇒ Original set: 52, 45, 28, 21, 17, 13, 10, 7, 3, 2

⇒ New set (replace 10 with 19): 52, 45, 28, 21, 19, 17, 13, 7

Given:

x - y = -1 and 2x - 7y = 3

Calculation:

x - y = -1

⇒ 2x - 2y = -2        ----(1)

2x - 7y = 3          ------(2)

On subtracting (1) from (2), weget

⇒ -5y = 5

⇒ y = -1

So, x = -1 + y = -1 -1 = -2

∴The answer is x = -2, y = -1 .

Concept used:

If n = even, then median = {(\(\frac{n}{2}\))^th term + (\(\frac{n}{2}\) + 1)^th term} ÷ 2

If n = odd, then median = (\(\frac{n + 1}{2}\))^th

Cumulative frequency: Cumulative frequency is obtained by adding successively the frequencies of all the previous classes including the class against which it is written.

Calculation:

Here, n = 80

So, the median = {(80/2)^th term + (80/2 + 1)^th term} ÷ 2

⇒ (40^th + 41^th)/2

So, according to cumulative frequency data, the 40^th and 41^th terms will come after 38.

So, 40^th term = 8 and 41^th term = 8

∴ the median = (8 + 8)/2 = 16/2 = 8

Shortcut Trick

For any cuboid, the relation between the sum of dimensions, diagonal, and total surface area (TSA) is given by:

(Length + Breadth + Height)² = (Diagonal)² + Total Surface Area

TSA = 21² − 13²

TSA = 441 − 169 = 272 cm².

∴ The correct answer is 272 cm².

Alternate Method

Given:

Sum of dimensions (L + B + H) = 21 cm

Length of diagonal (d) = 13 cm

Formula Used:

1. Diagonal of cuboid (d) = √(L² + B² + H²)
2. Total Surface Area (TSA) = 2(LB + BH + HL)
3. Algebraic identity: (a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2(ab + bc + ca)

Calculations:

⇒ d = √(L² + B² + H²) = 13

⇒ Squaring both sides: L² + B² + H² = 13² = 169

⇒ We know: (L + B + H)² = (L² + B² + H²) + 2(LB + BH + HL)

⇒ Substituting the given values: 21² = 169 + TSA

⇒ 441 = 169 + TSA

⇒ TSA = 441 − 169

⇒ TSA = 272 cm²

∴ The correct answer is 272 cm².

Additional Information

Volume of Cuboid

The amount of space occupied by a cuboid is calculated as Volume = Length × Breadth × Height.

Lateral Surface Area (LSA)

The area of the four vertical faces of the cuboid is LSA = 2 × Height × (Length + Breadth).

Special Case: Cube

When L = B = H = a, the cuboid becomes a cube where TSA = 6a² and Diagonal = a√3.

Given:

To find the factors of \(\mathrm{x}^2-5 \sqrt{5} \mathrm{x}+30\) .

Calculation:

\(\mathrm{x}^2-5 \sqrt{5} \mathrm{x}+30\)

⇒ x² - \(3\sqrt{5}\)x - \(2\sqrt{5}\)x + 30

⇒ x(x - \(3\sqrt{5}\)) - \(2\sqrt{5}\)(x - \(3\sqrt{5}\))

⇒ (x - \(3\sqrt{5}\))(x - \(2\sqrt{5}\))

∴The answer is (x - \(3\sqrt{5}\))(x - \(2\sqrt{5}\)) .

Given:

One card is drawn randomly from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards .

Formula used:

Probability = \(\dfrac{Favourable\ Outcomes}{Total\ Outcomes}\)

Calculation:

Number of black king cards = 2

So, Favourable outcomes = 52 - 2 = 50

Probability = \(\dfrac{50}{52}\) = \(\dfrac{25}{26}\)

∴The answer is \(\dfrac{25}{26}\) .

Given:

To find the smallest number which if increased by '13' is divisible by 344 and 60

Calculation:

LCM of 344 and 60 is 5160.

The smallest number that is divisible by both 344 and 60 = 5160

So, the smallest number that is divisible by both 344 and 60 when increased by 13

So, 5160 - 13 = 5147

∴The answer is 5147.

Given:

∠AOC = 110°

Calculation:

Construction: Let 'E' be an point on major segment of AOC .

Now, Quadrilateral ABCE is an cyclic quadrilateral

As, ∠AEC = \(\dfrac{1}{2}\) × ∠AOC = \(\dfrac{1}{2}\) × 110 = 55°

So, ∠AEC + ∠ABC = 180°         ----(Cyclic Quadrilateral)

⇒ ∠ABC = 180 - 55 = 125°

Now, ∠ABC + ∠CBD = 180°

⇒ ∠CBD = 180 - 125 = 55°

∴The answer is 55° .

Given:

ΔPQR is an isosceles triangle, where PQ = 2x, RS = x - 1 and QR = x + 1 .

Calculation:

As ΔPQR is isosceles So, RS ⊥ PQ

So, QR² = RS² + QS²

⇒ (x + 1)² = (x - 1)² + x²

⇒ 2x + 1 = -2x + 1 + x²

⇒ x² = 4x

⇒ x = 4

QR = 5 cm = PR , PQ = 2 × 4 = 8 cm

Perimeter of ΔPQR = 5 + 5 = 8 = 18 cm

∴The answer is 18 cm .

Given:

Two points A(2a, 3b) and B(c, 2d) subtends a right angle at the origin .

Formula used:

If two lines are perpendicular, then slope would be -1

Slope of two points (X,Y) and (x, y) = tanθ = \(\dfrac{Y-y}{X-x}\)

Calculation:

Slope of line joining A(2a, 3b) = \(\dfrac{3b}{2a}\)

Slope of line joining B(c, 2d) = \(\dfrac{2d}{c}\)

So, \(\dfrac{3b}{2a}\) × \(\dfrac{2d}{c}\) = -1

⇒ 6bd = -2ac

⇒ ac+3bd = 0

∴The answer is ac + 3bd = 0 .

Given:

Volume of sphere = \(\frac{9}{2} π \mathrm{cm}^3\)

Formula used:

Volume of sphere = \(\dfrac{4}{3}\) × π × r³ 

where, r = radius of sphere

Calculation:

Volume of sphere =  \(\dfrac{4}{3}\) × π × r3 = \(\dfrac{9}{2}\times π\)

⇒ r³ = \(\dfrac{27}{8}\)

⇒ r = \(\sqrt[3]{\frac{27}{8}}\) = \(\dfrac{3}{2}\) 

⇒ r = 1.5 cm

∴The answer is 1.5 cm .

Given:

An A.P series 33, 29, 25 ......... -31

Formula used:

a_n = a + (n - 1)d

d = difference between consecutive terms

n = n^th term and a = first term

Calculation:

Let the -7 be n^th term of A.P and -31 be l^th term of A.P .

d = -4, a = 33 , a_n = -7

⇒ 33 + (n - 1) × -4 = -7

⇒ n - 1 = 10

⇒ n = 11

Now, 

⇒ 33 + (l - 1) × -4 = -31

⇒ (l - 1) × 4 = 64

⇒ l = 17

So, -7 is (17 - 11 + 1) = 7^th term from end

∴The answer is 7^th .

The correct answer is 'mis.'

Key Points   

• The context of the sentence tells us that Ram had handed the person the right change but he had calculated incorrectly.
• The meaning of the word "calculated" is to find something out by using mathematics; to work something out. (गणना करना, हिसाब लगाना, परिकलन करना)
• The prefix that goes with 'calculated' is "mis-".
• The prefix "mis-" can mean many things: "bad or badly," "lack of or failure to," or "mistakenly or incorrectly."
• The meaning of the verb "miscalculated" is to make a mistake in calculating or judging a situation, an amount, etc. (गणना करने या किसी स्थिति को समझने या आँकने में भूल करना)​
• So, the most appropriate prefix that fits the blank is "mis-"
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 4*.*

Correct sentence: I miscalculated; Ram had given me the correct change.

The correct answer is 'brief.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Concise:
• Concise: giving a lot of information in a few words; brief. (थोड़े शब्‍दों में काफ़ी सूचना देते हुए; संक्षिप्‍त)
• Example: He gave a clear and concise summary of what had happened.

Let us see the meanings of the given options:

• Brief: short or quick. (संक्षिप्‍त या अल्‍पकालिक)
• Total: the whole number or amount of something; complete. (सबको गिनकर या मिलाकर बनी संख्‍या या मात्रा; पूर्ण)
• Detailed: having many details or facts; paying attention to details. (विस्‍तृत)
• Elaborate: lengthy and exaggerated; very complicated; done or made very carefully. (विस्‍तारपूर्वक प्रस्‍तुत; बहुत सावधानी से निर्मित; परिष्‍कृत)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the option that is closest in meaning to 'concise' is 'brief.'
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is 'Life and hope are inseparable.'

Key Points  

• The meaning of the idiom "While there is life, there is hope" is that 'hope exists as long as there is life'.
• Idiom "While there is life, there is hope" का अर्थ है जब तक जीवन है तब तक आशा तब तक है ।
• Example: We lost everything in that fire, but we all made it out alive, and while there's life, there's hope.
• So, the option that best transforms the given sentence without changing its meaning is "Life and hope are inseparable."
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is 'Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun,' she said.

Key Points  

• The given sentence is in the Indirect Speech and is in Past Indefinite Tense.
• Rules for changing Indirect speech into Direct speech:
• Past Indefinite Tense is changed into Present Indefinite Tense.
• So, 'grew' will change into 'grow' and 'got' will change into 'get'.
• Remove conjunction 'that' from both the sentences.
• In the given question, both the sentences have the same subject i.e. "she" so we can write the indirect speech using the conjunction "and."
• The reporting verb asked, demanded, ordered, enquired, offered, added is changed in said/said to as per the nature of the sentence.
• The first person in reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting speech.
• The second person in reported speech changes according to the object of reporting speech.
• The third person remains unchanged.
• Example: 
• Neelam said to me, "She loves cricket. She plays cricket every evening"
• Neelam told me that she loved cricket and played it every evening.
• Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct sentence: 'Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun,' she said.

The correct answer is 'over, in, on.'

Key Points   

• The context of the sentence tells that those who have attained the age of sixteen and belong to that particular town, can earn money regularly.
• ​​The first blank talks about something that has crossed a certain limit or beyond a point, so we must use "over" in the first blank.
• Over: "Over" means more than.
• Example: Most of the carpets cost/are over $5,000.
• ​​The second blank is referring to something located inside a defined space, so we must use "in" in the second blank.
• In: We use "in" when something is located inside of a defined space. ​
• Example: I’m in the building now.
• The meaning of "on a regular basis" is regularly; occurring in regular time intervals or patterns.
• Example: The general manager drops into the restaurant on a regular basis, so the staff members have to be on their toes at all times.​
• On: "On" is used to show that something is in a position above something else and touching it, or that something is moving into such a position.
• Example: Look at all the books on your desk!
• ​So, we must use "on" in the third blank.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 3

Correct sentence: Everybody over sixteen in this town is earning money on a regular basis.

Additional Information

• Let us look at the usage of the other options:
• At: We use "at" when we refer to an address.
• Example: Education starts at home.
• Along: "Along" means 'in a line next to something long and thin', e.g. a road, a path.
• Example: There were lots of shops along the main street.
• Through: "Through" means from one end or side of something to the other.
• Example: They walked slowly through the woods.
• Under: "Under" means in or to a position below or lower than something else, often so that one thing covers the other.
• Example: He hid under the bed.
• From: We use "from" used to show the place where someone or something starts.
• Example: She sent me a postcard from Bermuda.
• Of: We use "of" when we want to show that people or things relate to other things or people.​
• Example: Tiffany stared at the floor of her room.
• Before: "Before" means earlier than the time or event mentioned.
• Example: I met her just before she left.
• When: We use "when" to refer to a future situation or condition that we are certain of.
• Example: When I see Gary, I’ll tell him that you said hello.
• After: "After" means ‘later than’ and ‘next in time or place’.
• "After" can be used before a noun phrase (as a preposition).
• Example: The bank is just after the park, on the left.$

The correct answer is 'Would you help me find my way to the bus terminus?'

Key Points 

• The given sentence is a Direct narration.
• Rules for changing Indirect Speech to Direct Speech:
• We must insert inverted commas.
• Remove that/to in the sentence of Direct speech.
• The full stop ( . ) is replaced by a question mark ( ? ) in direct Narration.
• 'Would' is used to make a polite request or to offer something politely.
• ​Example: Would you give me a hand with this ladder, please?
• So, the direct speech will begin with 'Would'.
• 'him' will change into 'you'.
• Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

​​Correct sentence: 'Would you help me find my way to the bus terminus?'

Additional Information

• "Can" is used to to show ability to do something.
• Example: I can run ten miles in 25 minutes.
• ​We use "could" to show that something is possible, but not certain.
• Example: They could come by car.
• "Will" is used in statements that refer to the future while and we use "would" as the past of will, to describe past beliefs about the future.
• Example:
• Will you pass me that dish, please?
• Would you like some cake?

The correct answer is "Their product is being marketed more imaginatively this season by them."

Key Points 

• The given sentence is in Present Continuous Tense and in Active Voice.
• Rules for changing Present Continuous Tense from Active voice to Passive voice:
• Interchange the object and subject with each other, i.e. object of the active sentence become the subject of the passive sentence and vice-versa.
• The subject of the given sentence is 'They' and the object is 'their product'.
• The subject will be put in place of the object and the object will be put in place of the subject.
• Structure: 
• Subject + is/am/are + (V₁+ing) + object. (Active Voice)
• Object + is/am/are + being + V3 + by + Subject. (Passive Voice)
• Example: 
• Esha is singing a song. (Active Voice)
• A song is being sung by Esha. (Passive Voice)
• This sentence is in the passive voice, which means that the subject of the sentence (their product) is being acted upon by the verb (marketed), and the doer of the action (they) is either omitted or introduced with a prepositional phrase ("by them" in option 4).
• In this sentence, the original sentence's active voice ("They are marketing their product...") has been transformed into the passive voice by changing the subject ("They") into the object of the sentence ("Their product"), using the passive auxiliary verb "is being," and turning the main verb ("marketing") into its past participle form ("marketed").
• This transformation puts the focus on the product being marketed, rather than on the people doing the marketing. The sentence structure emphasizes the fact that the product is receiving a certain kind of treatment or action, rather than the people performing the action.

​

Correct sentence: Their product is being marketed more imaginatively this season.

Additional Information

• Here's an explanation of the other options:
• Option 2) They have been marketing their product more imaginatively this season.

This sentence is in the active voice and uses the present perfect tense. It indicates that they have been marketing their product more imaginatively throughout the season, up to the present moment. However, it doesn't transform the sentence into the passive voice, which is what the question asks for.

• Option 3) Their product is marketed more imaginatively this season.

This sentence is in the passive voice, but it uses the simple present tense instead of the present continuous tense ("is being marketed"). This tense indicates a general truth, which may or may not be true in the present moment. It also doesn't include the doer of the action, which is "they" in the original sentence.

• Option 4) Their product is being marketed more imaginatively this season by them.

This sentence is in the passive voice and includes the prepositional phrase "by them" to indicate the doer of the action. However, the prepositional phrase is unnecessary, since it's already clear from the original sentence that "they" are the ones doing the marketing. Additionally, the phrase "by them" is awkwardly placed at the end of the sentence, making the sentence sound less natural.

The correct answer is 'A sensible man never repeats his mistake.'

Key Points 

• An affirmative sentence is a positive sentence and opposite of a negative sentence. It expresses an opposing idea.
• An affirmative sentence does not contain negative words like ‘no’, ‘not’, ‘never’ etc.
• While changing an affirmative sentence into a negative sentence by adding the negative words, care must be taken to change the adjective into a word that is opposite in meaning.
• So, we have to add "never" and the adjective and 'senseless' must be changed into 'sensible' which is opposite in meaning.
• Option 4 has the same meaning as the original sentence.
• Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4. 

Correct sentence: A sensible man never repeats his mistake.

The correct answer is 'for want of.'

Key Points 

• The meaning of the idiom "for want of" is because of not having (something); because (something) does not exist or is not available.
• Idiom "for want of"  का अर्थ कुछ न होने के कारण है: क्योंकि कुछ मौजूद नहीं है या उपलब्ध नहीं है।
• Example: People are dying for want of medical treatment.
• Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.
• All other options do not make sense.

Correct sentence: The country suffers for want of skilled labour.

The correct answer is 'move in.'

Key Points  

• The context of the sentence tells us that his/her sister has decided to relocate or live with the person.
• So, 'move in' is most appropriate to fill in the blank.
• Move in: start living in different house or flat. (अलग घर या फ्लैट में रहना)
• Example: We're moving in next week.
• Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct sentence: My sister has decided to move in with me.

Additional Information

• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Move to: to change from a particular system, activity, etc. to another. (किसी विशेष प्रणाली, गतिविधि आदि से दूसरे में बदलना)
• Move from: used to show the place where someone or something moves. (उस स्थान को दिखाने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है जहाँ कोई या कुछ चलता है)

The correct answer is 'besides.'

Key Points  

• The given sentence states that route is dangerous; in addition, they have no guide.
• So, 'besides' is the most appropriate conjunction to fill in the blank.
• Besides: in addition to or as well as somebody/something; also. (के अतिरिक्त, के साथ; भी)
• Example: I think she has many good qualities besides being very beautiful.

Additional Information

• Let us see the meanings of the other options:
• Likewise: the same; in a similar way. (वैसा ही, वही; उसी प्रकार)
• Consequently: as a result. (फलस्‍वरूप)
• However : (used for adding a comment to what you have just said) although something is true. ((अभी कही बात के साथ कुछ और कहने के लिए प्रयुक्त) तथापि, तो भी)
• Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Correct sentence: That route is dangerous; besides, we have no guide.

The correct answer is 'worked.'

Key Points   

• The given sentence is referring to events that happened or existed before. (Point of time is given "From 1955 to 1960")
• So, the given sentence is in Simple Past tense as the action started and completed in the past.
• Structure of Simple Past Tense: Subject + V2 + Object.
• Example: She visited me yesterday.
• We use "from" to refer to the time when something starts or originates.
• So, 'worked' is the most appropriate verb form that fits the blank.
• Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Correct sentence: He worked here from 1955 to 1960.

The correct answer is: Marc loved many sports, such as, soccer, swimming, tennis, and polo. The marked option correctly uses commas for clarity and adheres to standard punctuation rules for lists and explanatory phrases.